Didactic flashcards Mushrooms download! Children about mushrooms - mushroom pictures and stories Cards mushrooms edible and inedible.

Didactic flashcards Mushrooms download - good material for games and activities with kids at home. Cards introduce children to different mushrooms - edible, inedible and poisonous. Well develop thinking, memory, increase vocabulary, learn to generalize and classify.

Didactic flashcards Mushrooms, the set consists of two folders.

• In the first folder there are 24 individual and 4 general cards, they are intended for younger preschoolers.

• The second folder for older preschoolers (real photos of mushrooms) consists of 56 individual and 10 general cards.

To get started, download and print the cards. Link -

For greater density, stick them on cardboard and glue them with a sketch on both sides. So they last longer

Adults themselves can come up with different games and activities. For example:

• With young children, we look at pictures, learn the name of mushrooms.
• With the older guys, we will classify mushroom cards into different groups. Learn generalizing words - "Edible mushrooms", "Inedible mushrooms", "Poisonous mushrooms"

Card games

What are mushrooms called?

This is not a game, but an interesting conversation with children. We show cards and get acquainted with.
The kids will learn why one mushroom is called "boletus", the other - "boletus", and the third - "chanterelle". Older children can already independently answer the questions posed by their parents.

What are the names of mushrooms that grow:

• Under a birch?
• Under the aspen?
• On stumps?

What are mushrooms with a hat called?

• redhead?
• Oily?

What are the names of mushrooms whose names are similar to:

• forest animal;
• Pet.

Show picture

Arrange the mushroom cards face up. An adult says the name of the mushroom, the baby needs to show it in the picture.

Guess where it lies

Take 3 or 4 cards. Together with the baby, name each mushroom shown in the picture. Then turn the pictures over, pattern side down.
Task: remember the names of the mushrooms shown in the picture and show where this or that mushroom hid.

What fungus disappeared

Lay out 3-4 cards of mushrooms in front of the child (for older children 5-6). Invite the child to close their eyes while you remove one picture. Task: Guess which mushroom disappeared?

Lay apart

Give the child a general card of mushrooms. Mix the rest of the cards, ask the baby in the general pile to find the same pictures as on the general card, name them and put them on top of the general one.
If two or three children participate in this game, it will be even better, because then you can arrange a competition. Whoever fills out his general card faster will win.

Edible - inedible

The adult shows the cards and, and the kids answer whether they can be eaten or not. In the end, we summarize why we call some mushrooms “edible”, others “inedible”, and still others “poisonous”?
The game to develop mindfulness, memory, ingenuity; teaches to name and distinguish mushrooms correctly.

mushroom clearing

Lay out the didactic cards Mushrooms throughout the room. Task for the child: Collect only edible mushrooms, leave poisonous ones in the same place.
Try not to prompt the baby with a choice. When the kid copes with the task, look at all the collected mushrooms together, pay attention to the mistakes (if any) and be sure to praise the child for the effort.

I know these mushrooms

• Several children or a child and an adult participate in the game. The first participant, starting the game, says the words; "I know such mushrooms: chanterelle"
• The second repeats the words of the first and adds his own: "I know such mushrooms: chanterelle, wave."
• The third continues the chain further, he repeats the words of the second and adds his own word: “I know such mushrooms: chanterelle, wavelet, fly agaric.”

The task is to continue this chain, repeating the words correctly, without confusing anything.
Tip: the chain should not be long. For starters, 5 - 6 words will be enough.
The game perfectly develops attention, memory.

fourth extra

Lay out the didactic cards Mushrooms on the table. Task: Find an extra card. For example:

1. Russula, boletus, oiler, fly agaric. (Amanita is a poisonous mushroom);
2. Fiber, fly agaric, fly agaric, moss mushroom, pale grebe (Moss mushroom is an edible mushroom);
3. Serushka, russula, morel, violinist (The beginning of the word is the sound C).

Do not rush to explain, let the child think and find the answer on his own. You will definitely ask why he thinks it's superfluous.

The game develops logical thinking, attention, memory, increases the overall level of development of children

• In the future, I plan to make Didactic flashcards on other topics. In order not to miss anything interesting - follow the publications on the site and subscribe to our news (form on the right side in the sidebar).

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Preview:

Chanterelle yellow

It is good to collect chanterelles. After warm rains, they crawl out of the earth with whole families and never hide from the mushroom picker, showing off in the clearing, like reflections of the sun or egg yolks.

From all other mushrooms, chanterelles differ primarily in the elegant shape of the fruiting bodies. Pale yellow folds of the plates fancifully branch out to the very ground along a stem tapering downwards, the edges of bright clean hats seem to be corrugated. Everyone who finds chanterelles in the forest notes their beauty, it’s even a pity to hide this live “omelette” in a basket. Quite small chanterelles look like yellow buttons, and larger mushrooms surprise with their bizarre shapes.

Mushroom pickers consider chanterelles to be special mushrooms. Of all the variety of the mushroom kingdom, they are the only ones that are not spoiled by mushroom flies. In addition, chanterelles do not break, so they can be carried in backpacks, bags, bags and not be afraid that you will bring home only crumbs and debris. Chanterelles rightfully deserve the respect of housewives. They are good in roasts, in soups, and in sauces. According to the content of vitamin A, chanterelles can be compared with mushrooms and saffron mushrooms, and they have even more vitamin B than yeast. These mushrooms have a high calorie content and are perfectly absorbed by the body. Chanterelles have one more advantage: they contain a large amount of the so-called ergosterol, a natural antibiotic.

Death cap

Sometimes, next to the forest champignons, you can see their poisonous counterpart - a pale grebe. This is a terrible mushroom: a small piece of it, caught in soup or roast, can cause severe, sometimes even fatal poisoning. Therefore, when picking mushrooms, you need to be extremely careful not to put poisonous grebe in the basket along with good mushrooms.

Pale grebe is sometimes called false champignon, since these mushrooms are very similar to each other, especially in the first stage of growth. A mature mushroom is much easier to distinguish: its cap, unlike the cap of champignon, is surrounded by a fringe sluggishly hanging to the stem; warty bulges protrude on the entire surface of the fungus.

Distinctive features of the toadstool are also white plates (in champignon they are pink or purple) and a white cover at the base of the leg. However, those signs by which a pale toadstool can be distinguished from champignon, as if it were a sin, are in another mushroom - a float pusher, which has the same cover and a sac-shaped vagina at the base of the leg. You can identify the pale grebe only by the ring on the leg, which the pusher does not have.

The pale toadstool is considered the most poisonous mushroom in the world. Several toxic substances were found in its pulp at once: phalloidin, amanitins, falloin and others. 100 g of fresh mushroom contains 10 g of phalloidin, while the lethal dose of this substance is 2-3 mg. In the northern regions, the pale grebe does not grow: there it is replaced by the white grebe (stinky fly agaric). As the name implies, this mushroom has an unpleasant odor, which becomes even stronger in lying mushrooms. The poisonous white grebe is a rather large mushroom. The hat can reach a diameter of 12 cm, it is white, with a slight yellowness in the center. The cap of the white grebe is bell-shaped when young, but later becomes prostrate, although it never fully unfolds. The toadstool leg - also white - is decorated with a ring located almost under the hat itself. The cap of the mushroom is smooth, while large scales are visible on the stem, which make it rough. Pale grebe grows in deciduous or mixed forests, usually associated with oak, hornbeam, birch and beech. In addition, the fungus willingly forms mycorrhiza with linden or maple.

An important condition for the spread and activity of vegetation is soil moisture. Toadstool prefers to grow in those areas of central Russia, where a lot of precipitation falls and lingers. Often it inhabits sphagnum-type pine forests. Fly agaric, unlike the pale grebe, is not so whimsical to the soil and weather conditions. It also grows well in dry years.

The white toadstool is also a deadly poisonous mushroom, so you should be careful not to put it in the basket along with edible mushrooms. The pulp of the white toadstool, along with other toxins, contains virozin, which causes fatal poisoning. If you eat these mushrooms in a proportion of 2 mg per 1 kg of weight, death occurs after 48 hours.

The toxins contained in the white toadstool affect the liver, intestines, and other internal organs. Most of the toxins are found in the cap and volva of the fungus, somewhat less in the plates and stem of the fruiting body.

Porcini

White mushroom is the dream of any mushroom picker. This is the most valuable of the hat mushrooms in nutritional terms. In Russia, there are several forms of white fungus, which are distinguished depending on the place of growth. The cap of porcini mushrooms is cushion-rounded, the stem first looks like a tuber, and then stretches. It is thicker at the bottom than at the top, and sometimes has a thickening in the middle. The bottom of the cap is white, turns yellow with age, the flesh of the mushroom is white, does not change color at the break. The mushroom has a pronounced pleasant smell.

White mushrooms come in a variety of sizes. On average, the height of the stem reaches 7-12 cm, its diameter can be in the range of 2-6 cm. The size of the mushroom depends on weather conditions. After a good rain, you can find a lot of ceps of much larger sizes in the forest. There are mushrooms that weigh from 1 to 1.5 kg. But this is not the limit: there is a known case when the porcini mushroom weighed 6 kg!

The porcini fungus should not be confused with the similar bile fungus. Here are their main differences from each other: the gall fungus turns a little pink at the break, while the white fungus retains its color. The tubular layer of the gall fungus becomes pale pink with age. In white fungus, the tubular layer turns yellow with age. Finally, the taste of the gall fungus is very bitter, while the taste of the white fungus is pleasant.

The birch form of the white fungus grows in birch forests. Such a mushroom has a light color: the cap is whitish, yellowish or brownish, the stem is white, with a mesh pattern, it can be slightly colored, but always lighter than the cap. White mushrooms are found throughout the summer and autumn until cold weather. All kinds of dishes are prepared from them, harvested for the winter. When dried, the pulp of the white fungus remains white, the smell changes somewhat, but still remains pleasant.

White spruce mushroom differs from other types of white mushroom in that its hat has a dark color: it can be brown or brown, often darker and lighter areas alternate on it.

The leg is white or brownish, about a third covered with a pronounced mesh. You can meet spruce white fungus in spruce and fir forests in the north of the European part of Russia, as well as in the Caucasus. It grows from June to October. Has a pleasant smell.

White fungus gets along with almost all tree species. It grows even in the tundra, next to the dwarf birch. However, scientists have noticed that the white fungus never grows with larch, despite the fact that it is quite widespread in Russia.

In general, white is one of the most typical edible agaric mushrooms of the temperate zone of Russia and other countries. Probably, precisely because of its ubiquitous distribution and excellent taste, until the 16th century, only boletus was called a mushroom in Russia. Ryzhiki, russula and others were simply called "mushrooms", confirmation of which is easy to find in Domostroy and other books of that time. The modern name appeared much later, approximately simultaneously with the word "boletus". Then mushroom pickers, and after them botanists, learned to distinguish between spruce and pine forms of white fungus.

Already in the 15th century, people dried porcini mushrooms, put them in pies, and used other methods of their preparation. Today, boletus attracts the attention of not only culinary specialists and mushroom pickers, but also physicians. Scientists have found that it contains biologically active substances with bacteriostatic and antiblastic effects. The former reduce the number of Escherichia coli and a number of other pathogenic microorganisms. The latter have a positive effect on the condition of cancer patients.

Volnushka pink

Volnushka pink - a very common mushroom that grows in birch and birch-mixed forests. It usually grows in groups, therefore, having found one wave, it is worth looking for other mushrooms nearby, or maybe a whole family. The pink wave is larger than its relative - the white wave. Its hat is usually from 4 to 12 cm in diameter, flat, fluffy, with a small funnel in the center, red-pink, with pronounced zones of these shades. The edges are strongly turned outward. Leg 4-9 cm long, fluffy, becomes bare with age. Most often, the leg is the same color as the hat, but a little lighter.

The pulp of the mushroom is brittle, white or creamy. The mushroom contains a sharp and bitter-tasting milky juice that does not change color in the air. On the underside of the cap are whitish or yellowish-pink frequent plates. The pink volnushka is edible, it is considered a mushroom of the second category. It is collected and salted by mushroom pickers, in addition, a salty pink wave can be bought at the store. Pink volnushka is not poisonous, but very bitter and tasteless when fresh. These mushrooms are eaten only salted or pickled 40-50 days after salting, when the bitterness disappears.

The writer Oleg Chistovsky in his book "Familiar Strangers" describes a case when a group of scientists who explored the Eastern Sayan, unfortunately, was left without food supplies. There were no animals in the cedar forests through which the researchers moved, and hunting was excluded. Then scientists began to eat boiled waves. And although it was not a very suitable food (boiled wave is unacceptable for the stomach), scientists survived only thanks to mushrooms.

The closest relative of the pink wave is the white wave. The white cap is white or cream, pinkish in the middle, 4-8 cm in diameter, fluffy, depressed in the middle. The edges of the cap are bent outward, fluffy. The leg is short, 2-4 cm long and 1.5-2 cm high, white or pinkish, downy or glabrous.

The flesh of the mushroom is white or pinkish, smells good. The mushroom contains white milky juice, which does not change color in the air. The underside of the cap is covered with frequent narrow light-yellow, white or pinkish plates.

The white wave grows in deciduous and mixed forests, loves the neighborhood of a birch, is found in a meadow near the forest, as well as in young birch forests. Its season begins at the end of summer and continues until October. It is less common than the pink wave. The white wave is edible. It is considered a mushroom of the second category, although few mushroom pickers like to collect it. Some scientists consider it not edible at all. They eat it only salted, and many days after salting.

Volnushka belongs to the russula family. Indeed, in appearance it is somewhat reminiscent of russula. However, the main difference between russula and volnushka is the absence of white juice, which is released when the mushroom is broken. On this basis, two genera of fungi are generally divided - russula and lactiferous, to which the volushka belongs.

It differs from the rest of the milkers, and primarily from the whitefish, in the shape and color of the cap, as well as the hollow leg, which is covered with fluff in young fruiting bodies. Experienced mushroom pickers believe that after the mass appearance of volushki, popularly called volzhanki, or krasuls, the time comes for “real”, that is, September, mushrooms.

real breast

A real mushroom appears in the fall, when the foliage fades, the grass becomes motley, and it rains every day. To search for mushrooms, special skill is needed: you should look closely at all the bumps and tubercles on the ground, since only a swollen leaf litter tells you where the mushroom family is located.

A mushroom found under rotten leaves seems like perfection. His milky-white hat, like marble, gleams in his hands like mother-of-pearl. Other types of mushrooms also have white caps, but none of them ever have a hat of such pure whiteness as a real mushroom. In terms of the whiteness of clothes, neither the noble boletus nor the russula can be compared with the mushroom.

The fluffy fringe along the edges of the cap also gives elegance to the mushroom; on this basis, it is easy to distinguish a real mushroom from its counterparts: violin, pepper mushroom, white load.

Milk mushrooms have long been famous as the most famous mushrooms of Russian cuisine. Previously, Russia served as the main supplier of milk mushrooms to European countries. The best, highest grade are small strong breasts (cap size no more than 2.5 cm). Miniature salted milk mushrooms in bottles were sent to Europe. In Paris, for example, they were considered a delicacy. Salted milk mushrooms of the first grade had a cap size of up to 5 cm, and mushrooms were of the second grade, the caps of which reached 9 cm in diameter.

Oil can granular

Oiler is one of the most delicious mushrooms. True, there is a lot of trouble with it: each fungus must certainly be peeled and only then cooked to taste and mood. The name given to the mushroom is not accidental: it is slippery, oily to the touch, the skin is covered with mucus.

No troubles stop mushroom pickers who rush into the forest in the hope of picking up a full basket of butter. By the way, it is not difficult to do this even for a completely inexperienced assembler. Maslyata - "people" are surprisingly friendly: where there is one fungus, there are a dozen more. Long strings of mushrooms hide in the grass, under the fallen needles. You just have to guess and be in time for the date when the mushrooms are all small, strong, one to one; otherwise, the mushroom picker will be upset: sometimes he cuts off one butter dish after another, and the mushrooms are all overgrown, wormy, so only one out of a dozen will get into the basket.

The granular butter dish is very similar to the real one, but does not have a membranous ring on the stem. Also, the gritty oiler is not as slippery as it has less sticky goo on the cap. The grainy oiler is named because of the small warts or grains present on the top of its legs. Unlike the present, the granular oiler prefers the pine forests of the southern regions, where it grows in exceptional abundance and is much more common than the real one.

red fly agaric

The red fly agaric is a hallucinogenic mushroom. Its pulp contains choline and the alkaloid muscarine, as well as substances that stimulate the nervous system. The hallucinogenic properties of the mushroom have been known since ancient times.

In India and South America, the red fly agaric was widely used in ritual ceremonies. The peoples of the Far North have been aware of these properties of the fly agaric since ancient times and considered them sent down from above. Even ceremonies were held to worship the "divine mushroom"; during this ritual, each participant ate a piece of red fly agaric, coming into a state of ecstasy. The hallucinations caused by the mushroom were interpreted as messages from heaven.

The peoples of the Far North and Siberia widely used this mushroom, replacing alcohol with infusions and decoctions of fly agaric. Travelers who visited Siberia in the 17th century were surprised to see how, after tasting a decoction of dried, purple, mushroom caps with white warts, the locals fell into a state similar to alcohol intoxication. Often it turned into a deep sleep, accompanied by hallucinations.

Despite the fact that the fly agaric is poisonous, it is widely used in medicine. Since ancient times, fly agaric preparations have been used for various tumor diseases, tuberculosis, diseases of the nervous system, rheumatism and arthritis. Infusions of fresh red fly agaric were used to kill insects.

The red fly agaric is widespread on the European continent and in North America. However, it has been experimentally proven that the most poisonous variety of the red fly agaric grows in Siberia. Amanitas of Japan and the USA can cause a state close to alcohol intoxication, but only Siberian mushrooms can cause death due to the high content of toxins in their pulp.

The red fly agaric usually forms fruiting bodies in July-August, but if the year turned out to be dry, mass fruiting shifts to a later date. Sometimes a handsome man in a red hat with white freckles can be seen even in October.

Fly agaric lives 15 days. First, a white “egg” appears from the ground - a mushroom wrapped in a veil. Then the spathe bursts, and only part of it remains on the hat in the form of flaky residues or warts. The spores of the fungus mature immediately after the separation of the ring from the cap. On the 2-3rd day after ripening, they begin to bear fruit; sporulation lasts 4-5 days, after which the fungus dries up.

If the year is rainy, then the white warts on the cap of the mushroom can be washed away by rain, and the red fly agaric can be easily confused with russula. Therefore, special care should be taken when picking mushrooms during the rainy season. Fly agaric differs from russula in the presence of free plates, a ring at the top and a roller at the bottom of the legs.

A related species of the red fly agaric is the royal fly agaric. It is distinguished primarily by its brownish cap color.

Numerous warts, arranged in concentric circles on the cap, may not be pure white, but gray-brown or ocher. The leg of the fly agaric, as well as the ring and the tuber, are ocher in color, at the bottom of the tuber there are 3-4 circles of warts. The color of the pulp of the mushroom is white, but under the skin of a darker shade. This mushroom grows mainly in the northern and middle latitudes.

Real honey agaric

The real honey agaric also settles on rotten wood. At the same time, the following can often be observed: stumps inhabited by honey agarics glow weakly in the dark with a non-flickering white phosphorescent light. The light is emitted not by rotten ones, but by the ends of rhizomorphs - mycelium cords.

boletus.

Boletus (birch), like some other mushrooms, has an interesting feature: it is capable of growth and development only on birch roots. The fungus braids the root from the outside and partially penetrates inside.

Birch mushroom is also useful. Its outer free hyphae diverge widely in the soil from the root, replacing the root hairs. Free hyphae of the fungus receive water, mineral salts, soluble organic substances from the soil, which are not only used by the fungus to build mycelium and fruiting bodies, but also enter the root of the tree.

In the people, the boletus is called black fungus or chernysh, since the mushroom turns black when dried.

Boletus grows in birch forests from late June to late autumn. Young mushrooms have a spherical cap, but then it becomes flatter. The color of the cap can be of various shades from whitish-brown to dark brown, which is also determined by the age of the fungus and its place of growth.

Boletus red

To collect a full basket of boletus, you do not need to be a mushroom picker with great experience. Aspen mushrooms are bright mushrooms, their red caps are visible from afar.

Boletus is a special mushroom. It differs from all other mushrooms primarily in that it can grow not only near old trees, but also under young trees. Even in a dry summer, when you can’t find any mushrooms in the entire area, reds (another name for aspen mushrooms) are found in damp, shady aspen forests. In addition, aspen mushrooms are considered the fastest growing mushrooms. According to ecological characteristics, five main forms of these fungi are distinguished. In poplar forests, you can find gray aspen mushrooms, in damp forests - white, on damp soils in pure aspen forests - aspen reds, in dry mixed forests - orange, brown-yellow and yellow-red aspen mushrooms.

Aspen mushrooms, like some other mushrooms, are an exception to the rule when testing for toxicity. At the site of a fracture of the cap or stem, the white color of the pulp takes on dubious shades (reddish, bluish or bluish-black), which is characteristic of many poisonous mushrooms. This color change should not confuse the mushroom pickers, since it is an individual feature of the boletus.

A very common variety of red boletus is yellow-brown aspen. Until recently, no distinction was made between these mushrooms, since both species are common in the same places, and outwardly differ only in the color of the cap. However, mycologists have identified a very significant difference.

It turned out that the red boletus prefers to grow under aspens and poplars, and the yellow-brown boletus forms mycorrhiza exclusively with birches. Yellow-brown boletus is an excellent edible mushroom, which is difficult to confuse with any poisonous or inedible mushroom, so even a novice mushroom picker can collect yellow-brown boletus. This aspen forms fruiting bodies in summer and autumn; it can be found not only in forests, but also in gardens, parks, and kitchen gardens. The mushroom is absolutely picky about growing conditions, it can be found even at an altitude of 2400 m above sea level. It also grows in the polar tundra under dwarf birches. Yellow-brown boletus can be found even beyond the Arctic Circle: in Greenland, Lapland, Svalbard.

For a mushroom picker, it does not really matter which boletus to put in the basket: red or yellow-brown. Both are equally delicious. But for mycologists, the differences between these fungi are of fundamental importance.

The two varieties of the mushroom differ not only in the color of the cap. If you look closely, you can see that the edges of the tubes in the yellow-brown boletus are gray, while in the red boletus they are whitish and darken only in old age. The leg of the yellow-brown boletus is dotted with numerous delicate brownish-black scales; the scales of the red boletus are somewhat coarser and have a brownish-red tint. You can also distinguish mushrooms by the color of the pulp: in the red boletus, the flesh becomes purple on the cut, and in the yellow-brown boletus, it turns pink, acquiring a blue-green tint at the base of the leg.

A rare variety of red boletus - fox boletus. Its cap is rusty-brown in color, and the leg is covered with brown scales. If you break the cap or leg of the mushroom, you can see how the flesh quickly becomes purple in the air, and then acquires a brown tint. At the base of the stem, the flesh always remains blue-green. This variety of boletus is found exclusively under pine, including under mountain pine and pine slate.

Russula.

Russula are found in coniferous and deciduous forests throughout the mushroom season. Mushroom pickers do not like to collect them, because they are very tender and brittle, and sometimes, until you bring them home, only crumbs remain. But, despite this, russula is very tasty.
These mushrooms have multi-colored hats: pink, yellow, red, brown, greenish and blue - 5-10 cm in diameter, on the underside of which there are white or yellowish plates. The leg is straight, white.
Russula is used in boiled, fried or salted form.

All life on Earth is usually attributed to either the plant or animal world, however, there are special organisms - mushrooms, which for a long time scientists found it difficult to attribute to a certain class. Mushrooms are unique in their structure, mode of life and diversity. They are represented by a huge number of varieties and differ in the mechanism of their existence even among themselves. Mushrooms were first attributed to plants, then to animals, and only recently it was decided to attribute them to their own, special kingdom. Mushrooms are neither a plant nor an animal.

What are mushrooms?

Mushrooms, unlike plants, do not contain the pigment chlorophyll, which gives green leaves and extracts nutrients from carbon dioxide. Mushrooms are not able to independently produce nutrients, but extract them from the object on which they grow: tree, soil, plants. Eating ready-made substances brings mushrooms very close to animals. In addition, moisture is vital for this group of living organisms, so they are not able to exist where there is no liquid.

Mushrooms can be hat, mold and yeast. It is the hats that we collect in the forest. Molds are well-known molds, yeasts are yeasts and similar very small microorganisms. Fungi can grow on living organisms or feed on their metabolic products. Fungi can create mutually beneficial relationships with higher plants and insects, these relationships are called symbiosis. Mushrooms are an essential component of the digestive system of herbivores. They play a very important role in the life of not only animals, plants, but also humans.

Diagram of the structure of a cap mushroom

Everyone knows that a mushroom consists of a stem and a cap, and we cut them off when we collect mushrooms. However, this is only a small part of the fungus, called the "fruiting body". By the structure of the fruiting body, you can determine the edible mushroom or not. Fruiting bodies consist of intertwined threads, these are "hyphae". If you turn the mushroom over and look at the cap from below, you will notice that some mushrooms have thin plastics there (these are agaric mushrooms), while others look like a sponge (spongy mushrooms). It is there that spores (very small seeds) are formed that are necessary for the reproduction of the fungus.

The fruiting body is only 10% of the fungus itself. The main part of the fungus is the mycelium, it is not visible to the eye, because it is located in the soil or tree bark and is also an interweaving of hyphae. Another name for mycelium is "mycelium". A large area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe mycelium is necessary for the collection of nutrients and moisture by the fungus. In addition, it attaches the fungus to the surface and promotes further spread along it.

edible mushrooms

The most popular edible mushrooms among mushroom pickers include: porcini mushroom, boletus, boletus, butterdish, flywheel, honey agaric, milk mushroom, russula, chanterelle, camelina, volnushka.

One mushroom can have many varieties, which is why mushrooms with the same name can look different.

White mushroom (boletus) mushroom pickers adore for its unsurpassed taste and aroma. It is very similar in shape to a barrel. The cap of this mushroom is like a round pillow and has a pale to dark brown color. Its surface is smooth. The pulp is dense, white, odorless and has a pleasant nutty taste. The leg of the white fungus is very voluminous, up to 5 cm thick, white, sometimes beige. Most of it is underground. This mushroom can be harvested from June to October in coniferous, deciduous or mixed forests and its appearance depends on where it grows. You can use white mushroom in any form.

Common boletus

Common boletus (boletus) also a mushroom quite desirable for mushroom pickers. Its hat is also pillow-shaped and is either light brown or dark brown. Its diameter is up to 15 cm. The flesh of the cap is white, but may turn slightly pink on the cut. The length of the leg is up to 15 cm. It widens slightly downward and has a light gray color with brown scales. Boletus grows in deciduous and mixed forests from June to late autumn. He loves the light very much, so most often he can be found on the edges. Boletus can be consumed boiled, fried and stewed.

boletus

boletus(redhead) is easy to recognize by the interesting color of its hat, reminiscent of autumn foliage. The color of the cap depends on the place of growth. It varies from almost white to yellow-red or brown. At the point of fracture, the pulp begins to change color, darkens to black. The boletus leg is very dense and large, reaching a length of 15 cm. In appearance, the boletus differs from the boletus in that it has black spots on its legs, as it were, drawn horizontally, while the boletus has more vertically. This mushroom can be collected from early summer to October. It is most often found in deciduous and mixed forests, in aspen forests and undergrowth.

butterdish

butterdish has a fairly wide hat, up to 10 cm in diameter. It can be colored from yellow to chocolate, convex shape. The peel can be easily separated from the pulp of the cap and to the touch it can be very slimy, slippery. The flesh in the cap is soft, yellowish and juicy. In young butterflies, the sponge under the hat is covered with a white film; in adults, a skirt remains on the leg from it. The leg has the shape of a cylinder. It is yellow at the top and slightly darker at the bottom. Oiler grows in coniferous forests on sandy soil from May to November. It can be consumed pickled, dried and salted.

Kozlyak

Kozlyak very similar to the old butter dish, but the sponge under the hat is darker, with large pores and there is no skirt on the leg.

mokhovik

Mokhoviki have a cushion-shaped hat with a velvety skin from brown to dark green. The leg is dense, yellow-brown. The flesh may turn blue or green on the cut and has a brown color. The most common are green and yellow-brown mossiness mushrooms. They have excellent taste qualities and can be consumed fried and dried. Be sure to clean the hat before eating it. Mossiness mushrooms grow in deciduous and coniferous forests of temperate latitudes from mid-summer to mid-autumn.

Dubovik

Dubovik grows mainly in oak forests. In appearance, it resembles a white mushroom in shape, and in color it resembles a flywheel. The surface of the cap in young mushrooms is velvety, in wet weather it is mucous. From touch, the hat is covered with dark spots. The pulp of the fungus is yellowish, dense, red or reddish at the base of the stem, turns blue on the cut, then turns brown, odorless, the taste is mild. The mushroom is edible, but it is easy to confuse it with inedibles: satanic and gall mushrooms. If part of the leg is covered with a dark mesh, this is not a oak tree, but its inedible counterpart. In an olive-brown oak, the flesh on the cut immediately turns blue, and in a poisonous double, it slowly changes color, first to red, and then turns blue.

All the mushrooms described above are spongy. Among spongy mushrooms, only the gall mushroom and the satanic mushroom are poisonous, they look like white, but immediately change color on the cut, and even pepper is not edible, because it is bitter, about them below. But among the agaric mushrooms there are many inedible and poisonous ones, so the child should remember the names and descriptions of edible mushrooms before going on a “silent hunt”.

Honey agaric

Honey agaric grows on the base of trees, and meadow agaric - in the meadows. Its convex hat up to 10 cm in diameter has a yellowish-brown color, similar to an umbrella. The length of the leg is up to 12 cm. In the upper part it is light and has a ring (skirt), and at the bottom it acquires a brownish tint. The pulp of the mushroom is dense, dryish, with a pleasant smell.

The autumn mushroom grows from August to October. It can be found on both dead and living trees. The hat is brownish, dense, the plates are yellowish, there is a white ring on the leg. Most often it is found in a birch grove. This mushroom can be eaten dried, fried, pickled and boiled.

Autumn honey agaric

Summer honey agaric, like autumn, grows on stumps all summer and even in autumn. Its hat along the edge is darker than in the middle and thinner than that of the autumn honey agaric. There is a brown ring on the leg.

Honey agaric summer

The honey agaric has been growing in meadows and pastures since the end of May. Sometimes mushrooms form a circle, which mushroom pickers call the "witch's ring".

Honey agaric meadow

Russula

Russula have a round cap with easily detachable skin along the edges. The hat reaches 15 cm in diameter. The cap can be convex, flat, concave or funnel-shaped. Its color varies from red-brown and blue-gray to yellowish and light gray. The leg is white, fragile. The flesh is also white. Russula can be found in both deciduous and coniferous forests. They also grow in the birch park, and on the banks of the river. The first mushrooms appear in late spring, and the largest number occurs in early autumn.

Chanterelle

Chanterelle- an edible mushroom that looks and tastes good. Her velvety hat is distinguished by a red color and resembles a funnel in shape with folds along the edges. Its flesh is dense and has the same color as the cap. The hat flows smoothly into the leg. The leg is also red, smooth, tapering downwards. Its length is up to 7 cm. Chanterelle is found in deciduous, mixed and coniferous forests. It can often be found in moss and among conifers. It grows from June to November. You can use it in any form.

breast

breast has a concave hat with a funnel in the center and wavy edges. It is firm to the touch and fleshy. The surface of the cap is white and is covered with fluff, it is dry or vice versa, mucous and wet, depending on the type of breast. The pulp is brittle and when broken, a white juice with a bitter taste is released. Depending on the type of milk mushroom, the juice may turn yellow or turn pink when broken. The leg of the mushroom is dense, white. This mushroom grows in deciduous and mixed forests, often covered with dry foliage so that it is not visible, but only a mound is visible. You can collect it from the first summer month to September. Mushrooms are well suited for pickling. Much less often they are fried or consumed boiled. The breast is also black, but black has a much worse taste.

White mushroom (real)

Dry breast (loader)

aspen mushroom

Black breast

Volnushka

Volnushki they are distinguished by a small hat, which has an impression in the center and a beautiful fringe along slightly tucked edges. Its color varies from yellowish to pink. The flesh is white and firm. This is a conditionally edible mushroom. The juice has a very bitter taste, so before you cook this mushroom, you need to soak it for a long time. The leg is dense, up to 6 cm in length. Volnushki love wet areas and grow in deciduous and mixed forests, preferring birch. They are best collected from August to September. Volnushki can be eaten in salted and pickled form.

Ginger

mushrooms similar to volnushki, but larger in size, they do not have a fringe along the edges, they are light orange in color, and the flesh on the cut is also orange, turning green along the edge. The mushroom does not have bitter juice, so you can cook it immediately without soaking it. The mushroom is edible. Ryzhik fried, boiled and marinated.

Champignon

Champignons grow in the forest, and in the city, and even in landfills and basements from summer to autumn. While the mushroom is young, its cap has the shape of a half ball of white or grayish color, the reverse side of the cap is covered with a white veil. When the hat opens, the veil turns into a skirt on a leg, exposing gray plates with spores. Mushrooms are edible, they are fried, boiled, marinated without special pre-treatment.

violinist

A fungus that creaks slightly when you run a fingernail over it or rub hats, many call it a squeaker. It grows in coniferous and deciduous forests, usually in groups. The violinist looks like a milk mushroom, but unlike the milk mushroom, its plates are cast in a yellowish or greenish color, and the hat may also not be pure white, moreover, it is velvety. The flesh of the mushroom is white, very dense, hard, but brittle, with a slight pleasant smell and a very pungent taste. When broken, it exudes a very caustic white milky juice. The white flesh becomes greenish-yellow when exposed to air. Milky juice, drying, becomes reddish. Violin is a conditionally edible mushroom, it is edible in salt form after soaking.

Value (goby) has a light brown hat with whitish plates and a white leg. While the mushroom is young, the cap is bent down and slightly slippery. Young mushrooms are harvested and eaten, but only after removing the skin, prolonged soaking or boiling the mushroom.

You can meet such bizarre mushrooms in the forest and in the meadow: morel, line, dung beetle, blue-green stropharia. They are conditionally edible, but recently they are less and less eaten by people. Young parasol mushroom and puffball are edible.

poisonous mushrooms

Inedible mushrooms or foods containing their poisons can cause severe poisoning and even death. The most life-threatening inedible, poisonous mushrooms include: fly agaric, pale grebe, false mushrooms.

A very noticeable mushroom in the forest. His red hat with white dots is visible to the forester from afar. However, depending on the species, hats can also be of other colors: green, brown, white, orange. The hat is shaped like an umbrella. This mushroom is quite large. The leg usually widens downward. It has a "skirt" on it. It is the remains of a shell in which young mushrooms were located. This poisonous mushroom can be confused with golden-red russula. The russula has a hat that is slightly depressed in the center and there is no "skirt" (Volva).

Pale grebe (fly agaric green) even in small quantities can cause great harm to human health. Her hat can be white, green, gray or yellowish. But the shape depends on the age of the fungus. The cap of a young pale grebe resembles a small egg, and over time it becomes almost flat. The stem of the mushroom is white, tapering downwards. The pulp does not change at the incision site and has no smell. Pale grebe grows in all forests with clay soil. This mushroom is very similar to champignons and russula. However, mushroom plates are usually darker in color, and in pale grebe they are white. Russula does not have this skirt on the leg, and they are more brittle.

false mushrooms can be easily confused with edible mushrooms. They usually grow on stumps. The cap of these mushrooms has a bright color, and the edges are covered with white flaky particles. Unlike edible mushrooms, these mushrooms have an unpleasant smell and taste.

gall fungus- doppelgänger of white. It differs from the boletus in that the upper part of its leg is covered with a dark mesh, and the flesh turns pink when cut.

satanic mushroom also looks like white, but its sponge under the hat is reddish, there is a red mesh on the leg, and the cut becomes purple.

pepper mushroom looks like a flywheel or butter dish, but the sponge under the hat is lilac.

false fox- an inedible twin of a chanterelle. In color, the false chanterelle is darker, reddish-orange, white juice is released at the break of the cap.

Both flywheel and chanterelles also have inedible counterparts.

As you understand, mushrooms are not only those that have a hat and stem and grow in the forest.

• Yeast mushrooms are used to create some drinks, using them in the fermentation process (for example, kvass). Molds are a source of antibiotics and save millions of lives every day. Special types of mushrooms are used to give foods, such as cheeses, a special taste. They are also used to create chemicals.
• Mushroom spores, with the help of which they reproduce, can germinate after 10 years or more.
• There are also predatory species of fungi that feed on worms. Their mycelium forms dense rings, when hit, it is already impossible to escape.
• The oldest mushroom found in amber is 100 million years old.
• An interesting fact is that leaf-cutting ants are able to independently grow the mushrooms they need for food. They acquired this ability 20 million years ago.
• In nature, there are about 68 species of luminous mushrooms. They are most often found in Japan. Such mushrooms are distinguished by the fact that they glow green in the dark, it looks especially impressive if the mushroom grows in the middle of rotten tree trunks.
• Some fungi lead to serious diseases and affect agricultural plants.

Mushrooms are mysterious and very interesting organisms, full of unsolved mysteries and unusual discoveries. Edible species are a very tasty and healthy product, while inedible ones can cause great harm to health. Therefore, it is important to be able to distinguish them and you should not put a mushroom in the basket in which there is no complete certainty. But this risk does not prevent one from admiring their diversity and beauty against the backdrop of blooming nature.

Synopsis of GCD in the middle group on the topic: "Oh, mushrooms, mushrooms"

Speech therapy classes with children are much more productive if you use special visual material. This is especially necessary to do when the baby's personal experience (on the topic under discussion) is not too great. For example, preschoolers rarely see mushrooms, they have vague ideas about their different types, therefore, high-quality images of these “forest gifts” allow not only to develop children's speech, but also significantly enrich knowledge about the world around them, nature.

If you want to use pictures of mushrooms for activities with children, then you should consider a few rules for their use:

• Give the child the opportunity to take a good look, study new images in each drawing, and only then use them for developmental exercises or games.
• Pay attention to the quality of the pictures. It is best to use special speech therapy illustration sets produced for kindergarten, but you can also take realistic images from the Internet or use photographs.
• Be sure to select a variety of handouts - both subject pictures and plot pictures. The first ones are small cards with single images of mushrooms, and the second ones are illustrations of a real (hedgehog with mushrooms) or fabulous (a series of pictures Under the mushroom) situation on the topic. For the development of the speech of preschoolers, both types of visual material are necessary.
• Any illustration for classes should be made in a realistic manner, exactly repeating all the elements of the external structure of an object.
• It is most convenient to use cards with names that older preschoolers can read for themselves.
• Images of mushrooms on a transparent background greatly expand the possibilities of using them when compiling stories.

Cards by Glen Doman on the topic “Mushrooms”:

Tasks

There are so many representatives of this natural kingdom that each species allows you to offer the child special tasks. To do this, of course, you need to choose suitable pictures with mushrooms for children, as close as possible to natural ones.

Russula

• What color are the caps of these mushrooms?
• Explain what their name says?

• Count: one honey agaric - two honey agarics - three ...
• Think and tell why honey mushrooms are often called "friendly"?

• Compare fox and fox. How does a chanterelle mushroom look like a red beast?
• What fox can be seen in the kitchen? (fried, boiled, pickled, dried, salted, fresh)

• Where does the boletus like to grow the most? What tree "gave" him his name?
• How can you call a grove in which only aspen mushrooms grow? (aspen, aspen)

boletus

• What happens if you uproot mushrooms, and not cut with a knife? Why can't this be done?
• In what forest can you most often find a boletus (in a birch grove, in a birch forest).

Borovik (white mushroom)

• Describe the appearance of a boletus.
• Explain why it is also called "white"?
• Can someone hide under a mushroom if it has grown very large?

• Why can't you pick fly agarics?
• What other inedible mushrooms do you know?

Death cap

• Tell us about what poisonous mushrooms are and why pale grebes are considered so dangerous to people?
• Why is no one picking up harmful mushrooms?

Games

Different pictures of mushrooms for children allow you to conduct many kinds of speech therapy games. Here are some examples:

• We collect mushrooms

Each player chooses one picture with a mushroom and tries to describe its external features. If the other player guessed correctly, then the card goes to him. The one with the most pictures wins.

• How are we similar?

An adult chooses two cards (boletus-boletus, white-butter, russula-fly agaric) and invites children to see as many differences between them as possible. The one who gives the answer last wins.

• Cheerful chefs

Invite the children to “cook” a meal of various edible mushrooms they know. Everyone must choose one picture and name a dish that can be cooked with certain mushrooms (for example: porcini mushroom soup, pickled butter, boletus in sour cream, salted milk mushrooms, etc.

• Oh, what a honey agaric we have!

The image of any mushroom is transferred from one player to another. Everyone names one of its signs, distinctive features of the external structure. The winner is the participant who can see and name some detail last.

• Tales from storytellers

Ask each player to choose one specially selected mushroom picture for children. Then everyone has to come up with a short story about their character. Tell about his character, habits, occupations. For example, Borovik is the king of all mushrooms in the forest, he is strict and important, busy with state affairs from morning to evening, loves to play football and play the balalaika. Older preschoolers can be invited to come up with (in a circle) a whole story about the mushroom kingdom, you can also draw illustrations for the fairy tale together.

• Mosaic: find a piece

Make cut-out pictures from the cards and invite the child to collect them. You can use drawings of poisonous and edible mushrooms for this game.

• full basket

Invite the child to select a few cards (he will need a small basket for this), memorize them well and repeat all the names by heart without looking into the basket again. Each player can try to become a mushroom picker by collecting their own set of cards.

Puzzles

With children it is very useful to learn riddles on a chosen topic. This helps not only to train the memory, attention of a preschooler, but also significantly increases his vocabulary, and also allows you to automate difficult sounds. Here is a selection of suitable riddles called Basket of Mushrooms for Toddlers:

coloring pages

Coloring drawings is very important for the development of fine motor skills of the baby, for his speech development. Younger preschoolers need to be offered larger, simple outline images of the most famous mushrooms (white, fly agaric), and for older children it would be more correct to select drawings with miniature mushrooms, chanterelles, and russula. Make sure that children do the work only with pencils, it is this condition that provides the value of coloring.