Geographic coordinates of Warsaw, Poland. Geographic coordinates: Warsaw, Poland

Warsaw(Polish Warszawa, MFA:) is the capital and largest city in terms of population and territory in.

The city became the actual capital in 1596, when, after a fire in the Wawel Castle, King Sigismund III moved his residence here, while the capital status of the city was confirmed only in the Constitution of 1791. The Vistula River flows through the city, dividing the city approximately equally.

Etymology

The name first appears in manuscripts of the 14th century in the form Warseuiensis(1321) and Warsaw(1342), and in the XV century as Warschouia (1482).

Most historians and linguists believe that the name of the city comes from the possessive adjective Warszewa(or Warszowa) on behalf of Warsz(a shortening of the name Warcisław, Wrocisław, popular in the Middle Ages).

Name change from Warszewa on the Warzawa occurred in the 16th century, and this was due to the peculiarities of the Mazovian dialect, on the territory of which Warsaw is located. In this dialect, until the end of the 15th century, the vowel a went into e after soft consonants (a sz in Polish at that time was soft). In the 15th century, forms with a secondary e were considered dialectal, so people who tried to speak the literary language replaced them with forms with a. In the case of Warsaw, the etymologically correct form was replaced with a hypercorrect one.

The name Warsaw may also come from the Hungarian varosh"fortified city"

It is widely believed among the people that the name Warzawa appeared as a result of the combination of the name of a fisherman named Wars and a mermaid, nicknamed Sawa, whom the fisherman married. The image of the Mermaid Sava has become a symbol of Warsaw.

There is a legend about the founding of Warsaw: a certain prince (ruler) named Casimir, having lost his way while hunting, came across a poor fishing hut on the banks of the Vistula. There he found a young fisherwoman who had just given birth to twins named Varsh and Sava. Casimir became their godfather and rewarded the fisherman's family for their hospitality. The fisherman built a house with this money, around which other fishermen began to settle, which marked the beginning of Warsaw.

Symbolism

Warsaw Mermaid Sirena (Syrena)

The main symbol of Warsaw is undoubtedly the Warsaw Mermaid. Her image can be found on the coat of arms of the city. A monument in the style of urban sculpture has been erected to the folklore creature on the Market Square. Coat of arms of Warsaw represents a red French shield, a ribbon with a motto, a royal crown on the upper border of the shield and a Silver Cross of the Order of Military Merit (Virtuti Militari) at the tongue of the shield. Flag of Warsaw consists of two equal horizontal stripes of red and yellow color. The canvas must be executed in a ratio of 5:8.

Story

Main article: History of Warsaw

Middle Ages

It has been documented that from the 10th century on the territory of modern Warsaw there were several settlements, among which Bródno (that is, “ford”, “crossing”), Jazdów and Kamion reached the greatest power. Despite this, the first wooden buildings in Warsaw were built by the Mazovshans in XII century, and stone - already in order to defend against the Teutonic Order - in the XIV century.

new time

At the beginning of the 15th-16th centuries, Warsaw was the capital of the Duchy of Mazovia, in 1596-1795 it was the residence of the Polish kings and the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, in 1791-1795 the capital of the Commonwealth, in 1807-13 - the Duchy of Warsaw (actually under the French protectorate), from 1815 until 1915 - the Kingdom of Poland (in the possession of the Russian Empire). From 1918 to 1939 Warsaw was the capital of the Republic of Poland, and from 1952 to 1989 - the capital of the Polish People's Republic.

During the period of occupation of 1939-1944 during the 2nd World War, the administrative center of the General Government was located in.

Throughout World War II, central Poland, in particular Warsaw, was ruled by the General Governorate, the Nazi colonial administration. All institutions of higher education were closed and the entire Jewish population of Warsaw - several hundred thousand, approximately 30% of the city's population - was sent to the Warsaw Ghetto. On April 19, 1943, an order was issued to destroy the ghetto (this was part of Hitler's "final decision"). The Jews started an uprising that lasted almost a month. When the fighting ended, almost all the survivors were destroyed, only a few were able to escape or hide.

In July 1944, the Red Army entered deep into Polish territory, pursuing the Germans in the Warsaw direction. The Polish government-in-exile, based in London, ordered the underground Home Army (AK) to liberate Warsaw from the Nazis just before the arrival of the Red Army. And on August 1, 1944, when the 2nd Panzer Army did not conduct active offensive operations and consolidated on the achieved lines, the Craiova Army launched the Warsaw Uprising (1944), which lasted 63 days, but, in the end, ended in capitulation.

The captured rebels were escorted to prison camps in Germany, and the civilian population was deported. Hitler, disregarding the agreed terms of surrender, ordered the complete destruction of the city, libraries and museums to be taken to Germany or burned. About 85% of the city was destroyed, in particular, historical sites: Stare Miasto and the Royal Castle.

Warsaw was liberated on January 17, 1945 by Soviet troops as a result of the Vistula-Oder operation (see also Poland in World War II).

Newest time

After the 2nd World War the city was rebuilt. However, only the most ancient part of the city, namely the Old Town, the New Town and the Royal Route, as well as some valuable monuments and architectural objects were restored in their historical, although not always in their original form. So, for example, in the Old Town, behind carefully restored facades, apartments are modern according to the criteria of the post-war period with a completely different layout and equipment than their historical predecessors before 1939.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Warsaw

The climate of Warsaw is temperate continental, with mild winters and warm, humid summers. The average temperature in winter is from +2 °C to -5 °C, in summer - from +15 °C to +20 °C. The climate of Warsaw is one of the most comfortable among cities in the temperate zone, heat above +30 °C is rare and short-lived, frosts below −15 °C are also rare. Autumn is long and warm, spring comes gradually.

Government

Administrative division

After the administrative reform of 2002, Warsaw became a powiat, consisting of 1 gmina, which, in turn, is divided into 18 dzielnica (districts).

Chief police officers

In Warsaw, until 1833, the police constituted one of the branches of the municipal administration of the city under the authority of the president. By the decision of the Council of Administration of the Kingdom of Poland of June 20 (July 2), 1833, the executive police was separated from the administrative police and transferred to the jurisdiction of the vice-president of the city of Warsaw. Then, by the Highest command, announced by the Council of the Kingdom of October 12 (24), 1839, the vice-president of the city was given the title of Warsaw chief of police.

Population

Population 1880-2000

The growth and evolution of Warsaw's urban population has long been influenced by the fact that the city was one of the transit points for trade routes and trans-European migrations. This circumstance could not but affect both the number and the national composition of the population. Thus, earlier, before the city became a center of industry and services, the population consisted mainly of trading groups. According to the 1897 census, out of 638,000 inhabitants, about 219,000, or approximately 34%, were Jews by nationality. The diversity and multinationality of the population in a special way influenced the culture of the city. Being home to many different ideas and movements, Warsaw, over its more than 300-year history, has acquired the nicknames "Eastern", "Second Paris". The ratio of female and male population: ~ 54% of women and ~ 46% of men.

• 1700 - 30,000 (est.)
• 1792 - 120 000
• 1800 - 63 400
• 1830 - 139 700
• 1850 - 163 600
• 1882 - 383 000
• 1900 - 686 000
• 1925 - 1 003 000
• 1939 - 1 300 000
• 1945 - 422,000 (in September)
• 1956 - 1 000 000
• 1960 - 1 139 200
• 1970 - 1 315 600
• 1975 - 1 436 100
• 1980 - 1 596 100
• 1990 - 1 611 800
• 2002 - 1,707,100 (after joining the Vesola region)
• 2004 - 1,676,600 (2,760,000 metropolitan)
• 2005 - 1,694,825 (2,880,000 metropolitan)
• 2006 - 1,700,536 (2,870,000 metropolitan)

Attractions

Of the monuments related to, the following are significant:

• Warsaw Alexander Citadel is a Russian fortress of the 19th century.
• Alexander Nevsky Cathedral - once the tallest building in the city, destroyed in the 1920s.
• Church of Mary Magdalene in Prague (1867-1869)
• Church of the Monk Martinian
• Church of Peter and Paul
• The Palace of Culture and Science is a 231-meter tall Stalinist skyscraper, which still remains the architectural dominant of the city.
• Cemetery-mausoleum of Soviet soldiers - a memorial complex on the street. Zhvirka and Vigura, where 21.5 thousand soldiers of the Red Army who died in 1944-1945 during the liberation of the city from German occupation are buried.
• Tomb of the Unknown Soldier - a grave-monument on the square of Marshal Jozef Pilsudski. Erected in memory of Polish soldiers who died for their homeland at various times.
• Orthodox cemetery in Warsaw - a cemetery located in Warsaw at 138/140 Wolska Street, one of the oldest necropolises in the city.

Architecture

Main article: Palaces of Warsaw

See also: List of tallest buildings in Warsaw

Restored Royal Palace in Warsaw and the square in front of it

Today, Warsaw is a mixture of diverse architectural styles, thanks in large part to the rich history of both Poland and the capital itself. During the war, the old city was almost completely destroyed and restored only in the post-war years. For example, the Royal Palace (the historical heart of Warsaw) was rebuilt only in the 1970s and 1980s, and some restoration work is still going on. The historic center of Warsaw is included in the World Heritage List as an exemplary example of a thorough restoration of the destroyed historical heritage. The times of the Polish People's Republic left behind buildings in the Stalinist Empire style. Several significant historical monuments were recreated after the fall of the Polish regime. In recent decades, the panorama of the city has been enriched with modern skyscrapers and business centers.

• Palaces of Warsaw

Czapski Palace

Royal Palace

Wilanów Palace

Ostrozhsky Palace

Palace of Culture and Science

Presidential palace

Ujazdowski castle

Lazenkov Palace

Branicki Palace

Krasinski Palace

Education

Warsaw University

• Warsaw University (Uniwersytet Warszawski)
• Warsaw University of Technology (Politechnika Warszawska)
• University of Social Psychology and Humanities (SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny)
• Warsaw School of Economics (Szkoła Główna Handlowa)
• Higher School of Agriculture (Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego)
• Warsaw Medical Academy (Akademia Medyczna w Warszawie)
• Music Academy. Frederic Chopin (Akademia Muzyczna im. Fryderyka Chopina)
• Theater Academy named after Alexander Zelverovich (Akademia Teatralna im. Aleksandra Zelwerowicza)
• University of Cardinal S. Wyshinsky (Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego)
• Military Technical Academy (Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna)
• Academy of Military Art (Akademia Sztuki Wojennej)
• Academy of Physical Education (Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego w Warszawie)

In total, the city has about half a million students (29% of the city's population, est. 2002), of which more than 255,000 are university students.

culture

National Museum, Archaeological Museum.

The Bolshoi Theatre, the National Theatre, the Polish Theatre, the Roma Musical Theatre, the Modern Theatre, the Wola Theater and others. The Warsaw Autumn International Music Festival organized in 1956 by Tadeusz Byrd and Kazimir Serocki.

The Railway Courier (Kurjer Kolejowy) is a monthly illustrated magazine with daily supplements published in Warsaw since 1896.

Sport

• Legia Warszawa is a Warsaw football team that plays in the Polish top league (Ekstraklasa). Founded in 1916. Polish Champion: 1955, 1956, 1969, 1970, 1994, 1995, 2002, 2006, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017 , 1996, 1997, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2013. Polish Supercup winner: 1989, 1994, 1997, 2008.
• Polonia Warszawa is a Warsaw football team that played in the Polish top league (Ekstraklasa) until 2012/2013, after which, due to financial problems, it was forced to move to the Fourth League. Founded in 1911. Polish Champion: 1948, 2000. Polish Cup Winner: 1952, 2001. Polish Super Cup Winner: 2000.
• Guards is a football club from Warsaw. Founded in 1948. Silver medalist of the Polish Championship in 1957, bronze medalist of the Polish Championship in 1959 and 1973, winner of the Polish Cup in 1954, finalist of the Polish Cup in 1974 and participant in the first edition of the Champions Cup. In the 2013/2014 season, he plays in the Class A league - the seventh football league in Poland.

Athletic facilities

The Decade Stadium, the largest stadium in Warsaw, which operated from 1955-2007, has been demolished, now in its place is the National Stadium, which opened in 2011 (built in preparation for the 2012 European Football Championship). It seats 59,520 spectators.

In addition, there is the Polonia Stadium, the home arena of FC Polonia (Polonia Warszawa) with a capacity of 7,150 seats, as well as the home stadium of FC Legia (Legia Warszawa) - Pepsi Arena (until 2011 - the Stadium of the Polish Army) for 31,103 places.

Warsaw also has a hippodrome, several indoor skating rinks, the Stegniy skating track, dozens of year-round swimming pools, tennis courts, and hundreds of small and large sports venues.

Economy

The share of Warsaw in the economy of Poland is 15% of GDP. Unemployment - 1.8% (2008).

Transport

See also: Warsaw Metro, Warsaw Tram, and Warsaw Suburban Railway

Intra-city public transport in Warsaw is represented by many bus routes, a tram network consisting of three dozen lines, and the metro system. Travel is by tickets, which can be bought at the ticket machine or in the transport itself. Drivers do not sell tickets. All tickets are universal, there is no division by type of transport.

The city has the largest international airport in Poland and two railway stations.

honorary citizens

List of honorary citizens

• John Paul II (1920-2005) - Pope (1978-2005).
• Sklodowska-Curie, Maria (1867-1934) - Polish-French experimental scientist (physicist, chemist), teacher, public figure. Twice Nobel Prize winner.
• Pilsudski, Jozef (1867-1935) - Polish statesman and politician, the first head of the revived Polish state, the founder of the Polish army.
• Paderewski, Ignacy Jan (1860-1941) - Polish pianist, composer, statesman and public figure.
• Haller, Jozef (1873-1960) - Polish general.
• Zheligovsky, Lucian (1865-1947) - Polish general and politician.
• Weygand, Maxime (1867-1965) - French military figure.
• Hoover, Herbert Clark (1874-1964) Thirty-first President of the United States.
• Foch, Ferdinand (1851-1929) - French military figure, Marshal of France.
• Geishtor, Alexander (1916-1999) - Polish historian, president of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
• Kachorowski, Ryszard (1919-2010) - Polish statesman.
• Kaminski, Franciszek (1902-2000) - General of the Polish Army Division.
• Bartoshevsky, Wladyslaw (born 1922) - Polish historian, publicist, diplomat, statesman.
• Glemp, Jozef (born 1929) - Cardinal
• Edelman, Marek (1919-2009) - Polish and Jewish public figure, cardiologist, last leader of the uprising in the Warsaw ghetto.
• Peszkowski, Zdzisław (1918-2007) - Catholic presbyter, Ph.D.
• Sendler, Irena (1910-2008) - Polish resistance activist.
• Walesa, Lech (born 1943) - Polish politician, activist and human rights defender, former head of the independent Solidarity trade union, President of Poland (1990-1995). Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983.
• Axer, Erwin (born 1917) - Polish theater director
• The Dalai Lama XIV (born 1935) is the spiritual leader of the Buddhists. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989.
• Piletsky, Witold (1901-1948) - organizer of the resistance movement in the Auschwitz concentration camp.
• Mazowiecki, Tadeusz (1927-2013) - Polish politician, one of the leaders of the Solidarity movement and the first post-communist Prime Minister of Poland (1989-1991).
• Kaczynski, Lech (1949-2010) - President of Poland (2005-2010).
• Kwasniewski, Alexander (born 1954) - Polish statesman and politician, President of the Polish Republic (1995-2005).
• Skarzynski, Henryk (born 1954) - Polish doctor, otorhinolaryngologist, audiologist, phoniatrist, founder and director of the Warsaw Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing and the International Center for Hearing and Speech.
• Davies, Norman (born 1939) - British historian.
• Buzek, Jerzy (born 1940) - Polish politician, Prime Minister of Poland (1997-2001), President of the European Parliament (2009).

twin cities

Warsaw is a sister city of the following cities:

• , (1957)
• , (1960)
• , (1960)
• , (1981)
• , (1989)
• Region, (1990)
• , (1990)
• , (1990)
• , Germany (1991)
• , (1991)
• , (1991)

Latitude: 52°13′47″ N
Longitude: 21°00′42″ E
Height above sea level: 113 m

Warsaw coordinates in decimal degrees

Latitude: 52.2297700°
Longitude: 21.0117800°

Coordinates of Warsaw in degrees and decimal minutes

Latitude: 52°13.7862′ N
Longitude: 21°0.7068′ E

All coordinates are given in the world coordinate system WGS 84.
WGS 84 is used in the global positioning and navigation satellite system GPS.
Coordinates (latitude and longitude) determine the position of a point on the Earth's surface. The coordinates are angular quantities. The canonical representation of coordinates is degrees (°), minutes (′), and seconds (″). In GPS systems, the representation of coordinates in degrees and decimal minutes or in decimal degrees is widely used.
Latitude takes values ​​from −90° to 90°. 0° - latitude of the equator; −90° - latitude of the South Pole; 90° is the latitude of the North Pole. Positive values ​​correspond to north latitude (points north of the equator, abbreviated N or N); negative - southern latitude (points south of the equator, abbreviated S or S).
Longitude is measured from the prime meridian (IERS Reference Meridian in the WGS 84 system) and takes values ​​from −180° to 180°. Positive values ​​correspond to east longitude (abbreviated east or E); negative - west longitude (abbreviated W or W).
Height above sea level shows the height of the relative sea level point. We use a digital elevation model