What are the intervals. What is a small group and the variety of small groups The concept of a small group

From music theory, you know what intervals are - small, large, clear, increased or decreased. Let's organize knowledge a bit and put it in order, because intervals, as a rule, cause the most difficulties. In this lesson, I will not touch on increased and decreased intervals, because this is a very extensive and complex topic that requires a separate article.

The easiest to build are prims and octaves. They are perfect consonances when they are pure. This is what pure octaves look like in notes:

And so - pure primas:

That is, octaves and primas are the same note, always with the same sign.

Quarts and fifths

These intervals are also pure, increased or decreased. I talked about the perfect quart in great detail in that lesson - how to play it, how it sounds, how to write it down. But I will quickly explain the fifths now. The principle of its construction is the same as a quart - if the lower note is bekar, then the upper one is also bekar. The same with flat or sharp. The signs must be the same on both notes. The exception is fifths between the notes SI and FA. It is the fifths from the SI that will be black and white.

Thirds and sixths

These intervals are large and small. More precisely, it is, of course, possible to increase or decrease them, but in practice an increased third or a decreased sixth is extremely rare, and therefore we will leave them to professional musicians.

What kind of curiosity is the Picardy third?

I talked about thirds in detail in - how to build, how to play, how to distinguish. But there is something I didn't mention. The fact is that there is such a thing as "Picardian third". But this is not the name of some outlandish interval.

The Picardy third is an artistic technique often used by composers to bring their creative ideas to life. Its essence lies in the fact that a piece written in a minor key should be completed in the major of the same name.

Perhaps you did not pay attention, but there are a lot of works written in minor, but in the very final chord, life-affirming and positive major sounds. It's all about the third, which is replaced by a large one.

Well, here is a small improvisation, which clearly shows the replacement of a minor triad with a major one. Of course, not Bach, and not even Orlando Lasso, but it gives an idea of ​​what a Picardy third is.

A little about sixths

Sexta is a rather noble interval. There is a minor and major sixth, and they are easier to distinguish by ear.

The famous song “A Christmas Tree was Born in the Forest” begins with a large sixth, and a small sixth (albeit in the opposite direction, from top to bottom) - “Song of the Distant Motherland” from Stirlitz. The whole song is built on the downward movement of sixths, mostly small ones. In sheet music, this charm looks like this:

Play, listen, feel the difference.

Seconds and sevenths

These are dissonances, but, nevertheless, their sound is sometimes very beautiful and pleasant. Like thirds and sixths, seconds and sevenths are major and minor.

Small seconds sound like a toothache, a very sharp and unpleasant interval. In works, its harmonic sound is used when it is necessary to portray some kind of villain. The same effect has a large seventh. But small seconds and sevenths are more pleasant in sound. They are very often included in the chords when choosing an accompaniment.

The main indicator that allows you to recognize the enterprise as small is the number of employees for a specific period of time. Criteria such as the size of its assets, the size of the authorized capital and the annual turnover also matter.

In Russia, a small business is a commercial organization, in the authorized capital of which the participation of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, charitable and other foundations, as well as religious and public organizations does not exceed 25 percent. In addition, a share that belongs to several legal entities or one legal entity. face, should also not be more than 25 percent.

The number of employees for a certain period should not be higher than the standard established in a particular area. If it is construction, industry or transport, the number of employees of a small enterprise cannot exceed 100 people. If it is a wholesale trade - no more than 50 people, if it is a consumer service or retail trade - no more than 30 people, if any other activity - no more than 50 people.

Medium enterprises

The definitions of medium and small business around the world are quite close. What generalizes them is economic entities that do not exceed a specific indicator in terms of the number of employees, the amount of gross assets and turnover. Medium enterprises are also eligible for simplified reporting. In order to understand the scope of the number of employees - after all, this criterion is most often the main one - it is worth considering a few examples.

If we take a consulting or research agency, it can be classified as a medium-sized enterprise when the number of its employees ranges from 15 to 50. If we talk about a travel company, then it can be classified as a medium-sized enterprise when the number of its employees is in the range from 25 to 75. Medium print media will be an editorial office with no more than 100 employees. As with small businesses, medium-sized businesses are considered in terms of turnover and market share they occupy.

Large enterprises

A large enterprise is a company that produces a significant share of the total commodity volume of any industry. It is also characterized by the number of people employed in the work, the size of assets and sales. To classify an enterprise as a large business, it is necessary to take into account the territorial, industry and state specifics. For example, for the field of mechanical engineering, the main factors are the volume of products, the number of workers and the cost of fixed assets. If we take the agro-industrial complex, we can focus only on the number of livestock or the area of ​​land.

Each person, regardless of his age and occupation, is in several small groups - this is a family, a school class, a sports team. The relationship of the individual with other members of the team plays a key role in shaping his personality. The variety of types of associations demonstrates the classification of small ones, which attaches particular importance to the study of the characteristics of small groups and their role in society.

What is a small social group

On the basis of small collectives, it is possible to study in detail the connection of the individual with his environment, the influence of society on its members. Therefore, in sociological research, the concepts of "group", "small group", "classification of groups" occupy an important place. The fact is that a person spends most of his life in small groups that have a strong influence on the formation of his values.

A social group is an association of people connected by joint activities and a system of interpersonal relations. Such groups are classified by size, that is, by the number of participants.

Small group - a small association of people connected by joint activities and in direct communication with each other. A feature of such a team is that the number of its members does not exceed twenty, and therefore they can freely contact each other and establish an emotional connection.

signs

There are a number of provisions, the presence of which may indicate that the association is a small social group:

• co-presence of people in one territory at a certain time;
• emotional contact between team members, the presence of stable relationships;
• joint activities aimed at achieving a common goal;
• division between members of group roles;
• the presence of an organizational and managerial structure;
• the formation of their norms and values.

The concept and classification of small groups are based on these features and the nature of their manifestation. The establishment of emotional relationships between individual members can lead to the emergence of subblocks and internal structure.

Association types

There are several aspects in relation to which the classification of small groups is formed. The table below shows the types of small social associations.

The nature of internal communications

The determining factor is the classification of small social groups with respect to the way it arises. Formal associations are created by management and have legal status. Their activities are regulated by certain documentation. The management of such a group is top-down, and its members are determined by the organization.

Informal groups arise spontaneously based on the emotional ties of the participants. Such societies do not have an official status, and its activities are directed "from the bottom up". Nevertheless, they also form some norms and values ​​shared by all members of the group and predetermining their behavior. If in formal organizations the leader has official powers, then in contact organizations he acts through the recognition of other participants.

Reference team

On the factor of significance of the association for an individual, another small group is based, the norms of which play an important role for a person, called the reference (reference). A member of the team sorts through its value system, forms the appropriate standards. This group is divided into two subspecies:

• Ideal. The individual does not belong to the association, but in his behavior he is guided by its norms.
• presence group. A person is a member of this team and shares values.

Small communities play a crucial role in shaping The child sees the norms accepted in the family and among friends. At the same time, small social groups can also have a negative impact on the individual - suppress his personal qualities (inhibition), impose incorrect ideals.

social significance

Small organizations can play different roles in society, depending on the values ​​and goals pursued by the small group. The classification of small groups, based on the criterion of social significance, suggests the existence of three types of associations: socially oriented, asocial and antisocial. Accordingly, they play a positive, neutral and negative role. Socially oriented small groups include educational, public, productive organizations. Various criminal associations are not accepted by people, which nevertheless retain authority for their members.

Group management

Management includes a number of actions necessary to organize the activities of the association. This concept includes decision-making, goal setting, development of plans, control, coordination, and so on. There is a conditional classification of small groups regarding the method of management. There are the following types of relationships:

• subordination (top);
• coordination (horizontal system);
• reordination (bottom).

Successful organization of activities is based on the combination of these principles, the search for the best option for building internal relations.

Head of the team

A feature of the organization of small groups is the selection of a leader. This is a member of the association, which has a strong influence on its activities. He is respected among the other members due to his personality and plays an important role in the management of the group. The activity of the leader extends to both internal and external communication. He ensures the involvement of team members in joint activities, exercises control over decision-making. There is a classification of small groups based on the level of the leader's intervention in the activities of the association and the degree of involvement of each member in the community management process. In the most successful organizations (both contact and formal), a balance is struck between the two extremes.

Management styles

The conditional classification of small groups, which takes as a basis the involvement of members of the association in the process of its management, includes three positions presented in the table below.

There is also a theory of X and Y. In the first case, a person initially avoids work and prefers to be led. Theory Y suggests that the individual has a high level of self-control and strives for responsibility. Accordingly, two different control methods are applicable here.

Collective pressure

The norms adopted in the association have an impact on the way of life of its individual member. Everyone knows an experiment conducted with a group of children, where prearranged participants incorrectly answered the question posed, and the last subject repeated the words of his peers. This phenomenon is called conformism. The opinion of the majority of the members of a small group has an effect on the individual. The opposite of this phenomenon can be independence, that is, the independence of a person’s attitudes from the opinions of the environment.

At the same time, the classification of small groups regarding the role it plays for an individual is important. The higher the association's referentiality, the more conformism manifests itself.

Formation of a small social group

Each team goes through several stages of development. Psychologists G. Stanford and A. Roark developed a theory that includes 7 stages of the formation of a social group. The study is based on a two-factor model of team development, where there are contradictions between business and emotional activity.

1. Acquaintance, the first attempts of interpersonal interaction.
2. Creation
3. stage of conflict.
4. The state of balance, the emergence of a sense of unity.
5. Formation of unity - business activity increases, common goals are set.
6. The dominance is not workers, but interpersonal relations of individual members of the association.
7. Actualization, balance of business and emotional activity.

Social roles in a small group

Members of an association may be assigned certain behaviors related to solving problems or communicating with other members. Roles are manifested both in the business and in the emotional activity of the group. For example, in the process of solving problems, the "initiator" offers new ideas, and the "critic" evaluates the work of the entire group and finds its weaknesses. Roles are also manifested in the sphere of interpersonal relations of the team. So, the inspirer actively supports the ideas of other members, and the conciliator renounces his opinion and settles conflict situations.

In order of occurrence:
primary group- this is a collection of individuals united on the basis of direct contacts, common goals and objectives and characterized by a high level of emotional closeness and spiritual solidarity (family, group of friends, closest neighbors). It is characterized by the following features:
1) small staff;
2) spatial proximity of members;
3) duration of existence;
4) commonality of group values, norms and patterns of behavior;
5) voluntariness of joining the group;
6) informal control over the behavior of members.
secondary group- a relatively large social community, the subjects of which are not connected by intimate, close ties, the social connection and interaction in the group are impersonal, utilitarian and functional. The secondary group is goal-oriented (work team, school class, sports team, etc.);

By social status:
1) formal group - a group created on the basis of official documents (class, school, party, etc.) and having a legally fixed status. A formal group is characterized by clearly defined positions of members, prescribed group norms, strictly distributed roles in accordance with subordination in the power structure in the group. Between the members of such a group, business relations are established, provided for by documents, which can be supplemented by personal likes and dislikes;
2) informal group - a real social community of people who are connected by common sympathies, closeness of views, beliefs, tastes, etc. Statuses and roles in such a group are not prescribed, there is no given system of vertical relationships. Official documents in such a group are irrelevant. The group breaks up when common interests disappear.

By direct relationship:
1) conditional group - a community of people that exists nominally and is distinguished by some sign (sex, age, profession, etc.). People included in such a group do not have direct interpersonal relationships, they may not know anything about each other;
2) real group - a community of people that exists in a common space and time and is united by real relationships (a classroom, a production team).

According to the level of development or formation of interpersonal relationships:
1) low development groups- communities based on asocial factors, lack of common goals and interests, characterized by conformity or nonconformity of its members (for example, an association, a corporation, etc.);
2) high development groups- communities based on common interests, social goals and values ​​(for example, a team).

By importance:
1) reference group- this is a real or imaginary group, the norms of which serve as a model. Reference groups may be real or imagined, positive or negative, may or may not coincide with membership. They perform a normative function and the function of social comparison. In the representations of an individual, a group can be:
"positive" - ​​groups with which the individual identifies himself and, a member of which he would like to become.
"negative" - ​​groups that cause rejection in the individual.
2) membership groups- these are groups where the individual is not opposed to the group, and relates himself to all other members, and they relate themselves to him.

Other types of groups:
1) permanent(exist for a long time (political party, school, institute, etc.)) and temporary (exist for a short period of time (train compartment, people in the cinema, etc.));
2) natural(family) and groups of psychological and other types of similarity (classes, parties);
3) organized and spontaneous, etc.

Society is a collection of very different groups of people: large and small, friendly and hostile, permanent and temporary, professional and religious, national and political.

They differ greatly from each other. Some groups are so small that virtually all of their members can see each other closely during the day, observe each other's actions, communicate constantly. These are small groups, or personal contact groups. The family is the most obvious example of such a group.

small group

A person is born in a small group (family), and most of his life is spent in small groups: a student team, a sports team, a circle, friends, student and production teams, etc.

Interesting Facts
It turned out that the number of all human groups on Earth exceeds the population by 1.5-2 times. So, 7 billion people live on the planet, and the number of groups, according to experts, reaches 8-10 billion. And all this is possible due to the fact that one person can be in several groups at once: in a family, in a class, in a circle of friends , at a dance school, in a sports club, etc.

In order to get into one group, we make certain efforts. So, many school graduates try to get into the institute, the university and become students. Other groups are chosen by our parents, for example, a music school or a fine arts group. There are groups that we do not choose, they are determined by fate. Such is the family, the composition of which is only partly the result of our choice. Friends we can choose and leave at our own discretion.



In a group, that is, together with others, we form our personality and our life values. Here we share with each other the most painful, the most intimate, what we will never share with strangers.

In a group, norms, rules, customs, traditions are born. A person needs a group and depends on it. He is a member of the family, student team, yard company, sports section, etc. People survive only together.

The student team is a special type of small group. Schoolchildren live at home and only for a while get together in the classroom, where the main goal is to learn new knowledge. At school you work, rest during recess, have lunch. In fact, as in an adult labor collective at a factory or in a bank. In the student team, you form mandatory relationships to comply with the rules of the schedule and optional - with each other. That's what they call friendships.



Give examples of the obligatory and friendly relations characteristic of the student body.

Two friends is also a group. They are united by many things, including common interests, as well as the presence of a common secret or secret. After all, one of the invaluable qualities of friendship is the ability to keep a secret. The guys tell their friend "in a big secret" their little secrets and demand that he not divulge them. And if a friend blabbed a secret, they might quarrel with him. He betrayed your secret, in fact betrayed your trust. From now on, you can not rely on him in difficult times.

Younger students and teenagers choose friends whose values ​​and hobbies are similar to their own. Friends are chosen predominantly among the students of their school, their class and, as a rule, the same gender. Boys are more likely to be friends with boys, and girls are more likely to be friends with girls.

For a teenager, a very important point is the opinion of the group to which he belongs. Consciousness of group belonging, solidarity, comradely mutual assistance gives the teenager a sense of well-being and stability.

Interpersonal relationships

In a small group, a special type of relationship arises - interpersonal relationships. Just think about this phrase: relationships between individuals. That is, teenagers are individuals.

A small group consists of people who know each other well. By constantly communicating with each other, doing something together, people talk about their personal and family problems, heatedly discuss school news, grades, extracurricular activities, new films, etc. Discussing issues that are very important for people brings them together, creates trusting relationship between them.

Scientists have established an interesting pattern: how others treat you is largely determined by how you treat yourself. Try to understand and remember this. This is the most important law of interpersonal relations. If you are constantly dissatisfied with yourself, your mood and dissatisfaction with yourself can be transmitted to others. And they will be unhappy with you. If you have low self-esteem, then others will rate you low.

In teenage groups - your peer groups - their own codes of honor are spontaneously formed, the norms and rules for which are borrowed from the world of adults. Loyalty, honesty are highly valued here and they have a negative attitude towards betrayal, treason, violation of a given word, selfishness, greed, etc.

Teenagers harshly evaluate peers who do not have their own opinions, do not respect themselves, do not know how to defend their interests.

Despite the desire to stand out and be different from everyone, conformism flourishes in teenage groups - conciliation with everyone. One depends on everyone, strives for peers and is sometimes ready to do what the group pushes him to do. At your age and a little older, teenagers begin to wear clothes of the same style and type to emphasize their involvement with each other.

In interpersonal relationships, mutual understanding is very important, how communication develops between members of a small group. Without meeting mutual understanding, we become lonely. And loneliness is most often what a person is most afraid of.

Summing up
A teenager, like an adult, is a member of any small groups: family, school, circles, sections, etc. Depending on the relationship in the group, the teenager will feel more or less comfortable there.
Small groups exist on the basis of mutual understanding, friendly relations, which are based on such concepts as devotion, respect, honesty.

Basic terms and concepts
Group, small group, interpersonal relationships.

Test your knowledge

1. Explain the meaning of the concepts: "small group", "conformism", "interpersonal relations".
2. What is the significance of the group they belong to for teenagers? Support your answer with examples.
3. What problems can a teenager have in a group? Suggest ways to solve these problems.
4. Does the teenage group influence the behavior of each of its members?
5. Why is it in the group that norms, rules, customs, traditions are born?

Workshop

1. What groups do you belong to? Name the personality traits that are valued in these groups.
2. Think about the ways in which a teenager can resist group opinion (for example, the opinion of classmates).
3. Do you agree with the statement: “The group that includes a teenager gives him self-confidence”? Justify your answer.
4. How do you understand the statement: “Treat others the way you would like them to treat you”?
5. Think of situations that reveal the features of interpersonal relationships.