Borrowed words in Russian. Borrowed words in Russian - signs and examples What words are called borrowed examples

There are a lot of borrowed words in Russian, for example: online, bulldozer, latte, etc. The reason for this was evolution and technological progress.

Too much technology has appeared in the world, the words of the Russian language are not enough to give a name to each subject.

This article will help you learn all the most important information about the borrowed words of the Russian language.

What words are borrowed

Borrowed words are called foreign words that have fallen into the Russian language. Since ancient times, native Russian and borrowed words have been distinguished in the vocabulary of the Russian language.

The very name "Borrowed" is telling, because you can immediately understand its meaning by referring to the different forms of this word: "Borrowed", "Borrow". Those. taken from outside.

Examples of loanwords

From English:

1. Business is business.
2. A blogger is a person who keeps a video diary and posts it online.
3. Gameplay is the process of playing.
4. Price list - a list of prices for the services provided.
5. Parking - a place for stopping vehicles.
6. Diving is the process of swimming underwater.
7. Cupcake - cake.
8. Foreign - international.

From Dutch:

1. Apricot is an edible fruit.
2. Exchange is a company.
3. A boat is a small boat.
4. A sailor is a worker on a ship.
5. A fleet is a union of objects.

From Arabic:

1. Shop - warehouse.
2. The admiral is the master of the sea.
3. The robe is an outfit.

From French:

1. Lampshade - part of the lamp.
2. Apricot is an edible fruit.
3. Absurdity - absurdity, nonsense.
4. The bus is a form of public transport.

From Ancient Greek:

1. An atheist is a person who does not believe in God.
2. Comedy is entertainment.
3. The telephone is a device for communication at a distance.
4. Tragedy - misfortune, grief.
5. A bank is a place where money is kept.
6. A photo is a snapshot, a picture.

From Spanish:

1. Canyon is a gorge.
2. Machete - sword, knife.
3. Macho is a man.
4. Sambo is wrestling.

From Italian:

1. Vermicelli is food.
2. Tomato is a vegetable.
3. Paparazzi are annoying people.

From Latin:

1. - heaviness.
2. Oval is a geometric figure.
3. Incentive - motivation to achieve the goal.
4. Saucepan - utensils for cooking.

From Persian:

1. Shashlik is food fried over a fire.
2. A suitcase is a place to store and transport things.
3. Cattle - an impudent person, cattle.

From German:

1. A mug is a bowl.
2. The camp is storage.
3. The market is a place to trade.
4. Barrier - partition.
5. State is a state.
6. Apron - front scarf.

Loanword Dictionary

Words taken from another speech, another culture noticeably complement their native speech, although the Russian language is rich in synonyms and antonyms like no other. It is not always appropriate to use foreign words, although there is a tendency to replace native Russian words with foreign ones.

A person who has a rich choice of vocabulary in his native language has an undeniable advantage over others, can understand literature written more than one century ago, his speech is rich, his conversation is multifaceted, a letter or essay is read with ease and great interest.

Here are just some examples of foreign words that have analogues in Russian:

• absolute (from lat.) - perfect;
• topical (from lat.) - topical;
• dimensions (from French) - dimensions;
• debate (from French) - debate;
• dialogue (from Greek) - interview;
• image (from lat.) - image, appearance;
• competition (from lat.) - rivalry;
• adjustments (from lat.) - amendments, etc.

If you wish, you can find out detailed information about the origin and definition of the word in any etymological dictionary. Such resources are available online on many sites.

Original Russian and borrowed words - what's the difference

There are quite a few signs by which one can distinguish native Russian words from foreign ones. We bring to your attention a table where the signs of non-Russian words are collected, an explanation is given and relevant examples are given.

Table of signs of borrowed words in Russian

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is worth saying that a lot of the words used in the Russian language originated from different languages. Without borrowed words, Russian speech would be incomplete, it would be difficult to formulate an idea in the language.

That is why foreign words were added to the Russian language: absolute, modern, soldier, online, international, hotel, original, opposition, chips, jam, cracker, personal, passive, parking, nuance, negative, natural, radical, revision, realize, result, regression, progress, secret, service, situation, stress, structure, sphere, and so on.

Borrowed words in Russian

By the nature and volume of borrowings in the Russian language, one can trace the paths of the historical development of the language, that is, the paths of international travel, communications and scientific development, and, as a result, the crossing of Russian vocabulary and phraseology with other languages. Observing the transition of words and phrases from any foreign language into the Russian language helps to understand the history of the Russian language, both literary and dialects.

Borrowings and foreign words

It is necessary to distinguish between borrowings and foreign words.

Borrowings (words, less often syntactic and phraseological phrases) are adapted in the Russian language, undergoing the necessary semantic and phonetic changes. Adaptation to the realities of the Russian language is the main feature that distinguishes borrowings from foreign words. Foreign words retain traces of their foreign origin. Such traces can be phonetic, spelling, grammatical and semantic features.

In the history of the language, periods of predominant borrowing alternated:

• from Germanic languages ​​and Latin (Proto-Slavic period);
• from the Finno-Ugric languages ​​​​(the period of colonization by the Slavs of Northern and North-Eastern Russia);
• from the Greek, and then the Old / Church Slavonic language (the era of Christianization, further book influence);
• from the Polish language (XVI-XVIII centuries);
• from the Dutch (XVIII), German and French (XVIII-XIX centuries) languages;
• from the English language (- the beginning of the XXI century).

Borrowing history

Borrowings in Old Russian

Many foreign words borrowed by the Russian language in the distant past are so assimilated by them that their origin is discovered only with the help of etymological analysis. These are, for example, some borrowings from the Turkic languages, the so-called Turkisms. Words from the Turkic languages ​​have penetrated into the Russian language since Kievan Rus coexisted with such Turkic tribes as the Bulgars, Cumans, Berendeys, Pechenegs and others. Around the 8th-12th centuries, such ancient Russian borrowings from the Turkic languages ​​\u200b\u200bdate as boyar, tent, hero, pearl, koumiss, gang, cart, horde. It should be noted that historians of the Russian language often disagree about the origin of certain borrowings. So, in some linguistic dictionaries the word horse is recognized as Turkism, while other experts attribute this word to the original Russian.

A noticeable trace was left by the Greekisms, which came into the Old Russian language mainly through the medium of Old Slavonic in connection with the process of completing the Christianization of the Slavic states. Byzantium played an active role in this process. The formation of the Old Russian (East Slavonic) language begins. The Greekisms of the period of the X-XVII centuries include words from the area religions: anathema, angel, bishop, demon, icon, monk, monastery, lampada, sexton; scientific terms: maths, philosophy, story, grammar; household terms: lime, sugar, bench, notebook, flashlight; denominations plants and animals: buffalo, beans, beet and others. Later borrowings refer mainly to the area arts and sciences: trochee, comedy, mantle, verse, logics, analogy and others. Many Greek words that received international status entered the Russian language through Western European languages.

By the 17th century, translations from Latin into Church Slavonic appeared, including the Gennadiev Bible. Since then, the penetration of Latin words into the Russian language has begun. Many of these words continue to exist in our language to this day ( Bible, doctor, the medicine, lily, rose flower and others).

Borrowings under Peter I

The flow of borrowed foreign vocabulary characterizes the reign of Peter I. The transformational activity of Peter became a prerequisite for the reform of the literary Russian language. The Church Slavonic language did not correspond to the realities of the new secular society. The penetration of a number of foreign words, mainly military and craft terms, the names of some household items, new concepts in science and technology, in maritime affairs, in administration, in art, etc., had a huge impact on the language of that time. Russian borrowed foreign words such as algebra, optics, the globe, apoplexy, varnish, compass, cruiser, port, frame, army, deserter, cavalry, office, Act, rent, rate and many others.

Dutch words appeared in Russian mainly in the time of Peter the Great in connection with the development of navigation. These include ballast, buer, spirit level, shipyard, harbor, drift, tack, pilot, sailor, yardarm, rudder, flag, fleet, navigator and so on.

From the English language at the same time, terms from the field of maritime affairs were also borrowed: barge, bot, brig, whaleboat, midshipman, schooner, boat and others.

It is known, however, that Peter himself had a negative attitude towards the dominance of foreign words and demanded that his contemporaries write “as intelligibly as possible”, without abusing non-Russian words. So, for example, in his message to Ambassador Rudakovsky, Peter wrote:

“In your communications, you use many Polish and other foreign words and terms, behind which it is impossible to comprehend the case itself: for the sake of you, from now on, write your communications to us in Russian, without using foreign words and terms”

Borrowings in the XVIII-XIX centuries

A great contribution to the study and regulation of foreign borrowings was made by M.V. Lomonosov, who in his work "Anthology on the History of Russian Linguistics" outlined his observations about Greek words in Russian in general, and in the field of the formation of scientific terms in particular.

“... Avoiding foreign borrowings, Lomonosov at the same time sought to promote the convergence of Russian science with Western European, using, on the one hand, international scientific terminology, composed mainly of Greek-Latin roots, and on the other hand, forming new Russian terms or rethinking already existing words

Lomonosov believed that the Russian language had lost its stability and linguistic norm due to the "clogging" of the living spoken language with borrowings from a variety of languages. This prompted Lomonosov to create a "Foreword on the Benefits of Church Books", in which he manages to lay the foundations of the Russian language, corresponding to the time.

Active political and social ties with France in the 18th-19th centuries contributed to the penetration into the Russian language of a large number of borrowings from the French language. French becomes the official language of court and aristocratic circles, the language of secular noble salons. Borrowings of this time are the names of household items, clothing, food products: the Bureau, boudoir, stained glass window, couch; shoe, veil, wardrobe, vest, coat, bouillon, the vinaigrette, jelly, marmalade; art words: actor, entrepreneur, poster, ballet, juggler, producer; military terms: battalion, garrison, pistol, squadron; socio-political terms: bourgeois, declassed, demoralization, department and others.

Italian and Spanish borrowings are mainly associated with the field of art: aria, allegro, Bravo, cello, short story, piano, recitative, tenor(Italian) or guitar, mantilla, castanets, serenade(Spanish), as well as with everyday concepts: currency, villa; vermicelli, pasta(Italian).

By the end of the XVIII century. the process of Europeanization of the Russian language, carried out mainly through the French culture of the literary word, has reached a high degree of development. The Old Book linguistic culture was supplanted by the new European one. The Russian literary language, without leaving its native soil, consciously uses Church Slavonicisms and Western European borrowings.

Borrowings in the XX-XXI centuries

Leonid Petrovich Krysin in his work "On the Russian Language of Our Days" analyzes the flow of foreign vocabulary at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. In his opinion, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the activation of business, scientific, trade, cultural ties, the flourishing of foreign tourism, all this caused an intensification of communication with native speakers of foreign languages. Thus, first in professional, and then in other areas, terms related to computer technology appeared (for example, a computer, display, file, interface, Printer and others); economic and financial terms (for example, barter, broker, voucher, dealer and others); names of sports windsurfing, skateboard, arm wrestling, kickboxing); in less specialized areas of human activity ( image, presentation, nomination, sponsor, video, show).

Many of these words have already been fully assimilated into the Russian language.

Word formation using borrowings

In addition to borrowing foreign vocabulary, the Russian language actively borrowed some foreign word-building elements to create proper Russian words. Among such borrowings, special mention is

• prefixes a-, anti-, archi-, pan- and others from Greek ( apolitical, anti-worlds, rogues, pan-Slavism); de-, counter-, trance-, ultra- from Latin ( deheroization, counteroffensive, trans-regional, far right);
• suffixes: -ism, -PCS, -izirov-a(t), -er from Western European languages: collectivism, essayist, militarize, boyfriend.

At the same time, these word-building elements are often used in the Russian language together with the word-building model, which is characteristic of foreign words or elements of this model ((fr.) conductor, trainee and (Russian) boyfriend with a French suffix). This shows the regularity of the introduction of foreign borrowings into the Russian language and their active assimilation to a borrowed language.

Thus, the formation of foreign language structural elements as independent morphemes in the Russian language takes place, in other words, the process of morphemization is carried out. It is clear that this is a long-term, gradual process, involving a number of stages and stages in the acquisition of morphemic properties in the Russian language by a foreign structural element.

Quotes

Aphorism of the Russian poet V. A. Zhukovsky:

Academician A. A. Shakhmatov:

Notes

Literature

• Shcherba L.V. Selected Works on the Russian Language, Aspect Press, 2007 ISBN 9785756704532.
• Sobolevsky A.I. History of the Russian literary language. Languages ​​of Slavic Culture 2006 ISBN 5-95510-128-4.
• Filkova P. D. On the assimilation of Church Slavonicisms by the lexical system of the Russian literary language // Issues of historical lexicology of East Slavic languages. - M., 1974.
• Explanatory dictionary of the modern Russian language. Language Changes at the End of the 20th Century, Astrel, 2005, ISBN 5-17-029554-5.
• Krysin L.P. Russian word, one's own and someone else's, 2004, ISBN 5-94457-183-7.
• Brandt R. F. Lectures on the History of the Russian Language 2005, ISBN 5-484-00038-6.
• Demyanov V. G. Foreign vocabulary in the history of the Russian language in the XI-XVII centuries. Problems of morphological adaptation Nauka, 2001, ISBN 5-02-011821-4.
• Uspensky B. A. Historical and Philological Essays, Languages ​​of Slavic Culture, ISBN 5-95510-044-X.
• Lotte D.S. Issues of borrowing and ordering foreign terms and term elements. - M., 1982.
• Vinogradov V.V., Essays on the history of the Russian literary language of the XVII-XIX centuries. - M., 1938.
• Semenova M. Yu. Dictionary of Anglicisms. - Rostov n / a, 2003.

see also

• Lists of borrowings in Russian from:

• Arabic

Links

• Explanatory Dictionary of Foreign Words, 2007, Over 25 thousand words and phrases, Library of Dictionaries of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Compiled by L. P. Krysin
• Formation of Russian vocabulary. Mastering borrowed words in Russian
• Horse and horse. Turkisms in Russian. Interview with I. G. Dobrodomov Radio Liberty
• L. Bozhenko. Borrowed vocabulary in modern Russian

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One of the sections of vocabulary is etymology, which studies the origin of a word against the background of changes in the entire vocabulary of the language. Originally Russian and are considered just from the standpoint of etymology. These are the two layers into which the entire vocabulary of the Russian language can be divided, in terms of origin. This section of the vocabulary gives an answer to the question of how the word came about, what it means, where and when it was borrowed, and what changes it has undergone.

Vocabulary of the Russian language

All words that exist in a language are called vocabulary. With their help, we name various objects, phenomena, actions, signs, numbers, etc.

The vocabulary is explained by the entry into the system, which led to the presence of their common origin and development. Russian vocabulary is rooted in the past of the Slavic tribes and has developed along with the people over the centuries. This is the so-called primordial vocabulary, which has existed for a long time.

There is also a second layer in the vocabulary: these are words that came to us from other languages ​​as a result of the emergence of historical ties.

Thus, if we consider the vocabulary from the position of origin, then we can distinguish the words originally Russian and borrowed. both groups are represented in the language in large numbers.

Origin of Russian words

The vocabulary of the Russian language has more than 150,000 words. Let's see what words are called native Russian.

Originally Russian vocabulary has several tiers:

Borrowing process

In our language, native Russian and borrowed words coexist. This is due to the historical development of the country.

Since ancient times, as a people, Russians have entered into cultural, economic, political, military, and trade relations with other countries and states. This quite naturally led to the fact that the words of those peoples with whom we collaborated appeared in our language. Otherwise it was impossible to understand each other.

Over time, these language borrowings became Russified, entered the group, and we no longer perceive them as foreign. Everyone knows such words as "sugar", "banya", "activist", "artel", "school" and many others.

Originally Russian and borrowed words, examples of which are given above, have long and firmly entered our everyday life and help build our speech.

Foreign words in Russian

Getting into our language, foreign words are forced to change. The nature of their changes affects different aspects: phonetics, morphology, semantics. Borrowing is subject to our laws and regulations. Such words undergo changes in endings, in suffixes, the gender changes. For example, the word "parliament" is masculine in our country, but in German, where it came from, it is neuter.

The very meaning of the word may change. So, the word "painter" in our country means a worker, and in German it is a "painter".

The semantics are changing. For example, the borrowed words "canned", "conservative" and "conservatory" came to us from different languages ​​and have nothing in common. But in their native language, French, Latin and Italian, respectively, they came from Latin and have the meaning of "preserve."

Thus, it is important to know from which languages ​​words are borrowed. This will help to correctly determine their lexical meaning.

In addition, sometimes it is difficult to recognize native Russian and borrowed words in the mass of vocabulary that we use every day. For this purpose, there are dictionaries that explain the meaning and origin of each word.

Classification of loanwords

Two groups of borrowed words are distinguished by a specific type:

• those who came from the Slavic language;
• taken from non-Slavic languages.

In the first group, Old Slavonicisms make up a large mass - words that have been in church books since the 9th century. And now such words as “cross”, “universe”, “power”, “virtue”, etc. are widespread. Many Old Slavonicisms have Russian analogues (“lanites” - “cheeks”, “mouths” - “lips”, etc. ) Phonetic (“gates” - “gates”), morphological (“grace”, “benefactor”), semantic (“gold” - “gold”) Old Slavonicisms are distinguished.

The second group consists of borrowings from other languages, including:

• Latin (in the field of science, politics of public life - "school", "republic", "corporation");
• Greek (household - "bed", "dish", terms - "synonym", "vocabulary");
• Western European (military - “headquarters”, “junker”, from the field of art - “easel”, “landscape”, nautical terms - “boat”, “shipyard”, “schooner”, musical terms - “aria”, “libretto”);
• Turkic (in culture and trade "pearl", "caravan", "iron");
• Scandinavian (household - "anchor", "whip") words.

Dictionary of foreign words

Lexicology is a very precise science. Everything is clearly structured here. All words are divided into groups, depending on the feature underlying them.

Native Russian and borrowed words are divided into two groups based on etymology, that is, origin.

There are various dictionaries that suit specific purposes. So, you can call a dictionary of foreign words, which contains foreign examples that have come to us over the course of many centuries. Many of these words are now perceived by us as Russian. The dictionary explains the meaning and indicates where the word came from.

Dictionaries of foreign words in our country have a whole history. The first was created at the beginning of the eighteenth century, it was handwritten. At the same time, a three-volume dictionary was published, the author of which was N.M. Yanovsky. In the twentieth century, a number of foreign dictionaries appeared.

Among the most famous are the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words”, edited by The dictionary entry provides information about the origin of the word, gives an interpretation of its meaning, examples of use, set expressions with it.

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The vocabulary of sports fans consists almost entirely of English borrowings, so it can be said that fans not only learn sports terms, but also expand their English vocabulary. See what words from the world of sports English has given us.

In the IT field, almost all words are taken from English. We will list the most frequently used ones here, and you can read about the rest in the articles of our teachers “Ok, Google, or All about gadgets and devices in English” and “Computer basics or how to survive in cyberspace. Basic computer concepts in English".

Of course, it is difficult to place in one article all the words we have taken from the English language. Below we present some of the most frequently used borrowed concepts. We think that every person has used these words at least once in their life.

We also invite you to watch a video about the words that came to Russian from English.

These are the words of English origin in Russian that we often use in our speech. Now you know their origin and also understand their true meaning. However, there are many more such borrowings from English in Russian. Do you know any words that came to us from English? Share your observations in the comments.

Words name objects, phenomena, signs and actions of the surrounding world. The more a person cognizes the world (including himself), the more he discovers something new in it, and accordingly he names everything new with words. The entire known world is thus reflected in the vocabulary of the language. The Russian language is one of the richest in the world in terms of vocabulary. “For everything,” wrote K. Paustovsky, “there are a great many good words in the Russian language.”

However, any language develops in interaction with other languages. Since ancient times, the Russian people entered into cultural, trade, military, political relations with other states, which could not but lead to linguistic borrowing. Gradually, borrowed words were assimilated (from Latin assimilare - to assimilate, assimilate) in the borrowing language and were no longer perceived as foreign.

Borrowed words - these are such foreign words that are completely included in the lexical system of the Russian language. They have acquired lexical meaning, phonetic design, grammatical features characteristic of the Russian language, are used in various styles, are written in letters of the Russian alphabet.

Reasons for borrowing

In different historical periods, borrowings from other languages ​​became more active both under the influence of external (non-linguistic) and internal (linguistic) reasons.

External causes – These are different connections between peoples. So, in the X century. Kievan Rus adopted Christianity from the Greeks. In this regard, along with borrowed religious ideas, objects of church worship, many Greek words entered the Old Russian language, for example: altar, patriarch, demon, icon, cell, monk, lampada, metropolitan and others. Scientific terms were also borrowed, the names of objects of Greek culture, the names of plants, months, etc., for example: mathematics, history, philosophy, grammar, syntax, idea, theatre, stage, museum, comedy, tragedy, alphabet, planet, climate, doll, poppy, cucumber, beetroot, January, February, December and etc.

From the 13th to the 15th centuries Ancient Russia was under the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Words from the Turkic languages ​​​​appeared: barn, cart, quiver, lasso, shoe, felt, coat, sash, sheepskin coat, heel, bloomers, noodles, khan, sundress, pencil, shed, chest, trestle bed, label.

During the period of transformations of Peter I, especially a lot of words came into the Russian language from Dutch, German, English, French. It:

military vocabulary: recruit, camp, watch, parade ground, uniform, corporal, order, soldier, officer, company, assault, harbor, fairway, bay, flag, cabin, sailor, boat, dugout, sapper, landing, squadron, artillery;

art terms: easel, landscape, stroke, leitmotif, highlight, full house, flute, dance, choreographer(from German); parterre, play, actor, prompter, intermission, plot, ballet, genre(from French); bass, tenor, aria, bravo, box, opera(from Italian); names of new household items, clothes: cuisine, sandwich, waffle, minced meat, tie, cap (and from the German language); scarf, suit, vest, coat, bracelet, veil, necklace, fashion designer, furniture, chest of drawers, sideboard, chandelier, lampshade, cream, marmalade(from French).

Internal causes - these are the needs of the development of the lexical system of the language, which are as follows:

1. The need to eliminate the ambiguity of the original Russian word, to simplify its semantic structure. That's how the words came about import Export instead of polysemantic primordially Russian import, export. The words import Export began to denote "import", "export", associated with international trade.

Instead of a descriptive name ( sniper - accurate shooter; motel - hotel for autotourists; sprint - running short distances; smash hit - fashion song; killer - hitman).

Similarly, the words tour, cruise. This process is also supported by the trend towards the creation of international terms. So, for example, football commentators of foreign players in domestic teams call legionnaires.

2. The desire to clarify or detail the relevant concepts of the language, to distinguish between its semantic shades. So, briefing - not any meeting casting - not just any competition, but primarily in show business. For example, in Russian the word jam called both liquid and thick jam. In order to distinguish thick jam from fruits or berries, which is a homogeneous mass, from liquid jam, in which whole berries could be preserved, thick jam began to be called the English word jam. Also, there were words reportage(with native Russian story), total(with native Russian general), hobby ( under native Russian hobby), comfort - convenience: service - service; local– local; creative– creative ; charm - charm, charm; relaxation - relaxation ; extreme- dangerous ; positive- optimism. Thus, the word already existing in the language and the newly borrowed one divide the spheres of semantic influence. These areas may overlap, but never completely coincide.

Linguistic features of borrowed words

Among the phonetic features of borrowed words, the following can be distinguished:

1. Unlike native Russians, who never begin with a sound a(which would be contrary to the phonetic laws of the Russian language), borrowed words have an initial a: profile, abbot, paragraph, aria, attack, lampshade, arba, angel, anathema.

2. The initial e distinguishes mainly Greekisms and Latinisms (Russian words never begin with this sound): epoch, era, ethics, examination, execution, effect, floor.

3. The letter f also testifies to the non-Russian source of the sound f and the corresponding graphic sign was used only to designate it in borrowed words: forum, fact, lantern, film, sofa, scam, aphorism, ether, profile etc.

4. A special phonetic feature of Turkic origin is the harmony of identical vowels: chieftain, caravan, pencil, sundress, drum, chest, mosque.

5. The combination of two or more vowels in a word was unacceptable according to the laws of Russian phonetics, therefore, borrowed words are easily distinguished by this feature: poet, theatre, veil, cocoa, radio, punctuation.

Among the morphological features of borrowed words, the most characteristic is their immutability. So, some foreign language nouns do not change by case, do not have correlative singular and plural forms: coat, radio, cinema, subway, cocoa, beige, mini, maxi, blinds and etc.

Borrowing the end XX - beginning XXI century.

Scope of use

There are two main types of borrowed words of our time. The first type is relatively old borrowings, updated in recent years in connection with a change in the political and economic system of Russia (for example, the word the president, borrowed in the Soviet era, became relevant in the 80s).

The second type is new borrowings. They are especially numerous.

In the 90s. the influx of borrowings into the Russian language has greatly increased, which was associated with changes in the sphere of political life, economics, culture and moral orientation of society.

Borrowings take the lead in the political life of the country: president, parliament, inauguration, summit, speaker, impeachment, electorate, consensus etc.

in the most advanced branches of science and technology: computer, display, file, monitoring, player, pager, fax, modem, portal, processor, and also in financial and commercial activities:auditor, barter, broker, dealer, investment, conversion, sponsor, trust, holding, supermarket, manager, default etc.

To the cultural realm invade bestsellers, westerns, thrillers, hits, showmen, digests, casting etc.

It is noteworthy that the rapidly growing number of new names of persons in the Russian language is caused not only by the emergence of new professions, but to a greater extent this is due to the fact that new subcultures are distinguished, classified by way of life, by profession, by belonging to culture. Most of these words are borrowed from English. In modern Russian, this group of new names of persons can be considered still developing and constantly replenishing:

blogger - a person who, on a professional or amateur basis, is engaged in maintaining and maintaining a blog; game designer - a person who develops the rules of computer games; downshifter - a person who voluntarily gave up a high position and income for the sake of a simple and leisurely life with his family, for the sake of spiritual self-improvement, travel; skater - a person riding a skateboard; trapper - fur hunter; thrasher - a young man who has a non-standard appearance (an abundance of piercings and tattoos, shocking clothes), etc.

Attitude towards borrowing

Foreign words in the Russian language have always been the subject of close attention and discussion of scientists, public figures, writers, and lovers of the Russian language. Scientists were interested in what place borrowed words occupy in the vocabulary of the Russian language, from which languages ​​most words are borrowed, what is the reason for borrowing, and whether foreign words clog the native language. Repeated attempts were made to replace the words that came from other languages ​​with Russian (Peter I,).

Borrowing is a completely natural way of enriching any language. Foreign words replenish the vocabulary of the language. This is their positive role. However, the abundant and unnecessarily use of foreign words makes communication difficult and leads to the formation of ridiculous phrases:

An identical decision was made by students of the 3rd "B" class.

Masha confidentially told her friend about this incident.

Until what time is the buffet open?

We want consensus in the family!

Errors in the use of borrowed words lead to the formation of tautological combinations: a leading leader, a young child prodigy, a free vacancy, your autograph, an old veteran, a forecast for the future, etc. On the other hand, reasonable borrowings enrich speech, give it greater accuracy.

In our time, the question of the appropriateness of using borrowings is associated with the consolidation of lexical means for certain functional styles of speech (for example, in scientific speech, preference is given to a foreign synonym - integration, not a union; flexion, not ending). Foreign terminological vocabulary is an indispensable means of concise and accurate transmission of information in texts intended for narrow specialists.

In our time, the creation of international terminology, common names for concepts, phenomena of modern science, production is also taken into account, which also contributes to the consolidation of borrowed words that have acquired an international character (medical, space terminology). For example: car, cosmodrome, democracy, republic, telegraph, dictatorship, philosophy.

The processes of vocabulary enrichment due to borrowings occur today in all modern languages. However, time will tell how this will change the face of the Russian language, enrich it or “spoil it”. It will also determine the fate of borrowings, which in the end will be approved or rejected by the linguistic taste of the era.

Literature

2. Modern Russian language, edited by M., 1976

3. Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language M., 1971

4. Dictionary of foreign words M: "Russian language", 1988

5. Romanovs and Americanisms in the Russian language and attitude towards them. St. Petersburg, 2000