When is the best time to take a urine test? Tips on how to take a general urine test for adults and children: preparation, collection of biomaterial

The delivery of a general (clinical) urinalysis is prescribed for suspected diseases of the genitourinary system and a number of other pathologies in the early stages. In addition, it is necessary to control the ongoing treatment and clarify diagnoses. The peculiarity of this study is that the biomaterial is collected by the patient independently. For this reason, before passing urine for analysis, it is necessary to familiarize yourself in detail with the rules for preparing for the procedure and collecting biomaterial, otherwise the risk of obtaining inaccurate results and incorrect diagnosis increases.

Proper urinalysis is the key to a correct diagnosis

With the help of a laboratory analysis of urine, the physico-chemical parameters of the liquid are evaluated, and sediment microscopy is also carried out. Based on the data obtained, the doctor can confirm or refute the presence of certain diseases accompanied by changes in the structure of urine.

The delivery of urine for analysis is necessary in the following cases:

• diagnosis of kidney diseases (urolithiasis, nephritis, tumors, amyloidosis, pyelonephritis, etc.);
• detection of pathologies of the bladder and prostate gland;
• previous streptococcal infection;
• the presence of inflammation of the genital organs;
• confirmation of a number of autoimmune and metabolic diseases.

Deviations of certain indicators from the norm can indicate many diseases. For example, a pathological decrease in the daily volume of urine accompanies heart disease, digestive disorders, and acute liver failure. An increase in volume, in turn, occurs with diabetes, during the resorption of edema and with nervous excitement. One of the indicators by which these pathologies can be judged is the color of urine. In general, when passing urine for analysis, about 20 indicators are evaluated, the main of which are: color, smell, transparency, foaminess, density and pH of the liquid, the level of protein, glucose, erythrocytes, leukocytes, salts, epithelial cells, bacteria and mucus.

Getting directions

As with most tests, urine is given after receiving a referral. Usually, in public and private clinics, a referral is issued by a therapist, however, many specialists can prescribe this examination, for example: a cardiologist, gastroenterologist, gynecologist, urologist, hepatologist, etc. It depends on the suspicion of a particular disease. Often, the delivery of a general urine test is prescribed for preventive purposes.

Many patients are interested in the question, is it possible to pass urine for analysis without a referral and where to do it? Yes, this is possible in private medical laboratories where no referrals are normally required. For many busy people, this is the preferred option - quick and convenient - at least because there is no need to make an appointment for a referral and stay in queues with potentially infected people. It is also convenient that with the received form you can go directly to your doctor, because the results of analyzes performed in the largest independent laboratories are recognized by all medical institutions in Russia. If you decide to contact a private laboratory, be sure to read the rules for preparing for a urine test.

Preparing for a urine test

What products are prohibited for use on the eve of the test? First of all, exclude any alcohol (including beer), sweets (high glucose levels may be detected), as well as any foods that can color the liquid or give it an unnatural smell (beets, carrots, garlic, rhubarb, bay leaves, horseradish , onions, spices, etc.). In addition, it is undesirable to drink mineral water, as it can affect the acidity. Before passing urine for analysis, it is not recommended to eat too much salty (phosphates may be detected), and you should also avoid consuming, for example, watermelons (nitrites may appear in the urine).

Note!
In cases where a urine test for hormones is prescribed, it is necessary to stop drinking tea and coffee, as well as any tonic or soothing drinks, including herbal decoctions, the day before the delivery.

Not only should you limit your intake of certain foods, but you should also avoid physical exertion and emotional stress, as these lead to increased protein levels. Also, do not overcool or overheat. Care should be taken when taking medications, as many of them change the color of urine - for example, B vitamins and rutin give it an orange tint, and some antibiotics - brown or rusty. It is advisable to exclude any medications, especially diuretics, but before that, you should consult your doctor. At least after receiving the results of the study, the doctor must be notified of the intake of certain drugs in order to avoid making an incorrect diagnosis.

Women should not take a urine test during the menstrual cycle. If cystoscopy was performed, then after it you should not undergo a study for 5-7 days.

Biomaterial collection rules

How exactly is the collection of biomaterial for the delivery of urine for analysis? First of all, you need to pre-purchase at the pharmacy (or get in the laboratory) a disposable plastic container. It is necessary to collect the morning urine accumulated during the night, and strictly on an empty stomach. Sufficient volume for a full-fledged study - 100 ml. It is recommended to use the middle portion of urine, as the first portion may contain elements of inflammation of the urethra. Before collection, it is necessary to carry out a thorough toilet of the external genitalia, in some cases, women are advised to use a tampon to prevent mucus from entering.

The procedure for submitting a urine test to the laboratory

Time of delivery of biomaterial - from 8 to 11 am. It is advisable to deliver the container to the laboratory within 1-2 hours after collection. The temperature during transportation should be in the range of 5-20 degrees Celsius. The container along with the direction must be transferred to the laboratory. If there is no referral, it is advisable to check with the doctor in advance how the biomaterial will be identified.

On a note!
If, due to circumstances, it needs to be stored for some time before giving urine, then the container can be placed in a dark and cool, but not too cold place.

Getting Results

After passing urine for analysis, you can expect ready-made results the very next day if the clinic has its own laboratory. If it is missing, then the process can take 2-3 days. In private laboratories, the analysis is performed within a day and, as a rule, it is possible to urgently obtain results within 2 hours for an additional fee. The results are usually issued on a sheet of A4 format in the form of a table, which lists the indicators and the results obtained for each of them. In addition, the form indicates the units of measurement and standard values ​​for all characteristics. The diagnosis is made by the attending physician, depending on the existing deviations from the norm.

Wednesday, 03/28/2018

Editorial opinion

All clients of laboratories and patients of clinics stand up for obtaining the most accurate, reliable test results, paying attention to the quality of equipment, test systems, reagents used, methods, and the professionalism of laboratory assistants - but they completely forget about their own role in this process. But the correctness of the final indicators begins with the preparation for the study and depends on the correct sampling of the biomaterial, especially if it is carried out independently.

How to take a urine test? Almost every modern person has repeatedly received a referral from a doctor for testing.

Purpose of the study

Such a referral can be issued by a doctor during outpatient treatment, a visit to a doctor by a patient due to illness, and sometimes during a routine medical examination. At the same time, the doctor himself often does not have enough time to explain how to properly take a urine or feces test, and relies on the patient's independent behavior.

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Donating urine for analysis, hardly everyone thinks about how important it is to get accurate research results. But it also depends on the diagnosis. The assessment of the functioning of the kidney system or the detection of inflammatory or infectious diseases of these organs depends on the accuracy of the indicators (reaction, density, color of urine). Therefore, being able to take a urine test correctly is an additional opportunity to insure yourself against an incorrect diagnosis, and as a result, the same treatment.

Parameters under study

This study includes several parameters, including the study of the degree of transparency, specific gravity and color of urine. And besides, laboratory specialists determine whether there is protein in the urine (and in what quantities), glucose or hemoglobin, what other compounds are in it, and evaluate the sediment.

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Preparatory activities

In order to avoid the possibility of error in the research process, several rules should be observed for passing urine for a general analysis. There is no particularly difficult preparation for this procedure, and yet it is better not to forget that 12 hours before the test, you should not drink alcohol, as well as spicy, salty foods and foods that can affect the color of urine. Also, if you are taking diuretic drugs, it is best to stop taking them temporarily until the urine is collected.

A day before collecting urine, you should stop taking vitamin complexes, as well as herbal preparations, tinctures or other similar medicines.
Please note that in cases where you have been prescribed and performed a cystoscopy, the analysis can be performed no earlier than 7 days later.
Immediately before the procedure for collecting urine, it is very important to thoroughly wash the genitals, otherwise, if mucus from them gets into the container, the protein indicators will be overestimated and the accuracy of the diagnosis will be in question. In this case, it is advisable not to use detergents. For women, washing movements towards the buttocks are recommended, but not vice versa. And during menstruation, it is better to postpone the test altogether, since the indicators of red blood cells in the urine will be significantly overestimated.

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Any container can serve as a container for collecting urine, preferably made of dark glass, but it is best to purchase a special container from a pharmacy, since it is already sterile, and any other container will require a sterilization process. The use of containers made of unsuitable plastic composition should not be used at all, since such materials can react with the contents, releasing foreign substances there.
The last thing to consider is the need to avoid significant physical exertion, as well as maintaining the usual fluid intake.

Collection and Delivery Rule

First of all, you should know how to properly collect urine for analysis. This will depend on what kind of analysis is prescribed by the doctor. So, before collecting a general urine test, you should let the urine flow into the toilet for a couple of seconds, after which, without interrupting the process, substitute the container without touching its walls to the body. This requirement is due to the fact that at the very beginning of urination, epithelial cells from the urethra can get into the urine, and this can distort the results of the study. The container should be removed before urination is completed.
After it was possible to collect a general urine test, it should be delivered to the laboratory no later than 2 hours after the procedure. At the same time, the collected urine should be transported carefully, without shaking, and at a positive (optimally from 4 to 8 ° C) temperature.

Violation of the recommended mode of delivery can lead to erroneous diagnosis of renal pathologies.
To conduct the study, it will be enough to pass urine to the laboratory in the amount of 100 ml, and the analysis should be collected in the morning, after waking up. This rule is not accidental, but due to the fact that during the night the kidneys produce more concentrated urine, and this makes any deviations from the norm even more noticeable.
A general urine test is prescribed for suspected diabetes mellitus, various types of infectious diseases of the excretory system, pathologies of the liver or kidneys, etc.

How to collect daily urine for analysis? As already mentioned, before you collect urine, you should take care of hygiene procedures. At the same time, unlike the general analysis, for this procedure it is not required to collect the first morning urine. But it is necessary to note the time at which you visited the toilet for urination.

Then, during the day from the marked hour, urine is collected in a special container with a volume of about 3 liters. The best option would be a container with a wide neck and a screw cap. Whenever you want to empty your bladder, you should add urine directly into the container, and then close the container again with a lid. Store this container in the refrigerator, but do not allow the contents to freeze. Thus, during the day you will be able to properly collect urine, after which you should pass the analysis to the laboratory. This will require the entire volume of collected urine in a large container to be shaken gently and pour a small part into a standard small container for testing. 100 ml will be enough, and the rest can be flushed down the toilet. You should not carry the entire collected volume to the laboratory, but you still need to report the amount of urine collected during the day.

To determine the degree of filtration and concentration ability of the kidneys, a daily analysis according to Zimnitsky is prescribed. In this case, it is correct to collect urine during the day with a range of 3 hours separately each time in a new container. Only 8 samples, 50 ml each. Each container is marked with the time of its filling.

To check suspicions for the presence of inflammatory processes in the body, the doctor may prescribe a general urine test according to Nechiporenko. For such an analysis, urine is collected in the same way as for the general one, in the morning. However, before passing this analysis correctly, it must be taken into account that the material should be collected in the very middle of the urination process, especially since only about 20 ml of liquid is required. Often, a referral for such an analysis is issued to pregnant women.

To test urine for sugar, you will either need to deliver 100 ml of the total daily amount of urine to the laboratory, or collect 3 samples with an interval of 8 hours. For example, the first test is from 8 am to 4 pm, the second is from 4 pm to 12 am, and the third is from 12 am to 8 am. In this case, three signed containers will need to be delivered to the laboratory.

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A urine test is also prescribed for the PCR study. The doctor prescribes a referral for this analysis if you suspect tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus, or the presence of genital infections. Before taking the test, it is important to take measures for the hygiene of the genital organs. Urine collection is carried out in a sterile container in the morning on an empty stomach or after 3 hours after the last time the bladder was emptied. It will be enough to collect 20-50 ml of urine to conduct an analysis.
For bacteriological examination, urine should be collected before the use of a course of antibiotics or 3 days after its completion. The sampling is done in the same way as for a general urine test, but with some changes. So, the amount of urine that will be required for the study is only about 5 ml. It should be collected in a sterile container and preferably delivered to the laboratory within 2 hours, making sure that the container lid does not get wet.

Norms of indicators

The specific gravity index expresses the concentration ability of the kidneys. Its normal value is 1.020-1.024. High values ​​can signal diabetes mellitus, and low values ​​can signal the consumption of a significant amount of water during the day.
As for color, the normal color of urine has a shade of straw and is transparent. Red urine indicates damage to the excretory system or bladder, possibly the presence of any formation in this area. In addition, red urine can become in the presence of kidney stones, which cause microscopic damage to the renal vessels.
Dark-colored urine indicates kidney failure, as the color of the fluid depends on the concentration. And the pink color of urine may be the result of inflammatory processes in the kidneys, which are called microhematuria.

Urine acquires an orange tint with diseases such as pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis or urolithiasis. But the color of urine is only an indirect manifestation of the disease, so such a correlation is not at all necessary.
However, one should not dramatize if the color of the urine deviates from the norm. A doctor should be consulted, but it must also be taken into account that this factor is influenced by the use of products of a characteristic color, fever or medication, as well as pregnancy.

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The pronounced smell of urine is not typical for a healthy person. The presence of unpleasant odors indicates a metabolic disorder, an infectious disease, or other problems in the body.
The pH value should be no more than 7.0. Changes in this level can be explained by the use of certain types of drugs or vitamins. A constant violation of this indicator is typical for diabetes, chronic renal failure, infectious diseases of the urinary tract.

The normal level of protein in the urine is not more than 0.033 g / l. An increased indicator indicates the presence of inflammation, nephrotic syndrome and other disorders.
If ketones or glucose are present in the urinalysis data, this means signs of diabetes mellitus. And the detection of excess bilirubin indicates liver disease.
Unfortunately, to date, errors in the diagnosis made on the basis of analyzes are not so rare. Partly due to the low qualification of specialists in certain regions, partly due to non-compliance with the rules for collecting material for analysis. At the same time, if an ordinary patient cannot do anything with the quality of professional training, then everyone can take a responsible approach to the procedure for passing tests. Perhaps this approach will have a significant impact on subsequent diagnosis and treatment, so take care of your own health.

Each of us is familiar with the procedure for passing a urine test. Urinalysis is a general clinical study, the results of which can evaluate the work of the whole organism. Urinalysis is prescribed not only for diagnosing the causes of the disease. Doctors recommend that every person at least once a year take a general urine test for early diagnosis of disorders of the body.

Assesses the external characteristics of urine, its density, as well as the presence of leukocytes, erythrocytes and other cells. Also, during the study, the presence of salts, ketone bodies, sugar and bacteria is necessarily assessed. In addition to the general analysis, doctors often prescribe other urine tests to diagnose various diseases.

Laboratory studies of urine:

• general urine analysis;
• daily urinalysis;
• sugar test;

The results of urine tests change not only as a result of the disease. The characteristics of urine change under the influence of the diet, as well as with the use of various drugs. Often, the results of the study can be distorted by improper preparation for the delivery of samples.

Reasons for changing urine results:

• diseases of the urinary system;
• liver disease;
• gynecological diseases;
• metabolic disorders;
• change in the amount of liquid consumed;
• taking medications and dietary supplements;
• excessive physical activity;
• violation of the rules for collecting urine samples for analysis.

Of great importance for obtaining the correct results is the level of the laboratory and the qualifications of specialists. Only with the help of high-quality and fresh reagents can appropriate results be obtained.

The results of the research are used to make a diagnosis and choose a treatment strategy. It is very important to be sure of the reliability of the study. In order to reduce the level of distortion of the results, it is necessary to correctly collect samples for analysis. How to properly collect and hand over samples can always be found in the laboratory that will conduct the study.

Decoding of urine indicators is normal

Normally, properly collected urine is absolutely transparent and does not contain impurities. The color of normal urine can vary from light yellow to a more intense straw color. The saturation of the color depends on the amount of liquid consumed. The morning serving is usually slightly darker than subsequent afternoon servings. In a healthy person, urine contains a small amount of leukocytes and erythrocytes (about 2-3 cells per field of view). Also, a small amount of mucus can be found in the samples.

Normal urine values:

• leukocytes (3-4 in the field of view);
• erythrocytes (2-3 in the field of view);
• mucus in a small amount;
• squamous epithelial cells (a small amount).

An increase in the amount of mucus and leukocytes indicates the development of inflammation in the urinary system. The number of red blood cells increases with inflammation of the bladder, as well as with glomerulonephritis. With pyelonephritis, a large amount of mucus, leukocytes and bacteria are detected in the analyzes.

In women, an increase in the amount of mucus, white blood cells and red blood cells in the urine may be the result of inflammation of the genital tract. In men with prostatitis, the amount of mucus, epithelial cells and leukocytes increases in the samples, and the number of red blood cells may also increase slightly.

The urine of a healthy person is always sterile and does not contain bacteria. Also, nitrites should not be detected in the samples, since they are the waste products of bacteria and other microorganisms. In no case should sugar and ketone bodies be determined in the samples. These substances indicate a metabolic disorder in the body.

Protein and casts in the urine are a symptom of kidney damage. These figures often increase with glomerulonephritis and renal failure.

Bilirubin is excreted through the kidneys when the liver malfunctions. When bilirubin appears, the urine changes its color and darkens.

Pathological inclusions in samples for research:

• bacteria;
• protein;
• acetone and ketone bodies;
• glucose;
• salt crystals;
• bilirubin;
• hemoglobin;
• cylinders.

Salts in the samples are evidence of a violation of the metabolism of minerals in the body. A large number of salt crystals appear during the development of urolithiasis, as well as after drinking a large amount of mineralized drinks.

Rules for passing a general urine test

In order to correctly pass a general urine test, it is necessary to understand all possible errors and avoid them during sample collection.

A few days before sample collection, you should not start using new drugs or dietary supplements. Of course, this does not apply to cases where drugs are prescribed by a doctor. Before taking samples, do not abuse fatty foods and alcoholic beverages.

For a general analysis, it is necessary to collect urine from morning urination. For research, they collect all the urine that is released during the first morning trip to the toilet.

Before collecting samples for analysis, a hygienic intimate shower is mandatory. A hygienic shower prevents contaminants and bacteria from the external genitalia from entering the urine samples. For an intimate toilet, do not use aggressive detergents. Women need to use special products for intimate hygiene, as conventional shower products disrupt the protective balance of the genital mucosa.

Urine for analysis is best collected in a disposable plastic container with an airtight lid. Such containers for testing can be purchased at almost any pharmacy. Special containers are sterile and completely prevent infection and contamination of samples. If you decide to use other vessels for collecting analyzes, then you must wash them thoroughly with detergent.

Urine collected for analysis should not be stored, it must be immediately delivered to the laboratory for analysis. The maximum storage time for samples before analysis is 2 hours. Urine, which is given to the laboratory after 2 hours, may lose its primary characteristics, bacteria may develop in it. It is impossible to prepare samples for analysis in the evening; only the morning portion can be taken to the laboratory.

Before collecting samples for analysis, women are advised to insert a sanitary tampon into the vagina. The swab will prevent the entry of epithelial cells and white blood cells from the vagina into the urine. Women and girls are not recommended to take a urine test during menstruation. Particles of blood from the vagina can get into the urine collection container and distort the results. It is best to give urine for analysis a few days after menstruation.

If, however, a urinalysis is required during menstruation, doctors may decide to take samples directly from the bladder using a catheter. In such cases, the collection procedure is carried out by a doctor in a hospital in compliance with all the rules of sterility.

If you still have questions about how to properly pass urine samples, you can always contact the laboratory, where you will be sure to receive additional advice.

In most cases, when it becomes necessary to take tests to diagnose a disease, not all patients know how to properly collect urine for a general analysis.

The reliability of the results of the study depends on how correctly the biomaterial was collected.

The data obtained as a result of the study will be used by the attending physician to adequately assess the patient's condition and help prescribe reasonable treatment. How to properly prepare for analysis, what are the basic requirements for collecting urine, can be found in this article.

How to prepare for research

Urinalysis, as you know, is done for the purpose of primary diagnosis and prevention of the alleged disease. Its results will help to decide whether the patient needs medical examination or the choice of outpatient treatment.

How to collect urine for analysis?

There are rules that provide for preliminary preparation and requirements for the collection of urine.

A day or more before collecting urine, you need to limit yourself in some foods:

1. you can not eat vegetables or fruits with a bright color, the color of which can affect the color of urine. These are beets, carrots, blueberries, citrus fruits;
2. no need to eat caramel candies with synthetic colors;
3. avoid spicy or salty foods for a couple of days before collecting urine;
4. it is impossible to take medications that have an analgesic, diuretic or antipyretic effect, and vitamins a few days before the procedure;
5. refrain from drinking before the analysis of mineral water, since under its influence the acid-base composition of urine may change and the results of the analysis in this case will be distorted;
6. It is strictly forbidden a few days before the procedure to drink alcohol, as well as sweet carbonated drinks with dyes.

Try to limit physical activity the day before urine collection, as with intense muscle work, protein is excreted into it.

Hygiene is key

For general analysis, urine must be sterile. If hygiene standards are neglected, urine may contain secretions from the genital organs, and this will significantly distort the results of the study.

1. Before collecting urine, it is necessary to wash the genitals with warm water and soap, a solution of potassium permanganate, furacilin.
2. After the water procedure, you need to dry the genitals. A man should dry the head and opening of the ureter well with a napkin, moving the foreskin; women are advised to wipe the perineum in the direction from the urethra to the anus.
3. During critical days, it is better for women not to give urine for research.
4. In order to achieve the sterility of the collected urine, a man must, during urination, pull back the outer skin folds and free the ureter as much as possible.
5. A woman, in order to ensure sterility, must push her labia apart with her hands and thus open the ureter.
6. If before this the patient underwent a cystoscopic examination of the bladder using a catheter, then urine can be collected for a general urine test only after a week.

If the above recommendations are not followed and hygiene rules are neglected, the results of the analysis can be greatly distorted under the influence of bacteria. Also in non-sterile urine, mucus and leukocytes in an increased amount can be detected.

Collection of biomaterial for analysis in an adult

In order to conduct a full-fledged study, the amount of urine of an adult must be at least 130 ml.

It is preferable to purchase a special container in the pharmacy store for passing urine for analysis. It is a sterile plastic cup with a screw cap. In the absence of a container, a small sterilized glass jar will do.

Do not touch the inner surface of the container and lid with your fingers, so as not to violate their sterility. Paste a marker on the container in advance indicating the data of the patient under study and the attending physician.

Important: you can get the most complete information about the state of the body only if the urine is collected in the morning on an empty stomach. The time interval between the evening toilet and the collection of urine should not be less than 5 hours.

In some cases, if it was not possible to collect material for analysis immediately after waking up, it is allowed to use urine collected no earlier than 2.5 hours after the first morning urination.

• Urine collection can be performed only after mandatory hygiene procedures.
• Take a collection container with you to the toilet, after removing the lid from it.
• In order for the collected material to be sterile, it is necessary to put the first jet into the toilet, and only after that collect the urine for analysis.

If a woman needs to be tested at a time when she has critical days, she should use a hygienic swab immediately after morning water procedures. A tampon should be used in all cases where vaginal discharge occurs.

What you need to know when collecting material

As a rule, the doctor often asks to collect the entire portion of morning urine for a general analysis, and only then take the right amount of material. This gives the most complete result of the study.

Before pouring the amount of urine necessary for analysis into a separate container, first shake the container with the collected biomaterial well. The contents of the container will mix well, and urine with all the impurities in it will go for research.

It is forbidden to use a duck or a pot as a container for collecting urine when urinating - despite thorough rinsing, impurities contained in the urine, urinary stone settle on their walls. Freshly collected urine begins to decompose immediately under the influence of the phosphates contained in it.

After pouring the biomaterial into the desired container, it should be tightly closed with a lid and taken to the laboratory no later than 2-3 hours after collection. It is recommended to store the collected urine in a cool place before the study to prevent the process of its premature decomposition.

Only under these conditions can you get the most accurate results of the study.

The procedure for collecting urine for analysis in infants

Collecting a general urine test from an adult is not very difficult - it is enough to strictly adhere to the recommendations and rules of personal hygiene. However, mothers often ask themselves the question of how to collect a urine test from an infant - sometimes this is quite problematic.

An infant baby cannot yet control the process of urination, it is still too early and useless to plant it, and parents rarely manage to catch the moment when the baby feels the urge to urinate.

It is especially difficult when collecting urine from newborn girls. Male babies are easier to "catch on the hot" and in time to substitute the container under the stream of urine.

One of the methods below will tell you how to properly collect urine from children from the first days of birth to a year.

1. Purchase a pediatric urine bag from a pharmacy. This is a transparent plastic bag that is glued to the baby's genitals. The receiver is designed so that when urinating, urine does not spill, and there is no possibility of mixing it with feces.

In order to get the correct portion of urine, in the morning, fix the urinal on the baby's genitals. If you need to stimulate urination, breastfeed or bottle feed your baby, give him water to drink, and lightly stroke the baby's back.

2. In the absence of a children's urinal, you can use a plate. Wash it in advance with soda and dry well. Gently slide it under the baby's ass at the crucial moment.

3. Another option is to use a new plastic bag with handles. Attach them to the baby's hips, and then immediately pour the collected urine into the prepared container.

It is very important that the urine collected from babies does not mix with feces.

Before you start collecting your baby's urine, be sure to wash it with warm water without soap.

If the infant is breastfed, the mother should adhere to the same restrictions on food intake and drugs that are given for adult patients.

Rules for collecting a urine sample from a child

When a child reaches the age of two, he already understands what his parents want from him, and independently controls his needs. Therefore, it is not difficult for parents to collect urine for analysis even from such a crumb.

Moreover, if you show imagination and turn the process itself into a game, then the baby will gladly help you achieve the desired result. Do not skimp on praise and encouragement, and then there will be no serious problems with small children when you need to collect urine for analysis.

The procedure is still the same:

1. Mandatory hygiene procedures: washing the genitals just before the collection of urine.
2. Persuade the child to pee in a wide dish prepared in advance. Do not use a pot for this, as pathogenic bacteria may be present in non-sterile containers, whose vital activity decomposes urine.
3. Mix the contents and pour the desired volume - about 100 ml. - in a sterile container or jar with a marker pasted on it indicating the name of the patient and the attending physician.
4. You can store urine before analysis for no more than five hours only in the refrigerator, but it is much more correct to immediately give it to the laboratory for analysis.

We must not forget that a two-three-year-old child is still small enough to be able to restrain his urge to go to the toilet for some time, so all hygiene procedures should be done as quickly as possible.

As you can see, collecting urine for general analysis is a fairly simple procedure that does not require excessive knowledge and complex preparation. It is enough just to adhere to some recommendations in nutrition and not to ignore the mandatory morning hygiene procedures.

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How to collect urine for analysis

The technique for collecting urine differs significantly depending on the type of analysis assigned. And the result of the study will largely depend on how well you prepare for the collection of analysis and how you collect urine. From this article you will learn how to properly collect urine for tests, and then the laboratory diagnosis will be correct.

Types of urine tests

For any disease, and simply during preventive examinations and medical examinations, any urine tests are prescribed, at least a general analysis. And in some cases (diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, diseases of the endocrine, cardiovascular system, etc.), the following studies and tests can additionally be carried out:

• test Nechiporenko;
• Amburge test;
• Addis-Kakovsky test;
• Zimnitsky test;
• bacteriological analysis of urine (analysis for sterility, sowing on the flora and sensitivity to antibiotics);
• biochemical analysis of urine;
• two-glass and three-glass samples.

In the conditions of specialized hospitals, some other studies are also carried out (Reberg's test, stress tests, prednisolone test, etc.), but we will not dwell on them here, since special preparation for such studies is carried out under the supervision of medical personnel.

Each of the analyzes requires its own characteristics, which must be taken into account when preparing for collection and directly when collecting urine. Unfortunately, doctors do not always provide patients with the necessary information on the collection technique. Then, results that do not correspond to the truth come from the laboratory, the disease may not be noticed on time or misdiagnosed, doctors have to prescribe repeated or additional tests and studies. Ultimately, the diagnosis is delayed, treatment is prescribed with a delay, or, on the contrary, unnecessary drugs are prescribed with a false diagnosis, time and money are wasted.

It is also difficult to collect urine from young children who do not control (or not always and not completely control) the process of urination. But even with them, most of the analyzes can be performed correctly the first time if the parents know how to prepare the child, the urine container, when it is better to collect material for research and other points.

General urine analysis

1. Preparation for collection: a thorough toilet of the external genitalia: the child must be washed (with baby soap or a special detergent). Do not forget that girls are washed from front to back, and for boys, when washing, the foreskin is pushed back, exposing the head of the penis.
2. Urine container: any clean glass or plastic container (not necessarily sterile!). Wash the jar with warm soapy water and rinse.
3. Time of collection: the best option is the morning portion of urine. Moreover, it is desirable to examine urine within an hour after collection, since during long-term storage (especially outside the refrigerator), erythrocytes and cylinders are destroyed in it, the number of bacteria increases, and acidity changes. But sometimes there is no opportunity to collect urine in the morning (parents of babies may not be able to “guess” the right moment in the morning, and the laboratory usually takes tests only 2-3 hours in the morning). In this case, urine can be collected in the evening and left for storage in the refrigerator, in which case the main indicators of the analysis will be unchanged.
4. Collection technique: before collecting the analysis, it is recommended to release some urine to reduce the ingress of bacteria, vaginal epithelial cells, leukocytes from the vagina. That is, urination is divided approximately in half, the child releases the first portion of urine into the toilet bowl (pot), and the second into a previously prepared container.

Nechiporenko test

1. Urine container: any clean glass or plastic container.
2. Collection time: morning (first morning urination).
3. Collection technique: a strictly average portion of urine (the child must begin and end urination in a pot or toilet, only an average portion is collected).

Sample Ambourzhe

1. Preparation for collection: the toilet of the external genitalia before each urination in older children, in small children - with each change of the urinal.
2. Collection container: any clean glass or plastic container with a capacity of at least 1 liter.
3. Collection time: according to the doctor's prescription. Urine collected in the morning is most often examined.
4. Collection technique: Urine is collected for analysis, excreted by the child in 3-4 hours under the conditions of the usual daily routine, nutrition and drinking regimen. Usually the child is asked to urinate at 7 o'clock in the morning, and this portion of urine is poured out. Over the next 3 hours, collect all the urine excreted by the child - in one container. For babies, if such an analysis is necessary, a urinal is fixed, replacing it as it is filled. If the child has urinated several times during this period, the collected urine is stored in the refrigerator.

Addis–Kakovsky test

1. Preparation for collection: toilet of the vulva before going to bed. In adolescents, the Addis-Kakovsky test is performed against the background of fluid intake restriction (the child is given less water than usual) from the morning of the day on which the analysis is scheduled. In young children, fluid intake is not limited.
2. Collection container: any clean glass or plastic container with a volume of at least 1 liter (for older children - 1.5-2 liters).
3. Collection time: most often, urine is examined 12 hours before (at night), or per day. At 20.00 the child empties the bladder (this portion is poured out), all subsequent portions of urine are collected in one container and stored in the refrigerator. The last urination is at 08.00 (required), this portion of urine is added to the previously collected one.

Zimnitsky's test

1. Preparation for collection: no special preparation is required. Drinking regimen, nutrition, hygiene measures are carried out as usual.
2. Collection container: clean plastic or glass jars (8 pcs), on which labels are glued indicating the collection interval (1 can for every 3 hours: from 06.00 to 09.00, from 09.00 to 12.00, etc., the last container - from 03.00 to 06.00).
3. Collection time: all urine excreted by the child per day is collected.
4. Collection technique: the patient is not forced to empty the bladder on purpose! Urine excreted during a natural urge in a certain period of time is collected in an appropriate container. If the child does not urinate within a three-hour period, the jar remains empty, and the laboratory assistant will put a dash in the column. For children who do not retain urine during the night, a urinal is secured at night, checked for fullness after a three-hour period.

In children under 2–3 years of age, the Zimnitsky test is rarely performed, since before the appearance of arbitrary controlled urination, it is not possible to collect absolutely all daily urine, and the result of the test will be unreliable.

Bacteriological analysis of urine

1. Preparation for collection: a thorough toilet of the external genitalia.
2. Collection container: sterile tube or other sterile container.
3. Collection time: usually in the morning, that is, the first urination after a night's sleep.
4. Collection technique: collect 5-10 ml strictly from the middle portion (the child starts and finishes urinating into a potty or on the toilet). Urine for sterility is rarely taken from children with a catheter.

Biochemical analysis of urine

1. Preparation for collection: it is advisable to toilet the external genital organs before each urination (soap is not necessary for each washing).
2. Collection container: any clean plastic or glass container with a capacity of at least 1 liter (1.5-2 liters for older children).
3. Collection time: day.
4. Collection technique: urine is collected between 07.00 and 07.00. The first portion of forced urination (at 07.00 the child is asked to pee on the potty) is poured out, the subsequent ones are poured into a clean container, which will be stored in the refrigerator. If the child is small, urination is controlled by periodically planting the baby on the potty (so that he does not urinate by). At 07:00 the next day, the child is once again asked to empty the bladder, and this last portion of urine is added to the common container.

Two-glass and three-glass samples

1. Preparation for collection: no preparation is carried out. It is impossible to wash the child before collecting urine!
2. Collection container: any clean glass or plastic container (2 pcs for a 2-glass sample and 3 pcs for a 3-glass sample).
3. Collection time: first morning urination.
4. Collection technique: urine is collected sequentially in different containers: the beginning of urination is carried out in the first container, the middle - in the second, urination is completed in the third container, or, with a two-glass sample, in the toilet bowl.

Peculiarities of urine collection in babies

When conducting a general analysis, and even more so a Nechiporenko test, it is better if you are able to collect urine immediately into a specially prepared container, and do not pour it from a pot or urinal.

The fact is that when collecting an analysis in a urinal or a pot in the urine of even a healthy child (especially in girls), “extra” cells (leukocytes, epithelium) and bacteria that got there not from the kidneys and urinary tract, but from the external genital organs can be found .

To collect the analysis immediately in a container, you can use the following techniques:

1. Try to stimulate urination reflexively: hold the child over the sink by turning on the water (the murmur of water stimulates urination in children older than a year); in infants, urination is caused by the Peres reflex (stroking the back along the spine while lying on the stomach).
2. In newborns and infants, it may be more convenient to use an approximate time to urinate: most babies pee immediately after sleep, during or immediately after feeding. To collect urine, the child must be washed before going to bed (or before feeding), undressed below the waist and laid on an oilcloth with a diaper laid over it. If the room is cool, you can cover the baby with a light blanket. During feeding, the mother lies down next to the child, holding a prepared container in her hands. When urination begins, the container is substituted.

If it is not possible to collect urine in the above ways, then you can use a urinal (a special sterile bag with Velcro, which is fixed around the child's genitals), and for older children - a pot.

But the doctor who sent you for analysis should be warned that you collected all the urine, and not the average portion, and collected it in a urinal (pot). In this case, small deviations from the norm, the doctor will be able to interpret as an error in the collection of the analysis.

myfamilydoctor.ru

How to collect urine for analysis

The study of body fluids is of great diagnostic value. Along with the study of blood, urine tests are prescribed for a whole range of indications, and there are several types of studies.

Why is a urine test done?

Firstly, urine tests are carried out for preventive purposes, so as not to miss the early stages of various diseases. To do this, the study of urine is carried out as part of the medical examination of certain age categories of the population. For example, urine collection is carried out from children from the age of three months, then a year, before entering kindergarten and school. The adult category of the population should also be regularly examined, which is usually organized by the management of enterprises.

Secondly, in addition to prophylactic purposes, urine tests are necessary to diagnose diseases when a person already has pathological symptoms. These can be both signs of damage to various parts of the urinary system (pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis), and other internal organs (endocrine pathologies, metabolic disorders).

Thirdly, according to the indicators of a laboratory study of urine, carried out regularly in the form of screening tests, one can judge how the disease proceeds, whether it progresses or the patient begins to recover. According to the normalization of parameters or the absence of positive laboratory dynamics, the doctor can also state how effective the prescribed therapy is, whether its correction is required.

In clinical practice, urine can be examined in various ways, since the goal is to obtain many indicators. The most commonly used types of urine studies are:

• general analysis;
• according to Nechiporenko;
• according to Zimnitsky;
• according to Amburge.

In order for all the results obtained to be reliable and really informative, you need to know how to collect urine correctly. Consider the rules for collecting urine separately for each type of study.

Conducting a general urine test is the most common type of diagnosis. It is he who is prescribed during dispensary events, becomes the first stage of laboratory tests for suspected various diseases, serves as a test during patient treatment, and is carried out in pregnant women in all trimesters. This type of study of urine allows you to get very important indicators of both the physical properties of urine and its composition. The specific gravity, color shade, degree of transparency, the presence of sugar, protein, urobilinogen, salts, and the cellular composition of the urinary sediment are determined.

To properly collect urine, you must follow simple rules. But before the collection process itself, it is advisable to prepare. This means that you should not drink alcohol the day before, do not eat foods that change the color of urine (beets, for example), refrain from diuretics unless they are prescribed for health reasons. In addition, it is important to know that the indicators of a general analysis of urine and other types of research carried out earlier than 7 days after cystoscopy or during menstruation are not reliable. The rules for collecting urine are as follows:

• in the morning, before the first urination, it is necessary to carry out a thorough toilet of the external genital organs;
• skip the first portion of urine into the toilet, the rest into a clean container;
• mix the urine in a container, then pour about 50 ml into a special container or just a specially prepared jar with a lid (washed, scalded with boiling water and dried).

You can read more about the different urine containers in this article. The urine should then be transported to the laboratory as quickly as possible, within 1-2 hours. If this cannot be done quickly, then the container with urine should be in a cold place. As a rule, the results of the study are ready on the same day.

In contrast to the general analysis of urine, in which a laboratory study of the cellular composition of the urinary sediment and the calculation of its components is carried out under a microscope using the field of view method, the study of the fluid according to Nechiporenko is designed to calculate the components of one volume unit. Such a unit is 1 ml, in which the number of leukocytes, erythrocytes, cylinders of various origins is counted.

Urinalysis according to Nechiporenko is prescribed, as a rule, after receiving the results of a general study, when any pathological abnormalities have already been detected, and serves to clarify their nature.

This type of urine study helps in the diagnosis of various diseases of the urinary system only, allows you to assess the functionality of the kidneys, the presence and localization of infectious and other pathological foci. In addition, the analysis data according to Nechiporenko serve as an auxiliary means of monitoring the effectiveness of the treatment.

As before conducting a general study, before collecting a urine test according to Nechiporenko, it is important not to drink alcoholic beverages the day before, not to use urine-coloring foods, to reduce physical and emotional stress, and not to take diuretics. In order to properly collect a urine test according to Nechiporenko, it is necessary to allocate an average portion of urine during urination.

All steps in the process are:

• before the first morning urination to carry out the toilet of the perineum;
• the first portion of urine, with a volume of about 20 ml, is passed into the toilet past the urine container, then the jar is placed under the stream and collected in an amount of about 50 ml;
• the remaining urine during urination is again drained into the toilet.

The container with urine is delivered for research within 1-2 hours after collection. The results are ready on the first day.

Urinalysis according to Amburge is also necessary for the quantitative calculation of cellular elements in urine. The difference from the Nechiporenko test is that the calculation is carried out not in 1 ml of liquid, but in 1 minute. The preparation of the patient is carried out in the same way, but in addition he should drink less water the day before, and at night completely exclude the use of liquids.

The next difference is that the very first urination is completely skipped. A person must remember its time and then, exactly after 3 hours, at the second urination, collect all the urine in a special container or jar. Collected urine for analysis according to Ambourge should be immediately examined in the laboratory.

This method is considered in some cases more acceptable and convenient for outpatient conditions than the Nechiporenko method. It is able to provide the most accurate information, since if the rules for collecting urine are observed and the analysis is carried out quickly, autolysis (decay) of cellular elements does not occur.

This type of study is designed to clarify the features of renal activity, in particular, the concentration ability of the organ. It allows you to determine how the tubular system of the kidneys functions, how reabsorption occurs and, in general, the final formation of urine. To obtain these data, it is necessary to collect daily urine to assess its quantity and specific gravity, as well as to find out the distribution of these indicators over the day and night periods of the day. The results of the Zimnitsky test help to diagnose many serious renal pathologies and start timely therapy.

The rules for collecting daily urine are as follows:

How much urine is needed for a general analysis

• The day before, prepare 8 clean jars or containers, write down the collection time for yourself, since urine should be collected strictly at certain hours (set an alarm at night), prepare a notebook to account for all incoming liquids that will be consumed with tea, juice, milk or as part of liquid meals for the next day.
• On the day when urine should be collected, the very first urination, at 6 o'clock in the morning, is passed into the toilet; the following urine excretions are carried out immediately into prepared containers in full, starting at 9 a.m. and strictly every 3 hours throughout the day, until 6 a.m. the next day.
• Then the collected daily urine, that is, all 8 jars stored in the refrigerator, is transported to the laboratory; they must also be accompanied by a diary with records of the amount of fluid that has entered the body.

The correct collection of urine according to Zimnitsky helps to find out a whole range of parameters. So, the normal volume of daily urine is 1.5-2 liters, its density is from 1018 to 1035, on average - 1020. Daytime diuresis should exceed nighttime and be 60-65%, and the amount of fluid drunk and excreted urine should appear in the ratio 65-80%. These indicators may indicate the formation of symptoms such as polyuria, oliguria, nocturia, hypostenuria, hyperstenuria, and help in the diagnosis of dangerous kidney diseases.

Features of the collection and delivery of urine in a small child

The time has passed when it was very difficult to collect urine from a child, especially at the age of one month or a little older. Various saucers or plates were used, in boys jars, with the help of which urination was in wait. At the same time, it was not always possible to comply with all the rules for collecting, to isolate the middle portion of the liquid, or to maintain its purity and sterility.

As the children got older, around the age of one, urine collection became easier. For this, a pot was used, on which the baby sat until he urinated. But even in these cases, it was not always possible to persuade the child and collect exactly the morning portion of urine correctly. In addition, keeping urine in a reusable pot did not give it the desired purity and even added unnecessary impurities.

Currently, pharmacies offer special urinals that are disposable and meet all hygiene requirements and rules for collecting urine. They differ in models and design, as they are designed for boys and girls of different ages, therefore they correspond to all the physiological characteristics of children. If it is not possible to purchase a children's urinal, then you can use the usual clean plastic bag. Slots are made in it for the legs of the child, and the top is tied on the tummy. As soon as urination occurs, the bag is removed, and the urine is poured into a clean jar and taken to the laboratory.

Compliance with all the above rules for collecting urine is necessary so that the results obtained are reliable and help in the diagnosis of diseases. This is the only way to achieve timeliness and effectiveness of therapy.

2pochki.com

How to collect a general urine test?

When contacting doctors, each patient is given a referral for general tests. Most often this is done to compile a clinical picture of the patient's health. That is why it is important to know how to properly collect a general urine test so that the specialist can obtain the most reliable, not distorted information about the state and functioning of organs.

Experts say that taking urine to the laboratory to study its properties once a year is useful for all patients, regardless of gender and age. This helps to identify the slightest deviations or the development of any pathological processes in the kidneys and bladder. A chemical study of the properties of urine allows you to identify some serious diseases even at their initial stage. These include:

• diabetes;
• hepatitis;
• various diseases provoked by metabolic disorders.

During treatment, urinalysis is required to be taken more often. This helps to monitor the effectiveness of the drugs taken by the patient.

How to collect urine for general analysis?

It is important for every doctor to get correct, not distorted research results, so they recommend adhering to certain rules:

• immediately before collecting the analysis, avoid eating fruits, red and yellow vegetables that change the color of urine, as well as highly carbonated drinks with preservatives and artificial colors, citrus and vegetable juices;
• avoid excessive consumption of diuretic products and medications with a similar effect;
• it is undesirable to take medications that relieve pain, antipyretics, vitamins;
• if you have recently undergone a procedure such as cystoscopy, then urine for analysis can be collected no earlier than 5-7 days after it;
• if you are taking certain medications in a course, warn the specialist about this so that he takes into account possible side effects in the results of the analysis;
• avoid excessive physical activity before analysis, as this helps to detect protein in the urine;
• female patients are not recommended to give urine for laboratory diagnosis during menstruation.

Urine for analysis is collected in the morning, immediately after sleep. There are 2 ways to collect urine.

It is extremely difficult to timely and accurately diagnose the disease without conducting appropriate laboratory tests. According to blood indicators, you can pay attention to the development of a disease even before its first manifestations. According to WHO, 60-80% of diagnostic data about a patient can be obtained with the help of analyzes. At the same time, only one laboratory indicator cannot be used to make a diagnosis; for this, the attending physician must compare the complete clinical picture, having thoroughly studied the data of other studies. The results of the laboratory analysis show the patient and the doctor a possible direction to look for the existing problem. Therefore, regular examinations for the purpose of prevention is the key to timely detection of the disease and timely treatment. The most common diagnostic tests are a urinalysis and a blood test. For an accurate diagnosis, it is important that the patient is properly prepared for the test.

Indications for appointment

Urinalysis and blood tests are usually not prescribed by the attending physician for no reason. The doctor should not rely only on the results of a laboratory test in making a diagnosis, he must evaluate the complete clinical picture without fail. Most often, patients are prescribed a clinical analysis of blood and urine. The main indications for the appointment of a blood test can be:

• Screening and dispensary examination.
• Monitoring the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment.
• Differential diagnosis of blood diseases.

The main indications for the appointment of a urine test are:

• Preventive examination.
• Identification of diseases of the urinary system.
• Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
• Monitoring the effectiveness of the prescribed course of treatment.
• Diagnosis of diseases of internal organs.
• Detection of inflammation in the body.

Types of blood tests

• General analysis is prescribed to patients most often. It is an assessment of the composition of the blood.
• An analysis of sugar is prescribed for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. This study is done strictly on an empty stomach. In this case, the glucose content is determined.
• Analysis for biochemistry is more detailed than general.
• Hormonal tests are ordered to monitor hormone levels. They help to identify deviations in the functioning of the endocrine glands and in time to determine the development of the pathological process in the body.

Types of urine tests

How to prepare for a blood test

How to prepare for a urine test

Blood test results

• Hemoglobin carries oxygen, a low level of this indicator means the presence of a disease such as anemia. The norms are 130-160 g / l and 120-140 g / l for men and women, respectively.
• Erythrocytes are elements of the blood that contain hemoglobin. A low red blood cell count also indicates the existence of anemia. For men, the norm is 4.0-5.1 * 10 12, and for women - 3.7-4.7 * 10 12.
• Reticulocytes are young red blood cells. Norm: 3.0-12.0%.
• Color indicates hemoglobin saturation. Norm: 0.85-1.15% and 0.2-1.2% for men and women, respectively.
• platelets. With a low level of platelets, poor blood clotting is observed. Norm: 180-320*10 9 .
• ESR. An increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate indicates the presence of inflammation, poisoning or infection. Norm: 1-10 mm/h and 2-15 mm/h for men and women, respectively.
• Leukocytes (WBC) provide cellular immunity. An increase in leukocytes indicates the presence of an inflammatory process. Norm: 4.0-9.0 * 10 9.
• Stab and segmented neutrophils. Norm: 1-6%, 47-72%, respectively.
• Eosinophils, an increase in which is a sign of allergies or the presence of worms. Norm: 0-5%.
• Basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes. Norms: 0-1%, 18-40%, 2-9% respectively.

Urinalysis results

• Specific gravity. An increase in this indicator indicates diabetes mellitus. Norm: 1.020-1.024.
• Color - a conditional indicator, depends on the time of sampling, medications taken, food intake, etc. Norm: clear urine, light or dark yellow. Turbid urine is caused by bacteria and mucus, which indicates inflammation. A reddish hue of urine is a sign of damage to the bladder, the development of a tumor.
• Smell. A specific odor is a sign of a metabolic disorder, infection, diabetes, etc. Normal: a mild, non-specific odor.
• Acidity pH. A change in the pH level indicates diabetes, kidney problems, and the presence of an infection. The normal acidity is 5.0-7.0.
• protein concentration. An increase indicates inflammation. Norm: 0.033 g / l.
• Glucose. Elevated levels indicate diabetes mellitus.
• Bile pigments indicate liver disease.

Urine biochemistry is carried out using test strips. They are immersed in the research material and change color over time. The received material is compared with the established standards. A separate test strip is provided for each indicator.

Consider how to properly pass a daily urine test. For analysis, urine is collected throughout the day. The collection should begin at 7 am and end exactly after the day. At the end of the collection, the urine is mixed, and from there about 100 milliliters are measured into a special sterile container. It is important to indicate the total amount of urine per day and your weight.

Blood biochemistry allows you to identify problems in the functioning of organs, as well as the level of various hormones. It helps to get information about the work of the liver and kidneys, the presence of inflammation.

Diagnosis of various diseases becomes easier if you do biochemical blood and urine tests. The norms of indicators will show all the existing deviations in the body.

The main indicators of urine biochemistry

• Appearance of urine: Normally, urine should be clear, straw-yellow or dark yellow in color with a mild odor.
• The pH level allows you to identify metabolic disorders.
• Protein is an important indicator in glomerular lesions.
• Glucose helps to determine diabetes mellitus.
• Ketones: If there is an increase in them, then this means there are problems with carbohydrate metabolism.
• Blood. This indicator allows you to determine the presence of disorders of the glomerular apparatus, infections, malignant tumors. Normally, it should be absent.
• Bilirubin.
• Urobilinogen.
• Hemoglobin should normally be absent.
• Density. Its increase indicates the disease of diabetes mellitus.
• Nitrites determine the presence of bacteria. Normally, they should be absent.
• Erythrocytes.
• Leukocytes show the presence of infection.
• epithelial cells.
• Urea. With an increase in the value of this indicator, we can conclude that the breakdown of proteins.
• Phosphorus indicates pathological processes in bone tissues and kidneys.
• Magnesium indicates kidney failure, pathologies in the cardiac and nervous systems.
• Calcium. An increase in the indicator indicates such diseases as hyperparathyroidism, Itsenko-Cushing syndrome, osteoporosis, etc.
• Potassium. Changes in this indicator indicate hormonal disorders, intoxication and kidney problems.

The main indicators of blood biochemistry

• Glucose. Indicates the presence and absence of diabetes mellitus. Bilirubin is common, indicating problems with the liver.
• Urea is an indicator of kidney function.
• Uric acid. Its level can be increased with gout, liver disease, eczema, psoriasis, etc.
• total protein. It can be increased in blood diseases, cirrhosis of the liver, etc.
• Creatinine is excreted by the kidneys.
• Amylase rises with problems with the pancreas.
• Cholesterol rises with anemia, kidney and thyroid diseases.

Express blood and urine tests

Sometimes there are cases when a urine test and a blood test on a general basis are done for too long. Human life can depend on the speed of obtaining the results of the analysis. In this case, the laboratories provide express analyzes of urine and blood. The tube immediately enters the laboratory, bypassing the standard conveyor for receiving and processing samples. The results of such tests are also reviewed by doctors without a queue. As a rule, an urgent urine and blood test can only be done in private laboratories at double the price.

Thus, urinalysis and blood tests are the most important informative tests that help to identify problems in the body in a timely manner and diagnose the development of many diseases at an early stage. So, it becomes possible to prescribe timely treatment and avoid many difficulties. The results of urine and blood tests also make it possible to determine whether the treatment was prescribed correctly.

Modern medicine recommends taking preventive urine and blood tests once a year. This will detect the presence of many dangerous diseases at an early stage and prevent expensive treatment, and will also help maintain a normal state of health. In the presence of any discomfort, weakness and other ailments, you should not postpone a visit to the hospital for a long time. Urine and blood tests are only an addition to the diagnosis. The doctor must evaluate the overall clinical picture of the patient to make an accurate diagnosis.

When passing tests, it should be borne in mind that they do not always show a reliable result. For example, if blood is donated during the incubation period of the disease, then the analysis may not show the presence of antibodies. In addition, the result of the analysis can be affected by the use of antibiotics and other drugs, so you should always notify your doctor about taking any medications. Another important point: compliance with the recommendations for collecting tests and preparing for delivery. Sometimes it becomes necessary to undergo a re-examination.