Development of a history lesson on the topic: Primitive farmers and pastoralists. The first farmers and cattle breeders Ancient hunters and pastoralists

13) Fill in the contour map "Ancient area of agriculture."

a) Color in the oldest area of agriculture

b) Write the names of the rivers - Nile, Euphrates, Tigris, Indus, Ganges.

14) Fill in the missing words.

Answer: Agriculture and cattle breeding originated in Western Asia more than 10 thousand years ago. The first pet is a dog. Then people domesticated and tamed other animals, for example: pigs, sheep, goats and cows.

15) Fill in the missing words.

Answer: A new craft - metalworking - appeared in Western Asia about 9 thousand years ago. The first metal from which people learned to make tools is called copper. Jewelry was made from metals such as gold and silver.

16) Solve the crossword "Primitive farmers and cattle breeders." If you correctly solve the crossword puzzle, then in the cells diagonally highlighted by the frame, you will read the name of the occupation that arose from the gathering, providing people with plant foods.

17) Find the mistakes.

Answer: “With their rude faces” - people at that time changed outwardly. "Black-haired guy" - the elder was gray-haired, because. he is the oldest. "Iron sickle" - at that time there was no iron. "Were not tamed" - the dogs were already at home. animals. "A herd of mammoths" - at that time, mammoths became extinct.

Test yourself.

1) Conclude how people's lives have changed with the advent of agriculture and animal husbandry.

2) How do you understand the word "progress"? What changes in the life of primitive people were, in your opinion, progressive?

3) Why do you think there is inequality between people?

tetrab.ru

Primitive farmers and pastoralists - Goder grade 5 part 1 (GDZ, answers)

Task number 13. Fill in the contour map "Ancient area of agriculture"

1. Color in the oldest farming area

2. Write the names of the rivers - Nile, Euphrates, Tigris, Indus, Ganges

Task number 14. Fill in the missing words

Agriculture and cattle breeding originated in Western Asia more than 11 thousand years ago.

The first pet is a dog.

Then people domesticated and tamed other animals, for example: a cow, a sheep, a goat, a pig

Task number 15. Fill in the missing words

A new craft - metalworking - appeared in Western Asia about 9 thousand years ago.

The first metal from which people learned to make tools was called copper.

Jewelry was made from metals such as gold and silver.

Task number 16. Solve the crossword "Primitive farmers and pastoralists"

If you correctly solve the crossword puzzle, then in the selected cells diagonally, you will read the name of the occupation that arose from the gathering, providing people with plant foods

Horizontally: 1. The metal from which primitive people made jewelry. 2. A gift brought by primitive people to spirits and gods. 3. The first metal from which people learned to make tools. 4. The request with which people turned to the gods and spirits. 5. Production of linen and woolen fabric from threads. 6. An occupation that arose from hunting, reliably providing people with meat food. 7. Making threads from animal hair or plant fibers. 8. Tool for plowing, which replaced the hoe. 9. Image of a spirit or god (usually made of wood, clay or stone). 10. Several tribal communities living in the same area

Task number 17. Find the bugs

One student was a big inventor. He wrote an essay about the first farmers and pastoralists. Here it is:

“It's harvest time. Relatives with sickles came out to the grain field. With their rough faces with flattened noses and protruding heavy jaws, they resembled monkeys. Three women staged a contest to see whose sheaf would be larger. The youngest won - her bundle of barley stalks with ears was the largest. - Not fair! - noticed the head of the tribal community, a black-haired guy who followed the work. - You have an iron sickle, and they have copper sickles. Here, in the paddock next to the field, sheep and goats bleated anxiously. They broke the fence and ran into the forest. The wolves wouldn't eat them! How to return the fugitives? There were no dogs in the village - in those days they had not yet been tamed. But soon people became afraid. A herd of mammoths was moving right into the village. A little more and they will trample both the field and the huts. One of the relatives guessed to set fire to the injury and brushwood: the acrid smoke made the mammoths turn around, and they bypassed the village.”

There are at least five historical errors in this essay. Find and describe them

a) when agriculture arose, people already had the appearance of a modern person, b) the tribal community gave way to a neighboring one, c) only an elder could be the head of the community, d) the first farmers used sickles made of flint, they learned to process copper much later, e) iron was not known at that time, f) the dog was tamed by man long before the advent of agriculture, g) mammoths had become extinct by that time

CHECK YOURSELF

1. Conclude how people's lives have changed with the advent of agriculture and animal husbandry

2. How do you understand the word "progress"? What changes in the life of primitive people were, in your opinion, progressive?

Progress is an improvement in the process of development.

There was a count of time

3. Why, in your opinion, has the inequality of people appeared?

Because everyone counted the year in their own way

poistori.ru

Ancient world history. Test "Primitive farmers and pastoralists"

Primitive farmers and pastoralists

OPTION 1

1. In Western Asia, people learned to work metals around:

a) 15 thousand years ago; b) 10 thousand years ago;

c) 9 thousand years ago; d) 7 thousand years ago.

2. The occupation of primitive people, which led to the emergence of agriculture:

a) hunting; c) fishing;

b) collecting; d) animal husbandry.

3. Ancient pastoralists bred:

a) pigs and sheep; b) horses and cats;

c) goats and cows; d) ducks and geese.

4. 9-7 thousand years ago people mastered such types of crafts as:

a) metal processing; b) shipbuilding;

c) jewelry; d) weaving.

5. 10-7 thousand years ago people learned to make clothes from:

a) flax; c) wool;

b) silk; d) cotton.

6. Primitive people harnessed to the plow for successful plowing:

a) cows c) goats;

b) bulls; d) horses.

7. As a result of the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, the living conditions of people began to depend on:

a) their own work and skills; b) nature to an even greater extent;

c) patronage of spirits and gods; d) existing orders in the human herd.

8. For the first time, wealth inequality appears in:

a) the human herd; b) tribal community;

c) the neighboring community; d) the state.

9. In the neighboring community, each family had for personal use:

a) livestock b) pastures; in the forest; d) a piece of land;

e) handicrafts; e) tools of labor; g) a pond.

10. The military actions of the tribe were led by:

a) an elder c) the Council of Elders;

b) leader; d) king.

PRIMARY FARMERS AND CATTLE HERDERS

OPTION 2

1. Primitive people began to engage in agriculture and cattle breeding more:

a) 20 thousand years ago; b) 15 thousand years ago;

c) 10 thousand years ago; d) 7 thousand years ago.

2. The occupation of people, which led to the emergence of cattle breeding:

a) hunting; c) fishing;

b) collecting; d) agriculture.

3. The following were the tools of labor for the first farmers:

a) a sickle; c) harpoon;

b) stone axe; d) hoe.

4. The extraction of copper and the ability to process it contributed to the emergence of:

a) blacksmithing; c) leather business;

b) pottery; d) spinning.

5. The first farmers cut the ears with a sickle made from:

a) a tree c) stone;

b) bones; d) clay.

6. Pottery for water storage:

a) dried under the rays of the sun; b) burned in the fire of the hearth;

c) air dried; d) coated with resin.

7. The fact that agriculture has become the main occupation of primitive people is evidenced by:

a) the remains of dishes for storing grain; b) tools of labor;

c) cave drawings; d) the remains of dwellings.

8. Several tribal communities living in the same area were:

a) the human herd; b) tribe;

in town; d) the state.

9. Residents of the neighboring community helped each other:

a) cut down forests; b) grow crops on plots; c) dig ponds;

d) drain swamps; d) to hunt; e) to make tools; g) graze livestock.

10. Notable people in the neighboring community became:

a) the chief and his children; b) the best artisans;

c) elders and their children; d) the best farmers and pastoralists.

infourok.ru

Primitive pastoralists and farmers

1. Warming on the Earth. About 13 thousand years ago, warming again set in in Europe. The glacier was melting and retreating to the north. The earth was freed from ice. It was covered with forests and shrubs. Animals accustomed to the cold went north. Mammoths are completely extinct.

As the glacier retreated, people also moved north and settled the vacated lands.

2. New tools made of stone and wood. Primitive people continued to make tools from stone, bone and wood.

People noticed that bent flexible rods straightened with great force, and began to make bows from them. With an arrow shot from a bow, the hunter hit the animal at a distance of tens and even hundreds of steps.

Rice. Man with an ax. Ancient image.

Rice. Boat with rowers. Ancient image on the stone.

By attaching a pointed stone to a stick, people made an axe. To put the ax on the stick more firmly, they drilled a hole in it. They drilled a stone with a bone, pouring wet sand on it.

It was very difficult to work with stone axes. However, they could not only cut down bushes, but also cut down large trees.

A raft was made from two or three logs tied together. It was the first ship of man. Then they began to hollow out boats from thick tree trunks.

The invention of the bow and arrow helped people move to pastoralism, and the invention of the ax helped them move to agriculture.

3. Domestication of animals. Wild dogs lived near the villages. They ate the remains of human food. With their barking, the dogs warned the inhabitants of the village about the approach of other animals. Dogs, getting used to people, began to live in the village and accompany people to hunt. They helped track down and drive the beast.

The dog was the first domestic animal - a hunter's assistant and a faithful watchman.

Hunters, armed with bows and arrows and accompanied by dogs, got more meat than before with spears and clubs. It often happened that the family had enough food. Then the hunters did not kill the caught piglets, kids and other young animals, but brought them to the village. So people tamed pigs, goats, sheep and cows.

4. Hoe farming. Women, collecting edible grains of plants, made a remarkable discovery: they noticed that from the grain that fell into the loose earth, a plant grows that gives new grains. This is where agriculture came from.

The men used axes to clear away the bushes for sowing. Women loosened the soil with hoes, ground clods of earth with their hands and buried grains in the ground. Such farming is called hoe farming. It required a lot of work. A whole clan could only cultivate a small piece of land.

Crops had to be guarded day and night, otherwise a herd of wild boars or other animals could destroy the entire crop.

Agriculture did not appear simultaneously in all countries. Where there were especially favorable conditions for it - warmth, a lot of water, fertile soils, it arose about 7 thousand years ago. In other countries, it began to appear much later.

Color illustration IV. An ancestral village of ancient farmers and pastoralists. In the picture, in the foreground on the left - women reap ears of corn with bone sickles; sharp fragments of stone were inserted into such sickles. In the depths of the picture on the right are people's dwellings and outbuildings.

5. Genus and tribe. Clearing the area for sowing and protecting the field from wild animals was beyond the strength of one person. Only an entire tribal community could cope with this. Relatives rallied even closer than before. The harvest, livestock and other property belonged to the whole family. Hunting, fishing and agriculture were led by the elders - the most senior and experienced of the relatives.

Several clans living in the same area constituted a tribe. The whole tribe spoke the same language.

The affairs of the tribe were managed by a council of elders: it distributed places for hunting, fishing and farming between the clans, sorted out disputes between them.

Rice. A woman grinding grains into flour on a grain grater.

The elders acted in the interests of the entire tribe. Therefore, they enjoyed general trust and the entire tribe unquestioningly carried out their orders.

To solve especially important matters, the elders convened a meeting of the entire tribe.

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Ancient farmers, pastoralists and hunters: human development

Initially, ancient people obtained their food by gathering and hunting. At first, man hunted large animals such as mammoth and bison. But the climate on the planet was getting warmer, which led to the extinction of most of the animals that have existed since the Ice Age.

Ancient hunters and herdsmen

After the advent of Homo sapiens, ancient people first began hunting smaller animals: wild horses, wild boars, hares and birds. For this, they did not have enough spears, because such animals were more dexterous and faster than mammoths.

Therefore, the bow and arrows were invented by man, which greatly simplified the process of hunting. Killing adults, often ancient people took their offspring to their homes.

Small animals grew up near the human dwelling, gradually began to get used to it and did not run away into the forest. When they reached adulthood, the ancient people killed them.

Realizing that in this way it is possible to abandon hunting, and simply raise animals at home, ancient people began to bring more and more small animals from forests and fields.

Later, people began to wait until the animals give birth and only then they were killed. Thus, people provided themselves with a regular availability of food. They no longer depended so much on luck on the hunt. Thus, the first cattle breeding was born.

Ancient farmers and gatherers

Before there was agriculture, people obtained vegetables and fruits by gathering. They went out into the forests and fields and collected fruits from the trees, or with wooden hoes they extracted various edible root crops from under the ground.

Once, ancient people noticed that from the grains that fall into moist soil, after a while new plants sprout and bear fruit. Having collected a certain amount of grains of wild wheat from the fields, people sowed it next to their dwelling.

When the wheat was ripe, they ground its grains with two stones, mixed it with water, and began to bake the first cakes on the fire. Since then, bread has entered the life of mankind for many millennia. And inspired by the success in the development of cereal crops, ancient people began to sow the seeds of other plants.

Farming required settling in one place, and the ancient pastoralists, on the contrary, began to roam - after all, their animals constantly needed new pastures.

Importance of agriculture and pastoralism in human development

The emergence of agriculture and animal husbandry was a real revolution in human evolution. From the appropriation of the blessings of nature, they moved to their independent production.

In the middle of the Neolithic, people began to use ever new, more advanced tools in housekeeping, which increased the level of production. Initially, the products of agriculture and animal husbandry were common: there was a neighboring community, whose members equally shared fruits, animal meat, and skins among themselves. (From the Neolithic to the Copper Age)

But with the development of agriculture and cattle breeding, some families began to separate from the common property, and work on their own land allotment or have their own animals. Some of the more fortunate and industrious of them managed to accumulate wealth, some became poor. The first class inequality appeared in the world.

As we can see, the emergence of agriculture and animal husbandry played a huge role in the life of ancient man. These occupations not only gave him a stable availability of the products necessary for life, but thanks to them, the first trade and crafts later arose.

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2. Primitive farmers and pastoralists

Task number 13. Fill in the contour map "The oldest area of agriculture"

Task number 14. Fill in the missing words.

Agriculture and cattle breeding originated in Western Asia, more than ten thousand years ago.

The first pet is a dog.

Then people domesticated and tamed other animals, for example: pigs, sheep, goats and cows.

Task number 15. Fill in the missing words.

A new craft - metalworking - appeared in Western Asia about nine thousand years ago.

The first metal from which people learned to make tools is called copper.

Jewelry was made from metals such as gold and silver.

Task number 16. Solve the crossword puzzle "Primitive farmers and cattle breeders."

1. Gold;

2. Victim;

4. Prayer;

5. Weaving;

6. Cattle breeding;

7. Spinning;

The word is agriculture.

Task number 17. Find the mistakes.

1. farmers no longer resembled monkeys, but looked like modern people;

2. The head of the tribal community could not be a guy, the most experienced and wise old men became elders;

3. the first farmers made sickles from wood or bone, but not from copper or iron;

4. dogs have already been tamed;

5. mammoths had already died out by the advent of agriculture and could not move to the village.

CHECK YOURSELF

1. Conclude how people's lives have changed with the advent of agriculture and animal husbandry.

The life of people with the advent of agriculture and animal husbandry has changed a lot. The main thing is that a person's life now depended not so much on nature as on his own labor and skill.

2. How do you understand the word "progress"? What changes in the life of primitive people were, in your opinion, progressive?

Progress is moving forward. Progressive in the life of primitive people was: the transition to agriculture and cattle breeding, the development of crafts (pottery and weaving), the use of metals, etc.

3. Why do you think there is inequality between people?

After the transition to agriculture and cattle breeding, there was no need to live in tribal communities and have everything in common. Each family could provide for itself on its own, and private property arose. Some were more successful and successful, some less. The nobility began to stand out from the leaders of the tribe, which received more power and wealth.

To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

1. The emergence of hoe farming. 2. Domestication of animals. 3. The emergence of crafts. 4.Rod and tribe. 5. Worldview.

Fill in the table and conclude: What was the main reason for the emergence of new industries?

One day, people noticed that the grains spilled at the entrance to the cave sprouted. Women began to loosen the earth with the help of a hoe and throw grain into the ground. This is how farming came about.

In addition to the hoe, a stone ax and a sickle were used in the earth-work. With the help of an ax, you cut down trees and bushes, then uprooted the stumps, and burned everything. The ashes were mixed with the ground. It acted as a fertilizer

Harvested with a sickle made from bone. Stone blades were inserted into the sickle. The resulting grain was ground into flour, then it was mixed with water and the resulting mass was baked around a fire on coals.

At the same time, cattle breeding appeared. Men returning from hunting sometimes brought wounded animals or cubs. The first pet was a dog. Then pigs, goats, sheep and cows were tamed. The emergence of agriculture and animal husbandry became possible because people had surplus products. Why? The economy gradually began to turn from appropriating to producing. Now the well-being of people depended only on their labor.

With the development of the economy, people began to pay more attention to the manufacture of tools and household utensils. From ancient times, people wove kozinas from twigs and coated them with clay. Clay gets wet if water gets into the basket. Once, when the basket fell into the fire, the clay burned and became hard.

At the same time, weaving appeared. A simple loom was invented. Threads were made from linen, or spun from animal hair. Linen and woolen clothes appeared in people, and they became more protected against bad weather.

Ancient people mastered quite complex technologies for that level. The slide shows a primitive drilling machine. With his help, people drilled holes in stone axes and then inserted a shaft into them.

Tribal community Tribe Braki elder elder Council of elders

For people, everything in nature was animated. The world, in their opinion, was inhabited by spirits. The most powerful spirits were called gods. If everything around is alive, then everything can be negotiated, you just need to turn to the gods a request, a prayer. Images of the gods were called idols. Did you make sacrifices to appease the gods to the idols

Lesson 1. Primitive farmers and

pastoralists. emergence agriculture and

pastoralism

I. Verification work. (The teacher reads out the questions, the students answer in writing, on the board - the design of the test work)

1. When did man stand out from wildlife? (About 3... years ago)

2. The mainland where the remains of the first man were discovered...

3. What was the name of the first human team?

4. How did the first man differ from animals?

5. Name the first tools: ..., ....... and ...

6. The Stone Age is...

7. The first lessons of a person - ... and ...

8. An appropriating economy is an economy in which a person ..

9. What period on Earth was a severe test for a person, but he survived thanks to the mastery of fire, the ability to sew clothes, build a dwelling, hunt?

10. Serrated bone tip of spears for fishing -

11. Hard stone, easily split into plates with sharp edges...

13. Insert missing words:

A tribal community is a collective ... who lived and worked ..., had ... property (..., ..., ...).

14. Connect with arrows: Homo habilis Homo erektus Homo sapiens Homo sapiens Homo sapiens Direct man mastered fire clans and tribes learned to make tools

15. Explain how you understood what society is called primitive.

II. New topic

(During the explanation of a new topic, the teacher attaches cards with the following images to the board with the following images: a hut, the boundaries of the village, a lake, a forest near the village and beyond the lake, an elder, a dog, a dog with hunters, a wild boar, pigs, kids, a woman with a sickle, a grain grinder, ears of corn barley and wheat, earthenware, loom and others)

Teacher: Imagine that in front of you is a tribal village that existed in a hot southern country 10 thousand years ago. The houses are made of clay mixed with chopped wild barley and wheat straw. The settlement is surrounded by a stone fence. Near the lake, around bushes and trees, thickets of wild barley and wheat. The inhabitants of the village hunted wild goats, pigs, deer, horses, fished

Question: Remember the name of such a farm. (Appropriating)

At the head of the tribal community was elder.

Task: Find in paragraph 4 of §4 an explanation of who was called the elders.

So, it was an elderly, but still full of strength man. He was better than other members of the genus in nature, in animals and plants. Each elder could give valuable advice. A group of hunters approached him: “Tell me, elder, in which forest should we go to hunt for a wild boar: in the nearest one, near the village, or in the far one behind the lake?” The elder will look at the sky covered with clouds and say: “I have gone to the boar many times. At this time of the year, when the leaves turn yellow, when it rains incessantly, go into the distant forest - the one beyond the lake. There you will find the lair of a wild boar.” The hunters follow this advice and are soon convinced that the elder was right.

The boys approached the elder, worried, interrupting each other: “Elder, we went to the middle of the lake in a boat ... I hit a fish with a harpoon, the boat almost turned over, I could hardly hold the harpoon in my hands: such a fish was caught! Here, I think we will surprise everyone! But the fish got away! What a shame!” The elder laughs: “Show me your harpoon ... Well, it's clear: the notches on it are completely dull - that's the fish and broke. But do not grieve, go to the hut, take a new harpoon and try your luck again on the lake!

Here, small children bring and show the elder mushrooms that they have collected in the forest. “This mushroom is delicious. This one is also suitable for food ... But this mushroom is nasty, it will hurt the stomachs.

However, the elder, with his vast experience, excellent powers of observation, and tenacious memory, did more than just give advice.

He himself participated in the hunt, led the hunters, was always in the most dangerous places, was brave and did not hide behind anyone's backs. For all this, relatives respected the elder. They themselves chose him and trusted him in everything.

Often on the hunt, people noticed that dogs were chasing the wounded beast along with them. Sometimes dogs overtook an exhausted animal before a person. The hunters who ran up finished him off, butchered the carcass, and the dogs devoured the discarded entrails. Wild dogs ran up to the village itself, dug in the garbage, barking warning of the approach of other predators.

The dog became the first domestic animal, it helped the man on the hunt. Now, going hunting, the villagers took their dogs with them. They found a boar's lair. The hunters killed the beast, and the little pigs were brought home. Thanks to the bow and arrows, people had more meat, so there was no need to eat the pigs right away, they were kept behind the fence. The same was done with the captured goats. Living near people, animals got used to them. Gradually, people tamed pigs, goats, sheep, cows, horses. This is how cattle breeding came about.

Notebook entry:

Hunting - cattle breeding

When the men went hunting, the women were gathering. They cut the ears of wild barley and wheat with knives consisting of small and sharp flint blades inserted into bone or horn.

Task: Pay attention to Fig. top page 19. Name the depicted tool.

Women brought cereals to the village and ground them on zesnoterks, which consisted of two flat stones. In the place where the grain was crushed, ears grew the next year. For a long time, people did not pay attention to this. But one day women made a remarkable discovery. They realized that the grain thrown into the ground germinates, gives an ear, cutting off which, you can get a lot of grains. Thus, agriculture arose.

The most ancient settlements of farmers arose in Western Asia (these are the lands of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Palestine). In other area; The land's first farmers grew other useful plants - beans and corn - in Central America, potatoes - in South America, bananas and sugar cane - in India, millet and rice - in China.

Gathering - farming.

Read the title of the first paragraph of §4. Why was the first primitive agriculture given such a name?

What natural conditions were necessary for the occupation of latitude agriculture? (Warm climate, abundance of moisture, soft soil)

Read the third paragraph n. l §4 and explain why the originally established system of agriculture was called fire cutting?

What changes have occurred in the lives of people since the appearance; agriculture and animal husbandry?

(With the advent of these occupations, people's lives ceased to depend on luck in hunting and finding plants. They took up the production of bread, vegetables, meat, leather, wool, horns. People's lives improved.)

Teacher: The appropriating economy has been replaced by a producing economy.

Notebook entry:

A productive economy is an economy in which a person himself produced everything that was necessary for him to live, was engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding.

It was not easy to run such a farm, it required a lot of effort: to clear a field for sowing with a stone ax, to loosen the ground with a wooden hoe, to harvest a ripe crop with a bone sickle. People could not cope alone, such work was only possible for a large team.

Relations in the tribal community became more and more united.

Assignment (if there is time): Read §4, p. 3, what other occupations has the person mastered? (I learned how to make dishes, weave, drill and grind.)

Homework:

1) Read §4.

2) Answer questions #1-3 on p.22.

3) Learn the concept of "producing economy".

4) ^Imagine that you have visited the ancestral village of farmers and cattle breeders. Describe all their activities, including the names of tools in your story.

Lesson 9 State on the banks of the Nile

Teacher: Time from the III millennium BC. e. until the middle of the 5th century AD is called the history of the ancient worlds.

ancient world history

Ancient Greece (see page 111) Ancient Rome (see page 201)

The Ancient East:

Egypt (see page 31)

Babylon (see page 66)

China (see page 101)

India (see page 93)

Activity: Read the introduction to the Ancient East section on page 32.

Teacher: When reading, we met with the concept of "state", this is a form of organization of human society, which has replaced the neighboring community, tribal relations.

On the desk:

GENERAL COMMUNITY

NEIGHBORHOOD COMMUNITY

STATE

"State" can be confused with the concept of "country". On the blackboard: State F country. But it's not.

A country is an area, a part of the surface of the globe, space, space.

Can a country be big or...? Mountain or...? Hot or...? For example, what do we mean when we say "country of Egypt"? This is the area where the Nile River flows from the first threshold to the sea, its banks, delta, mountain cliffs on the border with the desert. The country of Egypt exists today, and existed before the emergence of the state.

What is it? The concept of "state" is connected with the concept of "power".

Power - the ability and ability to exert a decisive influence on the behavior, thoughts and feelings of other people.

Questions: 1) Did power exist before the emergence of the state? Who was in charge of it?

(Under the conditions of the tribal system, the community members resolved all issues together, control over the implementation of these decisions was carried out by the elders, the leader. The power of the leader was elective, based on the authority, respect, recognition of the merits of the leader with stgyuron5 of all members of the clan.)

2) What is the difference between the power of the king, the ruler of the state, and the power of the leader?

The king received his power by inheritance from his father, not always possessing the necessary knowledge, skills, abilities, experience, wisdom. Therefore, the power had to be kept by force with the help of the army, the instructions and orders of the king were carried out by officials - people who were in the service of the state.

3) Why did the leaders and elders not need to use force? Remember one of the signs of a primitive society.

(There was no oppression, no one forced anyone to work. They did everything to survive. The leader managed the affairs of the tribe, relying on customs and traditions, following which was an important condition for survival.)

Teacher: So, in the above sense, the state is a power that needs the use of force. However, this power performs important functions for society:

Unites the population living "in a certain territory, for the solution of common affairs;

Regulates relations between people, rulers and ruled. ^

Question: How to distinguish the state from other forms of organization of human society? (Based on ma

on page 32, students can identify the following features of the state:

1. The king is at the head of the state.

2. The power of the king is inherited.

3. The state has its own territory.

4. The city-states were surrounded by a fortress wall. Question: Why?

5. In the swallowed city (capital) the king lived, there was a treasury.

6. With the advent of the state, writing arose. It contributed to the strengthening of the power of the king (recording laws and orders), the preservation and increase of his wealth (i.e., property).

The conquest of Persia seemed to Alexander the beginning of a great poxo^ (about the implementation of his plans for the conquest of Asia, the Macedonian troops were not enough. Therefore, he ordered to recruit 30 thousand Peid boys and teach them military techniques.

Macedonians' dissatisfaction with Alexander's behavior in Egypt settled in Persia, when the king began to wear Persian royal clothes. Cf> (and the Persians appeared close to Alexander, while the former ascetics faded into the background.

This led to conspiracies and attempts on Alexander's life. And he began to deal with those to whom, until recently, he owed his military success * iii and even his life.

The masterminds of the conspiracy were declared the oldest and revered by the 1st Macedonian commander Parmenion and his son Philot, one of the brave

commanders of the Macedonian cavalry. After a cruel drink, he was executed, and Parmenion was secretly killed by order of the king.

At the feast, in a fit of anger, Alexander killed his friend K, who poured out to reproach his king.

Find the words of Cleitus in paragraph 3, par. 5, p. 196. Was l right?

Read the title of paragraph 4.

What does it say?

On the desk:

326 BC e. - Alexander reached the banks of the Gidaspu River i of the territory of India. Before him stood a strong army of the king, armed with war chariots and elephants. The fight lasted 8

The Macedonian army won, but the losses were the site of the battle, the king founded the city of Nicaea (“victory”), on the river Gidasgp Bucephalia (in honor of his horse, which by this time had died of ti).

The battle with Por undermined the courage of the Macedonians. There were no subjugated tribes in India, and the Macedonians had to fight against them. Strength was running out. Alexander had to resort to impudence, despite the previous merits of his soldiers. But they were already forced to fight neither by threats nor by promises, after which Ale! there was nothing to do but announce the return home. Capital! Empire Alexander made the city of Babylon.

His body was transported to Egyptian Alexandria and beno there.

And the huge empire he created fell apart.

Homework:

1) Read §42, answer the questions for the paragraph.

2) Learn the dates.

3) Make up a story about the campaign of Alexander the Great on I

Global warming and its impact on human life. About 13,000 years ago, the Earth became much warmer. In northern Europe, a glacier began to melt. The tundra was gradually overgrown with forests and shrubs. The rivers became more full-flowing. Animals accustomed to the cold retreated to the north. The mammoths are dead. Herds of large herbivores gradually emerged. Man was forced to switch to hunting deer, wild boars and other smaller animals. People continued to engage in fishing, picking berries, mushrooms, nuts, and useful plants.
Great changes in climate and nature began to occur in countries south of Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa. In the ice age, winds from the north in winter and summer chi. It was warm and humid here. There was a rich flora and fauna and good conditions for hunting and gathering.
But with warming, rains almost ceased to fall in Western Asia. began to dry up
forests and steppes, disappearing rivers and lakes. Such large modern deserts as the Arabian and Sahara began to form. The living conditions of local residents have deteriorated significantly.
2. New discoveries of "reasonable man". About 12 thousand years ago, people learned how to make small, just 1-3 cm in size, sharp flint plates of regular shapes. In archeology, they are called microliths, which means "small processed stones."
Their manufacture contributed to the invention of the bow and arrows with sharp tips. Hunters received accurate and long-range weapons, more advanced than a regular spear. It was possible to kill both large and small animals and birds from a bow at a distance.
At this time, the ax was invented by tying an ax to a wooden handle. With its help, trees were cut down and processed.
They learned to knit rafts for fishing, and to hollow out boats from thick and long logs. Fish hooks were carved out of bone using microlithic tools. People have learned to weave webs.
Hunting was facilitated by the domestication of the dog. She hunted down and drove the beast, vigilantly guarded her masters and their dwelling. The dog became the first pet.
3. The emergence of agriculture. In various parts of Western Asia, and in our time, thickets of wild barley are found. Ancient people early drew attention to cereals as healthy and tasty food. Having a hard shell, the grain was well preserved for a long time. Archaeologists have found harvest knives in large numbers. Their blades were made from microliths embedded in bone handles.
But in order to cook food from grains, it is necessary to destroy the shell, which is not digested in the stomach. For this, people used graters and mortars. They were also found during excavations. Wild cereals have long been collected and used by the locals. Approximately 11 thousand years ago, people learned to sow and harvest cereals themselves.
At first, digging sticks were used for tillage. Then they began to make narrow wooden spades and hoes with horn and bone tips. They reaped with sickles made of horn and bone with stone inserts.
From Western Asia, agriculture spread to other countries.
4. Domestication of animals.
Hunting with a bow and with a dog was more successful. There was an opportunity not to kill all the animals, but to feed the young near the dwelling in pens made of poles. This hastened the domestication of animals.
People have noticed over time that goats and sheep breed well in captivity. Along with the dog, they became the first pets. Then pigs and cows were tamed.
Advances in agriculture contributed to the rapid rearing of domestic animals. This allowed them to constantly consume their meat, milk, use skins. The role of hunting in the life of a “reasonable person” gradually decreased.
Animal husbandry arose at about the same time as agriculture. As evidenced by archeology, very early peoples appeared who were simultaneously aware of agriculture and animal husbandry. Their discovery is the most significant success of mankind in its entire history. Until that time, people only used the riches of the earth, taking everything they needed for themselves from nature, flora and fauna. Farmers and livestock breeders, with their mind and labor, began to produce the most necessary products for life.

Life in the first settlements of farmers and livestock breeders Farmers had to work in their fields for almost the entire year. Near them they built permanent dwellings. At first, these were huts woven from tree branches, plastered with clay. They were replaced by quadrangular buildings, in which hearths were made of stone and clay. The burnt pieces of clay that fell away from them were used as the first dishes. Then they began to make and fire clay vessels for storing liquids, grains and cooking food.
The main material for the manufacture of tools was stone. About 7 thousand years ago, they learned to drill it by pouring sand under a drill made of hollow bone.
People skillfully wove baskets, ropes, nets of twigs, strips of skin, hair, and so on. Spinning from wool and linen developed from weaving. Using the resulting threads, they wove fabrics on a simple loom and sewed more comfortable clothes than from skins.
6. Genus and tribe. Agriculture and animal husbandry were the work of numerous collectives. The drawings of ancient people show that the first shepherds were more than cows. Great efforts required the preparation of fallow land for fields, the construction of fences from logs and poles. Therefore, a separate genus could not exist. He lived inseparably with the neighboring kindred clans that made up the tribe.
The tribe was a crowded and complex society. Its main affairs were managed by a council of elders. They determined the places for hunting of individual genera, selected areas for new fields and grazing domestic animals. The elders handled all the major issues of life. Their honest and useful activity in the interests of the entire tribe aroused the trust and respect of all people. Therefore, all the people of the tribe diligently and accurately followed their orders. To decide the most important matters, the elders convened a meeting of all adult men.

Russian traveler about the tribes of Siberia
They make their axes, knives, arrows and needles from bone and stone. Their axes were made of deer and whale bones, sometimes of stone in the form of a wedge. They were tied flat to the ax handle with leather straps. With them they hollowed out their boats, bowls, troughs and so on. But this took a long time and with such difficulty that the boat had to be made for three years, and the large bowl for at least a year.
They made knives from rock crystal and put them on a wooden handle. From the same crystal they have arrows and spears. They make needles from sable bones and use them to sew dresses and shoes.

Primitive agriculture (about the tribes of New Guinea)
Several paths divided the large space into sections, on which neat beds rose. They were about 75 cm wide... Various plants were planted in each bed: sweet potatoes, sugarcane and many unknown greens.
The beds consist of finely divided earth. This is achieved very simply, but with great difficulty. This is done with the help of the simplest devices: a simple pointed stake more than two meters long ... and a very narrow shovel 1 m long.
How do they cultivate the land? Two, three or more men stand in a row and together they stick the stakes as deep as possible into the ground. Then, together, they also turn over an oblong block of earth. Then they go further and turn over the rows of such blocks. Several men break these blocks into smaller ones with stakes. They are followed by women with narrow shovels. They break up large clods of earth, make beds. They even rub the ground with their hands.

Lesson 5 The emergence of agriculture and animal husbandry

Teacher: Imagine that in front of you is a tribal village that existed in a hot southern country 10 thousand years ago. The houses are made of clay mixed with chopped wild barley and wheat straw. The settlement is surrounded by a stone fence. Near the lake, around bushes and trees, thickets of wild barley and wheat. The inhabitants of the village hunted wild goats, pigs, deer, horses, fished, and were engaged in gathering.

Question: Remember the name of such a farm. (Appropriating)

At the head of the tribal community was elder.

Exercise: Find in paragraph 4 of §4 an explanation of who was called the elders.

The boys approached the elder, worried, interrupting each other: “Elder, we went to the middle of the lake in a boat ... I hit a fish with a harpoon, the boat almost turned over, I could hardly hold the harpoon in my hands: such a fish was caught! Here, I think we will surprise everyone! But the fish got away! What a shame!” The elder laughs: “Show me your harpoon ... Well, clearly; the notches on it are completely dull - that's the fish and broke. But do not grieve, go to the hut, take a new harpoon and try your luck again on the lake!

However, the elder, with his vast experience, excellent powers of observation, and tenacious memory, did more than just give advice.

Notebook entry: Hunting cattle breeding

When men went hunting, women were gathering. They cut ears of wild barley and wheat with knives consisting of flint blades inserted into bone or horn.

Task: Pay attention to Fig. at the top, page 19. Name the depicted tool.

Women brought cereals to the village and ground them on grain graters, which consisted of two flat stones. In the place where the grain was crushed, ears grew the next year. For a long time people did not pay attention to it. But one day the women made a remarkable discovery. They realized that the grain thrown into the ground germinates, gives an ear, cutting off which, you can get a lot of grains. This is how agriculture was born.

The most ancient settlements of farmers arose in Western Asia (these are the lands of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Palestine). In other parts of the Earth, farmers grew other useful plants: beans and corn in Central America, potatoes in South America, bananas and sugar cane in India, millet and rice in China.

gathering agriculture.

Questions:

-Read the title of the first paragraph of §4. Why was the first primitive agriculture given such a name?

What natural conditions were necessary for hoe farming? (Warm climate, abundance of enemies, soft soil)

-Read the third paragraph of clause 1 § 4 and explain why the originally established system of agriculture was called slash-and-burn?

What changes have occurred in people's lives since the appearance of the earthdelia and pastoralism?(With the advent of these occupations, people's lives ceased to depend on luck in hunting and in search plants. They took care ofproduction of bread, vegetables, meat, leather, wool, horns. Liu lifeday improved.)

Teacher: The appropriating economy has been replaced by a producing economy.

Notebook entry:

A productive economy is an economy in which a person himself produced everything that was necessary for him to live, was engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding.

It was not easy to run such an economy, it required a lot of effort; clear a field for sowing with a stone ax, loosen the ground with a wooden hoe, harvest a ripe crop with a bone sickle. Luda could not cope alone, such work was only possible for a large team.

Relations in the tribal community became more and more united.

Assignment (if there is time): Read §4, paragraph 3, what other occupations has the person mastered? (I learned how to make dishes, weave, drill and grind.)

Learn the concept of "producing economy".
Imagine that you have visited the ancestral village of farmers and cattle breeders. Describe all their activities, including the names of tools in your story.