Spelling about e ё after hissing in different parts of speech. Vowels after -ts- and sibilants: spelling

The confusion with "o" and "ё" at the root of the word arises for many. This is one of the rules of the Russian language that is easy to remember, but even so, most people make mistakes when writing such words. To remember the rule about O and Yo after words hissing at the root, you need to analyze the features of their use.

“O” is written when in the root under stress or without it after hissing this vowel cannot be checked by selecting a single-root word with “E”.

• Chocolate. When choosing cognate words, “o” retains its position: chocolate, chocolate.
• Shock - shock, shock, shock therapy.

It is important to distinguish between the roots -zhog- and -zhog-: they have different lexical meanings. The verbs use "ё": "Peter suddenly burned his hand when pouring tea." In nouns, “o” is used at the root: “Marina treated the burn on her own with the help of oils and ointments.”

"O" is also written in some foreign words: highway, driver, chauvinism and all derivatives of them.

Note! In the words "stew", "condensed milk", "overnight" is written "e". In these cases, you need to look at the words with which they correspond. In this case, these are the verbs "extinguish", "condense", "spend the night". Therefore, "yo" in these words does not refer to the root, but to the suffix.

"Yo" in the roots of words after hissing

"Yo" at the root of the word is written in cases where, when the form of the word changes, "e" appears in its place.

• Whisper. If you change the word to a verb, you get the word "whisper". "e" appears at the root of the word, so "ё" is used in the noun.
• Went. If you change the word to other forms, for example, “who came”, the letter “e” appears at the root of the word, therefore it is correct to use “ё” in the adjective.

If, when changing the number of a word or case, the stress shifts to another syllable, then “yo” is also written at the root of the word.

For example:

• gutter - gutters;
• millstones - millstones;
• liver - liver.

These two conditions - stress and alternation of "e" with "e" help to choose which letter to write in the root after the hissing ones.

"Yo" in the roots of words after hissing

You can memorize these rules with the help of simple rhyming “reminders”.

For example:

• O or Yo to write? Do not you know!

Then change the word!

If "ё" replaced "e",

Then drop the "o" altogether!

• If by changing the word, you get "e" at the root,

Then you can freely write “yo” in it quickly, lightly!

• Vowels o and e after hissing

They confuse children and adults different,

But if the word can be changed

And change the letter "e" to "e" there,

No need to think and guess for a long time,

And yet, "ё" confidently write!

• Do not forget to write "o" or "yo"

If the rule is simple you will know.

If you change the word, you get "e",

Then forget about "o" and "yo" write soon.

How to remember the rule

For those who like the sequence of actions when choosing a spelling, there is an order of actions that must be followed in order not to make a mistake.

The algorithm for choosing a letter in case of doubt includes the following steps:

1. Write down the word, identify the letter that is in doubt.
2. Determine if a word belongs to
3. Pick up a few single-root words.
4. Analyze changes in the root of the word: does the letter change or not?
5. If the letter has changed to “e”, then in the first form of the word you need to write “e”, if there are no changes, then in the root after the hissing you need to write “o”.

Interesting fact! Often, "e" is used instead of "e". Many linguists claim that this is a gross spelling mistake. But in fact, the use of "yo" is optional: it is mandatory in dictionaries, texts where stress matters, in books for schoolchildren, textbooks for foreigners. In other cases, its use is optional.

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Spelling of letters O and Yo after hissing
In order to unmistakably write a dubious vowel (O or E) after hissing (Ж, Ш, Ш, Ш) and not CLINK, you first need to find out in which part of the word the vowel under test is located - in the root, suffix or ending. In addition, if the vowel is in a suffix or ending (in other words, outside the root), then you also need to know what part of speech the checked word belongs to (that is, whether it is a noun, adjective, adverb, verb).

HOW TO CHOOSE A VOwel IN THE ROOT OF A WORD?

1. IN THE ROOT OF THE WORD, under stress, you need to write Yo if the letter E is written in other forms of this word or in cognate words: WHISPER (because it is WHISPERING), BEES (because it is a BEE), BLACK (because it is BLACK), YELLOW (because YELLOW), WALKED (because COMING), etc. This is how most roots are written.
2. If it is not possible to pick up a test word, then after hissing, at the root, under stress, you should write O: SEAM, RUSH, SHORES, HEARTBURN, GOOSEBERRY, BURNER, CLINK, SHUMBLE. There are not very many such words, and they are usually remembered as exceptions.
3. If you have a word of foreign origin in front of you, then you need to write O after the hissing consonant in the root under stress, for example: HOOD, SHOCK, JUGLLE.

HOW TO CHOOSE A VOwel IN THE SUFFIX AND ENDING?

1. In the SUFFIX of a noun, adjective, adverb, the letter O is written under stress: DOG-ONK-A, REED-OV-Y, HOT-O.
2. At the end of the noun and adjective, the letter O is written under stress: DOCTOR-OM, BIG-OH.
3. In the SUFFIXS of verbs, participles and all words formed from verbs, the letter E is written under stress: , NIGHT-YOV-KA, LASH-YONN-Y.

Please note that the nouns are STAUGED, condensed milk, overnight and some others are written with the letter Ё.

Please note that the words RECHOVKA, SMALL, PLASCHOVKA are written through O. The letter O is written in noun suffixes according to the above rule.

Note that the word BECHEVKA is spelled with the letter Ё. The letter Ё is written because this vowel is part of the root and is verified by the word BECHEVA.

Separately, it is necessary to remember the rule for writing words with the root ZHOG / ZHEG.
If the word is a noun, then you need to write the letter O. For example: STRONG BURN, THE HOUSE IS BURNED. But when the word is a verb, it is written with the letter Y. For example: STRONGLY BURNED HAND, UNKNOWN BURNED HOUSE, AUTHOR BURNS MANUSCRIPTS.

1. - And why the hell did I not go _ l directly at the archers! - Borodavkin exclaimed bitterly. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
2. He was struck by silence during the day and sh _ roh during the night. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
3. The bus stopped, and the driver said: "We've arrived." (A. and B. Strugatsky)
4. At that very moment, a mask appeared before him and put her hand on his shoulder. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
5. An Orlovet went to them, hoping to feast on sterlets in Staritsa, but our _ l, that there "only enough mud." (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
6. ... Looks into the field through the resh _ weaving windows, sees cheerful birds floating freely in the sea of ​​​​air ... (N. M. Karamzin)
7. For some time he strained _ but listened. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
8. Fat, densely green flowering meadows spread below, and behind them, on the yellow sands, a bright river flows (N. M. Karamzin)
9. Soon they made peace, and Erast returned to Moscow, weighed down by debts. (N. M. Karamzin)
10. ... I would bow to him with a smile and say affably: “Hello, dear shepherd _ k. (N. M. Karamzin)
11. ... The sad story of those times when the fierce Tatars and Lithuanians devastated the neighborhood with fire and sword _ m ... (N. M. Karamzin)
12. The enlightened reader knows that Shakespeare and Walter Scott both presented their grave-diggers as cheerful and playful people. (A. S. Pushkin)
13. Dunya sat in a wagon near the hussar, the servant jumped on the beam _ to, the driver whistled and the horses galloped. (A. S. Pushkin)
14. The officer, inflamed with wine, play and laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended. (A. S. Pushkin)
15. Honorable, but troublesome, and not so much honorable as troublesome, and in the end, not honorable at all, but so. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
16. At the border of the illuminated space, a car with a canvas top got wet, and next to the car, two in shiny raincoats bent down to the pavement of a third - in black and wet. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
17. A hefty lipped tall man with rosy cheeks, waving his fingers on the move and dancing, went to the counter. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
18. Victor took a step back. It was a patient from a leper colony - a "mite", or "bespectacled man", as they were called here for the thick circles around the eyes - in a dense black bandage that hides the lower half of the face. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
19. Only once did he distinctly and loudly say: “I don’t know.” (A. and B. Strugatsky)
20. And he took out a fountain pen and began to screw the cap _ k, listening to his feelings with the interest of an outsider, and he was not surprised, feeling pride. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
21. Do you know a toy called "Evil wolf _ k"? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
22. Firstly, maybe not with brass knuckles at all, but with a brick _ m, and secondly, you never know where they can give me a skull? They can hang me at any moment, so what, now - do not leave the room? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
23. The two men in raincoats turned around at once and looked at Victor for several moments from under their pulled-down hoods. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
24. Society, at least, would have been sweetly shushed, and pale young men with burning eyes would have followed you on your heels. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
25. I have a diseased liver, catarrh kish _ k and something else with the stomach. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
26. “Our psyche with you is not adapted to such sh _ kam. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
27. And for a whole minute not a sound was heard, only some kind of roar, like fog, rustled, crawling over the earth. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
28. - Well, stop! - Sh _ then they said from the darkness and rested against the chest with something familiar. Victor automatically raised his hands. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
29. A jeep drove up to the entrance, the door opened, and in the rain, covered with one raincoat _ m, a young man in glasses and with a briefcase and his lanky companion got out. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
30. Only Teddy could know such words - a shelter rat, a pupil of the port slums _ b. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
31. There were illuminated shop windows and a neon-illuminated entrance to the cinema, where, under a canopy, very similar young people of indeterminate sex, in shiny raincoats to the heels, crowded. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
32. Mr. President deigned to inflate himself to the last degree, spray flew from his fanged mouth, and I took out a handkerchief and defiantly wiped my cheek, and this was probably the most courageous act in my life, except for the case when I fought with three tanks at once. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
33. - Did everyone read my works?
"Yes," said the children's voices. — Read. All.
“Great,” Victor said, puzzled. - Polsch _ n, although surprised. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
34. Either they will begin to look at each other embarrassedly, or their faces will light up with understanding, or a certain sigh of relief will sweep through the hall as a sign that the misunderstanding has been clarified. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
35. Diana sensibly judged that Rossheper, for all his abnormal gluttony, could not cope with such a mass of berries alone. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
36. Where is the bungee _ , he thought. Where did I put the bungee _ ? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
37. It was full of people, some half-familiar men and women, they stood around and clapped their hands, and in the center of the circle Diana danced with that same yellow-faced dude, the owner of an eagle profile. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
38. An investigator came to see me this morning. You see, life is brutal, my head is cracking, I’m sitting, looking out the window, and then this club appears and begins to sew the case. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
39. He jumped up, turned on the light and, grimacing from the pain in his eyes, began to feel for his clothes. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
40. Cars with lit headlights crowded in front of the police department. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
The exercise was prepared by N. Gorbanev-Gamaleya and B.A. Panov ("League of Schools")

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Letters o - e - e in the roots of words after hissing

After words hissing in the roots under stress instead of O spelled her), if at change words or related words appear in this root e: sh yo l - sh e dshiy, w yo lty - w e fly, sh yo lx - sh e lka; h yo t, zach yo t, otch yo t, sch yo t - calc e T; sch yo goal - sh e naked, yo forehead - well e forehead, w yo lud - acorns, h yo rt - h e rty, sh yo sweat - sh e sing and so on.

Letter O written in roots under stress after hissing in the absence of alternation with e: zazh O R(ice jam during ice drift), life safety fundamentals O ra, w O click(fade, fade) and O m, (press), and O X(rogue) j O nka(light ship) mazh O rny(cheerful), sh O h, w O mpol, sh O rnik(making a harness) sh O rox, h O porno h O hom(wholesale, without invoice), etc.

The same rule applies to words kryzh O entered, slum O ba, crack O weaving, in which the root or suffix is ​​obscured.

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Spelling o/e after sibilants in suffixes and endings of nouns, adjectives and adverbs

Writing letters "O" or "e" after hissing in suffixes and endings of nouns, adjectives and adverbs depends on the stress.

Algorithm for selecting letters o / e after hissing

To select a letter "O" or "e" after hissing, we act step by step using the following algorithm.

Having analyzed the word by composition, we will make sure that it is suffix or ending noun, adjective or adverb. Then, in order to correctly write the letter after the hissing consonant "e" or "O" in the suffix or the end of the words of these parts of speech, we are guided by the spelling rule:

Let's consider how this rule works, using examples of the words of the indicated parts of speech.

Writing letters o / e after sizzling nouns

For nouns under stress after the hissing root in the suffixes and endings of the forms of the instrumental case, we write the letter "O".

Examples:

listen ok, chest ok, jump ok;

girl onk a, money onk and, shirt onk a;

with a strongman om, borscht om, under the rack om, circulation om;

with a doctor om, rook om, candle oh, locust oh, cloak om.

Let's write the letter without stress - "e":

In borrowed nouns with a suffix -yor- and in the Russian word "boyfriend" after the hissing root, a letter is written "yo":

We distinguish these spellings from the word "major" and a derived adjective, in the morphemic composition of which there is no indicated suffix:

major - root / suffix / ending.

We mean that nouns formed from verbs retain the suffix of this part of speech and are written after the hissing root with the letter "yo":

night eva t - night ev to a;

cramp eva t - cramp ev to a;

between eva t - between ev to a;

blending eva t - blending yov to a;

perekoch eva t - perekoch ev to a.

Writing letters o, e after hissing in suffixes and adjective endings

Adjectives are similarly stressed in suffixes -ov-, -he and endings after the hissing consonants of the root, the letter is written "O".

• walrus ov y
• reed ov y
• brocade ov y
• penny ov y
• hedgehog ov y
• canvas
• funny (fluent "O")
• big
• stranger

but ry and emu, ok sh to her.

Writing adverb suffixes after sibilants

In accordance with the indicated spelling rule, in the suffixes of adverbs, after the hissing consonants of the stem, the letter "O", without stress - "e":

but quieter, closer, further, clumsily

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Vowels after hissing and c

Rules for the use of letters

After w, w, h, w, c letters are written a, u (and not written i, yu ),

eg: sorry, Jeanne, boundary; ball, noodles; hour, candle, silent; platform, raincoat; heron, father; creepy, I will say; noise, Shura, tremendous; feeling, I am silent; pike, I'll forgive; train, father.

Note 1. In several foreign common nouns after w, w a letter is written Yu : jury, julienne, brochure, parachute and some others, more rare.

Note 2. In some foreign proper names, ethnic names after w, w, c letters are written i, yu , for example: Samogitian Upland, Jules, Saint Just, Zhuraitis, Siauliai, Zurich, Kotsyubynsky, Tsyurupa, Qu Yuan, Tsyavlovsky, Qianjiang, qiang(people). In these cases, the sounds transmitted by the letters w, w, c are often pronounced softly.

Letters Yu And I traditionally written after h in some surnames Yu - mainly in Lithuanian), for example: Chiurlionis, Steponavichyus, Mkrtchyan, Chiumina.

After w, w, h, w a letter is written And (and not spelled s ),

eg: fat, camelina, interpublishing, tell, sew, reeds, clean, rays, shield, look.

After c a letter is written And or s .

Letter s written in the following cases.

1. In the roots of words: gypsy, chick, chick, chick, tiptoe, tiptoe, chick chick, chick, chick, chug(and in derivative words, for example: gypsy, gypsy, gypsy, chick, chick).

2. In the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: cucumbers, archers, capitals, Klintsy, Lyubertsy; stubby, pale-faced, narrow-faced.

3. In adjective suffix −yn, for example: Sistersyn, Lisitsyn, Tsaritsyn, Trinity Day. Place names are written in the same way. −tsyn, −tsyno, for example: Tsaritsyn, Golitsyno.

In all other cases, after c a letter is written And , namely:

A) in the roots of words, including foreign proper names, for example: circus, cycle, top hat, cynomolgus, scurvy, mat, figure, armor, civilization, specificity, cyclone, barber, vaccine, revolution, tsutsik; Cicero, Circe, Zimmerwald, Cincinnati;

b) in suffixes of foreign origin, for example: organization, electrify, medicine, calcite, publicist, skepticism;

V) after the first parts of complex and compound words and in sound abbreviations, for example: blitz interview, special boarding school, CEC.

Letters O, yo, e after hissing

Letters O, yo, e in place of stressed vowels

After w, h, w, w uh a letter is written e ,

eg: tin, swing, rustle, ginseng, twitter, same(letter name) on the boundary, about a candle, soul, sling; Zhenya, Jack, Shannon.

After w, h, w, w to convey a stressed vowel O a letter is written O or yo .

Letter O written in the following cases.

1. In the endings of nouns and adjectives, as well as in the suffix of adverbs −o, for example: shoulder, knife, shoulder, Ilyich, hut, cloak; boundary, rein, candle, soul, sling; alien, big, alien, big; fresh, hot, good, overall(short forms of the middle gender of adjectives and adverbs).

2. In noun suffixes:

3. In the suffix of adjectives −ov, for example: hedgehog, brocade, penny, canvas, as well as in nouns on -ovka, -ovnik, derived from adjectives with a suffix −ov (−ev): pear And pear tree(cf. pear), hacksaw(cf. knife and option knife), cherry plum (cherry plum), guzhovka (horse-drawn), punch (punchy), tick insect‘heron with tick-like beak’ ( tick-borne), drachovka (bastard, from fight‘kind of planer’), raincoat (raincoat), speech (speech), hogweed (borscht), zhovnik (snake). The same word is written gooseberry, where the suffix is ​​not distinguished in the modern language.

Note 1. denominative nouns in −ovka type small piece, hacksaw, raincoat should be distinguished from verbal nouns like overnight stay(see § 19, item 3).

Note 2. In Russian surnames in hissing + −ov (−yov) is written O or yo in accordance with tradition and registration in official documents: cf., for example, Chernyshov And Chernyshev, Kalachov And Kalachev, Khrushchev And Khrushchev; Emelyan Pugachev.

4. In the suffix of adjectives and adverbs −well, for example: fresh, good.

5. In place of a runaway vowel O in nouns and adjectives, for example: gluttonous, gluttonous, gluttonous(cf. eat), pulp(cf. I press), burn, arson, burn, heartburn(cf. sting, sting); trouble(cf. gen. p. gouge), the seam (seam); princesses(gen. n. pl. from princess), knife(genus p. from sheath eh - obsolete. word variant sheath), scrotum, scrotum(gen. p. pl. and dimin. from purse), intestines, intestines(genus p. and decrease from guts), kvashonka(reduced from sourdough), koshomka And nightmare(from nightmare), glasses(from glasses), point(from point), ridiculous(short form of masculine gender from funny); this includes words with the suffix −ok: hook, jump(genus p. hook, jump), etc. (see above, item 2). However, in the words account, account, account, account, calculation(cf. I will count, I will count, I will count, I will count, I will count) a letter is written yo (see § 19, paragraph 7).

6. In those roots of Russian words where the vowel O after sizzling always percussive and does not alternate with uh(on a letter e): click(And yell), zhoster, zhokh, zazhor(and option congestion), already; clink glasses, crazy, grebe, prudish, chokh, chohom; to shuffle, rustle, blinkers(And saddlery, saddler).

The same word is written evening(And evening), although it is related to the word evening(And evening) (cf. § 19, item 7).

with a letter O some Russian proper names are written, for example: Zhora, Zhostovo, Pechora(river), Pechory(city), Sholokhov.

7. In the roots of borrowed (foreign language) words. List of basic words: borzhom, joker, junk, joule, major, dude, drum major, force majeure; anchovy, kharcho, choker; hood, gherkin, hood, offshore, torchon, shock, ramrod, shop, shorts, shorts, show; the same in proper names, for example: John, Georges, Joyce, Chaucer, Shaw, Schors.

In all other cases, to transfer the stressed vowel o after w, h, w, w a letter is written yo , namely:

1. In verb endings -you, -you, -you, -you, for example: lying, cutting, baking, crushing.

2. In imperfective verbs on − to sing and verbal nouns − yawning, for example: demarcate, uproot, migrate, obscure; demarcation, uprooting, obscuring; in passive participles − vanished, for example: torn, splintered, splintered.

3. In verbal nouns −yovka, for example: overnight stay(from spend the night), uprooting, migration, demarcation, retouching(from retouch), peeling(from peel).

4. In noun suffix −er, for example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend, trainer, massager.

5. In suffixes of passive participles and verbal adjectives −yonn And −yon, for example: tense(And tense), burnt, baked, softened, detached, simplified; laden, burnt, baked, learned, stewed, waxed; the same in words derived from such participles and adjectives, for example: tension, detachment, simplicity, learning, tense, detached, simplified, tension, burnt, stew, condensed milk.

6. In place of the fugitive O in the verbal forms of the past tense husband. kind: burned and prefixes ( burned, burned, burned, burned, burned and etc.; the same in participles: set fire to and etc.; cf. ignite, ignite), −person (read, learned and others, cf. read, learned), walked and prefixes ( came, left and others, cf. went, came, left). At the same time, writing verb forms with a root burned contrasted with writing single-root nouns with a letter O : burn, arson, burn(see § 18, paragraph 5).

7. In those roots of Russian words, where the shock sound O corresponds in other cognate words or forms to a vowel (stressed or unstressed) transmitted by a letter e. The following is a list of basic words with such roots (in parentheses are the same-root words or forms with the letter e after w, h, w, w ).

Roots with a combination same :

Roots with a combination what :

Roots with a combination what :

§13

After w, w, h, w, c letters are written a, u (and not written i, yu ),

eg: sorry, Jeanne, boundary; ball, noodles; hour, candle, silent; platform, raincoat; heron, father; creepy, I will say; noise, Shura, tremendous; feeling, I am silent; pike, I'll forgive; train, father.

Letters And, s

§14

After w, w, h, w a letter is written And (and not spelled s ),

eg: fat, camelina, interpublishing, tell, sew, reeds, clean, rays, shield, look.

§15

After c a letter is written And or s .

Letter s written in the following cases.

1. In the roots of words: gypsy, chick, chick, chick, tiptoe, tiptoe, chick chick, chick, chick, chug(and in derivative words, for example: gypsy, gypsy, gypsy, chick, chick).

2. In the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: cucumbers, archers, capitals, Klintsy, Lyubertsy; stubby, pale-faced, narrow-faced.

3. In adjective suffix −yn, for example: Sistersyn, Lisitsyn, Tsaritsyn, Trinity Day. Place names are written in the same way. −tsyn, −tsyno, for example: Tsaritsyn, Golitsyno.

§16

In all other cases, after c a letter is written And , namely:

A) in the roots of words, including foreign proper names, for example: circus, cycle, top hat, cynomolgus, scurvy, mat, figure, armor, civilization, specificity, cyclone, barber, vaccine, revolution, tsutsik; Cicero, Circe, Zimmerwald, Cincinnati;

b) in suffixes of foreign origin, for example: organization, electrify, medicine, calcite, publicist, skepticism;

V) after the first parts of complex and compound words and in sound abbreviations, for example: blitz interview, special boarding school, CEC.

Letters O, yo, e after hissing

Letters O, yo, e in place of stressed vowels

§17

After w, h, w, w uh a letter is written e ,

eg: tin, swing, rustle, ginseng, twitter, same(letter name) on the boundary, about a candle, soul, sling; Zhenya, Jack, Shannon.

§18

After w, h, w, w to convey a stressed vowel O a letter is written O or yo .

Letter O written in the following cases.

1. In the endings of nouns and adjectives, as well as in the suffix of adverbs −o, for example: shoulder, knife, shoulder, Ilyich, hut, cloak; boundary, rein, candle, soul, sling; alien, big, alien, big; fresh, hot, good, overall(short forms of the middle gender of adjectives and adverbs).

2. In noun suffixes:

• −OK, for example: circle, hook, cockerel, borscht, jump, push, and in derivatives from such words: circle, hook, jump and so on.;
• −onok And −chonok, for example: teddy bear, mouse, galchonok, barrel, black;
• −onysh: zhonysh;
• −He to(a) and −onk(and), for example: little book, little hand, shirt, vest, money, trousers, verses;
• −hvc(a) (in noun derivatives), e.g.: chizhovka(female siskin), mouse(rodent), bastard, little bastard;
• −about(A): thicket, clearing(forest felling); same in word slum, where the suffix in the modern language is not distinguished, and in the ironic formation created on its model Khrushchev. Exception: in a word studies spelled yo ;
• −open(A): ratchet;
• −sheepskin(A): stabbing.

3. In the suffix of adjectives −ov, for example: hedgehog, brocade, penny, canvas, as well as in nouns on -ovka, -ovnik, derived from adjectives with a suffix −ov (−ev): pear And pear tree(cf. pear), hacksaw(cf. knife and option knife), cherry plum (cherry plum), guzhovka (horse-drawn), punch (punchy), tick insect‘heron with tick-like beak’ ( tick-borne), drachovka (bastard, from fight‘kind of planer’), raincoat (raincoat), speech (speech), hogweed (borscht), zhovnik (snake). The same word is written gooseberry, where the suffix is ​​not distinguished in the modern language.

4. In the suffix of adjectives and adverbs −well, for example: fresh, good.

5. In place of a runaway vowel O in nouns and adjectives, for example: gluttonous, gluttonous, gluttonous(cf. eat), pulp(cf. I press), burn, arson, burn, heartburn(cf. sting, sting); trouble(cf. gen. p. gouge), the seam (seam); princesses(gen. n. pl. from princess), knife(genus p. from sheath eh - obsolete. word variant sheath), scrotum, scrotum(gen. p. pl. and dimin. from purse), intestines, intestines(genus p. and decrease from guts), kvashonka(reduced from sourdough), koshomka And nightmare(from nightmare), glasses(from glasses), point(from point), ridiculous(short form of masculine gender from funny); this includes words with the suffix −ok: hook, jump(genus p. hook, jump), etc. (see above, item 2). However, in the words account, account, account, account, calculation(cf. I will count, I will count, I will count, I will count, I will count) a letter is written yo (see § 19, paragraph 7).

6. In those roots of Russian words where the vowel O after sizzling always percussive and does not alternate with uh(on a letter e): click(And yell), zhoster, zhokh, zazhor(and option congestion), already; clink glasses, crazy, grebe, prudish, chokh, chohom; to shuffle, rustle, blinkers(And saddlery, saddler).

The same word is written evening(And evening), although it is related to the word evening(And evening) (cf. § 19, item 7).

with a letter O some Russian proper names are written, for example: Zhora, Zhostovo, Pechora(river), Pechory(city), Sholokhov.

7. In the roots of borrowed (foreign language) words. List of basic words: borzhom, joker, junk, joule, major, dude, drum major, force majeure; anchovy, kharcho, choker; hood, gherkin, hood, offshore, torchon, shock, ramrod, shop, shorts, shorts, show; the same in proper names, for example: John, Georges, Joyce, Chaucer, Shaw, Schors.

§19

In all other cases, to transfer the stressed vowel o after w, h, w, w a letter is written yo , namely:

1. In verb endings -you, -you, -you, -you, for example: lying, cutting, baking, crushing.

2. In imperfective verbs on − to sing and verbal nouns − yawning, for example: demarcate, uproot, migrate, obscure; demarcation, uprooting, obscuring; in passive participles − vanished, for example: torn, splintered, splintered.

3. In verbal nouns −yovka, for example: overnight stay(from spend the night), uprooting, migration, demarcation, retouching(from retouch), peeling(from peel).

4. In noun suffix −er, for example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend, trainer, massager.

5. In suffixes of passive participles and verbal adjectives −yonn And −yon, for example: tense(And tense), burnt, baked, softened, detached, simplified; laden, burnt, baked, learned, stewed, waxed; the same in words derived from such participles and adjectives, for example: tension, detachment, simplicity, learning, tense, detached, simplified, tension, burnt, stew, condensed milk.

6. In place of the fugitive O in the verbal forms of the past tense husband. kind: burned and prefixes ( burned, burned, burned, burned, burned and etc.; the same in participles: set fire to and etc.; cf. ignite, ignite), −person (read, learned and others, cf. read, learned), walked and prefixes ( came, left and others, cf. went, came, left). At the same time, writing verb forms with a root burned contrasted with writing single-root nouns with a letter O : burn, arson, burn(see § 18, paragraph 5).

7. In those roots of Russian words, where the shock sound O corresponds in other cognate words or forms to a vowel (stressed or unstressed) transmitted by a letter e. The following is a list of basic words with such roots (in parentheses are the same-root words or forms with the letter e after w, h, w, w ).

Roots with a combination same :

• chewed (chew),
• gutter (gutter, gutter, gutter),
• yellow (yellow, yellowish, yellowing, yolk),
• acorn (acorns, stomach‘little acorn’, acorn),
• bile, gall(cf. options bile, bile; bile, bile),
• wives, wifey, wifey, newlywed (wife, zhenin, woman, feminine, marries, marry),
• perch (pole, pole, pole),
• millstone (millstone, millstone),
• hard, hardness (tough, harsh),
• overarm (fathom And fathom),
• heavy (harder, get heavier, obsolete. harder).

Roots with a combination what :

• twine (tow, tow),
• evening (evening, evening),
• liver, liver (liver),
• honour, honour (honor),
• bees, bee (bee, beekeeper),
• account, counter, offset, report, accounting, counter, counting, credit, accounting, counting, even, odd, even (count, count, count, set off, take into account, deduction, accounts, accountant, odd),
• chobots (chebotar),
• bangs, bangs, bangs(pl.) ( brow, petition, ochelie),
• canoe (canoes, shuttle),
• strike out, strike out, strike out, strike out, cross out, underline(cf. option scribble; cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline),
• black (black, blacken, black, blackness, blackish),
• callous, callousness (callous, callous),
• damn, damn, damn (devils, devils, devils, devils, devils, devils),
• dash (devil, devil, devil, devil, devil),
• combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, hairstyle, comb, comb, comb (scratch, scratch, comb, comb),
• clear, clear, distinct (rosary),
• tap dance (checket).

Roots with a combination what :

• cheap, cheap (cheap, cheap, cheaper, cheaper),
• bag (kosheva),
• purse (purse, purse),
• millet, millet (millet),
• lattice, lattice(pl.), lattice(option: lattice; sieve, sieve),
• silk, silk (silk, silky),
• whisper, whisper (whisper, whisper, whisper),
• wool, longhair, shorthair (wool, woolen, woolen).
• Roots with a combination more :
• dandy (dapper, dapper, flaunt, flaunt),
• cheeks, cheek, slap, cheek (cheek, cheeky),
• tickle (tickle, tickle),
• slit, slit (slit, slit),
• click, click (click, click),
• lye, lye (alkali, alkaline),
• puppy (whelp, puppy),

brush (bristle).

8. In the preposition n. pronouns what: about what, on what, as well as in words how much, no matter what, moreover; in a word more.

9. In some borrowed words, where the letter yo is transmitted under stress special, different from Russian O, the vowel of the source language, e.g. prime minister's wives, Schönbrunn, Schönberg.

Letters O, e in place of unstressed vowels

§20

In an unstressed position after w, h, w, w a letter is written e uh(on a letter e ), and with shock O(on a letter O or yo ).

This applies to roots, suffixes, and endings. Examples: a) tin(cf. tin), cap (bonnet), leg (leg), ironing (angling), clouds (candle); b) turn yellow(cf. yellow), whisper (whisper), peas (cockerel), punchy, raincoat (penny, borscht), watchman (chizhom), more(cf. big), red-haired (someone else's), mightier (hot). Some spellings from e after hissing are not checked by the shock position, for example: desire, stomach, gelatin, loft, wiggle, lisping, grungy, heck.

§21

In a number of words of foreign origin after f, h, w in an unstressed position, a letter is written O .

List of basic words: jonathan, jockey, juggler, majordomo, majoritarian, banjo, harmonica; chonguri, lecho, poncho, rancho, capriccio(cf. option capriccio); chauvinism, chocolate, highway, driver; proper names, for example: Scotland, Jaurès, Chopin, Shostakovich, Boccaccio. Derivatives from words of foreign origin with stress are also written O after hissing (see § 18, item 7) and forms of such words where the vowel after hissing is unstressed, for example: shock(from shock), torchon(from torchon), choker(from choker), ramrod(pl. from ramrod).

Letters O And e after c

§22

After c to convey a stressed vowel O a letter is written O , to transmit the percussion uh- letter e, for example: clatter, plinth, dancer, dancer, dance, facing, crimson, face, face, cucumber, cucumber, sheep; valuable, whole(letter name) tsetse(fly), sheep, about father.

§23

In an unstressed position after c a letter is written e – in accordance with both shock uh, and with percussion O, for example: a) price(cf. prices), sip (sips), censorship (censor), bird (pollen); b) dance(cf. dancer), crimson (crimson), calico (pepper), swamp (porch), bird (pollen), fingers (wise men), short(cf. big), short(cf. Fine). Some spellings from e are not checked by impact position, e.g.: kiss, cellophane.

§24

In some words of foreign origin in an unstressed position after c a letter is written O : duke, intermezzo, mezzo, palazzo, scherzo, canzonetta, zoisite(mineral), pozzolana(rocks). The same word is written clatter and its derivatives clatter, clatter(cf. clatter).

Letter uh after hissing and c

§25

Letter uh written after letters w, h, w, c only in the following special cases.

1. In abbreviations, for example: JEA(housing maintenance office), ZhES(railway power plant), CHEZ(frequency electromagnetic sounding), CELT(color cathode ray tube), CEM(Tsentroelektromontazh is the name of the trust).

2. After prefix between, the first parts of complex and compound words at the beginning of roots starting with a letter uh , for example: interfloor, interethnic, Vnesheconombank, blitz emission, special exporter, special effect, special electrode.

3. When transmitting some Chinese words, for example: she(people in China) jen(the main concept of Confucian philosophy), Lao She(Chinese writer) Chengdu, Shenyang(cities), Zhejiang(provinces), Shenzhen(industrial zone in China).

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

Letters o, e, e after hissing

Letters about her after hissing

Letters about her in place of stressed vowels

Section 17. After w, h, w, w uh a letter is written e , for example: tin, swing, rustle, ginseng, twitter, same(letter name) on the boundary, about a candle, soul, sling; Zhenya, Jack, Shannon.

Note. About cases of writing after hissing letters uh see § 25.

§ 18. After w, h, w, w to convey a stressed vowel O a letter is written O or yo .

Letter O written in the following cases.

1. In the endings of nouns and adjectives, as well as in the suffix of adverbs ?O, for example: shoulder, knife, shoulder, Ilyich, hut, cloak; boundary, rein, candle, soul, sling; alien, big, alien, big; fresh, hot, good, overall(short forms of the middle gender of adjectives and adverbs).

2. In the suffixes of nouns:

?OK, for example: circle, hook, cockerel, borscht, jump, push, and in derivatives from such words: circle, hook, jump and so on.;

?onok And ?chonok, for example: teddy bear, mouse, galchonok, barrel, black;

?onysh: zhonysh;

?He to(a) and ?He to(and), for example: little book, little hand, shirt, vest, money, trousers, verses;

?hvc(a) (in noun derivatives), e.g.: chizhovka(female siskin), mouse(rodent), bastard, little bastard;

?about(A): thicket, clearing(forest felling); same in word slum, where the suffix in the modern language is not distinguished, and in the ironic formation created on its model Khrushchev. Exception: in a word studies spelled yo ;

?otk(A): ratchet;

?sheep(A): stabbing.

3. In the suffix of adjectives ?ov-, for example: hedgehog, brocade, penny, canvas, as well as in nouns on ?ovnik, ?ovnik, derived from adjectives with a suffix ?ov- (?ev-): pear And pear tree(cf. pear), hacksaw(cf. knife and option knife), cherry plum (cherry plum), guzhovka (horse-drawn), punch (punchy), tick insect‘heron with tick-like beak’ ( tick-borne), drachovka (bastard, from fight‘kind of planer’), raincoat (raincoat), speech (speech), hogweed (borscht), zhovnik (snake). The same word is written gooseberry, where the suffix is ​​not distinguished in the modern language.

Note 1. Pronounced nouns in ?ovka type small piece, hacksaw, raincoat should be distinguished from verbal nouns like overnight stay(see § 19, item 3).

Note 2. In Russian surnames, hissing + ?ov (?yov) is written O or yo in accordance with tradition and registration in official documents: cf., for example, Chernyshov And Chernyshev, Kalachov And Kalachev, Khrushchev And Khrushchev; Emelyan Pugachev.

4. In the suffix of adjectives and adverbs ?oink-, for example: fresh, good.

5. In place of a fluent vowel O in nouns and adjectives, for example: gluttonous, gluttonous, gluttonous(cf. eat), pulp(cf. I press), burn, arson, burn, heartburn(cf. sting, sting); trouble(cf. gen. p. gouge), the seam (seam); princesses(gen. n. pl. from princess), knife?(genus p. from sheath? - obsolete. word variant sheath), scrotum, scrotum(gen. p. pl. and dimin. from purse), intestines, intestines(genus p. and decrease from guts), kvashonka(reduced from sourdough), koshomka And nightmare(from nightmare), glasses(from glasses), point(from point), ridiculous(short form of masculine gender from funny); this includes words with the suffix ?ok: hook, jump(genus p. hook, jump), etc. (see above, item 2). However, in the words account, account, account, account, calculation(cf. I will count, I will count, I will count, I will count, I will count) a letter is written yo (see § 19, paragraph 7).

Note. As well as ridiculous, are written in necessary cases, colloquial variants of short forms husband. kind scary, must, need.

6. In those roots of Russian words where the vowel O after sizzling always percussive and does not alternate with uh(on a letter e): click(And yell), zhoster, zhokh, zazhor(and option congestion), already; clink glasses, crazy, grebe, prudish, chokh, chohom; to shuffle, rustle, blinkers(And saddlery, saddler).

The same word is written vecho?r(And evening?), although it is related to the word evening(And evening) (cf. § 19, item 7).

with a letter O some Russian proper names are written, for example: Zhora, Zhostovo, Pechora(river), Pechory(city), Sholokhov.

7. In the roots of borrowed (foreign language) words. List of basic words: borzhom, joker, junk, joule, major, dude, drum major, force majeure; anchovy, kharcho, choker; hood, gherkin, hood, offshore, torchon, shock, ramrod, shop, shorts, shorts, show; the same in proper names, for example: John, Georges, Joyce, Chaucer, Shaw, Schors.

§ 19. In all other cases, to transfer the stressed vowel o after w, h, w, w a letter is written yo , namely:

1. In verb endings eat, eat, eat, eat, for example: lying, cutting, baking, crushing.

2. In imperfective verbs on ? and verbal nouns ?, for example: demarcate, uproot, migrate, obscure; demarcation, uprooting, obscuring; in passive participles ?banged, for example: torn, splintered, splintered.

3. In verbal nouns on ?yovka, for example: overnight stay(from spend the night), uprooting, migration, demarcation, retouching(from retouch), peeling(from peel).

4. In the suffix of nouns ?er, for example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend, trainer, massager.

5. In suffixes of passive participles and verbal adjectives ?yonn- And ?yon-, for example: tense(And tense), burnt, baked, softened, detached, simplified; laden, burnt, baked, learned, stewed, waxed; the same in words derived from such participles and adjectives, for example: tension, detachment, simplicity, learning, tense, detached, simplified, tension, burnt, stew, condensed milk.

6. In place of the fugitive O in the verbal forms of the past tense husband. kind: burned and prefixes ( burned, burned, burned, burned, burned and etc.; the same in participles: set fire to and etc.; cf. ignite, ignite), ?person (read, learned and others, cf. read, learned), walked and prefixes ( came, left and others, cf. went, came, left). At the same time, writing verb forms with a root burned contrasted with writing single-root nouns with a letter O: burn, arson, burn(see § 18, paragraph 5).

7. In those roots of Russian words, where the shock sound O corresponds in other cognate words or forms to a vowel (stressed or unstressed) transmitted by a letter e. The following is a list of basic words with such roots (in parentheses are the same-root words or forms with the letter e after w, h, w, w ).

Roots with a combination same :

chewed (chew),

gutter (gutter, gutter, gutter),

yellow (yellow, yellowish, yellowing, yolk),

acorn (acorns, stomach?‘little acorn’, acorn),

bile, gall(cf. options bile, bile; bile, bile),

wives, wifey, wifey, newlywed (wife, zhenin, woman, feminine, marries, marry),

perch (pole, pole, pole),

millstone (millstone, millstone),

hard, hardness (tough, harsh),

overarm (sa?zhen And soot?),

heavy (harder, get heavier, obsolete. harder?le).

Roots with a combination what :

twine (tow, tow),

evening (evening, evening),

liver, liver (liver),

honour, honour (honor),

bees, bee (bee, beekeeper),

account, counter, offset, report, accounting, counter, counting, credit, accounting, counting, even, odd, even (count, count, count, set off, take into account, deduction, accounts ?, accountant, not even),

chobots (chebotar),

bangs, bangs, bangs(pl.) ( brow, petition, ochelie),

canoe (canoes, shuttle),

strike out, strike out, strike out, strike out, cross out, underline(cf. option scribble; cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline),

black (black, blacken, black, blackness, blackish),

callous, callousness (callous, callous),

damn, damn, damn (hell, devil, devil, devil, damn, devilry),

dash (damn, damn, damn, draw, draw),

combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, hairstyle, comb, comb, comb (scratch, scratch, comb, comb),

clear, clear, distinct (rosary?),

tap dance (what?even).

Roots with a combination what :

cheap, cheap (cheap, cheap, cheaper, cheaper),

bag (Kosheva?),

purse (purse, purse),

millet, millet (millet),

lattice, lattice(pl.), lattice(option: lattice; sieve, sieve),

silk, silk (silk, silky),

whisper, whisper (whisper, whisper, whisper),

wool, longhair, shorthair (wool, woolen, woolen).

Roots with a combination more :

dandy (dapper, dapper, flaunt, flaunt),

cheeks, cheek, slap, cheek (cheek, cheeky),

tickle (tickle, tickle),

slit, slit (slit, slit),

click, click (click, click),

lye, lye (alkali, alkaline),

puppy (whelp, puppy),

brush (bristle).

Note. However, in proper names with the roots of the words listed in paragraph 7, the letter can be written O . In accordance with tradition and registration, the letter is written in official documents O in proper names such as Chobots(name of locality), Chorny, Pshonnaya, Zholobov, Zholtikov(surnames).

8. In the preposition. n. pronouns what: about what, on what, as well as in words how much, no matter what, moreover; in a word more.

9. In some borrowed words, where the letter yo is transmitted under stress special, different from Russian O, the vowel sound of the source language, e.g. wife-premier, Schönbrunn, Schönberg.

Letters oh e in place of unstressed vowels

§ 20. In an unstressed position after w, h, w, w a letter is written e - according to both percussion uh(on a letter e ), and with shock O(on a letter O or yo ). This applies to roots, suffixes, and endings. Examples: a) tin(cf. tin), cap (what? pchik), leg? (she?nkel), ironing (angling), that? (candle?); b) turn yellow(cf. yellow), whisper (whisper), peas (cockerel? to), punchy, raincoat (penny? vyy, borscht? vyy), one hundred? (chizho?m), more(cf. big), ry? (someone else's), can I? (hot?). Some spellings from e after hissing are not checked by the shock position, for example: desire, stomach, gelatin, loft, wiggle, lisping, grungy, heck.

Section 21. In a number of words of foreign origin after f, h, w in an unstressed position, a letter is written O . List of basic words: jonathan, jockey, juggler, majordomo, majoritarian, banjo, harmonica; chonguri, lecho, poncho, rancho, capriccio(cf. option capriccio); chauvinism, chocolate, highway, driver; proper names, for example: Scotland, Jaurès, Chopin, Shostakovich, Boccaccio. Derivatives from words of foreign origin with stress are also written O after hissing (see § 18, item 7) and forms of such words where the vowel after hissing is unstressed, for example: shock(from shock), torchon(from torchon), choker(from cho?ker), ramrod?(pl. from ramrod).

Note 1. Letter O written after hissing not under stress in words with a prefix inter- and in compound words, if it begins the second part of the word, for example: interregional, intercommunal, intersectoral, leather footwear.

Note 2. Letter O after hissing not under stress, it is also written in individual formations not legalized by the literary norm, for example: zhohova?ty(from zhokh), stiff?(from prim), shoro? to(‘barely audible rustle’), on?fresh(from fresh, according to the model rough, clean).

Vowels not after hissing and c Letters a - z, y - y § 1. Letters a, y are used: To convey vowels a, y at the beginning of a word and after vowels, for example: hell, scarlet, army, gasp, liana, oasis , Loire; mind, morning, goof, spider, teach. To convey vowels a, y and at the same time to indicate