Carp and general information about the family. “Weedy” fish Fish from reservoirs of the Kemerovo region

Carp is the most famous, but far from the only species of fish from the carp family. There are more than 2 thousand species of cyprinids in the world, including aquarium ones. They are common in Russia, Africa, Asia, North America and Europe. The habitat of this large family includes both tropical and temperate zones and even the Arctic Circle. The carp family includes fish of commercial value.

General information

The carp family has a common distinguishing feature - the absence of teeth in the jaws. The teeth are located inside the pharynx on the pharyngeal bones. The process of eating food involves taking food and pushing it inward, where the grinding takes place. The oral cavity is mobile, the lips are flat, fleshy. Many individuals have one pair of antennae above the upper lip (except for the eight-whiskered gudgeon, it has 4). The swim bladder is very powerful, contains 2, rarely 3 sections. The body is covered with large scales or completely naked, which is not so common.

During spawning, the female lays her eggs on flat stones or algae leaves. Eggs usually have a viscous sticky structure with rare exceptions. For example, in white carp, future offspring drift in a stream of water.

The carp family is a commercial fish, even medium-sized species are popular with breeders and fishermen. About half of the known species are bred in artificial reservoirs for further sale. . These include:

• carp;
• rudd;
• vobla;
• silver carp, etc.

Ornamental aquarium fish are no less popular. The history of their breeding has been going on for more than a dozen years. It is known that the first mention dates back to the 1st century AD. For the first time, Japanese specialists took up the selection, and then the Chinese. The list of aquarium breeds includes:

• goldfish;
• brachydanio;

The sizes of natural inhabitants range from 6 to 300 cm in length. This spread is characterized by a variety of species of cyprinids. But large representatives (more than 80 cm) are not so common. The most common species are medium in size. Dimensions mainly depend on the continent of habitat. So, North America is inhabited by small representatives, while in the middle zone of Eurasia, larger fish with a length of about 20–150 cm predominate.

The color can be different, the most common are light greenish and golden hues. But breeding species, bred artificially, surprise with a variety of colors. Colored representatives of the natural environment are found in the tropical strip.

living conditions

Cyprinids are predominantly freshwater species. Although there are some varieties that tolerate the salt water of the Azov or Baltic Sea. And the Far Eastern rudd is able to live comfortably even in the waters of the ocean. But absolutely all cyprinids go to fresh waters for spawning.

Fish of this family are considered to be heat-loving., but some breeds adapt to climatic conditions, otherwise they could not spread beyond the Arctic Circle. And on the territory of Russia, where winters are often severe, they could not survive.

The main condition for choosing a reservoir for living is the presence of a large amount of food. Cyprinids are predators for the most part, which means they have excellent appetite or even gluttony. Everything goes into the diet:

• small fish;
• insects;
• plants;
• cereals;
• larvae;
• crustaceans;
• various plankton.

The peak of gluttony falls on the warm season. With a sharp drop in temperature, the appetite of fish decreases. In the winter months, the intensity of nutrition drops to a minimum and returns to normal only with the advent of spring.

Varieties of freshwater fish

There are countless species of freshwater fish from the Karpov family, almost all representatives live in fresh water. But still, a list of varieties that are especially popular can be distinguished.

carps in nature

This group is of great interest to Russian fishermen and breeders. Fish meat is white, fatty, not bony. Suitable for frying and baking, as well as for drying and drying. There are three types:

Common features of carp are large size, similarity in appearance and omnivorous. There is active reproduction and catching of fish, often turning into poaching. An active struggle is being waged against him, but not always successful.

Other species in the natural environment

Other species are also carp-shaped, differ in external characteristics and territory of residence:

Fish have different sizes, but everyone is subjected to mass fishing. Some are allowed on the ram, others on the bait. Some of them are bred in artificial reservoirs due to their pronounced taste and usefulness.

Aquarium cyprinids

Breeders managed to bring out a lot of aquarium "carps", which are also predators and have a pronounced temperament. But their size is modest, and they hunt only for live food, less often for small neighbors:

Of course, there are many more carp fish, but it is quite difficult to describe them all. The presented 15 species are popular among the Russian population and have characteristic features of the carp family.

Although cyprinids are considered the most common commercial fish, among them there are endangered species listed in the Red Book. To date, there are 8 of them: black Amur bream, black carp, Russian bystrianka, small-scaled yellowfin, yellow-cheeked, Dnepropetrovsk barbel, carp, Azov-Black Sea shenaya. Half of them are endangered.

The expanses of water in Western Siberia are vast; they have long been famous for their fish wealth. None of the rivers of our country has such a wide variety of valuable fish as the Ob. Sturgeon and sterlet, nelma and many whitefish are found here: whitefish, peled, vendace and others. In addition, in the Ob and its tributaries - and our Tom is also its tributary. Now in the rivers, where natural conditions are favorable for the life and development of fish, their species composition is diverse: taimen, lenok, whitefish, dace, burbot, pike, chebak, ide,perch, ruff, gudgeon, char, loach and others. In mountain rivers grayling. They enter our rivers for spawning from the lower reaches of the Ob sturgeon, nelma, muksun. All three species are found in Kiya, they also penetrate into Tom, and nelma and a small number of sturgeons enter through Chulym and Yaya.

Our rivers are beautiful - Tom, Kiya, Yaya, Golden Kitat, Mras-Su, Uryup, Ters ... Their banks are rocky, the reaches are quiet, the rifts are fast. They are beautiful and have always been rich in fish. If we give a brief “fish description” of the large rivers of Kuzbass, then we will make many discoveries.

In Kiev For example, nelma, taimen, lenok lived and gave offspring from the salmon family, and sturgeon and sterlet from the sturgeon family. There were also whitefish here. To Yayu fish of the same breeds came to spawn.

And now we have in Tom occasionally there are taimen, lenok and, as an exception, whitefish.

In the rivers of Kuzbass used to be commercial pike, ide, burbot, roach, dace, crucian carp, tench. And from low-value and “weedy” species, perch, ruff, gudgeon and minnows are still found in abundance.

place spawning Most of our fish are shallow coastal areas covered with soft vegetation and well warmed by the sun. Caviar is deposited on last year's vegetation, roots and other underwater objects. After fertilization, the eggs stick tightly to the grass until the fry come out of them. The start of spawning depends on the water temperature. Usually at the end of April-beginning of May, sometimes even under the ice, pike spawning begins. She lays eggs at a depth of 30-70 centimeters. After 10-12 days, larvae up to a centimeter in size emerge from the eggs. The ide spawns behind the pike, which gathers in large shoals and goes to the spawning grounds. The ide prefers to spawn along the slopes of the hollows, where there is a current. Right behind the ide, and sometimes together with it, dace spawns. His spawning takes place in areas of a flooded floodplain with vegetation or on sandy, rocky soil in the channel of the river itself. After the dace, the perch spawns. He hangs eggs in the form of gelatinous ribbons on roots and last year's vegetation.

In the second half of May, the spawning of chebak (roach) begins, at a water temperature of 9-10 degrees.

heat-loving fish- bream, crucian carp, tench spawn in June, when the water warms up to 14-15 degrees. Bream spawns and usually migrates in flocks, spawning usually occurs in the same place. But crucian does not lay eggs immediately, but in portions, sometimes until August.

Valuable fish species, such as sturgeon and sterlet, spawning is carried out in June, when the water temperature is already 18-20 degrees. Spawning at the sturgeon continues until the end of July. He lays eggs on rocky, pebbly ground, in a fast current. As a rule, the size of our Siberian sturgeon is 130-150 centimeters, the weight is from 12 to 24 kilograms. And it feeds on bottom organisms, sometimes exterminating juveniles and eggs of other fish.

Nelma spawns before freezing, in the second half of September and early October, at a water temperature of 2-7 degrees. Lives up to 23 years, feeds mainly on fish. The average size of nelma is 55-110 centimeters, and the weight ranges from 3 to 12 kilograms. Muksun spawns even later - in October-November - on a sandy, pebbly bottom, at a water temperature below 4 degrees. Its average weight is 1.6-1.8 kilograms, length is 70-75 centimeters.

"Weedy" fish- ruff, minnow, gudgeon - in the spring they mainly eat caviar laid by other fish.

During spawning, fish lay a huge number of eggs. So, pike spawns up to 200 thousand eggs at a time, perch - up to 300 thousand, sturgeon - up to 700 thousand, but out of all this amount, single fish survive to adults. Imagine: in order for one bream to live to a commercial size, 16-50 thousand eggs are needed! Therefore, it is necessary to protect spawning grounds in every possible way.

For reproduction, fish choose floodplain places - areas flooded with water in spring. Here, in well-heated water, fertilized eggs begin to develop rapidly, and after 7-9 days larvae appear, which gradually turn into mobile fry. As soon as the water decline begins, the grown and strengthened fry gradually roll into the main reservoirs.

In our region, in the floodplains of the rivers Tom, Ini, Kiya, there are many small lakes that “burn” in winter, that is, the fish in them suffocate under the ice and die from lack of oxygen.

In recent years, we have observed encouraging phenomena - fish that have not lived here before have taken root in our reservoirs. It is no longer uncommon to catch in Tom zander, it is now found much higher than Krapivinsky. In the same places, bream and carp began to come across, and even whitefish with nelma. But so far in the region, pond fish farms are mainly engaged in the acclimatization of new fish.

In the Belovskoye reservoir they deliver white carp and silver carp. These fish are herbivorous and at first they will play the role of ameliorators, and in the future they will acquire commercial importance. In addition to silver carp and grass carp, in the Belovskoye reservoir, over time, there will be bream.

Some types of fish get along well in rivers, and in lakes, and in ponds - pike, chebak, ide, perch, ruff. Tench, crucian live only in lakes and ponds.

Tom's fish stocks were significant until relatively recently. In its cold clear waters, excellent breeding conditions were found for muksun, which came from the Ob in large herds, nelma, peled, taimen, uskuch, grayling ... In other years, the total catch of fish in Tom came up to 3,000 centners, including more than 500 centners of salmon alone.

Now in the Kemerovo region fishing practically not carried out, except for two or three fish procurement organizations that catch no more than 500 centners of fish a year. Most of this catch falls on Lake Bolshoy Berchikul, and now only about 50-70 centners are caught in Tom. Rivers are polluted by industrial effluents. Sturgeon, sterlet, nelma, grayling have become a rarity.

Recently, pond farming has been developed in the Kemerovo region, where a valuable breed of fish is bred - carps, which feed on aquatic plants and grow rapidly. Some carps grow up to five kilograms.

Fish of reservoirs of the Kemerovo region

Fish resources

The main fish resources of the Kemerovo region are concentrated in the rivers Tom (with tributaries), Kiya, Yaya, Chumysh, Belovskoye reservoir.

Sturgeon family

On the territory of the region there are 2 species: Siberian sturgeon and Siberian sterlet. Both species are rare, in need of enhanced protection, are listed in the Red Book of the Kemerovo region. The main habitat is the Kiya River. Fishing of both species is completely prohibited.

Siberian sturgeon

View Siberian sturgeon is listed in the Red Book of Russia

The species Siberian sturgeon is listed in the International Red Book

Siberian sturgeon forms semi-anadromous and freshwater forms. It lives in the rivers of Siberia from the Ob to the Kolyma and further to the Indigirka. The Siberian sturgeon has blunt (typical) and sharp-snouted forms. The maximum age of the Siberian sturgeon is 60 years. The Siberian sturgeon feeds on crustaceans, insect larvae, molluscs, and fish. The Siberian sturgeon forms a cross with the Siberian sterlet, the so-called bonfire.

Sterlet

The Sterlet species is listed in the Red Book of Russia

The Sterlet species is listed in the International Red Book

In Siberia, it is distributed in the Ob, Irtysh, and Yenisei. In Pyasina, Khatanga, Lena and further to the east. In most rivers there are sharp-snouted (typical form according to Berg) and blunt-snouted forms of sterlet. The largest weight of sterlet is 16 kg and length is 100-125 cm. Sterlet feeds on invertebrates, mainly insect larvae, sitting on sunken snags.

salmon family

There are 5 species in the area. The most numerous species is the taimen that lives in the Tom, Kiya and their tributaries.

Taimen

View Taimen is listed in the Red Book of Russia

Taimen differs from the Danube in a smaller number (11 - 12) of gill rakers. Small specimens have 8-10 dark transverse stripes on the sides of the body; small x-shaped and semilunar dark spots are common. During spawning, the body is copper-red. Taimen can reach 1.5 m and more than 60 kg of weight. The taimen is very widespread - it can be caught in all Siberian rivers, up to the Indigirka. Taimen never goes to sea, prefers fast, mountain and taiga rivers and clear cold-water lakes. Spawns in May in small channels. This large and beautiful fish is a desirable prey for the amateur fisherman.

Nelma

Nelma species is listed in the Red Book of Russia

Nelma species is listed in the International Red Book

Nelma or white salmon. Like whitefish, nelma has rather large, silvery scales and small caviar. But the nelma's mouth is big, like salmon's. Nelma is a large fish, up to 130 cm in length and 30-35 kg of weight. Its fatty meat is very tasty. This fish does not like salt water and, going out to sea, sticks to the desalinated estuarine spaces of the Arctic Ocean and the northeastern part of the Bering Sea. A significant part of our herd of nelma spends its whole life in the great Siberian rivers, making migrations from the mouth to the upper reaches.

Nelma lives in the basin of the Kiya River and its tributaries. Cases of capture in Tom are rare. A rare species in need of protection.

Lenok

View Lenok is listed in the Red Book of Russia

Lenok is the only species of its kind, it resembles whitefish more than other salmonids. His mouth is relatively small, like whitefishes. The eggs are also quite small. Lenok grows relatively slowly and rarely reaches 8 kg of weight, usually it is much less (2-3 kg in the 12th year of life). The color of the lenok is dark brown or blackish, with a golden tint. The sides, dorsal and caudal fins are covered with small rounded dark spots; during the spawning period, large copper-red spots appear on the sides. Lenok does not go to sea, he lives in the Siberian rivers from the Ob to the Kolyma, he is in the Far East in the Amur River and in all the rivers flowing into the Sea of ​​​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​​​Japan. Goes south to Korea. Like taimen, lenok is a voracious predator. Large lenoks, in addition to small fish, can eat frogs and mice swimming across rivers. He also eats large benthic invertebrates - larvae of stoneflies, caddisflies and mayflies. Like common taimen, lenok is an object of recreational fishing.

Lenok inhabits the small mountain rivers of the Kuznetsk Alatau and Mountain Shoria, preserved in the upper reaches of the Kiya. The species, which is on the verge of extinction, is listed in the Red Book of the Kemerovo Region. Needs enhanced protection. Fishing is completely prohibited.

Muksun

Muksun has from 44 to 72 stamens. This is a semi-anadromous whitefish, fattening in the desalinated coastal waters of the Arctic Ocean, from where it goes to spawn in the Karoo, Ob, Yenisei, Lena and Kolyma, without, however, rising high. Muksun in the sea feeds on amphipods, mysids and sea cockroaches. Occasionally, it reaches more than 13 kg of weight, its usual weight is 1-2 kg. Spawns in October - November before freeze-up, on rifts with flagstone and pebble bottom. Muksun is one of the most important commercial fish in Siberia, its catches are measured in tens of thousands of centners.

Pelyad

Peled species is listed in the International Red Book

The peled or syrka is easily distinguished from other whitefish by the terminal mouth, the upper jaw of which is only slightly longer than the lower, and a large number of gill rakers (49-68). The coloration of the peled is darker than that of other whitefishes; there are small black dots on the head and dorsal fin. It does not go out to sea, only occasionally getting caught in the slightly salty water of the Kara Bay. If the omul is a passing whitefish, and the tugun is mostly river, then the peled can be called lake

Muksun and peled are rare species that come from the Ob. Fishing is completely prohibited.

grayling family

Siberian grayling

The Siberian grayling differs from the European in the large size of the mouth (the upper jaw reaches approximately the middle of the eye). The teeth on the jaws are more visible. The coloration is the same as that of the European grayling, but varies greatly: light-colored forms are found in large rivers, and dark ones in small taiga streams. A typical Siberian grayling lives in the basins of the Kara (where it lives together with the European), Ob and Yenisei. To the south, it goes to the Altai mountain reservoirs and the river. Kobdo in North-Western Mongolia. The black grayling feeds mainly on the larvae of caddisflies, stoneflies and amphipods, and on occasion diversifies its menu with flying insects that have fallen into the water, and caviar of sculpins. The East Siberian grayling, which differs from the typical form in that its dorsal fin is shifted to the anterior end and the body is covered with smaller scales, reaches 44 cm in length. It inhabits the eastern part of Siberia, meeting in the rivers Pyasina, Taimyr, Khatanga, Lena, Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya, Kolyma and the rivers of the Chukotka Peninsula.

Siberian grayling is a widespread mass species that lives in the Tom, Kiya and their tributaries. Needs protection. Sports fishing is allowed.

pike family

Pike

The pike is common in the northern waters of Europe, Asia and America. The common pike is found in Russia in the basins of the Black, Azov, Caspian, Aral, Baltic, White, Barents Seas, the Arctic Ocean and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk (the Anadyr River, some rivers in the northwestern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula). It is absent only in lakes Issyk-Kul, Balkhash, in the reservoirs of the Crimea and the Caucasus, the Amur basin. The common pike reaches a length of more than 1.5 m, a weight of 35 kg or more. Keeps among thickets of aquatic vegetation. Body color is spotty, light stripes are located across and along the body. Depending on the nature and degree of development of the vegetation of the coastal zone, the pike has a gray-greenish, gray-yellowish or gray-brown color, the back is dark, the belly is whitish, with gray speckles. In some lakes there is a silver pike. Pike prefers slow-flowing rivers, lakes, tolerates acidic environment well. Pike has an elongated, arrow-shaped shape. The head is strongly elongated, the lower jaw protrudes forward, the teeth on the lower jaw are of different sizes and serve to capture the victim.

Pike is a widespread mass species. A valuable object for sports and recreational fishing.

Carp family.

The most numerous. There are 15 species in the region. 10 of them have economic value (dace, ide, roach, bream, silver carp, golden carp, carp, tench, white carp, silver carp).

The ide inhabits the waters of Central Europe and Siberia up to the Kolyma. An inexperienced fisherman can easily confuse the ide with roach or chub. But ide differs from roach in smaller scales, greenish-yellow iris; from the chub - a higher body, a relatively short head, crimson-red ventral and anal fins. In young ides, the color is more silvery than in older ones; with age, the back of the ide darkens greatly, but the sides and belly remain silvery, and the fins acquire a brighter color. The ide lives in large flat rivers, lakes and reservoirs. It is especially numerous in rivers with floodplain lakes. IDE juveniles feed on zooplankton and algae; older fish feed on higher vegetation, mollusks, insects falling into the water, and sometimes fish fry. The food of the ide is very diverse. The ide grows quite quickly. In some pond farms, an ide of yellow-red color, the so-called orfu, is bred. The Orphi is very beautiful and is often kept as an ornamental fish in large bodies of water, such as pools with fountains or large aquariums.

Gudgeon

The minnow is the most famous species. It is found in almost all of Europe, except for its northern and southern parts, up to the upper reaches of the Lena, it is also present in the Amur basin, but is absent in other rivers along the Pacific coast. The common minnow lives in rivers with low or medium speed on sandy or pebbly soil, in streams and flowing ponds. It reaches a length of 22 cm, but is rarely larger than 15 cm. This is a small fish, well distinguished from other fish due to its external appearance: its body is greenish-brown above, silvery on the sides and covered with bluish or blackish spots, which sometimes merge into a continuous dark strip, the abdomen is silvery, slightly yellowish; the dorsal and caudal fins are dotted with dark dots, the others are greyish. Mustache at the corners of the mouth. This coloring well masks the gudgeon, a typical benthic; inhabitant, the color of the bottom.

golden crucian

The golden crucian carp differs from another species, the silver carp, by a smaller number of gill rakers on the first arc (for golden carp 23-33, for silver carp 39-50). The back of a crucian is usually dark brown, with a greenish tint; the sides are dark golden, sometimes with a copper-red tint; paired fins are slightly reddish. It is distributed in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as in Siberia to the river. Lena. Common crucian lives in swampy, overgrown reservoirs, in floodplain lakes, it is rare in rivers, keeps in areas with a slow current. Carp are distinguished by a special attachment to waters with silty soils. For the winter, crucian carp burrow into or survive even when, in cold, snowless winters, small stagnant ponds freeze to the very bottom.

Silver carp

Silver carp differs from ordinary crucian carp in a large number of gill rakers, silvery coloration of the sides and abdomen. Silver carp was introduced to North America, to the ponds of Western Europe, Thailand, and India. Recently, it has taken root perfectly and has become a commercial fish in Russia, in the lakes of Kamchatka. Compared to golden carp, it is more attached to large lakes and is found in large rivers. It usually grows somewhat faster than the common golden carp, reaches 45 cm in length and weighs more than 1 kg. In nutrition, zoo- and phytoplankton are quite important. Silver carp are bred in ponds where carp cannot live, or planted in carp ponds.

Dace

The common dace is distributed throughout Europe east of the Pyrenees and north of the Alps, in the Crimea, the Caucasus and the lower Volga, as well as throughout Siberia, except for the rivers of the Pacific Ocean basin. Yelets lives mainly in rivers, flowing lakes Siberian dace, also called chebak and megdym. Lives in rivers and flowing lakes from the Ob basin in the west to the Kolyma in the east, numerous in lakes Zaisan, Teletskoye, Baikal. The Siberian dace reaches 33 cm in length and weighs 350 g. It feeds on benthic animals, and the composition of its food varies significantly depending on the composition of benthos in different water bodies. For wintering, it enters massive rivers in bulk, and in the spring, even under ice, it begins to descend into the Ob.

Bream (a valuable commercial fish, more widespread than other species of this genus. In the north, the bream reaches the White Sea basin and the eastern part of the Barents Sea (Pechora River), acclimatized in the waters of Siberia (Lake Ubinskoye, Ob River), Kazakhstan (Lake Balkhash etc.). The bream prefers calm warm water with a sandy-silty and clay bottom and therefore is common in the bays of rivers, in lakes. The color of the bream varies depending on the age of the fish, the color of the soil and water in the reservoir. The small bream is gray-silver, in in older age it darkens and acquires a golden tint.In peat lakes, the bream has a brown color.

Tench

Tench got its name from the word "molt", as taken out of the water, it immediately changes color. Tench is distributed almost throughout Europe, in Siberia it is found in the middle reaches of the Ob and Yenisei. Its thick, rather wide body is covered with tightly fitting small scales, small bright red eyes are located on the head. The mouth is very small, with a short antennae at the corners of the mouth. Pharyngeal teeth single row, elongated into a small hook. The color of the tench depends on the color of the water of the reservoir where it lives; usually his back is dark green, his sides are olive green, with a golden sheen, in rivers and clear lakes he is always yellower than in shady, heavily overgrown ponds. Tench reaches 60 cm in length and 7.5 kg in weight. Tench prefers to stay in the bays of rivers and lakes, overgrown with reeds or soft underwater vegetation - urutya. He usually keeps alone. Before wintering, it gathers in flocks and hibernates in deep places, sometimes buries itself in silt. Tench feeds on small invertebrates.

Roach

The roach is found throughout Europe east of Southern England and the Pyrenees and north of the Alps; in the rivers and lakes of Siberia, in the basins of the Caspian and Aral Seas. Roach is easy to distinguish from other species by the orange color of the iris and the red spot in its upper part. Residential roach is found both in small rivers, almost streams, in ponds, and in large rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and quite often in each of these reservoirs it occupies one of the first places among other species in terms of numbers. Most of the food is algae, higher plants, larvae of various insects, mollusks and other organisms.

Cupid white

Amur white - a large fish, reaches more than 120 cm in length and 30 kg in weight. The dorsal coloration is greenish or yellowish-gray, the sides are dark golden. Along the edge of each scale (except those located on the belly) there is a dark rim. The belly is light golden. The dorsal and caudal fins are dark, all the rest are lighter. The rainbow is golden. The peritoneum is dark brown. Amur in adulthood almost exclusively consumes higher vegetation, both underwater and terrestrial, going out to floods and floodplain lakes (for which it is called grass carp). Two-row pharyngeal teeth, strongly serrated, with a longitudinal groove on the chewing surface, crush food well. The intestinal tract is long, 2-3 times the length of the body. Places where grass carp feed can be easily seen by the abundance of floating feces, reminiscent of the excrement of geese and ducks. Grass carp grows quickly, about 10 cm each year. When grown in ponds, grass carp is an omnivorous fish: it eats soft underwater vegetation, cuts off young shoots of hard vegetation - reed and cattail, willingly consumes top dressing from various terrestrial vegetation, plant leaves, vegetables; he also uses animal food - small fish, worms, insect larvae, and artificial food such as bran and cake. Especially promising is its cultivation in cooling ponds at thermal power plants, which are usually heavily overgrown with aquatic vegetation.

All species, except silver carp and grass carp, are widespread and numerous. They are the main objects of amateur and sport fishing.

The grass carp and silver carp are acclimatized in the Belovskoye reservoir, they are not found in other water bodies. They are objects of sports and recreational fishing. Species that have no economic value are widespread: gudgeon, verkhovka, minnow, Siberian char, Siberian loach.

catfish family

Catfish is a large fish, reaching 5 m in length and 300 kg in weight, inhabiting the rivers and lakes of Europe from the Rhine to the east. To the north, the catfish goes to the south of Finland, to the south to Asia Minor, the Caspian and Aral Seas and the rivers flowing into them. The color of the catfish is variable, usually olive green, almost black on the back, the belly is white, with irregularly shaped spots on the sides. A small reed form that lives in the southern part of the Aral Sea, intense black in color. The dorsal fin of the catfish is tiny, barely noticeable, there is no adipose fin. The upper jaw has two long antennae, the lower one has four shorter ones. The huge mouth of the catfish betrays a predator in it. Indeed, the catfish is a voracious predator that eats small fish, frogs, and large bivalves. There have been cases of attacks by catfish on waterfowl and dogs swimming across rivers. Yet the voracity of catfish is greatly exaggerated. Usually catfish stay in deep places, under snags, in whirlpools near dams. Large catfish is a desirable prey for an athlete fisherman. Usually catfish are caught in the summer, during a period of intensive feeding, on bottom fishing rods baited by a frog or crayfish neck, or on a track.

American channel catfish - acclimatized, lives in the Belovskoye reservoir.

Chukuchan family.

Representatives of this family - black buffalo and large-mouthed buffalo are also acclimatizers of the Belovsky reservoir. Both species are of great economic value. Rare species in need of protection.

Chukuchan

Chukuchan inhabits the waters of the Arctic Ocean basin in Eastern Siberia from Indigirka to the east and throughout North America, in the Bering Sea basin to the river. Anadyr. In the rivers of Siberia, it forms a Siberian subspecies (Chukuchan lives in fast rivers with a rocky bottom. It reaches a length of 60 cm. Males are smaller than females. It becomes sexually mature at 5-6 years. Spawning occurs in May - June. Caviar is quite large, about 2 mm in diameter. The mating attire of males is in the form of small epithelial tubercles on the rays of the anal fin.Juveniles feed on small invertebrates and diatoms, while adults feed on larger benthos.

Since ancient times, the rivers of Siberia have served as spawning grounds for valuable salmon and sturgeon. Currently, most spawning grounds in the Kemerovo region have lost their former importance for the reproduction of salmon and sturgeon herds due to pollution by industrial waste, gold mining, and gravel development.

The Kiya River remains the cleanest, as evidenced by the composition of the ichthyofauna (nelma, sturgeon, taimen, pike perch, burbot, in addition to the ubiquitous roach, dace, perch, pike).

Sports and recreational fishing have been developed in the region; Fishing was carried out only on Lake Bolshoi Berchikul and the Belovskoye reservoir.

In the 1980s, bream and pike perch were quite rare in ichthyological collections (observation point-kurya Lachinovskaya on the Tom river), now their numbers in Tom have increased dramatically.

According to the information of the Kemerovo fishery inspection, the number of taimen and grayling has increased in the region as a whole over the past few years.

In Tom now, cases of catching sturgeon, sterlet, nelma are not uncommon, although, of course, these species remain in the rare category.

Perch

The perch is one of nine genera of the perch family.

Common perch is dark green above, greenish-yellow sides, yellowish belly, 5-9 dark stripes stretch across the body, instead of which there are sometimes dark irregular spots; the first dorsal fin is gray with a black spot, the second is greenish-yellow, the pectorals are red-yellow, the ventral and anal are red, the caudal, especially below, is reddish. The color changes significantly, depending on the color of the soil;

Perch keeps mainly in places with a quiet current, shallow and medium in summer - mainly at shallow depths, in places heavily overgrown with aquatic plants, from where they rush to small fish, large perches always stay in deeper places. Perches are extremely predatory and voracious and eat all sorts of animals that they can only: small fish, fish eggs, insects, worms, tadpoles, crustaceans, especially amphipods, and large crayfish.

Burbot

Burbot is the only cod species that has moved from sea waters to fresh waters. The burbot has two dorsal fins, the first is small (9-16 rays), the second dorsal and anal reach the caudal fin, but do not merge with it. The head is somewhat flattened. The upper jaw protrudes forward. On the chin, the burbot has a well-developed antennae. The jaws and vomer are armed with bristle-like teeth. The body of the burbot is covered with small cycloid scales, deeply seated in the skin, secreting abundant mucus. Body color varies greatly; usually the dorsal side is green or olive-green, dotted with black-brown spots and stripes. The throat and belly of the burbot are grey. Burbot retained the cold-loving characteristic of the cod family. The burbot is especially numerous in the rivers of Siberia, where its industrial fishing exists. Burbot loves clean and cold waters, usually found on rocky soils. Sometimes it goes into the pre-estuary spaces of the rivers. Burbot breeds in winter under ice.

For many representatives of the strong half of humanity, fishing is a hobby, but not a means of profit. Although, quite recently, some 100 years ago, fishing was of no importance to many, as an occupation solely for pastime. For many, fishing was a means of survival.

Nowadays, most anglers come to a certain, interesting place to catch a rare but valuable specimen that can leave a memory for a lifetime. Siberia and the Far East are also visited by many lovers of fishing and catching tasty and valuable fish, especially since there are many types of fish and in sufficient quantities. In addition, the places attract anglers also by the fact that fishing here is mostly free.

Here, some sections differ in that it is really only possible to get here in winter. Unfortunately, there is nothing to do here alone, since the places are distinguished by harsh conditions, and you need to know the places. Therefore, it is better to buy some kind of voucher and go fishing with a whole team along with an escort.

Winter fishing competitions are regularly held on Lake Baikal. There are plenty of similar, interesting places in Siberia and the Far East, you just need to choose the right place.

Many anglers dream of fishing on Baikal, because grayling and omul are found here, as well as pike, ide, catfish, perch and other fish, both predatory and non-predatory. In addition, there are very picturesque and interesting places with wildlife.

The reservoirs of Western Siberia are considered one of the richest in terms of the number of fish that live in them. The Ob River is also considered one of the richest in fish resources. It also includes its tributaries. In such rivers as the Yenisei, Tom, Amur, Yaya, Lena, Kia, Mris Su, Ters, Uryuk and others, there is a huge number of different types of fish.

The reservoirs of the Far East provide the largest variety of fish, which corresponds to more than 60% of all fish caught in Russia. The seas of the Far East replenish the commercial catch with cod and salmon, which are highly valued for their delicious meat. As a rule, they are caught in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the Sea of ​​Japan and the Bering Sea, which belong to the Pacific expanses.

The following types of fish are caught in the Far East:

• 40% herring.
• 100% crabs.
• 99% salmon.
• 90% flounder.
• 60% shellfish.

In other words, no less than 80% of all fish caught on an industrial scale throughout Russia is caught here. In addition to fish, there is fishing for algae, which is almost 90% of the mark, in general, in Russia.

Species of fish living in Siberia and the Far East

Grayling

Grayling belongs to the salmon species of fish and is the most common species inhabiting water bodies located closer to the northern latitudes. The largest number of this fish is observed in the rivers of Siberia. He prefers rivers and lakes with clean water, while the water should be cold.

The most common individuals reach a weight of about 1 kilogram, although specimens weighing up to 3 kilograms come across. Despite this, a grayling weighing 6.8 kilograms was caught.

This fish is considered omnivorous, since the diet includes midges, grasshoppers, flies, algae, molluscs, and insect larvae. If he comes across caviar of other types of fish on his way, then he eats it.

Prefers to stay close to rifts, near huge stones, on thresholds, etc., where anglers with gear are waiting for him. Grayling is caught both on a regular float rod, and on spinning or fly fishing. In the case of using various spinners, small specimens should be preferred. If you take a larger bait, then you can catch larger fish, although in this case you will have to wait much longer for bites.

Belongs to the whitefish family, and is also a valuable industrial fish. This fish is found in any major river in Siberia. Fish is valued due to the presence of a sufficient amount of nutrients in the meat.

Muksun grows up to 75 cm in length and can gain weight up to 12 kilograms, although, mostly individuals come across, weighing no more than 2 kilograms. Despite this, fishermen catch specimens that are more catchy, weighing up to 7 kilograms. If a fisherman caught a fish weighing about 3 kilograms, then this is a great success for him. They catch this fish with nets if there is no ban, since in some regions there is still a ban.

This fish does not have to be caught with nets, as the muksun responds well to artificial baits such as flies.

Another fish that represents whitefish. The largest populations of this fish are observed in the Ob and Yenisei rivers. Fish prefer fresh waters, although they can live and develop in semi-fresh waters. Chir is also found in Kamchatka. As a rule, individuals come across, no more than half a meter long and weighing no more than 3 kilograms. Despite this, a fish was caught, weighing about 11 kilograms, which grew in length to 84 centimeters.

Basically, this fish is caught with nets, but it bites perfectly on a fishing rod or spinning. As baits, you can take both living objects in the form of mollusks, insects and larvae, as well as artificial baits that imitate the movements of living objects in water. Edible rubber lures are very popular.

This fish is a prominent representative of the carp family, and has a huge distribution, both in Europe and in Siberia. The ide is considered an omnivorous fish, but prefers rivers or lakes with warmer water. Therefore, the main places where you can find an ide are ponds, lakes and rivers, but not in the mountains, where the water is cold and clear.

The ide grows in length up to half a meter, with a weight of about 3 kilograms, although individuals weighing up to 9 kilograms were found in some rivers of Siberia. The ide is caught on ordinary float gear or spinning rods equipped with artificial catch baits.

The most favorable time for catching it is the onset of darkness. It is also caught on ordinary worms.

This fish is also a representative of whitefish, but the largest of them. It prefers rivers and river basins located closer to the Arctic Ocean, as well as water bodies of Siberia.

On average, individuals come across weighing about 10 kilograms, and nelma grows up to 50 kilograms. Differs in unsurpassed taste characteristics. Thanks to such taste data, this species is caught very intensively, therefore, in some regions of Siberia it is forbidden to catch it.

It is almost impossible to catch this fish on a spinning rod, so it is caught industrially.

Another representative of whitefish, the largest populations of which are registered in Lake Baikal.

Omul grows to small sizes and can weigh no more than 8 kilograms. Omul is caught year-round, both from the shore and from the boat. He takes baits of small size, which are distinguished by bright colors. Quite often, he is caught on an ordinary fish, on meat or just on foam rubber. In winter, this fish can be found at a depth of up to 200 meters, which requires special gear. Therefore, winter omul fishing is fraught with serious difficulties.

Pyzhyan is found in various reservoirs of Siberia. It grows in length up to 0.8 meters and can reach a weight of about 5 kilograms. This fish is caught on cast nets or seines. Recreational anglers use conventional tackle and lures. The diet of this fish includes insects and their larvae, as well as mollusks.

This fish prefers rivers that are located closer to the North. Most of all this fish is in such large rivers as the Lena, Yenisei, Ob, etc. Occasionally, but you can find specimens more than a meter long and weighing almost 100 kilograms. This fish is best caught in spring and summer with a net.

This is a fish that belongs to the salmon species of fish, and which prefers freshwater reservoirs. Lenok is widespread in Siberia and the Far East. Prefers to stay on the rifts, as well as in mountain rivers. Lenok is considered an exclusively predatory fish that feeds on living organisms such as flies, molluscs, insects, worms, etc. Lenok is caught exclusively on spinning, using various spinners, wobblers or flies for effective fishing.

This representative of salmon is listed in the Red Book. It is forbidden to catch taimen in almost all reservoirs. Likes to be in fresh, but cold water. He does not go to sea. It can grow up to 2 meters in length and weigh about 80 kilograms.

Pike is a predatory fish that inhabits almost all water bodies of Russia and Siberia, as well as the Far East is no exception. Here, individual specimens are not at all uncommon, weighing up to 35 kilograms and more than 1 meter long. Spring and autumn are considered the most productive periods for pike hunting. Pike is caught mainly on spinning, using various artificial lures.

Yelets prefers reservoirs with flowing and crystal clear water. It is caught on ordinary float fishing rods. As a nozzle on the hook, you can take a worm, maggot, bloodworm, ordinary bread or cereal.

Burbot is the only cod-like species that prefers fresh water. It is most widespread in places that come close to the Arctic Ocean. In addition, it is found in almost all taiga zones. Mostly individuals weighing no more than 1 kg come across on the hook, although there are individual specimens weighing up to 25 kilograms.

Burbot is more active in cold periods, and it spawns exclusively in winter, in severe frosts. Since burbot also belongs to predatory fish species, it is better to catch it on animal nozzles.

This is the only representative of the Chukuchanov family, which can be found in the reservoirs of Siberia and the Far East. Chukuchan is also a predatory fish and prefers baits of animal origin. Therefore, it is better to catch it on molluscs, worms, insects and their larvae.

Chebak

This is a member of the carp family. Distributed throughout Siberia and the Urals. Although the fish is not large, there are mostly individuals weighing about 3 kilograms. Chebak does not refuse either animal or plant food, therefore, it can be caught with any type of bait, but it is caught with an ordinary float fishing rod.

Peculiarities

The most important feature of fishing in these places is the dispersal of reservoirs over a large area, which is not so easy to get to without special transport. An equally important feature is the current bans on catching certain fish species that are listed in the Red Book. Therefore, fishing in Siberia and the Far East is fraught with some difficulties. In this regard, there is nothing to do here alone, especially without special permission.

The advantage of fishing in these places is that there is just a huge number of fish species. Free fishing is allowed on most waters. Despite this, there are already sites where the territory is either privatized or leased. To get to such a territory for the sake of fishing, you will have to pay a large amount of money.

Fishing in the Far East is especially relevant in the autumn, when grayling is caught. During this period, a huge number of anglers come here.

The most interesting place is the Ob River, as well as a pond in the immediate vicinity of the village of Razdolnoye. Here you can fish under a license with a limit on the number of fish caught. An equally interesting place is Lake Tennis.

No less interesting places await fishermen in the reservoirs of the Tomsk and Omsk regions. In the Far East, anglers choose the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, as well as the Gulf of Peter the Great, the tributaries of the Kolyma and the Indigirka. These places are considered one of the most interesting for fishing. Pollock, lenok, taimen, char, grayling and other types of fish are caught here.

In other words, Siberia and the Far East are a real paradise for anglers.

In this article, I would like to analyze the most coveted and significant fish of Siberia, fish of northern rivers, mountain taiga streams with cold water and rocky rifts, lakes. Freshwater ichthyofauna of Siberia and the Urals. Ichthyofauna of the entire taiga zone of Russia. I will not mention the fish that are abundant in the southern strip, and will focus only on the fish of the taiga, the fish of the north. Noble species of fish that are hunted by amateur fishermen in pursuit of a big trophy, tourists traveling through the taiga, and indigenous people of the north, for whom fishing is a way of getting food, and not a sport, entertainment and trophy pursuit.

Muksun

A valuable commercial fish from the whitefish genus and the salmon family, lives in the rivers of Siberia, in particular, in the basins of the Ob, Irtysh, Lena, Yenisei rivers. It is valued for its taste, as well as nutritional value and the presence of essential substances. It is well used in lightly salted form. It is enough to stand the muksun in salting for about 9 hours, and only then it will be possible to eat it. The meat is fatty and melts in your mouth. The calorie content of meat is about 90 kcal per 100 g. It is also widely used for making stroganina.

Fishing methods: in many regions of the country, fishing for whitefish is prohibited, in others it is caught with nets, and whitefish can also be caught with a fly, having a varied supply of baits with you.

Nelma

Valuable commercial fish of the whitefish genus, reaches a weight of 50 kg. It lives in the rivers of Siberia, in the basin of the Arctic Ocean. It is considered one of the most delicious fish in Russia, and any fish dish from it always turns out delicious. Just like muksun, nelma is good in lightly salted form and as a sliced. It is an endangered species.

Fishing methods: In all southern regions of Siberia, nelma fishing is prohibited; it is caught by artels in an industrial way in the northern part. Yes, and it is quite difficult to catch it on spinning in the southern part, which cannot be said about the Ob or Yenisei delta, where the nelma likes to live. The fish are very cautious and shy. Nelma takes well on various turntables, spoons, most often ordinary, silvery in color, the same color as smelt and vendace fry.

Chir

Chir (or Shchokur) is a representative of the whitefish genus. A valuable commercial fish that lives both in fresh and semi-fresh water at the confluence of large Siberian rivers with the Arctic Ocean. Also available in Kamchatka. Chir serves as a bonus for commercial fishermen when catching white salmon and whitefish. It also lives in freshwater lakes.

Fishing methods: Just like muksun, chir is mined with nets, but, unlike it, chir bites quite well on bait and spinning. As bait, various insects, larvae, the meat of mollusks living along the seashore are used, and, of course, artificial baits.

Omul

Valuable commercial fish of the whitefish genus. Small sizes, up to 6-8 kg. Baikal omul lives only in Lake Baikal and in nearby rivers, in which it spawns. In the river basin of the Arctic Ocean lives arctic omul . It is well used in salted, smoked forms, as well as stroganina.

Fishing methods: omul is mined at any time of the year. Fishing is possible both from the shore and from a boat. Omul takes well on small bright fixed and moving baits, including spinning ones. Locals use pieces of foam rubber, fresh meat or a piece of fish as bait. At the height of winter, the omul descends to depths of more than 200 meters, and appropriate gear is needed to catch it.

Pyzhyan

The Siberian whitefish lives in the rivers of the European north and Siberia. Weight up to 5 kg. Length up to 80 cm. Possesses good taste qualities, is an object of both amateur and commercial fishing. It has a characteristic transition from the head to the body. Pyzhyan feeds on mollusks, larvae, and various insects.

Fishing methods: Fishing takes place by casting seines and the installation of nets. Amateur fishing takes place on ordinary gear and lures. The best bait is a chiromanid, also caviar, mollusk, fly, bloodworm.

Tugun

A small commercial fish of the whitefish genus. Also known in the Urals as Sosvinskaya herring . The fish of the northern rivers lives in the basins of the Ob and its tributaries (in particular, the Northern Sovva, Pur, Taz, Nadym, etc.), on the Yenisei, Lena, etc. Length up to 100 cm, weight up to 100 g. The taste of tugun meat gives off fresh cucumber, the meat is tender, fatty. Tugun is smoked and consumed in a salty form.

Fishing methods: tugun is mined with seines; fishing with a bait or spinning rods is ineffective. Fishing most often occurs during the spring flood, when the fish goes to fattening, they are also caught in the summer.

Lenok

A genus of fish in the salmon family. It lives in freshwater reservoirs and rivers. Most often in fast cold rivers of a mountainous nature, on rifts. It lives in Siberia and the Far East, as well as in China, Mongolia, West Korea. In the European part of Russia, west of the Ural Mountains is not found. Predator, feeds on various insects, mollusks, worms, flies. It has other names: Russian - lenok, Turkic - uskuch, Evenki - maigun, Yakut - byyyt and literary - Siberian trout. It is an endangered species.

Fishing methods: Commercial fishing is not carried out, in amateur lenok is one of the most popular fish for sport and amateur fishing. Fly fishing and spinning tackle is used. Young lenok is caught on a fly, similarly to grayling, larger specimens are caught on lure, various turntables, wobblers, etc.

Grayling

A popular fish of the northern rivers of the salmon family. It is an object of sports and amateur fishing, valued for its excellent taste. There are Siberian, European and Mongolian grayling. Reaches a weight of 2.5-3 kg. It feeds on various larvae, mollusks, insects that have fallen into the water: midges, leafhoppers, grasshoppers, gadflies, etc.

Fishing methods: The most popular way to catch grayling is fly fishing. It is also caught on spinning and on a regular fishing rod. Most often, grayling is caught on a fly. There are 4 places where the grayling takes well: on the riffles, on the thresholds, immediately after the stones, stands facing against the current; near fallen trees; at large stones (standing at a depth); on the rift, on the side of the main stream. If fishing is done on spinners and spinners, then, as a rule, light baits are selected, but large graylings can also be taken on heavy ones.

Taimen

Fish of the salmon family, is listed in the Red Book of Russia, in some reservoirs it is grown and catching is prohibited. It is a coveted trophy for any taiga fisherman. It can reach a weight of 70-85 kg and a length of up to 2 meters. It lives in fresh cold water, does not go out to sea. It lives throughout the taiga zone. The further north his habitat is, the more comfortable he becomes.

Fishing methods: taimen is a predator and fishing methods are the same as for other predators. In those rivers where there are many small fish, such as grayling, various types of whitefish, taimen also lives. Taimen fishing most often takes place under a special license or only for trophy photography, then the fish is released. They take on various spinners, turntables, wobblers and other spinning gear.

Sterlet

Valuable commercial fish of the sturgeon family. Body length reaches 130 cm, weight - up to 20 kg (in rare cases). Large specimens live mainly in northern rivers. Feeds on invertebrates, eats eggs of other fish. It lives in the basins of many Siberian and European rivers in Russia, as well as in the seas. It is an object of fishing and spearfishing. It has excellent taste qualities. Disappearing view.

Fishing methods: is subject to poaching. Anglers amateurs extract sterlet under license. The most common tackle is a bottom bait with a bait in the form of a worm.

Burbot

A fish of the cod-like order, the only one that lives only in fresh water. It occurs almost throughout the taiga zone, most common in the rivers of the Arctic Ocean basin. As a rule, the weight of burbot does not exceed 1 kg.

Fishing methods: The best periods for catching burbot are winter and early spring. The best tackle is a donk, as well as a float rod. Live bait, fry, frog, leech should be used as baits. It goes well at night, because at night it comes out of its holes and lies in wait for prey near snags. It is also effective to put burbot zherlitsy in winter at night.

Pike

Not a species, but a whole family of pike. It lives both in Siberia and throughout Russia, almost everywhere. The most popular predator of our waters. The length of the pike reaches 2 meters, and the weight is 35 kg, but in rare cases.

Fishing methods: on a live bait, on a frog, on a tadpole. When using spinning, any bait goes well, depending on the reservoir and the situation, be it all kinds of turntables, wobblers imitating a wounded fry, vibrotails, etc. This bloodthirsty predator is best caught in the spring, before its spawning, and in the fall - during the zhora, with late August to mid-October (in the north - until September)

Dace

A small fish of the carp family. Yelets lives in clean flowing rivers, both with sandy and pebble bottoms, as well as in lakes. Feeds on small insects, plankton invertebrates, plant shoots.

Fishing methods: like all cyprinids - a float rod with bait on a hook. Also bottom gear and fly fishing. From the bait - bloodworm, maggot, porridge, bread, worm.

Rainbow trout

Other name Mikizha . Fish of the salmon family. Small size, length up to 55 cm, weight up to 1.5 kg. It lives in cold water, loves clean mountain rivers, lakes. Predator, feeds on fry of other fish, minnow, verkhovka, insects, etc.

Fishing methods: fly fishing or spinning. Small trout are caught on a fly, like the Siberian grayling, larger individuals will peck on baubles and other spinning gear.

Minnow

Minnow is a small representative of the carp family. On the right photo lake minnow , on the left - river . The length of the fish is up to 15 cm, weight - up to 90-100 g. It feeds on mosquito larvae, flies, small insects. The body is covered with small scales. The minnow is usually used as bait for larger fish, but can be eaten.

Fishing methods: minnows are caught during the day in calm, calm weather; at night, the fish do not bite. Worms, bloodworms, maggots are used as baits. The minnow is caught in early autumn, later it hibernates.

Chukuchan

A small freshwater fish of the whitefish family. Sizes of the Siberian vendace: up to 35 cm in length and weight up to 1 kg. Semi-anadromous fish, i.e. lives both in the salt water of the ocean and in the fresh water of the Siberian rivers flowing into the Laptev Sea. Vendace is consumed fresh, salted and smoked. Rich in nutrients and omega-3 fats.

Fishing methods: commercial fish. It is caught mainly by nets, because the effectiveness of ordinary fishing rods on it is low.

Ide

Fish from the carp family. The young are called braces . It lives in the taiga zone everywhere. In Siberia it is found up to Yakutia. Reaches a weight of 3 kg and a length of 55 cm. Lives up to 20 years. Omnivorous fish. Lives in rivers, lakes, ponds. Avoids fast cold water and mountain rivers. It prefers more reach rivers with calm water and great depth.

Fishing methods: ides are caught on ordinary types of gear. Float fishing rods, donks, spinning rods, with various turntables, spinners. The ide takes well at dusk, because at this time it is fed. The bait is worms, bloodworms, maggots, bread, bran, etc.

Perch

From the perch family. It lives throughout northern Eurasia. Reaches a size of 44.7 cm and weighs more than 2 kg. Predator, very voracious. It is eaten as a basis for fish soup, in fried, smoked, dried forms. It is an object of sports, amateur and commercial fishing.

Fishing methods: like all predators, the perch takes well on baits of animal origin. Live, worm. It takes well on spinning tackle, on wobblers (right figure), turntables, vibrotails, and various spinners. It usually lives in pairs with pike, in places with a large number of small fish.

Chebak

Fish of the carp family. Chebak is a subspecies of roach, distributed mainly in the Urals and Siberia. In Siberia, the chebak lives almost everywhere. It is found in large numbers in the Kolyma, Indigirka, Lena, Yenisei and other Siberian rivers. Basically it is a small fish, but reaches a weight of up to 3.5 kg. In many reservoirs, the chebak is the simplest and most popular fish. They eat it themselves and feed cattle, dogs and cats. Fish soup is boiled from it, fried, dried and smoked. In my opinion, chebak is especially good in the ear, boiled.

Fishing methods: chebak, like all carp fish, is omnivorous. It bites both on baits of animal origin and vegetable origin. Takes well on bloodworms, maggots, worms, dough, bread crumbs, corn. Classic fishing for chebak takes place on a simple float rod.

Ruff

A species of fish from the perch family. In Siberia, it lives everywhere up to the border of the tundra. A small fish, reaching only 30 cm in length, and weighing up to 250 g. An unpretentious fish that can adapt to living conditions. Schooling fish. It lives both in fresh water and in slightly brackish waters. Predator, nocturnal.

Fishing methods: bites best in spring, autumn and early winter - at this time, he begins to eat. Fishing time is morning and evening. In summer, it is caught at night, in cool weather. Pecks at bloodworms, worms, maggots. Tackle - float fishing rod.

Carp. Carp fish. Carp family

Cyprinids are the richest family in terms of the number of species among both freshwater and marine fish. There are more than 1,700 species belonging to 275 genera, grouped into nine subfamilies, in the cyprinid family. Their body is covered with cycloid scales, but some are naked. The mouth of cyprinids is usually retractable. The crescent-shaped lower pharyngeal bones have well-developed pharyngeal teeth arranged in 1-3 rows. Antennae in carp fish are either absent or present, but not more than 1-2 pairs - an exception is the eight-whiskered gudgeon. The swim bladder in cyprinids is usually large, consisting of 2-3 chambers.

Cyprinids have a radial distribution, they are found in tropical, temperate zones, cross the Arctic Circle. These are the waters of Europe and the British Isles, Asia and the islands of the western part of the Malay Archipelago, North America and Africa. Cyprinids are absent in the water bodies of South and Central America, the Antilles, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and New Guinea. Currently, in the waters of Australia there are carp, tench, silver carp, roach, brought from England at the end of the 19th century.
In the reservoirs of the Murmansk region, there are three types of cyprinids - ide, roach and bream.
The ide has a limited distribution. Rarely found in Lake Imandra. It was the subject of fishing in Lake Ivanovskoye (Vulyavr), in the Kovdozero system and Kanozero.
The distribution of roach on the Kola Peninsula is mainly limited to water bodies of the White Sea basin. She is absent from Umbozero. There is very little of it in Imandra and Kanozero. There is a known case of catching roach in Lovozero. It is found in significant quantities in Ivanovsky (Vulyavr), in the Kovdozero system of lakes.
The Kovdozero reservoir is known so far as the northernmost reservoir where bream is common. Its population here is small. The bream was caught as a by-catch along with other cyprinids in the area of ​​Tupya Bay, Lopskaya Zapani, Severny village, there is in Mechozero, which is connected with the reservoir by a channel, and also in Notozero.

Cyprinids are relatively heat-loving fish. The number of species decreases towards the north. For example, 142 species of cyprinids are known in the Yangtze, 50 in the Amur, and only 10 in the Lena basin. A small number of species cross the Arctic Circle in Eurasia - roach, dace, ide, crucian carp, minnow. The same pattern is observed in North America.
Living conditions in water bodies are very different, and a huge variety of cyprinids is associated with this. Their length ranges from 6-8 to 150-180 cm. A giant barbel can reach 3 m. In North America, cyprinids up to 10 cm long predominate. In the reservoirs of Europe, most of the fish have a length of 20-35 cm. up to 10 cm long, and the largest, more than 80 cm long - carp, Aral barbel, yellow-cheek, black and white carp.
Many of the herbivorous fish of Southeast Asia - grass carp, white bream, cirrins, rohu and other species reach a very large length, up to 60-120 cm, while the length of the largest herbivorous fish in European reservoirs is about 40 cm.
The color of the body of cyprinids is monotonous, mainly limited to tones of bright silver, golden and olive-brown. Silver-colored fish predominate in the waters of Europe. The fins are usually either greyish or yellowish or reddish in varying intensity.
The brightest and most diverse color of Indian and African cyprinids. Particularly noteworthy are various puntios, colored in cherry, yellowish-orange and olive-green tones with stripes along the body, characteristic dark spots, cardinals, rasboras, striped zebrafish and some other species. Many of the bright silver cyprinids of North America have a dark stripe along their body, and may often have spots on the upper body.

Coloration is closely related to the behavior and habitat of the species. So, fish that keep in the water column have a silvery tint, and golden, olive-brown, spotted color is characteristic of fish living in the bottom layers. A strip along the body is found in many small fish that lead a schooling lifestyle. For most, color changes with age. In older fish, it tends to become brighter. In many species during the breeding season, the color also becomes brighter, sometimes completely changing. Individuals may appear, devoid of color, the so-called albinos, and, conversely, brightly colored - chromists.
Artificial selection has made it possible to develop special forms that differ from individuals of their own species in color. An example is the golden orff, orange-red ide, golden tench. As a result of many years of breeding work with silver carp, it was possible to bring out decorative, so-called goldfish of various shapes and colors - telescopes, comets, veil-tails, lion's head and others.
The body shape of cyprinids is mostly fish-like. In some, the body is quite high, laterally compressed - mustard, bream, silver bream. In demersal species, it is often slightly flattened in the dorso-abdominal direction, especially in the anterior part of the body - an ordinary gudgeon, marinka. In most cyprinids, the abdomen is rounded, but in some it is compressed and even slightly pointed, so that the scales covering the body from the sides converge and form a small keel in this area, like in asp and top.
By the nature of nutrition and the structure of the oral apparatus, the digestive tract, cyprinids are very diverse. Some of them have an upper mouth, numerous stamens on the first gill arch, feed either on plankton and algae, or on small invertebrates. In many species, the mouth is terminal; they get food in the water column or among thickets of plants; a similar position of the mouth is also characteristic of predatory fish. Bottom-feeding fish have lower mouths. Lips are more or less developed around the mouth. They are especially well formed in species with a lower mouth, which forage in soft, muddy ground. The lips are fleshy, covered with numerous papillae.
In species that scrape off fouling from various substrates - stones, dense soil, twigs, the lower jaw is lined with cartilage and covered with a strong, pointed horn cap. These include podusts, khramuli, some types of marinok, Vladislav gudgeon living in the Amur basin, and others. These species adhere to dense, usually rocky soils, and live mostly in mountain rivers and streams.
In species that forage in soft soils, the mouth is able to strongly protrude and resembles a tube that penetrates deep into the silt and sucks in various small invertebrates - pusher mosquito larvae, oligochaetes. Deeper than other fish of our fauna, carp penetrate into the silt - more than 12 cm, crucian carp - 11 cm, less deep tench - 7 cm, bream - 5 cm. Cyprinids have no teeth on their jaws. They only take food with their mouth, which is crushed in the pharynx when the food passes between the millstone and the pharyngeal teeth.

The digestive tract of carp fish is a tube, the stomach is absent, therefore, there is no gastric enzyme pepsin that breaks down proteins. The stomach is a reservoir where food usually stays for quite a long time. Its disappearance in cyprinids is due to the need to ensure the passage through the intestinal tract of a large amount of plentiful, but low-calorie food, which feeds on most cyprinids. The length of the intestine varies widely in different species of cyprinids. In predators and benthivorous species, the intestines are shorter than the length of the body, in omnivores it is equal to it or slightly larger, in herbivorous species it is 2-4 times the length of the body. The silver carp has a particularly long intestine, more than 10 times the length of the body.
Cyprinids eat a wide variety of food - benthic organisms from the surface and from the depths of the soil, organisms of the water column, higher vegetation, detritus, fish, as well as flying insects that accidentally fall into the water.
The nature of the nutrition of individual species is very different. For each species, the composition of food changes with age, seasons of the year and depends on the food supply of the reservoir. Juveniles feed on zooplankton or, more rarely, small zoobenthos. Feeding on vegetation and invertebrates living on it is typical for cyprinids close to their original forms.
In the waters of Europe, most cyprinids feed on invertebrates living in the ground and on various substrates, a minority feed on zooplankton and air insects. Many use a variety of animal and plant food sources. There are very few exclusively herbivorous or predatory fish.
Among the predatory cyprinids of South-East Asia there are small species, for example, triangular, up to 20 cm long, and large ones - skygazer, up to 100 cm, yellow-cheeked, up to 200 cm. In the waters of Europe, the asp is a typical predator. This is one of the largest fish among European cyprinids, it reaches 60-80 cm.
The breeding ecology of cyprinids is very diverse. The difference between individuals of different sexes in most species is manifested in the fact that females are larger than males. But in some species, males guard eggs, in which case they are larger than females. In general, males are often more brightly colored than females, especially during the spawning season. By this time, tubercles of keratinized epithelium appear on the head and body, usually they are milky white in color, they are called “pearl rash”, marriage attire.
Most cyprinids live in fresh waters, but some species are able to tolerate moderate salinity, and one species, the Far Eastern rudd, is found even in oceanic salinity, but they all lay eggs in fresh water. Species that live in brackish areas of the seas and go to spawn in rivers are called semi-anadromous. Some of them - roach, ram, bream, carp, enter the lower parts of the rivers, others make significant movements. In the latter case, the breeding attire of spawning spawners is more pronounced.
Carp spawn quite a large number of eggs. No viviparous cyprinids were found. Cyprinids of temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere spawn in spring and summer. Females of some species lay eggs simultaneously, while others - in several steps. As we move to low latitudes, the percentage of spawning species in portions increases, and the spawning period is extended.
In most cyprinids, eggs have a sticky shell, different species lay it on a different substrate: some - on vegetation, others - on stones, and others - on sand. Some cyprinids spawn in rivers, and the eggs spawned by them develop in the water column, carried by the current. The shell of such caviar is not sticky, transparent and dense enough. All bitterlings and one species of gudgeon lay their eggs in the mantle cavity of bivalve molluscs.
The plant substrate, flooded with hollow waters, is found in relatively calm, weakly flowing or stagnant parts of the reservoir. In the Volga delta, such areas of terrestrial vegetation, flooded with hollow waters, are called hollows, and at the mouth of the Don - borrowings. The cyprinids that breed on the fields spawn on vegetation, the eggs are in a layer that is relatively rich in oxygen. After a few days, larvae hatch from the eggs. Vigorously moving their tail, they rise into the upper layers of the water, stumble upon the leaves and twigs of plants, stick to them with the help of a secret secreted by the "cement" glands located on the head of the larva.

The larvae develop using the reserves of the yolk sac, and even before it is completely consumed, they switch to an active lifestyle. They detach from plants, the swim bladder fills with air, and the juveniles begin to feed on ciliates, rotifers, small crustaceans, gradually switching to food characteristic of a particular species. With the beginning of the decline in the level of flood waters, the fry leave the hollow, go into the riverbeds, where they continue to feed and grow. Juveniles of semi-anadromous fish roll down to the pre-estuarial areas of the sea rich in food. The species that lay eggs on vegetation in our waters include semi-anadromous species - vobla, ram, bream, carp, lake-river - roach, silver bream, bleak, pond - crucian carp, tench, top. In larvae, respiration is provided by a well-developed network of blood vessels in the fin fold and on the yolk sac. As the larvae grow, these temporary respiratory organs are replaced by gills.
Many river species of cyprinids lay their eggs on stones located in places with strong currents. Caviar sticks to stones, but usually after a while it breaks off and is carried by the current into the cracks between the stones, under the stones, where it develops. The fecundity of these fish, as a rule, is less than that of fish that lay eggs on vegetation, the eggs are somewhat larger, the incubation period is longer, which is associated with lower temperatures. The hatched larvae are larger and more developed than the larvae from eggs laid on vegetation, and in contrast to the latter, they avoid light. They do not have adhesive organs; the circulatory system, which performs the respiratory function, is also less developed. After hatching from the eggs, the larvae usually hide under stones or in other shaded places, well washed by water, with a high oxygen content. After sucking the yolk sac and filling the swim bladder with air, they begin to lead the same way of life as the larvae from eggs laid on vegetation. This group of cyprinids includes semi-anadromous fish that rise quite high in rivers for spawning - carp, fish or syrt, shemaya, as well as typically river fish - dace, chub, podust, marinka and many others. Most cyprinids do not care about their offspring, but still there are a number of species among them that protect eggs and even juveniles.
External fertilization of eggs, close terms of reproduction of species belonging to the same ecological group, facilitates interspecific and even intergeneric crossing of cyprinids in natural conditions. In the waters of Europe, hybrids of carp and golden carp, rudd and bleak, rudd and silver bream, rudd and bream, roach and bream, etc. are quite common. Some of them are probably fertile, for example, a hybrid of roach and bream. Sometimes naturally occurring hybrids capable of reproduction are mistaken for independent species. Several such species have been described from water bodies of North America.
The commercial value of carp fish is great in Russia, as well as in the countries of Asia and Africa. In the USSR, semi-anadromous cyprinids are predominantly harvested - vobla, ram, carp, bream, shemaya, fish, in the basins of the Azov and Caspian Seas.
In reservoirs, bream hunt in large quantities. Bream and roach are the main fish catch in the lakes. Carp are caught in ponds and small shallow lakes.
The most common object of fish farming in Europe is carp, a breed bred by man. The ancestor of the modern European carp is the Danube carp. In addition to carp, tench, golden and silver carp, orfu are grown in ponds. Common carp, carp are the most popular pond fish in the world. They are also bred in most Asian countries, Australia, acclimatized in the lakes of the USA and Canada.
Of particular interest is the content of herbivorous fish in cooling ponds at thermal power plants. Such ponds are heavily overgrown with vegetation, and the water exchange in them is disturbed: a large mass of water stagnates, and a small amount of flowing water does not have time to cool. Herbivorous fish planted in such ponds eat all the vegetation and grow well. In the same way, herbivorous fish cleanse the water channels drawn in the south of our country.
Many carp fish are the object of fishing for amateur fishermen.