Entertainment industry and types of tourism. Coursework entertainment industry and tourism

Table 1.Classification of the main types of entertainment

1. The first group of entertainment is formed on the basis of the type of source of positive emotions and impressions, which can be various types of vigorous activity (including non-professional sports), informal communication, contemplation of public entertainment events. A peculiar source of pleasure is the physical effect on the body, as well as the chemical effect on the brain pleasure centers.

2. In accordance with the method of organization, it is possible to distinguish between entertainments that are provided by service enterprises, as well as those that do not require the participation of anyone in the role of organizer - that is, amateur entertainments.

3. With the development of information technology, a significant part of entertainment has moved from the real sector to the virtual one, forming a group of virtual entertainment methods.

4. Depending on the number of entertainers, one can single out individual entertainment, group entertainment and mass entertainment, which, as a rule, involve the creation of specialized entertainment infrastructure facilities.

5. In the classifier, a special group of entertainment is highlighted - “legal and prohibited”. Today, the social orientation of the entertainment industry is becoming essential. It is well known, for example, that entertainment aimed at satisfying human vices ultimately leads to the degradation of society. Thus, the rejection of punishment for drug use and the transition to the legal sale of drugs turned the Netherlands into a kind of Mecca for drug addicts, into a specific “Dreamland”, with a special “entertainment industry”. In some countries, the category of prohibited entertainment includes the "sex industry", and the corresponding "sex tours".

6. According to the intensity of activity in the process of entertainment, one can distinguish between active types of entertainment that involve the physical activity of the subject, and passive ones that do not involve it.

7. Depending on age, there is a group of entertainment for children, for people of middle and older age.

Currently, there are many enterprises engaged in organizing and conducting entertainment events.

The set of enterprises engaged in entertaining people is classified as a socio-cultural service, along with education, health care, physical education, sports, regardless of ownership 1 and forms a modern entertainment infrastructure.

Creating systems for classifying entertainment infrastructure objects for different market segments has recently become a popular pastime. But many experts believe that it is somewhat premature to talk about the classification of entertainment infrastructure facilities. “This market is developing recently (since the early 1990s) and is largely chaotic. Existing facilities are few and scattered” 2 .

Attempts to classify entertainment infrastructure objects can be found in various research papers. Thus, work 3 presents the classification of entertainment centers according to the type of recreation they are focused on: passive recreation (cinemas, gambling); active recreation (billiards, bowling); sports recreation areas (karting, ice rinks); sports and recreation areas (fitness, swimming pool, tennis, golf). However, such a division is rather arbitrary, since the boundaries between the last three groups are not clear: all sports entertainment can be included in the types of active recreation, and billiards and bowling in some cases can be attributed to sports.

In general, the specifics of the activity of entertainment facilities is determined by their specialization, profile and accessibility for visiting (Table 2). The selected criteria are decisive in matters of management and marketing of these objects.

Table 2.Types of entertainment infrastructure facilities

1. If we approach the issue of classifying entertainment infrastructure objects from the standpoint of the main specialization, then five relatively stable groups can be distinguished. The first group, in accordance with the presented classification, included facilities that organize film screenings, live performances by pop artists, various shows, sports and other entertainment events. The activity of such objects is focused on aesthetic perception, and is mostly not associated with amateur performances of people who are content with their position as spectators. These can be all kinds of concert halls and venues, cinemas, stadiums, arenas, etc. The second group includes institutions for active non-professional sports and fitness: swimming pools, ice rinks, gyms, sports clubs, etc. The third group is represented by institutions culture: museums, libraries, theaters, exhibition galleries. The fourth group includes enterprises that organize recreation and leisure: cinemas, water parks, clubs, discos, disco bars. The last group is represented by gambling establishments: casinos, slot machine halls, bookmakers.

2. In accordance with the profile, entertainment centers of the "family", "Children's" and "Adult" formats can be distinguished. The first type of entertainment center is aimed at families who come here to spend their leisure time. Usually in such centers much attention is paid to cafes and restaurants, game attractions and arcades. Almost any type of theme parks, indoor family recreation and leisure centers are suitable for family recreation centers. For the construction of such facilities, rather large areas are selected in places where there is no dense development, and the cost of land is rather low. Of course, the family center must fully justify and fulfill its name. Therefore, operators make sure that all family members can have fun there. In particular, bars are usually arranged for parents and "adult" games are organized - bowling, billiards and so on. The loading of such centers, as a rule, is subject to significant seasonal fluctuations, which affects their profitability in a bad way. Among the first family centers that appeared in Russia, one can note Fantasy Park, Entertainment Planet, Cinema and Domino, Ogo-Gorod (Moscow), Igromax (Kazan), Salen (Anapa).

o The concept of "Children's Center" involves an entertainment complex exclusively for children. Typically, these objects are located in shopping centers and malls. Even when designing, special areas are allocated there, thus trying to accustom children to spend their free time in shopping centers. Children's centers occupy a smaller area, since there is no need to arrange bars, restaurants, bowling alleys, billiards. As a result, renting premises for children's entertainment is much cheaper than for family recreation centers in the same mall. The first children's play centers (game libraries) "Kosmik" appeared in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Ufa and Kostroma. In Russia, this concept is being actively developed and implemented by Game Zona, Crazy Park, Star Galaxy, Igromax, Dinoplanet, Play Day trademarks.

o Entertainment centers of an adult format are built taking into account the peculiarities of the psychology of mature people. The essential difference between this concept and those described above is that the arrangement of entertainment centers of this format is more profitable and does not involve serious restrictions. Family centers require land that satisfies a range of requirements and large investments to build a large scale building outside the city. To create children's centers, a shopping complex or a separate room near residential areas is needed. At the same time, none of the first three formats of entertainment centers satisfies the leisure needs of a large category of citizens who spend most of their time in the epicenter of the metropolis. In order to create conditions for communication and recreation for serious and successful citizens, a fundamentally new structure of entertainment centers was needed. This niche was occupied by the concept of entertainment centers for adults, focused on the atmosphere of the city center, offices, corporate parties, business lunches, etc.

It should be noted that this concept in its pure form has not yet been presented in Russia. Partially, it is represented in bowling centers and nightclubs. But it can be fully implemented within the framework of four gambling zones, the opening of which is planned for 2010-12. It seems that operators of gambling establishments who know how to work with an adult clientele, this format is the closest. Among the objects focused on this concept are the Nevada entertainment center (St. Petersburg), the Astoria entertainment center and poker club (Moscow), the Atlantida entertainment center (Omsk), the Batyr cultural and entertainment complex with a casino ( Naberezhnye Chelny).

3. Over the past few years, there has been an active process of establishing new forms of realization of free time, the essence of which is in the transition from mass to chamber forms. And this is primarily manifested in a certain elitism of a number of entertainment institutions, their inaccessibility to the general population. It is this factor that mainly determines the growth in the volume of sales of entertainment services for the high-income part of the population, which are closed to the mass public. The so-called chamber exclusive needs of the closed club elite are served by vip-halls in casinos, elite clubs and restaurants, specialized closed vip-zones of entertainment centers.

4. Another distinguishing feature of entertainment facilities is the way they are located. The difference is in functionality. Outdoor entertainment represents the outdoor class. These are all kinds of amusement parks, culture and recreation parks, zoos, playgrounds, dance and stage venues. Outdoor is a seasonal and mostly dependent form of indoor entertainment. These are all kinds of entertainment centers: cinemas, water parks, shopping and entertainment centers.

Another important aspect in describing the objects of the entertainment industry is the size and scope of their operation. The global processes of globalization and consolidation of business have also affected the entertainment industry. The last time has been marked by the emergence of large-scale entertainment projects that combine several areas of entertainment.

The classification of entertainment industry facilities by the range of services offered is presented in Table 3.

Table 3Classification of objects of the entertainment industry according to the range of services offered

1. Specialized entertainment infrastructure enterprises are entertainment centers with a pronounced target orientation with little participation of related services. As additional services, there are usually food courts, retailers of goods related to the specialization of the center. It can be stand-alone cinemas, bowling centers, casinos, water parks.

2. In terms of payback, the most profitable are mixed forms of entertainment facilities. There are two principles of formation of mixed objects of entertainment infrastructure. Firstly, this is a combination of 2-3 areas of entertainment. According to this principle, objects with related areas of entertainment were built - billiards and bowling, cinemas and arcades, rollerdromes and skating rinks. Secondly, this is the use of the entertainment component as an addition to the main specialization of the object. The most typical case is the location of entertainment zones within shopping centers (shopping and entertainment centers). IKEA and McDonald's can be called successful pioneers in the field of "retail + entertainment". The range of entertainment services that can be provided in such a center is quite wide. Among the popular entertainments are billiards, bowling, vending machines with video games and sports simulators, go-karts, a rollerdrome, a shooting range, and children's attractions.
The main difference between a shopping and entertainment center and a specialized one is that a stand-alone entertainment center is an enterprise of a narrow focus. Such entertainment centers can provide services at a very high level due to their specialization. The task of entertainment in a shopping center is to make the visitor spend the maximum time in it. Developers view entertainment as a "bait", thereby seeking to increase profitability and reduce the payback period of the entire facility. Often, an entertainment zone in a shopping center is used as an anti-crisis tool. In addition, some entertainment in shopping centers is provided free of charge. Examples of shopping and entertainment centers are festival centers (Festival Center), cultural and entertainment complexes, shopping and public centers.

3. Multidisciplinary entertainment centers, geographic entertainment zones are represented by large-scale entertainment projects, including objects of various entertainment specializations and a full range of related and support services. As a rule, such centers are objects of tourist interest and have the appropriate infrastructure. For example, the entertainment city of Las Vegas, famous for the world's largest casinos and the most luxurious hotels, unique shows, a variety of restaurants and nightlife, attracts 25 million tourists annually. Theme parks are also independent entertainment facilities with a complex entertainment infrastructure - these are huge complexes that combine the most incredible attractions, hotels, restaurants and shops in one area. Another example of a large-scale entertainment area is Sentosa Island (Singapore). Its entire territory is reserved for an entertainment center, including museums, an aqua park, a fashionable amusement park and attractions for all ages. Creation of diversified entertainment centers is also planned on the territory of Russia within the framework of the project of construction of four gambling and entertainment zones.

In addition to those presented above, there are several other stable parameters for classifying entertainment infrastructure objects. These are parameters such as: type of entertainment services (targeting a specific group of consumers: youth, children, families, etc.); the size of the entertainment center (the number of visitors for which it is designed); pricing policy (for which segment of consumers, depending on the level of income, it is designed), etc.

The hospitality industry is inextricably linked to entertainment. Currently, there is not a single hotel where there are no conditions for entertainment.

Having fun, a person (or a group of people) satisfies his spiritual needs, evaluates his own personality, analyzes his role on the scale of various social systems. Entertainment processes are carried out both in natural and artificially created environments.

The entertainment industry aims to create conditions for entertainment, that is, a set of phenomena on the presence of which the entertainment process depends.

The social orientation of the development of the entertainment industry is expressed in the fact that it serves the formation of new personal and social needs, as well as the manifestation and development of needs under the prevailing prerequisites. The entertainment industry, solving multifaceted tasks (primarily education, the formation of an optimistic mood, education, recreation, the development of human culture), essentially forms and develops a person. Filling part of his free time with entertainment, a person restores himself as a labor unit.

In statistical practice, there is no criterion for singling out the sphere of activity engaged in people's entertainment. This situation is primarily due to the insufficient classification of the initial activities. It should also be noted the extremely wide variety of enterprises designed to create and organize conditions for entertainment. In the traditional classification of sectors of the economy, the corresponding industries are dispersed over many sectors, forming in some cases their non-core, auxiliary or side activities.

For a long time, insufficient attention was paid to the study and satisfaction of the spiritual needs of people. Therefore, the lack of elaboration of the issues of economics, organization and management of enterprises that provide the process of entertainment is associated with the relative "youth" of the entertainment industry. Questions about the technological unity of the components of such an enterprise and its infrastructure remain unresolved. It is difficult to form a set of organizational and economic features characteristic of entertainment industry enterprises.

The experience of the development of the entertainment industry in various countries allows us to present the principal composition of its independent units.

The entertainment industry includes enterprises (organizations, institutions), whose main activity is related to the satisfaction of human needs for entertainment. Such units are enterprises with a pronounced entertainment nature of activity - circuses, zoos, attractions, game libraries, amusement parks, mobile towns, etc. A variety of entertainment enterprises, including stationary and mobile theaters, cinemas, art studios, concert organizations and groups (orchestras, ensembles, music halls, etc.) also provide entertainment processes. Entertainment is inherent in physical culture (in artificial water pools, in gyms, clubs, etc.), as well as sports and entertainment events. Introduction to cultural values (in libraries, museums, exhibitions) is also associated with entertainment.

The entertainment sector in the world practice also includes tourism enterprises, including tourist accommodation facilities. A number of enterprises, organizations, institutions provide entertainment in the form of their non-core activities. In addition to hotels, these include recreation areas and historical sites.

Industries producing related equipment and supplies should also be part of the entertainment industry.

The entertainment industry acts as an independent, relatively isolated link in the economic system, attracting significant material, financial, and labor resources. In this regard, entertainment industry enterprises are characterized by specific technologies, management systems, performance results, and organization of personnel work.

The study of tourists as consumers of the specific results of the entertainment industry is certainly important. In a broad sense, the joyful emotions of a tourist can be associated with any moment of a tourist trip (moving to a place of rest, the fact of changing one's location, the rest itself). Special activities are also carried out that purposefully evoke the corresponding emotions. The patterns of consumption of entertainment products should be studied in relation to the previous lifestyle of a person. The main characteristics of the entertainment process include:

Voluntary choice of type of entertainment by a person;

Unlimited list of types of entertainment;

Preliminary preparedness of the individual for the consumption of entertainment;

Frequent change of entertainment;

Combining entertainment with other activities (for example, recreation and entertainment, sports and entertainment, entertainment and education);

The frequency of consumption of entertainment (timed to the life cycle of a person).

It is advisable to distinguish between mass entertainment and entertainment of an individual order. Entertainment can be organized on purpose or arise spontaneously. From the formation of a list of entertainment, one should move on to comparing the significance of various entertainments, and then evaluate individual entertainments according to their contribution to the development of the individual.

The hospitality industry is inextricably linked to entertainment. Currently, there is not a single hotel where there are no conditions for entertainment.

The entertainment industry aims to create conditions for entertainment, that is, a set of phenomena on the presence of which the entertainment process depends.

For a long time, insufficient attention was paid to the study and satisfaction of the spiritual needs of people. Therefore, the lack of elaboration of issues of economics, organization and management of enterprises that provide the process of entertainment is associated with the relative "youth" of the entertainment industry. Questions about the technological unity of the components of such an enterprise and its infrastructure remain unresolved. It is difficult to form a set of organizational and economic features characteristic of entertainment industry enterprises.

The experience of the development of the entertainment industry in various countries allows us to present the principal composition of its independent units.

The entertainment industry includes enterprises (organizations, institutions), whose main activity is related to the satisfaction of human needs for entertainment. Such units are enterprises with a pronounced entertainment nature of activity - circuses, zoos, attractions, game libraries, recreation parks, mobile towns, etc. A variety of entertainment enterprises, including stationary and mobile theaters, cinemas, art studios, concert organizations and groups (orchestras, ensembles, music halls, etc.), also provide entertainment processes. Entertainment is inherent in physical culture (in artificial water pools, in gyms, clubs, etc.), as well as sports and entertainment events. Introduction to cultural values (in libraries, museums, exhibitions) is also associated with entertainment.

Industries producing related equipment and supplies should also be part of the entertainment industry.

Voluntary choice of type of entertainment by a person;
. an unlimited list of types of entertainment;
. preliminary preparedness of the individual for the consumption of entertainment;
. frequent change of entertainment;
. combining entertainment with other activities (for example, recreation and entertainment, sports and
entertainment, entertainment and education);
. the frequency of consumption of entertainment (timed to the life cycle of a person).

In Russia, entertainment activities developed on a charitable basis. At the beginning of the XIX century. in St. Petersburg, a society is being created that sets as its goal the organization of popular entertainment. Over 2,000 people took part in mass entertainment during the holidays. People's houses (by 1914 there were 237 of them) are considered the first club institutions. Games have become widespread. By the beginning of the XX century. In Russia, a network of leisure educational institutions has developed.

By 1991, there were 134,600 clubs in the USSR, 2,471 museums, 747 professional theaters, and 140 film installations. The development trends of the entertainment industry have been formed.

The current situation in Russia is characterized by the destruction of the entertainment industry, formed over the past decades, and the emergence of new trends.

The number of museums, professional theaters is growing while the number of visits is decreasing. The number of national natural parks has increased.

At present, a completely new direction has begun to be actively used all over the world - animation, i.e. revitalization of recreation and organization of direct impressions from personal participation in events. Theme parks (such as Disneyland, Legoland, Port Aventura, etc.) are very popular with animated characters that you can chat with. So-called show museums began to appear with "live" representatives of the exhibited subjects.

Unfortunately, in Russia they have not yet realized that this type of entertainment is very attractive for customers. Due to the lack of such entertainment in our country, most tourists prefer to travel abroad. However, the heads of tourist companies in some regions of our country have already realized that such enterprises can make a great contribution to the development of tourism, the regional economy, and also have a significant social effect.

The first steps in this direction are already being taken. For example, in the north-west of the Moscow region (Istra, Volokolamsk, Klin and Ruz districts) the first safari park is being built. Borodino can serve as one of the domestic examples of a “show museum”.

International tourism is today an important object of study. Tourism can be studied as a science, it can be studied, as it is an essential complex of the world economy. And finally, it is necessary to pay great attention to the tourism industry as a major sector of the country's economy.
Over the last decade of the 20th century, international tourism relations have become an integral part of the socio-economic relations of the world community. In this regard, the process of studying tourism as a science is of great importance.

An analysis of the current state of tourism in many countries makes it possible to understand the need to develop domestic tourism programs. Until recently, the importance of tourism in the political, economic and social life of Russia has not been fully defined. However, recently in Russia there has been an interest in domestic tourism. And it is no coincidence. Maybe tourism is exactly the industry that can bring our country out of the crisis.

An analysis of the current state of tourism in Russia allows us to trace the main trends in its development:
. The predominance of outbound tourism is explained by the reluctance of travel companies to develop a national tour operating scheme, since it is much easier to operate on the basis of Western schemes. All this as a result leads to the outflow of tourist capital abroad;
. the number of tourist firms exceeds the demand for tourist services - hence the fierce competition in the market;
. the existing material base is in need of investment and reconstruction, since it currently does not meet international standards;
. due to a decrease in demand for hotel services, there is a decrease in the number of hotels and rooms;
. the tendency of unprofitability of the hotel industry in the regions of Russia persists;
. there is a process of introduction of foreign hotel companies to the Russian market.

State organizations involved in tourism management at the federal and regional levels do not pay due attention to the development of domestic tourism. The main role in the process of formation and promotion of the national tourism product is played by national public organizations.

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