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1 Register of elective courses According to the letter of the Department of State Policy in Education of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated “On methodological recommendations for the implementation of elective courses”: Elective courses are integral components of the variable system of the educational process at the levels of basic and secondary (complete) general education, ensuring successful specialized and professional self-determination of students. The educational institution decides and is responsible for the content and conduct of elective courses. The use of programs of elective training courses in the system of pre-profile training and profile education implies the obligatory implementation of the following procedures: discussion and approval at school methodological associations; internal review; consideration (coordination) at the methodological or pedagogical council of the school; approval by the principal of the school; external review, if the program is author's. Additional information can be obtained: Programs of elective courses in geography for specialized education: 1) Geography. Programs of elective courses classes. Collection of programs. Profile training. Author-compiler V.P. Dronov. - M.: Bustard,) Geography. Programs of elective courses classes. Collection of programs. Profile training. Author-compiler N.F. Vinokurov. - M.: Bustard, Programs of elective courses in geography for pre-profile training: 1) Geography. Elective course programs. Grade 9 Collection of programs. Profile training. Author-compiler S.E. Dyukova.- M.: Bustard, In grades 5-6, due to the hours of the component of the curriculum of a general educational institution, it is possible to conduct a training course "Visual geometry" of such authors as: 1. Panchishina V. A., Gelfman E. G., Kseneva V. N and other mathematics. visual geometry. 5 6 classes. M.: Enlightenment, 2014, 176 p.: ill. Per. Selection of textbooks Mathematics. Collection of work programs. 5 6 grades / Comp. T. A. Burmistrova. M.: Enlightenment, 2014, 80 p. Region 2. Khodot T. G., Khodot A. Yu., Velikhovskaya V. L. Mathematics. visual geometry. Grade 5 M.: Education, 2014, 112 p.: ill. Region Khodot T. G., Khodot A. Yu., Dmitrieva O. A. Mathematics. visual geometry. The book for the teacher. 5 6 classes. M.: Education, 2014, 128 p.: ill. Region Khodot T. G., Khodot A. Yu. Mathematics. visual geometry. 6th grade. M.: Education, 2014, 144 p.: ill. Region Maths. Collection of work programs. 5 6 classes /Comp. T. A. Burmistrova. M.: Enlightenment, 2014, 80 p. Region 3. Smirnov V. A., Smirnova I.M., Yaschenko I.V. visual geometry. M.: MTsNMO, Smirnov V.A., Smirnova I.M., Yashchenko I.V. visual geometry. Workbooks 1 4. M .: MTSNMO,

2 The program for the course can be downloaded from the author's site Smirnov V.A. Sharygin I.F., Erganzhieva L.N. Mathematics. visual geometry. 5 6 classes. Moscow: Bustard Geometry. 5 9 classes. Working program for the line of textbooks by I. F. Sharygin. // Maths. 5 9 classes: a collection of work programs / comp. O. V. Muravina M.: Drofa Erganzhieva L.N., Muravina O.V. Maths. visual geometry. 5 6 classes. Methodological guide Materials can be downloaded free of charge from the site of the Drofa publishing house Visual arts An approximate list of elective courses for students in grades 9-11: 1. Krivitskaya, L.A. Fundamentals of drawing / L.A. Krivitskaya, T.G. Novoselova T.G., G.A. Sofronov, I.V. Kazakov. Ed. T.V. Chelysheva. Profile training at school. Artistic and aesthetic profile: teaching aid. - M .: APKiPRO, S Krivitskaya, L.A. Fundamentals of painting / L.A. Krivitskaya, T.G. Novoselova, N.G. Kirillov. Fundamentals of painting. Ed. T.V. Chelysheva. Profile training at school. Artistic and aesthetic profile: teaching aid. - M .: APKiPRO, S Kuznetsova, O.A. Artistic techniques /O.A. Kuznetsova. Ed. T.V. Chelysheva. Profile training at school. Artistic and aesthetic profile: teaching aid. - M .: APKiPRO, S Moon L.N. Synthesis of arts. - Profile school S Sekirova T.A. The art of understanding historical painting / T.A. Sekirova. - Profile school S Chelysheva, T.V. Art and we (artistic and pedagogical direction) / V. Chelysheva. Pre-profile training for ninth graders. Educational area "Art": Teaching aid. M.: APK i PRO, S Chelysheva T.V. Introduction to the history of Russian art. Teaching aid / T.V. Chelyshev. - M .: APK and PRO, S Chelysheva, T.V. World of design (special art direction) / V. Chelysheva. Teaching aid. M.: APK i PRO, S. Chelysheva, T.V. Fundamentals of screen culture (special art direction) / V. Chelysheva. Teaching aid. M.: APK i PRO, S Shilko, L.Yu. Design. Profession designer / L.Yu. Shilko. Ed. T.N. Shilko, L.Yu. Art. Profession artist / L.Yu. Shilko. Ed. T.N. Botina, I.V. Kashmina, O.V. Peskun. Music at school with. 41. History, social studies As before, you can use the programs of elective courses released earlier, for example, such as: 1. Yudovskaya A.Ya. The formation of civil society. Historical origins of the class. Moscow: Bustard, ; 2. Selivanov I.N. Local conflicts in the XX century: geopolitics, diplomacy, wars. Tutorial. M.: Bustard, 2010; 3. Ioffe A.N., Kritskaya N.F., Mostyaeva L.V. I am a citizen of Russia. 5-7 cells Tutorial. M.: Education, 2009; 4. Arkhipov A.P. Alphabet of insurance class - M .: Vita-Press, 2008; 5. Balakina A.P. Taxes of Russia class - M .: Vita-Press; 6. Gudyrin S.N. Fundamentals of marketing class. - M.: Vita-Press, 2006; 7. Simonenko V.D. Fundamentals of entrepreneurship class - M .: Vita-Press, 2006; 8. Simonenko V.D. Fundamentals of consumer culture class - M .: Vita-Press;

3 9. Koroleva G.E. Economy. Designing a training course 10-11 cells. Textbook.- M.: Ventana-Graf, 2010; 10. Fedin S.V., Fedina N.V., Teslenko I.B. Fundamentals of class management - M .: Vita-Press, 2007; 11. Chernov S.V. ABC of employment class. - M.: Vita-Press. The teaching of elective courses on electoral law remains relevant (Instructive-methodical letter "On the teaching of social science disciplines in educational institutions of the Belgorod region in the academic year") on the basis of the decision of the Electoral Commission of the Belgorod Region, the collegium of the Department of Education, Culture and Youth Policy of the Belgorod Region dated September 24, 2008 year 47/285/03-08 "On the tasks of further improvement of work to improve the legal culture of young and future voters, the formation and organization of the activities of student and school self-government in professional and general educational institutions of the region"; as part of the implementation of the activities of the Department of Education, Culture and Youth Policy of the Region on the implementation of the Strategy "Formation of a Regional Solidary Society" for years in the context of the formation of a system for the dissemination of legal knowledge", as well as on the basis of the order of the Department of Education of the Belgorod Region dated April 11, 2013 756 "On the creation working group": "Introduction to the suffrage" for the 9th grade and "Fundamentals of the suffrage" for the classes. Educational and methodological materials in electronic form have been developed for the programs, which make up the complete teaching materials: (See the section "Virtual methodological office. History. Social studies. Law"). Currently, there are a sufficient number of developed elective courses in physics that a teacher can use in the educational process. For example: Vygovsky L.A., Medentsev A.A. Physics. Electrodynamics. Elective course. 7-9 grades. M.: Enlightenment p. Physics. 8 9 classes: a collection of programs of elective courses / comp. V.A. Popov. Volgograd: Teacher, p. Kabardina S.I. Measurements of physical quantities. Elective course: Methodological guide / S.I. Kabardin, N.I. Sheffer. M.: BINOM, Knowledge Laboratory, p. Elective course programs. Physics classes. Profile training / comp. V.A. Korovin. Moscow: Bustard, p. Zorin N.I. Elective course "Methods for solving physical problems": classes. M.: VAKO, p. Sorokin A.V. Physics: observation, experiment, modeling. Elective course: Textbook / A.V. Sorokin and others. M.: BINOM, Knowledge Laboratory, p. Physics classes: a collection of elective courses / comp. V.A. Popov. Volgograd: Teacher, p. Levitan E.P. Astronomy. Grade 11. Textbook for educational institutions. M.: Enlightenment, p. On the BelIRO website in the section “Virtual methodological room. Physics" presents programs of elective courses and elective courses recommended for implementation at the regional level: 1) Experiments and entertaining experiments in physics (grade 9, 17 hours in the 1st or 2nd half) 2) Methods solving problems in mechanics (9th grade, 17 hours in the 1st or 2nd half of the year) 3) Methods for solving problems in physics (10-11th grade, 1 hour per week in each class). LITERATURE Elective courses can have a different volume: from up to or more hours. Recommended hours2. An educational organization should provide students with the opportunity to choose elective courses. Today, elective courses are of particular relevance,

4 aimed at expanding and deepening the subject "Literature", social adaptation and professional self-determination of students of educational organizations3: 1. Agenosov V.V. The program of the elective course "Literature of the Russian Diaspora": / V.V. Agenosov // Programs of elective courses. Literature class. Profile training. M. : Bustard, Egorov, O.G. Screen adaptation of literary works: an electronic course for pre-professional classes / O.G. Egorov // Shk. technology Emelyanova T.V. Features of modern Russian fiction: [elective course for students of grade 11. (24 hours)] / T.V.Emelyanova // Prof. school Karnaukh N.L. The program of the elective course "Essay as a genre of a literary work and a type of creative work": / N.L. Karnaukh // Programs of elective courses. Literature class. Profile training. M. : Bustard, Krotova Yu. Materials for the preparation of the program of the elective course "Modern Russian Literature" / Yu. Krotova // The practice of administrative work at school Kuzina I.V. The program of the elective course for gifted children "Artistic journalism of the XIX-XX centuries" / I.V. Kuzina // Gifted child Kuchina, T. Modern domestic literary process: an elective course for students of the 11th grade of a senior specialized school / T. Kuchina // School planning C; Elective course programs. Literature class. Profile training. M. : Bustard, Lanin B.A. Modern Russian Literature: class program. / B.A. Lanin. M.: Ventana-Graf, Ledenev, A. Comparative study of Russian and Anglo-American literature of the twentieth century: an elective course for students of grade 11. gymnasium schools (with in-depth study of literature and English) / A. Ledenev, T. Ledenev // Shk. planning Obernikhin G.A. Russian literature in the work of illustrators / G.A. Obernikhina // Pre-professional training of primary school students: curriculum of elective courses in social and humanitarian subjects for the advanced training system. M.: APK i PRO, Obernikhina G.A. Literature for children in th years / G.A. Obernikhina // Pre-professional training of primary school students: curriculum of elective courses in social and humanitarian subjects for the advanced training system. M.: APK i PRO, Obernikhina G.A. Block to the program "Ecology of water resources" (Russian language and literature) / G.A. Obernikhina // Pre-professional training of primary school students: curriculum of elective courses in social and humanitarian subjects for the advanced training system. M.: APK i PRO, Obernikhina G. A. Screen adaptation of Russian classics / G.A. Obernikhina // Pre-professional training of primary school students: curriculum of elective courses in social and humanitarian subjects for the advanced training system. M.: AIC and PRO, The program of the elective course "ABC of journalism" for the class // Head teacher on a note: Recommendations for the use of textbooks. Elective course programs. M .: Ventana-Graf, S Program of the elective course "Word Image Meaning: Philological Analysis of a Literary Work": / V.F. Chertov, E.M. Vinogradova, E.A. Yablokov, A.M. Antipova // Programs of elective courses. Literature class. Profile training. M. : Bustard, Savchenko K.V. Golden age. Poets of Pushkin's time: an elective course program / K.V. Savchenko // Prof. school Truntsev, T.N. Portrait characteristics of literary heroes in the system of ideological and artistic analysis of the work: [program of the elective course of classes; 18 hours] / T.N. Truntseva // Professional school

5 18. Yakovlev V.V. "My peer on the pages of modern Russian literature": an optional course program (elective course) in literature for students in grades 8-9. / N.I. Yakovlev // Education in modern. school When choosing programs for elective courses, the availability of teaching aids for students becomes a decisive factor. Elective course programs. 1. I. Latypov. Physical Culture. Profile training classes. Elective course programs. Collection 1. Bustard, “The program of educational institutions. Physical Culture. Basic school (grades 5-9). Secondary (full) school (grades 10-11). Profile level "(AP Matveev, - M.; Education) Elective courses recommended for use in the educational process: 1. The program of the elective course "Basics of life safety" "Technologies for strengthening and preserving health" 8-9 cells. Pre-profile training: collection 1. M .: Bustard, Program of the elective course "Fundamentals of life safety" "Shooting training in the course" OBZh "class: Method.recom / N.GODA Kharkov.-M .: Bustard, Programs of elective courses. Fundamentals of life safety. Grades 8-9: Pre-profile training. Collection 1 / Vinnik A.L. - M.: Bustard, Fundamentals of life safety. Program for educational institutions classes. profile level. Smirnov A. T., Mironov S. K. -M.: Bustard, 2009.

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The modernization of domestic school education has led to the emergence of a new form of education. The elective course, which appeared at the basic and senior levels of education, is mandatory. His student chooses according to his interests and creative abilities.

History reference

In 2002, the Russian Federation adopted the Concept of specialized education at the senior level (grades 10-11), approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. It was during this period that elective courses in individual academic subjects, as well as intersubject courses, appeared.

Normative base

What documents are used in profile education in Russian schools? Electives, electives are created taking into account the following documents:

• Federal Basic Curriculum (2004).
• Concepts of modernization of domestic education.
• Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation of 2001.

In Russia, a special information and legal base for elective courses has been created. It consists of the following documents:

• information letter on the organization of elective courses in specialized education.
• appendix to the letter of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation on the introduction of special pre-profile training for schoolchildren.
• recommendations for creating training based on individual curricula for schoolchildren.

Learning structure

The model of organization of specialized education at the senior level has a certain structure. High school students are offered an elective course, within the framework of which a combination of various subjects of the school curriculum is carried out. The flexible system of profile education created at the same time includes the following types of academic disciplines:

• elective;
• profile;
• general education basic.

Features of electives

What is an elective in school? These are courses that have a wide range of tasks and functions:

• provide a deep level of assimilation of core subjects (sections);
• promote acquaintance with related academic subjects ("Biochemistry", "Physical Chemistry", "Computer Graphics");
• guarantee an increased level of mastering basic academic disciplines (for example, electives in the Russian language in grades 10-11 are aimed at preparing for the successful passing of the exam);
• help teenagers learn how to solve various practical problems, successfully adapt to the social environment;
• create continuous career guidance work;
• help to satisfy the cognitive interest of schoolchildren in certain subjects;
• are a way to promote graduates in the labor market (electives in office work, accounting).

What else do electives matter? English, which is currently international, children can learn not only in traditional lessons, but also in electives.

Nowadays, employers need employees who can take responsibility for certain actions. In order to fully fulfill the social order, schools organize additional classes with a different focus.

What is an elective? This is a course in one or more disciplines, attending which is an excellent way for the student to develop intellectual and creative abilities.

Discussing what an elective is, we note that it helps teachers to introduce a new generation of federal state educational standards into the educational and educational process.

The key idea of ​​specialized education is to increase the growth of opportunities for students. Pre-profile training was introduced at the second educational level - in grade 9. What is a career guidance elective?

How are electives different from electives? The main feature of the former is that they are mandatory, but electives are not. Despite the fact that the child himself can choose an elective course, it will not work to avoid attending at least one. But you can study electives if you wish.

This is a course in which children are offered not only a variety of tests, but also information about the characteristics of professions, the demand for various specialists in the labor market.

Course Requirements

How should the elective program in the Russian language, mathematics, chemistry, biology be designed? This question worries many teachers working at the basic and senior levels of education.

Elective courses must meet certain requirements. The main ones are:

• the content of the courses must comply with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard, include material that goes beyond the regular school curriculum;
• the child should have the right to choose;
• courses are offered at the rate of 10-12 hours, so that children can master several programs in a year.

Varieties of courses

Having found out what an elective is, let's move on to their subdivision. Teachers develop two options:

• subject-oriented;
• interdisciplinary.

An example of an elective "Beyond Chemistry Textbooks"

Problem solving is an important aspect that allows you to qualitatively and deeply assimilate educational material in chemistry. The proposed course allows to modernize the skills of schoolchildren in the field of computational problems, introduces different algorithms, and contributes to the practical application of the acquired knowledge.

The ability to solve chemical problems is a criterion for a creative attitude to this academic discipline. When passing the exam in chemistry, students must demonstrate not only knowledge, but also non-standard thinking, logic. As part of the course, workshops are carried out that allow students to take the initiative and develop independence.

An important aspect is the application of computational problems related to medicine, biology, ecology, and physics. The course equips students with basic algorithms for solving non-standard and standard tasks. It focuses teenagers on the natural science profile, designed for 68 hours.

Its main essence is to bring the children to the realization of the connection between chemical education and life in society. An active life position is formed, ideas are laid for the application of theoretical skills in everyday life. By its typology, this elective course is interdisciplinary.

The purpose of the elective

The course clearly traces the unity of the material world, which contributes to the formation of a harmoniously developed personality.

When performing individual and group tasks, during discussions, students receive general educational skills, improve their logical thinking.

This course introduces high school students to the following professions: ecologist, doctor, biologist, analytical chemist, etc.

Course Objectives:

• creation of favorable conditions for creative self-realization and formation of cognitive interest;
• analysis of the readiness of schoolchildren to master the material of an increased level of complexity in chemistry;
• the formation of full-fledged calculation skills, as well as the ability to select a rational way to solve the proposed problem;
• professional orientation.

Expected results

Students should know:

• ways to solve different types of problems;
• formulas needed to find the answer to the question;
• basic and alternative ways of solving chemical problems;
• physical and chemical quantities.

• independently select a rational solution;
• arrange the task in accordance with the requirements.

1. Introduction to the elective course (1 hour).
2. Analysis of algorithms for solving chemical problems for inorganic reactions (4 hours).
3. Performing exercises on compiling abbreviated structural formulas of C7–C10 hydrocarbons with a branched structure, as well as their isomers (4 hours).
4. Tasks using the terms "molar fraction", "volume content", "molar concentration of solutions" (3 hours).
5. Consideration of tasks for determining the molecular formulas of various substances by known masses of reactants or combustion products (5 hours).
6. Olympiad tasks on the topics: "Alkanes" (2 hours).
7. Analysis of calculation tasks on the topic "Cycloalkanes" (5 hours).
8. The specifics of the consideration of tasks for the identification of molecular formulas of organic compounds of a certain homologous series on the basis of chemical reactions with their direct participation (on the basis of ethylene homologues) (2 hours).
9. Tasks of the Olympiad level on the topics: "Alkadiens" (2 hours) and "Alkins" (2 hours).
10. Exercises on the topics: "Benzene" (2 hours), "Arenas" (1 hour).
11. Test work on the considered algorithms (1 hour).
12. Combined tasks in the section "Hydrocarbons and their compounds" (3 hours).
13. Compilation of chemical reactions by the electronic balance method involving various classes of organic substances (3 hours).
14. Tasks of the Olympiad level on topics: "Ultimate monohydric alcohols" (2 hours); "Polyhydric saturated alcohols - ethylene glycol and glycerin" (1 hour); "Phenols and aromatic alcohols" (1 hour).
15. Combined tasks for alcohols (3 hours).
16. Tasks of the profile level on the topics: “Carbonyl compounds: aldehydes and ketones” (1 hour), “Ultimate monobasic carboxylic acids” (2 hours); "Unsaturated and aromatic carboxylic acids" (1 hour).
17. Tasks on the genetic relationship of carboxylic acids with other organic compounds (3 hours).
18. Tasks of different levels of complexity in sections: "Esters" (2 hours), "Fats" (2 hours), "Carbohydrates are sugars" (2 hours).
19. Drawing up a genetic relationship between different classes of organic substances, the implementation of ready-made schemes (3 hours).
20. Combined tasks on topics: "Hydrocarbons" and "Oxygen-containing substances" (3 hours).
21. Test on the passed material (2 hours).

Conclusion

After the introduction of new generation standards at the primary and basic levels of education, schools began to introduce pre-profile and profile education. In the ninth grade, in addition to career guidance electives, children are offered several more subject courses, the choice of which will allow them to prepare for the final state certification, to think over their future choice of profession.

Teachers are increasingly trying to develop interdisciplinary electives, the content of which is related to several subject areas at once. Attending classes allows the children to choose the scientific area that is most interesting to them, to deepen their theoretical and practical knowledge in it.

I have developed and implemented programs of elective courses and elective courses. The author's program of the course "From the engine to the muffler - chemistry is everywhere" is the owner of the diploma of the 1st degree of the competition of Working programs on the portal "Network of creative teachers" in the nomination "Elective course".

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Preview:

Literature for students

1. Polina Volovik "Collection of problems in inorganic chemistry", Moscow "Iris Press", 1999.
2. O.S. Gabrielyan, P.V. Reshetov, I.G. Ostroumov "Problems in chemistry and ways to solve them", Moscow, "Drofa", 2004.
3. Khomchenko G.P., Khomchenko I.G. "Problems in Chemistry" Moscow, "Higher School", 1997.
4. Khomchenko G.P., Khomchenko I.G. "Collection of tasks and exercises in chemistry for high school", Moscow, "New wave", 2002.
5. Website on the Internet:www.newwave.msk.ru

Preview:

Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution

Secondary school №7

Elective course program

"Solving Problems and Exercises in Organic Chemistry"

Grade 10

Compiled by chemistry teacher Vakengut I.E.

Based on the chemistry program

Ministry of the Russian Federation for a complete secondary school

Kogalym

year 2013

Explanatory note

(order of the Ministry of Education of Russia "On approval of the federal component of state standards for primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general education" dated October 6, 2009 No. 373 and the program of disciplines of the main educational program of primary general education. The elective course "Solving Problems and Exercises in Organic Chemistry" is intended for 10th grade students studying the basic course of organic chemistry. The ability to solve calculation problems is one of the indicators of the level of development of the chemical thinking of schoolchildren, the depth of assimilation of theoretical material by them. The high workload of the program with theoretical material, on the one hand, the small number of hours in the curriculum for studying organic chemistry, on the other hand, does not allow systematic consideration of quantitative patterns and consolidation of the acquired knowledge. The content of this course provides for the solution of problems and exercises of both a basic level and problems of increased complexity in organic chemistry. The course is subject-oriented and is designed for 34 hours. The course content will help grade 10 students gain real-world problem solving experience.

The purpose of the elective course:expansion, deepening and consolidation of students' knowledge in the course of organic chemistry.

Course objectives:

• promote conscious assimilation of program material;
• formation of skills and abilities of competent and rational solution of typical tasks, as well as tasks of an increased level of complexity;
• the formation of skills and abilities to solve chains of transformations, illustrating the relationship between different classes and groups of organic substances.

The program material is designed for 1 academic hour per week in grade 10.

must:

conduct an independent search for chemical information using various sources (popular science publications, computer databases, Internet resources), use computer technologies for processing and transmitting chemical information and its presentation in various forms; use the acquired ZUN in practical activities and everyday life; critical assessment of the reliability of chemical information received

Know:

• formulations of the theories studied and their meaning;
• the meaning of the concepts: isomerism, homology, hybridization of electron orbitals, amount of substance, mole, molar mass, molar volume, mass (volume fraction) of a component in a mixture, solution concentration and methods of its expression, reaction product yield, solubility of substances;
• the practical significance of the calculations, the scope of their application;

After completing this course, students should be able to:

• compose structural formulas of organic substances, their isomers and homologues;

• solve problems to find the molecular formula of a substance;

• analyze the condition of the problem and, on the basis of the analysis, draw up a brief record of its content, using generally accepted, conventional symbols for physical quantities and chemical formulas;
• compile algorithms for solving problems and solve problems on them;
• draw up a plan for the experimental solution of computational and practical problems;
• correct problem solving.

After completing this course, students will be able to solve problems in basic organic chemistry, as well as some problems of an increased level of complexity in accordance with the program requirements for a graduate of a secondary school.

Teaching methods:

Forms of work:

Forms of control knowledge, skills and abilities:

provides for control and independent work, tests, control of the number of solved problems, protection of copyright problems.

Rating "5":

Rating "4":

Rating "3":

Rating "2":

Rating "1":

Educational - thematic plan

1. www.newwave.msk.ru

Literature for students

1. Gabrielyan O.S. etc. Chemistry grade 10. Profile level - M .: Bustard, 2011.
2. NOT. Kuzmenko, .
3. Khomchenko G.P., Khomchenko I.G. Collection of tasks in chemistry for applicants to universities - Moscow: New Wave, 2002.
4. www.newwave.msk.ru
5. Unified collection of digital educational resources

2013

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Secondary school No. 7"

Explanatory note

The main idea of ​​the program and its validity.The program was compiled in accordance with the requirements of the federal component of the state standard for general education in chemistry (order of the Ministry of Education of Russia "On approval of the federal component of state standards for primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general education" dated October 6, 2009 No. 373 and the program of disciplines of the main educational program of primary general education. The course "Solving problems and exercises in the course of general chemistry in the 11th grade" is designed to guide students in the 11th grade to the natural science profile of education. This course seems to be especially relevant, since with a small number of hours allotted for the study of chemistry, it expands the possibility of consolidating and improving the knowledge and skills of students in the course of general chemistry. Allows you to solve a large number of subject-type and specific tasks, to implement logical techniques on the material of assignments in the subject, introduces ways to solve non-standard tasks and tasks of increased complexity.

The purpose of the elective course:expansion and consolidation of students' knowledge in the course of general chemistry, the formation of skills for competent and rational problem solving.

Tasks:

• to promote a deep and conscious assimilation of program material, the elimination of gaps in knowledge for a secondary school course;
• provide students with the opportunity to implement chemical and mathematical abilities;
• develop cognitive interests and the ability to independently acquire knowledge, choose the most convenient method of calculation
• to consolidate and deepen the ability to analyze and solve computational problems;
• create conditions for preparing students for exams in any form, including the USE form.

The program material is designed for 1 academic hour per week in grade 11.

This program is exemplary and can be used as the basis for an elective course in chemistry or as a supplement to the main chemistry textbook, allowing a deeper and more meaningful study of theoretical issues.

Program construction principles.The content of the program is divided into topics, each of which includes questions of different levels of complexity and types of activities for students.

The result of mastering the content, studying the educational material.

As a result of this course, students shouldknow / understand the most important chemical concepts, the basic laws of chemistry, the basic theories of chemistry, the most important substances and materials.have knowledge, be ableapply them, think, navigate in a problem situation.

After completing this course, students should know:

• formulation of the studied laws, their meaning and application to explain various phenomena and processes;
• the meaning of the basic concepts being studied;
• algorithms for solving the main types of problems;

After completing this course, students should be able to:

• make electronic formulas of atoms of chemical elements;
• characterize a chemical element and its compounds based on the position in the periodic system D.I. Mendeleev;
• write down the equations of chemical reactions, reflecting the properties of substances;

analyze the condition of the problem and, on the basis of the analysis, draw up algorithms for solving problems and solve problems using them;

• draw up a plan for the experimental solution of computational and practical problems.

In accordance with the requirements for the level of training of graduates as a result

learning chemistry at a basic level student must:

conduct an independent search for chemical information using various sources (popular science publications, computer databases, Internet resources), use computer technologies for processing and transmitting chemical information and its presentation in various forms; use the acquired ZUN in practical activities and everyday life; critical assessment of the reliability of chemical information coming from various sources.

Teaching methods:exploratory, partially exploratory.

Forms of work: frontal, individual, group, steam room.

The system for evaluating the results of mastering the content of the program by students.

The control of knowledge, skills and abilities provides for the conduct of control and verification work, tests. To receive a positive grade for the course, the student must attend at least 75% of the classes, complete the final control and test work on each topic of the course.The evaluation takes into account the number and nature of errors (significant or insignificant).

Significant errors are associated with insufficient depth and awareness of the answer (for example, the student incorrectly indicated the main features of concepts, phenomena, the characteristic properties of substances, incorrectly formulated the law, rule, etc. or the student could not apply theoretical knowledge to explain and predict phenomena, establish causal -investigative connections, comparison and classification of phenomena, etc.).

Insignificant errors are determined by the incompleteness of the answer (for example, omission from the view of any uncharacteristic fact in the description of a substance, process). These include reservations, omissions made through inattention (for example, one mistake was made in the designation of the ion charge for two or more reaction equations in full ionic form).

Rating "5":

There are no errors in logical reasoning and solution, the problem is solved in a rational way.

Rating "4":

There are no significant errors in logical reasoning and solution, but the problem was solved in an irrational way or no more than two insignificant errors were made.

Rating "3":

There are no significant errors in logical reasoning, but a significant error has been made in mathematical calculations.

Rating "2":

There are significant errors in the logical reasoning and in the solution.

Rating "1":

No response to assignment.

Educational and thematic plan

Total: 34 hours

1. Tasks on the basic laws of chemistry. Finding a chemical formula.

Calculations by chemical formula. Derivation of formulas by mass fractions of elements. Derivation of formulas for the mass fractions of elements and data to find the true molar mass (density, gas volume or relative density). Derivation of formulas for combustion products. Derivation of formulas of organic substances by general formulas. Derivation of formulas for the known mass fraction of an element in a substance. Derivation of formulas for reaction equations in a general form, if data for two substances are known. Derivation of formulas for reaction equations in general form using the law of conservation of mass.

1. Solutions.

Mass fraction of a substance in a solution. Actions on solutions. molar concentration. Crystal hydrates.

1. Calculations by chemical equations.

Calculations: mass, volume, amount of substance of the reaction products, if one of the substances is given in excess (has impurities), if one of the substances is given in the form of a solution with a certain mass fraction of the dissolved substance. Calculations according to the equation of reactions. Problems on mixtures of substances. Determination of the composition of the reaction product (tasks for the "type" of salt). Finding the mass fraction of one of the reaction products using the material balance equation. Finding the mass of one of the initial substances according to the material balance equation.

1. Redox reactions.

Oxidation and reduction. Oxidizing and reducing agents. Electronic balance method. Semi-reaction method. (electron - ion balance). Redox reactions involving organic substances. OVR classification: intramolecular oxidation and reduction, disproportionation, self-oxidation and self-recovery reactions. The influence of the environment on the nature of the course of redox reactions.

1. Reactions confirming the relationship of various classes of inorganic substances.

Chemical properties of the most important classes of inorganic substances: acid-base interactions, exchange interactions, redox reactions. Genetic connection of classes of substances. Qualitative reactions of inorganic compounds and changes accompanying chemical transformations.

1. Reactions confirming the relationship between hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing organic compounds.

Chemical properties of the most important classes of organic substances. Methods for obtaining organic substances. Specific properties of some specific substances. Relationships between different classes and groups of substances.

Literature for the teacher

Literature for students

1. Gabrielyan O.S. etc. Chemistry grade 11. Profile level - M .: Bustard, 2011.
2. Gabrielyan O.S. etc. Chemistry grade 10. Principal level - M.: Drofa, 2010.
3. Gabrielyan O.S. etc. Chemistry Grade 9. – M.: Bustard, 2011.

1. NOT. Kuzmenko, . Beginnings of Chemistry - M .: Exam. Onyx 21st century, 2001.
2. http://kontren.narod.ru/ege/ege_b.htm
3. http://www.fipi.ru/view/sections/228/docs/660.html

The modernization of Russian education has introduced a new type of differentiation of education into our schools - elective courses. Elective course (from lat. electus- elective) is a compulsory course of the student's choice.

In 2002, the Concept of profile education at the senior level of general education was adopted, approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, where the concept of profile education appeared for the first time.

AT regulatory framework that governs the development specialized training in secondary schools of the Russian Federation, includes the following documents:

• Federal Basic Curriculum of 2004;
• The concept of modernization of Russian education for the period up to 2010 at the senior level of a general education school, which provides for specialized education;
• Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2001 No. 1756-r “On approval of the Concept for the modernization of Russian education for the period up to 2010 at the senior level of a general education school that provides for specialized education”;
• Decree of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated September 30, 2002, No. 970-13 “On approval of the schedule for the introduction of specialized education at the senior level of general education”;
• Recommendations of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation on the organization of pre-profile training for primary school students as part of an experiment on the introduction of profile education.

The Russian Federation has developed the following legal base on elective courses:

• Elective courses in specialized education (Appendix to the information letter of the Department of General and Preschool Education);
• Organization of pre-profile training for primary school students (From the annex to the letter of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation);
• Recommendations for the organization of specialized education based on individual curricula of students (Appendix to the letter of the Department of General and Preschool Education).

The model of a general education institution with specialized education at the senior level provides for the possibility of various combinations of subjects, which will provide a flexible system of specialized education. This system should include the following types of subjects:

• basic general education,
• profile,
• elective.

Elective subjects (elective courses) are mandatory courses at the choice of students, which are part of the profile of study at the senior level of the school.

Elective courses have a very wide range of functions and tasks:

• provide an increased level of development of one of the specialized academic subjects, its section;
• serve the development of related subjects on an interdisciplinary basis (for example, "Mathematical Statistics", "Computer Graphics", "History of Art");
• provide a higher level of mastering one (or several) of the basic academic subjects (for example, an elective in the Russian language “Creating texts of different functional and semantic types, styles and genres”);
• serve the formation of skills and methods of activity for solving practically significant problems;
• ensure the continuity of career guidance work;
• serve to realize the possibilities and ways of implementing the chosen life path;
• contribute to the satisfaction of cognitive interests, the solution of vital problems (for example, the electives “Psychological Foundations of Family Relations”, “Ecology of Nutrition”, “Fundamentals of Oratory”, “Psychological Foundations of Communication”, “Know Yourself”);
• contribute to the acquisition by schoolchildren of educational results for successful advancement in the labor market (for example, electives “Documentation”, “Basics of Accounting”, “Business English”, Software tools in various types of professional activities”).

The employer of the new formation needs a person who is able to make responsible choices. To solve this problem, the student already at school should be able to choose and then be responsible for the decisions made.

The student will be put in a situation of responsible choice only if the school does not mechanically “add” hours of elective courses to core subjects or to the study of today's popular subjects - a foreign language and computer science. You can simply add one hour a week to computer science and ICT, or you can offer students of the information technology class who study computer science and ICT at the profile level to choose between elective courses “Information Technology Hardware. Computer maintenance” and “Website creation technology”. And - "either-or". It is necessary to choose, and, therefore, to refuse something.

If the key idea of ​​profile education is the idea of ​​a significant increase in opportunities choice, then the student should be prepared for such a choice. The importance of such training determines the serious importance of pre-profile training in basic school.

In the schools of the Russian Federation, at the second stage of education in the 9th grade, pre-profile training should be introduced. Elective courses are introduced into the school curriculum at the expense of hours of the subject “Technology”, the main function of which is career guidance, in profile education elective courses are aimed at solving this problem.

Elective courses must meet the following requirements:

• the student must have a choice (one out of one is not a choice);
• the content of elective courses should be changed at least 2 times a year;
• The content of pre-profile elective courses should:
• to acquaint students with the methods of activity necessary for the successful development of a program of a particular profile and profession (for example: working with texts, analyzing sources, conducting an experiment),
• include material that goes beyond the scope of the school curriculum (for example, various kinds of workshops, etc.).

Elective courses can be divided into 2 types:

1) subject-oriented (trial)

For example, “The world of calculation problems in Excel”, “Physics around us”, etc.

The existing analogue of such courses is an elective.

These courses are usually long-term (24-36 hours, 2-3 courses per year).

The main purpose of these courses is to prepare students for the exam in the specialized class of high school, to deepen knowledge in the subject.

The main task is to realize interest in the subject.

2) interdisciplinary (orientation) courses

For example: “Experiments in physics, chemistry, biology”, “Working with information sources”, “Mathematics in architecture”, “Mathematics in economics”, “Geography of human perspectives”, etc.

The existing analogue of such courses is a circle, less often a studio.

Courses of this type are short-term (from 12 hours, 4-5 courses per year).

The main goal is to prepare for the choice of profile.

The task is to orient in the world of professions at the junction of various subjects within the natural science, socio-economic, physical and mathematical profile.

Elective courses are designed to provide variability within the school, parallel, class, that is, the individualization and actualization of the teaching. Elective courses can and should become a mechanism for implementing this idea.

In the exemplary curriculum for universal education (non-core education) of basic (full) education, elective courses are also included, based on the existing conditions and educational needs of students and their parents, to organize profile education in certain subjects of the federal component of the basic curriculum.

The number of elective courses offered as part of the profile must be in excess of the number of courses the student is required to take.

Based on the information letter of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation No. 14-51-277 / 13 dated November 13, 2003 / Attachment 1/ about elective courses in the system of specialized education at the senior level of general education, we emphasize that as educational literature on elective courses programs of elective courses, parts of textbooks for preparation to universities, for classes with in-depth study of subjects, as well as textbooks for optional and special courses, for circle work, as well as popular science literature, reference publications can be used.

The educational institution makes a decision and is responsible for the content and conduct of elective courses in the manner determined by the founder.

Taking standard curricula as a basis, you can independently develop author's and modified programs of elective courses.

To modified programs include programs developed on the basis of existing exemplary curricula, but making changes and additions to the content of the subject, the sequence of studying topics, the number of hours, the use of organizational forms of education, and others.

By purpose, there are several types of elective courses:

1. Some of them may be, as it were, a "superstructure" of specialized courses and provide the most capable students with an increased level of study of one or another academic subject. In this case, such a supplemented profile course becomes fully in-depth, and the school (class) in which it is studied turns into a traditional special school with in-depth study of individual subjects ( subject) /example, “Research of information models using object-oriented programming systems and spreadsheets”/.
2. Other electives should provide interdisciplinary connections and provide an opportunity to study related academic subjects at the profile level, develop the content of one of the basic courses, the study of which in this school (class) is carried out at the minimum general education level ( interdisciplinary). This allows interested students to satisfy their cognitive needs and receive additional training, for example, to pass the exam in this subject at the profile level. An example of such elective courses are courses:

• "Mathematical Statistics" for schoolchildren who have chosen an economic profile;
• "Computer graphics" for industrial-technological profile;
• "History of Art" for the humanitarian profile;
• “Technology for creating sites” is universal.

1. (Orientation) is aimed at satisfying the cognitive interests of individual students in areas of human activity, as it were, going beyond the profile they have chosen. For example, the technological profile is “Foreign Literature of the 20th Century”. Another type of elective courses can be focused on the acquisition of educational results by schoolchildren for successful advancement in the labor market. Examples of such courses are "Computer Graphics", "Documentation" or "Business English", courses in preparation for work in the service sector "Fundamentals of Rational Nutrition" or "Driver Training", etc.

Elective courses can have both applied and fundamental content. An example of the latter is the course “Mathematical Foundations of Informatics”, developed in the textbook by E.V. Andreeva, L.L. Bosova, I.N. Falina.

According to the 2004 Federal Core Curriculum, computer science in grades 10-11 is not required for all students. At the profile level, it is recommended to study informatics in classes of physical and mathematical and information technology profiles:

Exemplary curricula (weekly) for educational institutions of the Russian Federation of basic and secondary (complete) education:

• Exemplary curriculum (weekly) for general educational institutions of the Russian Federation with the Russian language of instruction (basic general education) / application 2/.
• Exemplary curriculum for a physical and mathematical profile / appendix 3/ .
• Approximate curriculum for socio-economic profile / annex 4/ .
• Exemplary curriculum for an information technology profile / application5/ .
• Approximate curriculum for industrial-technological profile / annex 6 / .
• Exemplary Curriculum for Universal Education (non-core education) / annex 7/ .

Two concepts should be distinguished:

• specialized training in informatics;
• general educational course of informatics of profile level.

• The difference between specialized training in computer science, for example, in physics and mathematics and in information technology classes, is carried out mainly through the choice of elective courses and the practical parts of the general course.
• The general education course of the profile level is a single state standard. His requirements must be provided in any case.

1. The intensive nature of the interdisciplinary connections of informatics with other academic subjects, the widespread use of the conceptual apparatus, methods and means inherent in this branch of scientific knowledge in the study of almost all subjects.
2. The importance of studying computer science for the formation of key competencies of a graduate of a modern school, the acquisition of educational achievements that are in demand in the labor market.
3. The exclusive role of the study of informatics in the formation of the modern scientific picture of the world.
4. The integrating role of informatics in the content of a person's general education, which makes it possible to link the conceptual apparatus of natural, humanitarian and philological academic disciplines.

The proposed organization of training makes it necessary to divide the class into at least two subgroups. The occupancy of groups in the regulatory documents is not specified.

Elective courses have been and are widely used in foreign education. In the Soviet school, the first attempts to introduce elective differentiation were made in the 1960s. “Alternative occupations” have not received wide distribution. Apparently, therefore, in modern scientific and methodological literature, elective courses are more often compared with elective courses, which since 1966 have been organized in almost all schools in the country.

Let's try to compare elective and optional courses.

Similarity:

1. similarity of goals.

• The purpose of optional
classes is “deepening of knowledge, development of interests, abilities and inclinations of students, their professional self-determination”.
• The goals of elective
courses are similar and only specified depending on the focus of each course.

1. unites lack of state standards and state final control based on the results of their study. In addition, most authors of elective courses do not recommend using the traditional five-point grading system in the classroom. As you know, the knowledge and skills of students in the elective classes are also not usually assessed by the traditional mark.
2. In terms of content, they can go far beyond the scope of school subjects and should not duplicate them.
3. The similarity is that both electives and electives chosen by the students based on their interests and preferences.

With what different elective and elective courses?

1. As you know, elective courses are optional training sessions for all students, and elective courses– compulsory educational component for all secondary school students, each student chooses.
2. Another distinguishing feature of optional and elective courses is their different duration.
3. Optional courses are represented by programs designed for the entire academic year (minimum 34 hours). An elective course can be in a wide range of duration (from 6–8 to 72 hours), calculated for one or two months, one quarter or one half a year. Thus, elective courses, unlike electives, can be short-term.
4. Optional courses, as a rule, are taken out of the main curriculum and are held with 7–8 lessons or even on a day off from classes, for example, on Saturday with a five-day school week. Elective courses in within the baseline component are included in the grid of hours and are held on a par with other lessons.
5. Pupils of one class or one parallel of classes can be offered a single elective in one subject. But, since elective courses are chosen by all students and the duration of the courses is different, their number should be much larger. The regulatory documents and scientific and methodological literature indicate the need for proposals an excessive number of different elective courses(minimum 2-3 courses in profile education).

All of the above can be presented in the form of a comparative table.

Within the framework of elective courses, the project activity of students is of great importance. This is the highest form of differentiation of education, requiring special training of the student and teacher. In this case, the teacher acts as a leader and consultant, and the student (rarely two or three students together) independently prepares and completes the project.

The topics of the projects are determined by the personal preferences of the student and teacher.

Deserves special attention issue of evaluation the work of the student in the study of the elective course. It is suggested that traditional grades not be given in the course. For example, you can use qualitative final assessments of student achievement.

For example:

• “Showed creative independence in the course classes”,
• "Successfully completed the course"
• "Took the course"
• "Attended the course."

The criteria for each assessment should be agreed in advance and known to the students. The development of a unified grading system for all elective courses at the school will make it possible to objectively assess the success of each student. When forming specialized classes using such a system of assessments, it will be easier to determine the degree of preparedness.

Elective courses are a sphere of rapid development of the new variable content of school subject education. This is a relatively new phenomenon in the modern Russian school, therefore, a number of unresolved issues of an applied nature remain in their use.

1. Are elective courses capable of removing the problem of vocational guidance? It's no secret that, despite the student's success in elective courses, the decision to choose the profile of education and further profession is often made by the parents of the students, and the profile class can be chosen based on the desire to be with friends or with their favorite class teacher.
2. How many courses should a student attend to successfully complete the profile training program? And how to take into account that elective courses can have different duration. Apparently, the total number of hours of elective courses that the student must attend at each level of education should be stipulated. Otherwise, a situation is not ruled out when an unscrupulous student will choose the required number of the shortest courses that will not be able to provide him with decent training. In addition, the question of the optimal duration of different elective courses still remains open.
3. How to organize the lessons of an elective course that 1-3 students have chosen? There are no normative documents limiting the number of students in an elective course. In school practice, in the conditions of “competitive struggle” of elective courses, no doubt, teaching hours will be devoted to electives most in demand by students. But in this case, the rights of the child to exercise a personal choice that best suits his interests are violated.
4. How to choose or create the most competitive (among many other subject courses) elective course? This is perhaps the main question.

There are still a lot of questions and problems that teachers have so far. (More details can be found in the article “On some problems of introducing elective courses” by A. A. ZUBRILIN., Associate Professor of the Mordovian State Pedagogical Institute named after M.E. Evseviev, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences) / annex 8 /.

Currently, a sufficient number of examples of the development of elective courses have been proposed for use in computer science and ICT. Knowing the errors and shortcomings of these programs, you can correct the methodology, build the selected program in such a way as to avoid these errors. Some programs are discussed in the article “Features of elective courses in computer science” by A.A. Kuznetsova / annex 9/.

Typical disadvantages when creating and choosing elective course programs:

• Lack or misunderstanding by teachers of the difference between electives and elective courses.
• Duplication of the main, mandatory content of subject programs.
• Low level of scientific programs.
• Academic forms of teaching and traditional lessons prevail.
• Teachers forget about the possible role of students' independent activity in the process of mastering the course content.
• Inconsistency of the material with age capabilities.

Examples of elective course programs from the collection “Elective courses in specialized education: Educational area "Informatics"”; Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, National Training Fund. M, Vita-Press, 2004 (Appendix 10):

1. N.D. Ugrinovich “Investigation of information models using object-oriented programming systems and spreadsheets”.
2. A.V. Khutorskoy, A.P. Oreshko “Website Creation Technology”.
3. L.A. Zalogova "Computer graphics".
4. M.Yu. Monakhov, S.L. Solodov, G.E. Monakhov “Learning to design on a computer”.
5. ON THE. Koryakovtseva “Technology of working with network and library resources”.
6. A.V. Kopyltsov “Computer modeling: scopes and limits of application”.
7. I.G. Semakin, E.K. Henner “Information systems and models”.
8. I.B. Gorbunova, G.G. Belov, A.V. Gorelchenko “Music Computer (Musician's New Instrument)”.

1. Web design.
2. Computer business.
3. Information technology hardware. Computer maintenance.
4. How to prepare and defend an abstract.
5. Fundamentals of algorithmization and programming.
6. Beginnings of programming (JavaScript).
7. Fundamentals of website building.
8. Introduction to the world of information technology.
9. Web site technology.
10. Vector editor.
11. Gif animations.
12. 3D editor.
13. The object-oriented programming language Visual Basic.
14. Informatics. Getting Started with Pascal Programming.
15. Music and music editors.
16. Information technologies in office work.
17. "Information systems and databases".

Informational resources:

Applications:

1. Approximate recommendations for the design of documentation and the development of copyright elective courses / application 11 / .
2. Presentation for the speech “Elective courses. Some questions" /