English vowel sounds. English vowels Short vowels in Russian

Short vowels ( short vowels

box box

Dog dog

Pig pig

horse horse

keep keep

Steal steal

Consider the first short sound [i] [and]. Pronounce this sound briefly.

dig dig - shovel

Brik brik - brick

skip skip - jump

still still - steal steal

be be - bee bee

ship ship-sheep sheep

Now a short vowel [ӕ] . Pronounced like a Russian sound [e].

snack snack - snack

map map - map

manager manager - manager

Try to make a sound [e] on one's own

metal [`metl] metal - metal

seldom [`seldəm] seldom - rarely

belt belt - belt

Let's move on to a short sound [ ə ]

Sound [ ə ] in English is called schwa- neutral sound. This sound is unstressed and practically unpronounceable, it is found in many English words.

Example:

burglar [`bz:glə] burglar - thief

Advance [əd`va:ns] advance - promotion

Master [`ma:stə]master - master

[ə`kʌpə ti:]

Hence the name cuppa- a cup of tea.

Now consider a short sound [ʊ]

book book - book

Cook cook - cook

Took took - took

next sound [ʌ] .

dove - dove

Jump - jump

One

Last Sound [ɒ]

Trying to pronounce this sound

odds [ɒdz]odds - opportunities

Office [`ɒfis] office - office

Off [ɒf]off

The main thing is to pronounce words clearly and correctly. You must understand that in English there are a huge number of words that are similar in spelling, but they are pronounced differently. For example words ship-ship and sheep- sheep. The spelling is a bit similar for these words, but what about the pronunciation? Let's look at the transcription of words: ship [ʃ i p] and sheep [ʃi:p]. The first word has a short vowel, and the second has a long vowel. If you pronounce these words incorrectly, for example, the first word with a long vowel, and the second with a short one, then you will not be understood correctly, you may even put yourself in a stupid position. That is why it is necessary to study the phonetics of the language.

Let me give you one more example. Intonation is very important in English when you ask: How are you? How are you? You should ask with a high intonation, if you say with a low intonation, the interlocutor will think that you are a very angry and aggressive person. In order not to frighten the interlocutors, study the rules of intonation.

Now we will analyze long vowels ( long vowels).

Consider the first long vowel [i:].

Now we know how to pronounce these sounds correctly. Let's try to read words with a long vowel on our own [i:]:

precede precede - precede

Secretive [`si:krətiv]secretive - hidden

Negro [`ni:grəʊ]negro - Negro

tease tease

Uneasily [ʌn`i: zili] uneasily - not easy

Speed ​​speed - speed

queen queen

Premium [`pri:miəm] premium - reward

Let's try to pronounce words with this sound on our own:

reserve reserve - reserve

Reserve [`sɜ: fis] reserve - surface

Survey [`sɜ:vei]survey - overview

Versus [`vɜ:səs]versus - in comparison with

Worker [`wɜ: kə] worker - worker

Worst worst - worst

Sunburn [`sunbɜ:n] sunburn - tan

Let's try it on our own:

hard hard - hard

Enchant enchant - enchant

Spark [`spa:k]spark - spark

Laughter [`la: ftə] laughter - laughter

Raft raft - raft

Now we can pronounce words with this sound ourselves. We try:

schoolmate [`sku:lmeit]schoolmate - classmate

Suit suit - suit

New new - new

Numeral [`nju:mərəl]numeral - numeral

Let's try it on our own:

laundry laundry

Reward reward - reward

Source source - source

door door

In English, as in Russian, there are open and closed syllables.

Closed consonant letter: trust│, bond│, cash│, dis│gust│.

open called a syllable ending vowel: by│, A│be│, ba│by│. In English, syllables ending in a vowel are also conventionally classified as open syllables. e, which is unreadable. This "silent" letter only shows that the syllable is needed conditionally count open. For example, na│me│. This circumstance is important to remember, since the reading of English vowels depends on the type of syllable in which they enter. AT closed syllables usually represent vowels short sound, and in open – long or diphthong. Long sounds may have longitude or coincide with the name of a given letter in the alphabet.

The length of sounds has in English much more important than in Russian. In Russian, we can say briefly Sheep! or stretch O-sheep! This will change only the tone of the statement, but not the meaning of the word itself. sheep. In English, the length of the sound changes the meaning of the word itself.

For example, the word sheep with a long vowel [J], means sheep, sheep, a word ship with very short [I] means ship. Therefore, the longitude of the sound must be carefully monitored.

The basic rule for pronouncing English consonants is that they are not softened (pronounced firmly before all vowels) and are not deafened or voiced at the end of a word: for example, in Russian we say /pillar/, but we write pillar, we say /rock/, but we write horn. This cannot be done in English, since replacing a voiced sound with a deaf one and vice versa changes the meaning of the statement: for example, if instead of led you say let, then instead of you supervised succeed allowed.

ENGLISH SOUNDS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR THEIR PRONUNCIATION

Vowel sounds. Monophthongs.

[J] close to lingering and: or uy.

[I] close to short vowel and in the word needle.

[e] close to sound uh in words this is, chain.

[x] The sound is long and intense, between a and uh. The tip of the tongue rests on the lower teeth and pushes the lower jaw down. This English sound is a bit like I in words five, meat.

[R] Reminds me of a long sound ah: ha-a-lka.

[P]/[O] Reminds me of a short sound about in the word that.

[L] Reminds me of a long-drawn-out oh-oh in the word go-al.

[W]/ A long sound that is somewhat similar to a Russian sound /s:/. Pull the Russian sound /ы:/, then without changing the position of the lips, lower the back of the tongue, you will get the correct English sound .

[q] Short, obscure, unstressed sound. In Russian it is heard in unstressed syllables in words house, five rooms.

[A] Looks like a Russian percussion a in ladies, closer in pronunciation to the Russian unstressed sound a in the word to a mouse In English, it is a stressed vowel.

[u] close to sound at in the word here.

[H] close to sound wow, pronounced at length: y-angle.

Vowel sounds. diphthongs.

Close to Russian ah in the word Baikal.

Close to Russian her in the word neck.

Close to Russian oh in the word tight.

Close to Russian ay in the word rubber.

Close to Russian OU in the word clown or - close to Russian eu.

Close to Russian ia with donation to and.

Close to Russian ya with emphasis on at.

The combination is pronounced like ea with emphasis on uh.

Consonants

Correspond to Russian

[p] how P aspirated, that is, with a loud exhalation before a stressed vowel, for example, P arc. Transmitted by the letter Pp.

[b] how b in the word b ereg. Transmitted by the letter Bb.

[m] how m in the word m ore; when pronouncing an English consonant [m] lips close more tightly than when pronouncing the corresponding Russian sound. Transmitted by the letter Mm.

[k] how to with aspiration, that is, a loud exhalation, especially before a stressed vowel and at the end of a word sounds more distinct, for example, to art.*

[g] how G in the word G orod, but less stressful.*

[f] how f in the word f abrika, but more intensely than in Russian. Transmitted by the letter Ff.

[v] how in in the word in Oh yeah. Transmitted by the letter Vv.

[s] how With in the word With hell, but more tense than in Russian.*

[z] how h in the word h avuch. Transmitted by the letter Zz.

[t] how t in the word t ok, aspirated, that is, with a loud exhalation before the stressed vowel; the tip of the tongue is raised and pressed against the alveoli * Transmitted by the letter Tt.

[d] how d in the word d ohm; the tip of the tongue is raised and pressed against the alveoli. Transmitted by the letter Dd.

[n] how n in the word n ogy; the tip of the tongue is raised and pressed against the alveoli. Transmitted by the letter Nn.

[l] something like l in the word forest; always pronounced somewhat softer than hard Russian l but harder than soft le; the tip of the tongue is raised and pressed against the alveoli. Transmitted by the letter Ll.

[S] how sh in the word sh there is.*

[Z] how and in the word and there is*

[C] how h in the word h ek; the sound is pronounced by touching the tip of the tongue to the alveoli, with one pronunciation effort. *

[G] how j combined "or whose would" /zhe j" would/; the sound is pronounced by touching the tip of the tongue to the alveoli, with one pronunciation effort. *

[r] p without vibration, as in the word fat ebay; the tip of the tongue is located behind the alveolar bulge, forming a gap with it. The tongue is tense, and its tip is motionless. Transmitted by the letter Rr.

[h] strong exhalation resembling a sound X. Transmitted by the letter Hh.

[j] looks like a weak Russian th before vowels: e if*

long Yu in the word yu-yu mouth.*

e in the word e hat.*

yo in the word yo kat.*

I in the word I gel.*

*See Attachment 1.

The following consonants do not even have approximate equivalents in Russian:

[w] When pronouncing this sonorous sound, the lips are rounded and significantly pushed forward. A jet of exhaled air passes with force through the gap formed between the lips. The lips move vigorously.

[N] In order to learn how to pronounce this nasal sound correctly, you need to inhale through your nose. wide open mouth, while neither the tip of the tongue, nor its front and middle parts should touch the palate. The back of the tongue closes with the soft palate, approximately the same as when pronouncing Russian /g/. Exhale air from the lungs through the nose.

[T].There is no such sound in Russian. The sound is deaf, when it is pronounced, the tongue is flattened and relaxed, the tip of the tongue forms a narrow flat gap with the entire cutting edge of the upper teeth, loosely pressing against it. A jet of air passes through this gap with force. The tip of the tongue should not protrude far beyond the upper teeth or be pressed too tightly against the teeth (otherwise it will turn out /t/). The teeth should be exposed, especially the lower ones, so that the lower lip does not touch the upper teeth and does not come close to them (otherwise it will turn out / f /). The sound resembles a lisping Russian /s/.

[D] There is no such sound in Russian. The sound is sonorous, when it is pronounced, the tongue is flattened and relaxed, the tip of the tongue forms a narrow flat gap with the entire cutting edge of the upper teeth, loosely pressing against it. Air flows through this gap. The tip of the tongue should not protrude strongly beyond the upper teeth or be pressed too tightly against the teeth (otherwise it will turn out /d/). The teeth should be exposed, especially the lower ones, so that the lower lip does not touch the upper teeth and does not come close to them (otherwise it will turn out /c/). The sound resembles a lisping Russian /z/.

*Alveoli - a tubercle in the form of an arc or horseshoe at the base of the upper teeth.

ENGLISH ALPHABET

RULES FOR READING VOF LETTERS

Reading vowels depends on a number of factors:

1. from the type of syllable in which it stands (open, closed, etc.);

2. from whether it is shock or unstressed;

3. from its position among other letters, i.e. how many and which letters follow or precede it.

As already noted, the main feature of Arabic vowels, in comparison with Russian ones, is that they differ in terms of longitude and brevity of sound. Longitude and shortness of vowels in Arabic have a semantic difference.

There are 6 vowel phonemes in Arabic. Of these, three are short: [a], [i], [y], which are indicated by vowels, and three are long: [a], [i], [y].

Arabic short phonemes [a], [i], [y] are similar to the corresponding Russian phonemes. As for long phonemes, they, while qualitatively coinciding with short ones, differ from the latter in a longer duration (about 2 times).

To denote long vowels, the so-called weak letters are used:

ا ، و ، ي

Long vowel [a]

The main means of transmitting a long [a] is the combination of the letter "alif" (ا) with the vowel "fatha" over the previous letter: ـــَ ا .. For example:

قَالَ

Such a mark of a long vowel [a] is called “alif mamdud”, i.e. elongated "alif".

Another means of conveying a long [a] in writing is the combination of the letter ى with the vowel “fatha” above the previous letter. This type of long [a] is called "alif maksura", i.e. shortened "alif". For example:

رَمَى

It should be borne in mind that if the combination of ا with fatha is used to convey [a] in all syllables of the word, then the combination of ى with fatha can only be used in the final syllable of the word.

The lengthening of the long vowel [a] after the hamza (أَ + ا) is transmitted in the letter "alif" with a wavy line on top: (آ). For example:

آدَمُ ، آمَنَ ، آزَرُ

Long vowel [and]

Long [and] is transmitted by a combination of the letter “yya” (ي) with the vowel “kasra” under the previous letter: ـــِ ي .. For example:

قِيلَ

Long vowel [y]

Long [y] is transmitted by combining the letter "wow" (و) with the vowel "damma" over the previous letter: ـــُ و .. For example:

قُوبِلَ

It should be noted that, along with the mentioned combination of letters and vowels, the condition for the formation of long vowels by weak letters ا ، و ، ي is the absence of vowels above them. Otherwise, they will be used as consonants. For example:

ظَبْيُ ، فَوْزُ ، بَيْتُ ، بَيْدَ ، سَوْفَ ، فَوْقَ

In some words of the Arabic language, when transmitting a long [a], "alif" is omitted. The missing alif is replaced by a vertical fatha. For example: instead of ذَالِكَ it is written ذٰلِكَ , instead of إِلٰهُ - إِلاَهُ.

When the letter "lam" (ل) is combined with the "caliph" (ا), the following ligature is formed:

⁃ when written independently: لا

⁃ when connected on the right: ـلا

In our lessons, in the absence of vowels above or below "alif", it serves to convey a long vowel [a]. In the presence of voicing, it is a stand for hamza.

Exercise #1

Read the following words, paying attention to the pronunciation of the long vowel [y]:

حُوتْ ، نُونْ ، مُوزْ ، رُومْ ، فُولْ

يَقُولُ ، يَقُومُ ، يَطُوفُ ، يَمُوجُ ، يَصُومُ

يَزُورُ ، يَمُولُ ، يَذُودُ ، يَسُوسُ ، يَدُوسُ

يَدْخُلُونَ ، يَعْلَمُونَ ، يَعْمَلُونَ ، يَشْهَدُونَ

Exercise #2

Read the following words paying attention to the pronunciation of the long vowel [and]:

مِيلْ ، نِيلْ ، فِيلْ ، حِينْ ، سِينْ

كَرِيمْ ، عَلِيمْ ، سَمِيعْ ، عَزِيزْ ، حَفِيظْ

يَطِيرُ ، يَسِيلُ ، يَكِيلُ ، يَلْوِي ، يَكِيدُ

تَعْلِيمْ ، تَدْرِيسْ ، تَبْرِيكْ ، تَعْظِيمْ

Exercise #3

Read the following words, paying attention to the pronunciation of the long vowel [a]:

حَالْ ، مَالْ ، بَالْ ، نَارْ ، غَارْ

كَلاَمْ ، سَلاَمْ ، حَلاَلْ ، حَرَامْ ، حِسَابْ

نِظَامْ ، غُلاَمْ ، غُبَارْ ، يُقَالُ ، يُدَارُ

مَتَى ، فَتَى ، حَمَى ، رَوَى ، بَلَى

Exercise #4

Read the words vertically, paying attention to the difference between a long vowel and a hamza:

لَامَ ، فَالَ ، رَامَ ، رَاسَ

لَأَمَ ، فَأَلَ ، رَأَمَ ، رَأَسَ

Accent longitude and brevity

Differences in the duration of vowels may be due to their position in stressed or unstressed syllables in those languages ​​in which duration is one of the components of stress. Such differences are characteristic of the vocalism of languages, in which duration can be both relevant and irrelevant for the phoneme system. So, for example, in English and Russian, a quantitative sign (duration) is one of the important components of stress, therefore a stressed vowel is always longer than an unstressed one, while in Russian the strongest reduction in vowel duration is noted in the second pre-stressed syllable. For native Russian speakers who perceive long vowels as stressed, Czech words with a second long syllable like motyl"butterfly" sounds like it's stressed on the second syllable, although in reality the stress in Czech always falls on the first syllable. In languages ​​with opposition between long and short vowels, as, for example, in ancient Greek, a sign of duration, not being a component of stress, can influence the formation of its varieties.

In the languages ​​of the world

In Slavic languages

Long and short vowels were characteristic of the Proto-Slavic language.

In the process of formation of independent Slavic languages ​​based on the Proto-Slavic dialects, in most of them the opposition of vowels in longitude/shortness was lost with the exception of Czech, Slovak and Serbo-Croatian. In these languages, five pairs of long and short vowels are opposed: / ā /, /ē /, /ī /, /ō /, /ū / - /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ . In writing, long vowels are indicated mainly with the help of the acute diacritic mark: in Czech - á , é , í (ý ), ó , ú (in a number of positions in the word as ů ); in Slovak - í , é , á , ó , ú ; in Serbo-Croatian, long vowels are not displayed in writing.

In other Slavic languages, short vowels formed in place of long ones. For example, in the Polish language, the opposition of vowel phonemes in longitude-shortness by the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century was transformed as a result of the reduction of long ones and a change in their timbre into the opposition of pure and narrowed (former long) short vowels. Subsequently, the narrowed vowels gradually coincided with the rest of the (pure) short vowels. Letter ó , which denoted the corresponding narrowed vowel that arose in place of the old longitude, has been preserved in the Polish alphabet to the present.

In Romance languages

The opposition of long and short vowels is characteristic of the proto-language of the Romance group - Latin. In modern Romance languages, this opposition is noted only in Friulian and in some northern Italian dialects. As a relic, it is preserved in French dialects, as well as in Belgian and Canadian French. In all other Romance languages, quantitative oppositions of vowels are not phonologized. So, in Italian, the longitude and shortness of vowels are determined by the nature of the syllable (long allophones are pronounced in open syllables, shorter in closed syllables), in French, longitude is assigned to certain phonemes (for example, / ɑ / - always long) or determined by positional compatibility (implemented in position before consonants / r/, /v/, /z/, /ʒ /) .

In Uralic languages

In Turkic languages

In most modern Turkic languages, there are eight short phonemes: / a/, /e/, /about/, /ө /, /at/, /ү /, /s/, /and/. Their corresponding long vowels have been lost in almost all Turkic languages, with the exception of Yakut, Turkmen and Khalaj. Long vowel relics are found in Chulym-Turkic and Uyghur, in dialects of Karakalpak and Uzbek, and in some other Turkic languages ​​and dialects.

see also

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Notes

1. Bondarko L.V. // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. V. N. Yartseva. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.
2. Vinogradov V. A. // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. V. N. Yartseva. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.
3. (English) . The International Phonetic Association. (Retrieved March 22, 2014)
4. Schenker A.M. Proto-Slavonic // The Slavonic Languages ​​/ Comrie B., Corbett G. - London, New York: Routledge, 1993. - P. 72. - ISBN 0-415-04755-2.
5. Short D. Czech // The Slavonic Languages ​​/ Comrie B., Corbett G. - London, New York: Routledge, 1993. - P. 456. - ISBN 0-415-04755-2.
6. Short D. Slovak // The Slavonic Languages ​​/ Comrie B., Corbett G. - London, New York: Routledge, 1993. - P. 534. - ISBN 0-415-04755-2 .
7. Krechmer A. G., Neveklovsky G.// Languages ​​of the world. Slavic languages. - M .: Academia, 2005. - S. 11. - ISBN 5-87444-216-2.
8. Priestly T.M.S. Slovene // The Slavonic Languages ​​/ Comrie B., Corbett G. - London, New York: Routledge, 1993. - P. 389-390. - ISBN 0-415-04755-2.
9. Tikhomirova T. S. Languages ​​of the world. Slavic languages. - M .: Academia, 2005. - S. 6-7. - ISBN 5-87444-216-2. (Retrieved March 22, 2014)
10. Walczak B. Zarys dziejów języka polskiego. - II. - Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1999. - S. 79-87. - ISBN 83-229-1867-4.
11. Tikhomirova T. S.// Languages ​​of the world. Slavic languages. - M .: Academia, 2005. - S. 7-8. - ISBN 5-87444-216-2. (Retrieved March 22, 2014)
12. Alisova T. B., Chelysheva I. I. Romance languages ​​// Languages ​​of the world. Romance languages. - M .: Academia, 2001. - S. 31. - ISBN 5-87444-016-X.
13. Hyde P. Uralic languages ​​// Languages ​​of the world. Uralic languages. - M .: Nauka, 1993. - S. 9-10. - ISBN 5-02-011069-8.
14. Pall V.I. // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. V. N. Yartseva. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.
15. Tenishev E. R. Altai languages ​​// Languages ​​of the world. Turkic languages. - Bishkek: Publishing House Kyrgyzstan, 1997. - S. 8-9. - ISBN 5-655-01214-6.
16. Gadzhieva N. Z. Turkic languages ​​// Languages ​​of the world. Turkic languages. - Bishkek: Publishing House Kyrgyzstan, 1997. - P. 24. - ISBN 5-655-01214-6.

An excerpt characterizing Long and short vowels

For a long time that night, Princess Marya sat by the open window in her room, listening to the sounds of peasants talking from the village, but she did not think about them. She felt that no matter how much she thought about them, she could not understand them. She kept thinking about one thing - about her grief, which now, after the break made by worries about the present, has already become past for her. She could now remember, she could cry and she could pray. As the sun went down, the wind died down. The night was calm and cool. At twelve o'clock the voices began to subside, a rooster crowed, the full moon began to emerge from behind the linden trees, a fresh, white dew mist rose, and silence reigned over the village and over the house.
One after another, she imagined pictures of the close past - illness and the last moments of her father. And with sad joy she now dwelled on these images, driving away from herself with horror only one last idea of ​​​​his death, which - she felt - she was unable to contemplate even in her imagination at this quiet and mysterious hour of the night. And these pictures appeared to her with such clarity and in such detail that they seemed to her either reality, or the past, or the future.
Then she vividly imagined the moment when he had a stroke and he was being dragged from the garden in the Bald Mountains by the arms and he was muttering something in an impotent tongue, twitching his gray eyebrows and looking restlessly and timidly at her.
“He wanted to tell me even then what he told me on the day of his death,” she thought. “He always thought what he said to me.” And now she remembered with all the details that night in the Bald Mountains on the eve of the blow that happened to him, when Princess Mary, anticipating trouble, stayed with him against his will. She did not sleep and went downstairs on tiptoe at night and, going to the door to the flower room, where her father spent the night that night, she listened to his voice. He was saying something to Tikhon in an exhausted, tired voice. He seemed to want to talk. "Why didn't he call me? Why didn't he allow me to be here in Tikhon's place? thought then and now Princess Marya. - He will never tell anyone now all that was in his soul. This moment will never return for him and for me when he would say everything that he wanted to express, and I, and not Tikhon, would listen and understand him. Why didn't I come into the room then? she thought. “Perhaps he would have told me then what he said on the day of his death. Even then, in a conversation with Tikhon, he asked twice about me. He wanted to see me, and I was standing there, outside the door. He was sad, it was hard to talk with Tikhon, who did not understand him. I remember how he spoke to him about Liza, as if alive - he forgot that she was dead, and Tikhon reminded him that she was no longer there, and he shouted: "Fool." It was hard for him. I heard from behind the door how, groaning, he lay down on the bed and shouted loudly: “My God! Why didn’t I go up then? What would he do to me? What would I lose? Or maybe then he would have consoled himself, he would have said this word to me. And Princess Marya uttered aloud that affectionate word that he had spoken to her on the day of his death. “Dude she nka! - Princess Marya repeated this word and sobbed tears that relieved her soul. She saw his face in front of her now. And not the face she had known since she could remember, and which she had always seen from afar; and that face - timid and weak, which on the last day, bending down to his mouth in order to hear what he was saying, for the first time examined closely with all its wrinkles and details.
"Darling," she repeated.
What was he thinking when he said that word? What does he think now? - suddenly a question came to her, and in response to this she saw him in front of her with the expression on his face that he had in the coffin on his face tied with a white handkerchief. And the horror that seized her when she touched him and became convinced that it was not only not him, but something mysterious and repulsive, seized her even now. She wanted to think about something else, she wanted to pray, and there was nothing she could do. She gazed with large open eyes at the moonlight and the shadows, every second she expected to see his dead face, and she felt that the silence that stood over the house and in the house chained her.
- Dunyasha! she whispered. - Dunyasha! she cried in a wild voice and, breaking out of the silence, ran to the girls' room, towards the nanny and girls running towards her.

On August 17, Rostov and Ilyin, accompanied by Lavrushka and the escort hussar, who had just returned from captivity, from their Yankovo ​​camp, fifteen miles from Bogucharov, went riding - to try a new horse bought by Ilyin and find out if there is hay in the villages.
Bogucharovo had been between the two enemy armies for the last three days, so that the Russian rearguard could just as easily enter there as the French avant-garde, and therefore Rostov, as a caring squadron commander, wanted to take advantage of the provisions that remained in Bogucharov before the French.
Rostov and Ilyin were in the most cheerful mood. On the way to Bogucharovo, to the princely estate with a manor, where they hoped to find a large household and pretty girls, they first asked Lavrushka about Napoleon and laughed at his stories, then they drove, trying Ilyin's horse.
Rostov did not know and did not think that this village to which he was going was the estate of that same Bolkonsky, who was his sister's fiancé.
Rostov and Ilyin let the horses out for the last time in the cart in front of Bogucharov, and Rostov, having overtaken Ilyin, was the first to jump into the street of the village of Bogucharov.
“You took it ahead,” said Ilyin, flushed.
“Yes, everything is forward, and forward in the meadow, and here,” answered Rostov, stroking his soaring bottom with his hand.
“And I’m in French, Your Excellency,” Lavrushka said from behind, calling his draft horse French, “I would have overtaken, but I just didn’t want to shame.
They walked up to the barn, where a large crowd of peasants was standing.

Breathing mechanism

Due to the more energetic air supply, part of the English consonants, called deaf plosives, are pronounced with additional aspiration (aspiration).

Aspiration refers to the light exhalation that takes place after pronouncing a plosive voiceless consonant before the ligaments begin to vibrate to produce the next vowel sound.

This phenomenon is explained by the peculiarities of the air supply mechanism. At the beginning of expiration, the air pressure on the vocal cords is high enough, as a result of which the immediate closure of the vocal cords and the production of voice is impossible, thus a pause (gap) occurs, filled with a portion of the air remaining after the implementation of the bow.

Types of syllables. Long and short vowels

In English, as in Russian, there are open and closed syllables. A closed syllable is called a syllable ending in a consonant sound: “so”, “shaft”. An open syllable is a syllable ending with a vowel "pa", "ro".

In English, syllables ending with the vowel e, which is not readable, are also conventionally classified as open syllables. This "silent" letter only shows that the syllable should be conditionally considered open. This circumstance is important to remember because the reading of English vowels depends on the type of syllable in which they enter. In closed syllables, vowels usually represent a short sound, and in open syllables, a long one. Long sounds coincide with the name of a given letter in the alphabet.

The length of sounds is much more important in English than in Russian. In Russian, we can say drink multiple times! Or stretch pi-and-be! This will change only the tone of the statement, but not the meaning of the word drink. In English, the length of the sound changes the meaning of the word itself.

For example, the word bin, which sounds approximately like the Russian syllable [BIN] (with a very short and), means a bunker, and the word bean [BI-IN] (with a long vowel) means a bean.

Therefore, the longitude of the sound must be carefully monitored. In phonetic transcription, characters denoting long (drawn-out) sounds are followed by a colon [:].