History of the economy of the world socialist system 1945 1989. World socialist system

World system of socialism

a social, economic and political community of free sovereign states advancing along the path of socialism and communism, united by common interests and goals, by bonds of international socialist solidarity. M.'s countries with. With. have the same type of economic basis - public ownership of the means of production; the same type of state system - the power of the people, headed by the working class and its vanguard - the communist and workers' parties: a single ideology - Marxism-Leninism; common interests in the defense of revolutionary gains, in ensuring security from the encroachments of imperialism, in the struggle for peace throughout the world and in rendering assistance to peoples fighting for national independence; a single goal - communism, the construction of which is carried out on the basis of cooperation and mutual assistance. The socialist countries, while remaining sovereign states, are drawing closer and closer within the framework of international socialism. s., which opposes the class-opposite world capitalist system (see the articles Capitalism, Capitalist system of the world economy).

The material basis of M. s. With. is a world socialist economic system based on socialist production relations. It is an aggregate of interconnected and gradually converging economies of sovereign socialist states bound by the international socialist division of labor and the world socialist market.

M.'s education with. With. - a natural result of the development of world economic and political forces during the period of the general crisis of capitalism (See General Crisis of Capitalism) , the collapse of the world capitalist system and the formation of communism as a single all-encompassing socio-economic formation. Occurrence and development of M. page. With. - the most important objective result of the international revolutionary working-class and communist movement, the struggle of the working class for its social liberation. It is a direct continuation of the cause of the Great October Socialist Revolution, which marked the beginning of the era of mankind's transition from capitalism to communism.

The successes of the USSR in the construction of socialism, its victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45 over fascist Germany and militaristic Japan, the liberation of the peoples of Europe and Asia by the Soviet Army from the fascist invaders and Japanese militarists accelerated the maturation of conditions for the transition to the path of socialism of new countries and peoples. As a result of a powerful upsurge in the liberation struggle of the peoples in a number of countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia), as well as the struggle of the Korean and Vietnamese peoples, people's democratic and socialist revolutions won in 1944-49. Since that time, socialism has gone beyond the boundaries of one country and the world-historical process of its transformation into a world economic and political system has begun. In 1949 the GDR entered the path of socialism, and the revolution in China won. At the turn of the 50-60s. in M. s. With. entered the first socialist country in the Western Hemisphere - Cuba.

M.'s countries with. With. began the process of creating a new society with different levels of economic and political development. At the same time, each of them has its own history, traditions, national specifics.

In M. s. With. There are countries that even before World War II (1939-45) had a numerous proletariat hardened in class battles, while in others the working class was small at the time of the revolution. All this gives rise to certain peculiarities in the forms of building socialism and puts forward the task of creatively using the general laws of socialist construction, taking into account specific conditions. In the presence of M. s. With. even those countries that have not gone through the capitalist stage of development, such as the Mongolian People's Republic, can begin and successfully carry out socialist construction.

With the victory of socialist revolutions in a number of countries in Europe and Asia, a new, socialist type of international relations gradually began to take shape, based on the principle of socialist internationalism a. This principle stems from the nature of the socialist mode of production and the international tasks of the working class and all working people.

The formation of a new type of international relations is a complex and multifaceted process associated with overcoming the heavy legacy left by the centuries-old domination of the exploiting classes, national isolation, discord, distrust. Objective difficulties in establishing multifaceted cooperation among the socialist states are generated by the differences inherited from the past in the levels of economic and social development and in the class structure. Overcoming these consequences, getting rid of all vestiges of petty-bourgeois and nationalist ideology is a task that requires a relatively long time. Translational movement M. s. With. It takes place in a fierce struggle against imperialism, which is trying by various methods to divide the socialist countries.

The core of all forms of cooperation among the socialist states is cooperation between parties. Without the active leadership of the Marxist-Leninist parties, the building of socialism is generally impossible. On the basis of the knowledge of objective laws and the generalization of collective experience, the communist and workers' parties jointly worked out the principles and norms of interparty and interstate relations within the M. s. which include complete equality, mutual respect for independence and sovereignty, mutually beneficial economic cooperation, and fraternal mutual assistance. Unity of action in the international arena, coordination of efforts in building and defending socialism, broad exchange of experience in party, economic and state work, cultural exchange, expansion and deepening of fraternal mutual assistance are in the fundamental interests of every socialist country. M.'s experience with. With. showed that the successful creation of a new society is possible only on the basis of the use of the general laws of building socialism discovered by Marxism-Leninism, that a departure from the principles of Marxism-Leninism and proletarian internationalism, from the general laws of building socialism leads to serious deformations in the functioning of the economic basis and political superstructure. The chauvinistic anti-Soviet course of the Maoists harmed the cause of the unity of the M. s. With. (see Maoism). Despite all the difficulties, the main and defining line of M.'s development with. With. there was and is a strengthening of the unity and cohesion of the socialist states.

M.'s formation with. With. occurred simultaneously along two interconnected lines. In the countries that had fallen away from the capitalist system, the process of creating a new society was going on, and the positions of socialism were being strengthened. At the same time, strong economic and political ties were being established between the socialist states, closely rallying them into a socialist community.

Until the end of the 40s. in most European people's democracies (see People's Democracy) predominantly general democratic, anti-imperialist, anti-feudal tasks were solved. At this stage, the revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry was taking shape and strengthening. At the initiative of the Communist and Workers' Parties, measures were taken in the people's democracies that prepared the conditions for a gradual transition to building socialism.

Profound transformations were carried out during this period in the economic sphere. The first years of people's power - the years of the implementation of fundamental agrarian reforms (See Agrarian reforms) , which destroyed the remnants of feudal relations in the countryside and liquidated the class of large landowners. During this period, the nationalization of industry, transport, banks, and commercial enterprises unfolded. Nationalized property became the basis of the state sector in the national economy. The big bourgeoisie and dependence on foreign monopolies were practically eliminated. In Bulgaria the revolution had a socialist character from the very beginning; state power was formed as the power of the working class, which is in close alliance with the working peasantry.

In the course of the people's democratic revolutions, the military-political alliance of the USSR with the people's democratic states, which had been formed back in the period of the liberation struggle, was strengthened, which enabled them to defend the gains of the working people, despite economic and political pressure, and the military threats of imperialism. The most important political act aimed at stabilizing the international position of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe and increasing the international prestige of these countries was the conclusion between them and the Soviet Union of treaties of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance.

At the turn of the 40-50s. in the European countries of people's democracy, the fullness of state power and commanding heights in the economy have passed into the hands of the working class in alliance with the peasantry and other sections of the working people. Socialist industrialization began national economy and the socialist transformation of agriculture. The economy of the socialist states began to develop on the basis of long-term national economic plans. Under difficult historical conditions, relying on the assistance of the Soviet Union, the fraternal countries created their own industry, ensured the victory of socialist production relations and a steady rise in the material and cultural standard of living of the working people. In most European socialist countries during the 50s - the first half of the 60s. the material and technical basis of socialism was created.

In the field of mutual interstate ties, the international socialist division of labor began to take shape during this period, and cooperation developed on the basis of long-term economic agreements. Since the mid 50s. most countries have moved to the coordination of five-year national economic plans, which has become the main method of their economic cooperation.

The process of development of the socialist community has developed in such a way that the countries that are members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (1949), the organization of the Warsaw Pact of 1955, which are called upon to unite and coordinate their political, economic and military efforts, unite most closely economically and politically. Close ideological cooperation is also being developed between the CMEA countries, mutual enrichment and rapprochement of national socialist cultures is taking place. In the process of exchanging experience and mutual enrichment of cultures, common criteria for a socialist way of life are worked out, and socialist patriotism and socialist internationalism are strengthened. The CMEA countries form a powerful industrial complex which makes it possible by joint efforts to solve complex problems of further economic development and technological progress. They have achieved high results in raising the living standards of the working people.

In the mid 60s. many countries M. with. pp., having completed the creation of the foundations of socialism, they proceeded to the construction of a developed socialist society. The USSR entered the stage of developed socialism. Owls. the people create the material and technical base of communism. The CMEA countries are moving towards deeper and more complex forms of economic cooperation and the development of socialist economic integration (see Socialist Economic Integration). An active factor in the close rapprochement and improvement of national economic complexes is the formation of rational interstate national economic proportions through mutual adaptation and improvement of their national economies in order to increase the efficiency of social production.

In process of M.'s development with. With. socialist internationalism is being strengthened, the strength of which is especially clearly manifested at times of acute international situations. International socialist mutual assistance made it possible to repulse imperialist aggression in Korea and Vietnam, to withstand socialist Cuba, and to reliably defend the socialist gains in Hungary and Czechoslovakia from the imperialists. On the basis of socialist internationalism, the peoples of the fraternal countries are steadily strengthening their moral, political and economic unity.

In M. s. With. the economic laws of socialism operate. Joint planning activity is the main method for achieving socialist economic integration. The world socialist market with a system of commodity-money relations is an organic component of the modern world socialist economy. In the course of M.'s development, s. With. the essential differences in the levels of economic, political and cultural development of the socialist countries are gradually being overcome. The relatively less developed socialist countries are advancing at a faster rate and are catching up with the more developed ones. For example, the industrially backward agricultural country in the past, Bulgaria, by the beginning of the 70s. in terms of industrial production and national income per capita, the standard of living of the population has come close to such countries as the USSR, the GDR, and Czechoslovakia.

M. s. With. is the main force consistently defending peace and international security, blocking the way for the imperialist policy of wars and conquests. The ruling circles of the imperialist powers are compelled to reckon with the peace-loving and resolute policy of the socialist countries, with their defensive might.

The most important feature of the modern stage of M.'s development with. With. is the consistent implementation by the countries of the socialist community of a coordinated foreign policy aimed at strengthening world peace and international security, at ensuring international conditions most favorable for the development of socialism. As a result of M.'s successes with. With. in the economic competition with capitalism, a new alignment of forces in the international arena has been determined, opening up real prospects for a lasting, lasting peace before mankind.

During 1951-73, while industrial output in the developed capitalist countries grew 3.3 times, industrial output in the socialist countries increased 9.15 times. The share of the socialist countries in world industrial output grew 13 times between 1917 and 1973. Occupying in the early 70s. 26% of the entire territory of the globe and numbering 1/3 of its population, M. s. With. produces approximately 39% of all manufactured industrial products in the world. The CMEA countries, occupying 18% of the territory and accounting for less than 10% of the world's population, create 33% of the world's industrial output and approximately 25% of the world's national income. M. s. With. isolation and autarky are alien. Based on the peaceful coexistence of the two world systems on the initiative of M. s. With. various forms of international economic cooperation are steadily developing (See International economic cooperation).

M. s. With. wresting decisive frontiers from capitalism. In coming into contact with the non-socialist world, the socialist community contributes to the activation of all truly democratic and revolutionary forces in it. More and more states and peoples are embarking on the path of struggle against imperialism, with its neo-colonialist and aggressive aspirations, and are choosing the path of socialist orientation.

Thus, in the course of coexistence and confrontation between the two world systems, the preponderance of the forces of socialism over the forces of capitalism accumulates. This creates favorable conditions for the class struggle of the proletariat in the capitalist countries, facilitates their transition to socialism, and creates opportunities for independent development for the peoples who have liberated themselves from colonial oppression.

Within the framework of the socialist community itself, on the basis of the objective process of internationalization of the productive forces, the socialist states are drawing closer together. Both of these processes - the transition to building socialism in an increasing number of countries and socialist internationalization - create the prerequisites for the complete victory of socialism and communism on a world scale.

Lit.: Marx K., Engels F., Manifesto of the Communist Party, Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 4; Marx K., Engels F., Lenin V.I., On proletarian internationalism, 2nd ed., M., 1968; Lenin V.I., On the laws of the emergence and development of socialism and communism, [Collection], M., 1960; his own. On the international significance of the experience of the CPSU [Collection], M., 1963; Brezhnev L. I., On the foreign policy of the CPSU and the Soviet state. Speeches and articles, M., 1973; Program Documents of the Struggle for Peace, Democracy and Socialism. Documents of the Meetings of representatives of communist and workers' parties held in Moscow in November 1957, in Bucharest in June 1960, in Moscow in November 1960, M., 1961; Documents of the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties, Moscow, June 5-17, 1969, M., 1969; Statement of the communist and workers' parties of the socialist countries, Pravda, 1968, August 4; Program of the CPSU, M., 1973; Materials of the XXIV Congress of the CPSU, M., 1971; Basic principles of the international socialist division of labor, M., 1964; Comprehensive Program for the Further Deepening and Improvement of Cooperation and the Development of the Socialist Economic Integration of the CMEA Member Countries, M., 1971; Charter of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, in the book: Multilateral Economic Cooperation of the Socialist States, (Sb. Documents), 2nd ed., M., 1972.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what the "World System of Socialism" is in other dictionaries:

Social economic. and political a community of free, equal countries following the path of socialism and communism. M. s. With. greatest ist. conquest between people. working class, ch. revolutionary the strength of our epoch, the reliable support of the peoples fighting for peace... Soviet historical encyclopedia

World system of socialism- arose after the Second World War with the release of socialism beyond the boundaries of one country. Its emergence was an important factor in the weakening and narrowing of the sphere of influence of imperialism. Further development of military-political, economic, ideological ... ... Scientific Communism: Dictionary

- "Socialist camp" and other socialist states ("Second World") during the Cold War Socialist camp is an ideological and political term (political cliché) used in the USSR and other socialist countries ... ... Wikipedia

World system of capitalism- a set of countries with a capitalist social system, interconnected by economic, political and other relations, At the heart of their commonality is the dominance of the same type, capitalist production relations, although their degree ... ... Scientific Communism: Dictionary

Topic: Analyze the stages of development of the world socialist system

University: VZFEI

Year and city: Omsk 2009

1. What did the creation of the world socialist system mean? 3

2. Stages in the development of the world socialist system

2.1. Economic development of the socialist countries at the first stage (1945-1949) 4

2.2. Economic development of the socialist countries in the second (1950-1960) and third (1960-1970) stages 8

2.3. Economic development of the socialist countries at the fourth stage (1970 - mid-1980s) 11

3. How did the collapse of the world socialist system begin? fourteen

5. References 19

What did the creation of the world socialist system mean?

A significant historical event of the post-war period was people's democratic revolutions in a number of European countries: Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Asia: Vietnam, China, Korea and a little earlier - the revolution in Mongolia. To a large extent, the political orientation in these countries was determined under the influence of the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of most of them, carrying out a liberation mission during the Second World War. This also largely contributed to the fact that in most countries cardinal transformations began in the political, socio-economic and other spheres in accordance with the Stalinist model, characterized by the highest degree of centralization of the national economy and the dominance of the party-state bureaucracy.

The emergence of the socialist model beyond the framework of one country and its spread to Southeast Europe and Asia laid the foundation for the emergence of a community of countries, called "world socialist system" (MSS) . In 1959 Cuba and in 1975 Laos entered the new system, which lasted more than 40 years.

At the end of the 80s. The world system of socialism included 15 states occupying 26.2% of the earth's territory and numbering 32.3% of the world's population.

The "plan for building the foundations of socialism" provided for a proletarian revolution and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat in one form or another; the concentration of key positions in the economy in the hands of the authorities (nationalization of industry, transport and communications, the bowels of the earth, forests and waters, the financial and credit system, foreign and wholesale domestic trade, as well as most of the retail trade); industrialization; the transformation of small peasant property into cooperative property, i.e. creation of large-scale socialized production; cultural revolution.

Stages of development of the worldsocialist system.

2.1. Economic development of the socialist countries at the first stage (1945-1949).

Eastern European countries.

As noted, an important prerequisite for the formation of the MSS was the liberation mission of the Soviet Army in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. Today there are quite heated discussions on this issue. A significant part of the researchers tend to believe that in 1944-1947. there were no people's democratic revolutions in the countries of this region, and the Soviet Union imposed the Stalinist model of social development on the liberated peoples. We can only partly agree with this point of view, since, in our opinion, it should be taken into account that in 1945-1946. broad democratic transformations were carried out in these countries, and bourgeois-democratic forms of statehood were often restored. This is evidenced, in particular, by the bourgeois orientation of agrarian reforms in the absence of land nationalization, the preservation of the private sector in small and medium-sized industry, retail trade and the service sector, and finally, the presence of a multi-party system, including the highest level of power. If in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia immediately after liberation a course was taken for socialist transformations, then in the rest of the countries of South-Eastern Europe the new course began to be implemented from the moment the essentially undivided power of the national communist parties was established, as was the case in Czechoslovakia (February 1948), Romania (December 1947), Hungary (autumn 1947), Albania (February 1946), East Germany (October 1949), Poland (January 1947). Thus, in a number of countries, during the one and a half to two years after the war, the possibility of an alternative, non-socialist path remained.

1949 can be considered a kind of pause that drew a line under the prehistory of the MSS, and the 50s can be distinguished as a relatively independent stage of the forced creation of a "new" society, according to the "universal model" of the USSR, the constituent features of which are quite well known. This is a comprehensive nationalization of industrial sectors of the economy, forced cooperation, and in essence the nationalization of the agricultural sector, the displacement of private capital from the sphere of finance, trade, the establishment of total control of the state, the supreme bodies of the ruling party over public life, in the field of spiritual culture, etc.

Assessing the results of the course of building the foundations of socialism in the countries of South-Eastern Europe, one should state, on the whole, rather the negative effect of these transformations. Thus, the accelerated creation of heavy industry led to the emergence of national economic disproportions, which affected the pace of liquidation of the consequences of post-war devastation and could not but affect the growth in the standard of living of the population of countries in comparison with countries that did not fall into the orbit of socialist construction. Similar results were obtained in the course of coercive cooperation of the village, as well as the displacement of private initiative from the sphere of handicrafts, trade and services. As an argument confirming such conclusions, one can consider powerful socio-political crises in Poland, Hungary, the GDR and Czechoslovakia in 1953-1956, on the one hand, and a sharp increase in the repressive policy of the state against any dissent, on the other. Until recently, a fairly common explanation for the causes of such difficulties in building socialism in the countries we are considering was blind copying by their leadership of the experience of the USSR without taking into account national specifics under the influence of Stalin's cruelest diktat in relation to the communist leadership of these countries.

Self-governing socialism of Yugoslavia .

However, there was another model of socialist construction, carried out in those years in Yugoslavia - model of self-governing socialism. It assumed in general terms the following: the economic freedom of labor collectives within the framework of enterprises, their activity on the basis of cost accounting with an indicative type of state planning; renunciation of coercive cooperation in agriculture, fairly widespread use of commodity-money relations, etc., but on the condition that the Communist Party's monopoly in certain spheres of political and public life is maintained. The departure of the Yugoslav leadership from the "universal" Stalinist scheme of construction was the reason for its practical isolation for a number of years from the USSR and its allies. Only after the condemnation of Stalinism at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, only in 1955 did relations between the socialist countries and Yugoslavia begin to gradually normalize. Some positive economic and social effect obtained from the introduction of a more balanced economic model in Yugoslavia would seem to confirm the argument of the supporters of the above point of view on the causes of the crises of the 1950s.

Formation of CMEA .

An important milestone in the history of the formation of the world system of socialism can be considered the creation Council Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in January 1949. Its goal is to promote the organization of systematic economic and cultural cooperation between the participating countries. The CMEA included Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Albania (from the end of 1961 it did not participate in the work of the CMEA). Subsequently, the CMEA included the GDR (1950), Vietnam (1978), Mongolia (1962) and Cuba (1972).

The CMEA was designed not only to facilitate the reorientation of the foreign trade of the countries of Eastern Europe, whose main partner until 1939 was Germany, but also served as a channel for economic assistance to the less economically developed socialist countries from the Soviet Union - as opposed to the Marshall plan.

It should be noted that the socialist countries of Europe remained a relatively dynamically developing part of the MSS. At its other pole - Mongolia, China, North Korea, Vietnam - most consistently used the Stalinist model of building socialism, namely: within the framework of a rigid one-party system, they decisively eradicated elements of market, private property relations.

The creation of the CMEA was also motivated by political considerations - it was supposed to cement the interdependence of the countries of Eastern Europe and the USSR.

Mongolia.

Mongolia was the first to embark on this path. After the coup of 1921 in the capital of Mongolia (the city of Urga), the power of the people's government was proclaimed, and in 1924 the People's Republic was proclaimed. Transformations began in the country under the strong influence of the northern neighbor - the USSR. By the end of the 40s. In Mongolia, there was a process of moving away from the primitive nomadic life through the construction, mainly, of large enterprises in the field of the mining industry, the spread of agricultural farms. Since 1948, the country began to accelerate the construction of the foundations of socialism on the model of the USSR, copying its experience and repeating mistakes. The party in power set the task of turning Mongolia into an agrarian-industrial country, regardless of its peculiarities, essentially different from the USSR civilizational base, religious traditions, etc.

Vietnam.

The most authoritative force leading the struggle for the independence of Vietnam was the Communist Party. Her leader Ho Chi Minh(1890-1969) headed in September 1945 the provisional government of the proclaimed Democratic Republic of Vietnam. These circumstances determined the Marxist-socialist orientation of the subsequent course of the state. It was carried out in the conditions of an anti-colonial war, first with France (1946-1954), and then with the USA (1965-1973) and the struggle for reunification with the south of the country until 1975. Thus, the construction of the foundations of socialism proceeded for a long time in military conditions, which had a considerable influence on the features of the reforms, which were increasingly acquiring a Stalinist-Maoist coloring.

2.2.

at the second (1950-1960) and third (1960-1970) stages.

Eastern European countries.

At the second stage of economic development, after the nationalization of the vast majority of industry, the first plans for national economic development were adopted, the main task of which was industrialization. Agrarian reforms consisted in limiting the size and rights of private land ownership, allocating land to the poor. The co-operation of the peasantry was carried out, which was completed in most countries of Eastern Europe by the beginning of the 60s. The exceptions were Poland and Yugoslavia, where the state structure in the agrarian sector did not become decisive. Industry in the 1950s experienced rapid development, its growth rate was about 10% per year. The countries of Eastern Europe have turned from agrarian (except for the GDR and Czechoslovakia) to industrial-agrarian. The methods of forced industrialization determined the formation of a monopolized structure of the national economy, indifferent to the characteristics of specific countries (expressed in the market economy through the prices of production factors), the administrative management system. Nevertheless, despite the predominantly extensive type of development, the economic results of this decade were favorable in most countries of Eastern Europe.

China.

China remains the largest socialist country in Asia to this day.

After the victory of the revolution, the defeat of the Chiang army Kaishi ( 1887-1975) On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was proclaimed. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and with the great help of the USSR, the country began to restore the national economy. At the same time, China most consistently used the Stalinist model of transformation. And after the XX Congress of the CPSU, which condemned some of the vices of Stalinism, China opposed itself to the new course of the "big brother", turning into an arena of an unprecedented scale experiment called the "Great Leap Forward" (1956-1958), the essence of which was an attempt to sharply raise the level of socialization of funds production and ownership. This period was characterized by the setting of unrealistic economic tasks and inflated production targets, the elevation of the revolutionary enthusiasm of the masses to the absolute as the main factor in economic growth. The principle of material interest was completely rejected - it was drained as a manifestation of revisionism. The concept of accelerated construction of socialism Mao Zedong(1893-1976) was essentially a repetition of the Stalinist experiment, but in an even more severe form. The most important task was to overtake and overtake the USSR by drastically breaking social relations, using the labor enthusiasm of the population, barracks forms of work and life, military discipline at all levels of social relations, etc. As a result, already at the end of the 50s, the country's population began to experience hunger. This caused unrest in society and among the leadership of the party. The response of Mao and his supporters was the "cultural revolution" (1966-1976). This was the name of the "great helmsman" - a large-scale campaign of repression against dissidents, stretching until the death of Mao. Until that moment, the PRC, being considered a socialist country, nevertheless, was, as it were, outside the borders of the MSS, which can be evidenced, in particular, even by its armed clashes with the USSR in the late 60s.

North Korea, Cuba.

Korea, which gained independence from Japan in 1945 and was divided in 1948 into two parts. North Korea was in the zone of influence of the USSR, and South Korea - the United States. A dictatorial regime has been established in North Korea (DPRK) Kim Il Sung(1912-1994), who carried out the construction of a barracks society, closed from the outside world, based on the most severe dictate of one person, total nationalization of property, life, etc. Nevertheless, the DPRK managed to achieve in the 50s. certain positive results in economic construction due to the development of the foundations of the industry, laid down under the Japanese conquerors and a high work culture, combined with the most severe industrial discipline.

At the end of the period under review in the history of the MSS, an anti-colonial revolution took place in Cuba (January 1959). The US hostile policy towards the young republic and the Soviet Union's resolute support for it determined the socialist orientation of the Cuban leadership.

Late 50s, 60s, 70s. Most of the ICC countries have managed to achieve certain positive results in the development of the national economy, ensuring an increase in the living standards of the population. However, during this period, negative trends were also clearly identified, primarily in the economic sphere. The socialist model, which had become stronger in all the MCC countries without exception, fettered the initiative of economic entities and did not allow an adequate response to new phenomena and trends in the world economic process. This became especially evident in connection with the beginning of the 1950s. scientific and technological revolution. As it developed, the ICC countries lagged more and more behind the advanced capitalist countries in terms of the rate of introduction of scientific and technological achievements into production, mainly in the field of electronic computers, energy and resource-saving industries and technologies. Attempts to partially reform this model, undertaken in these years, did not give positive results. The reason for the failure of the reforms was the strongest resistance to them by the party-state nomenklatura, which basically determined the extreme inconsistency and, as a result, the failure of the reform process.

2.3. Economic development of the socialist countries

at the fourth stage (1970 - mid-1980s).

Contradictions within the MSS.

AT To a certain extent, this was facilitated by the domestic and foreign policy of the ruling circles of the USSR. Despite the criticism of some of the most ugly features of Stalinism at the 20th Congress, the leadership of the CPSU left intact the regime of the undivided power of the party and state apparatus. Moreover, the Soviet leadership continued to maintain an authoritarian style in relations between the USSR and the ICC countries. To a large extent, this was the reason for the repeated deterioration of relations with Yugoslavia in the late 1950s. and a protracted conflict with Albania and China, although the ambitions of the party elite of the last two countries no less influenced the deterioration of relations with the USSR.

The dramatic events of the Czechoslovak crisis of 1967-1968 demonstrated the style of relations within the MSS most clearly. In response to the broad public movement of citizens of Czechoslovakia for economic and political reforms, the leadership of the USSR, with the active participation of Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR and Poland, on August 21, 1968, sent its troops into a sovereign state under the pretext of protecting it "from the forces of internal and external counter-revolution." This action significantly undermined the authority of the MCC and clearly demonstrated the party nomenclature's rejection of genuine, rather than declarative, changes.

It is interesting in this connection to note that against the backdrop of serious crisis phenomena, the leadership of the socialist countries of Europe, assessing the achievements of the 50-60s. in the economic sphere, it came to the conclusion that the stage of building socialism had been completed and the transition to a new stage - "the construction of developed socialism." This conclusion was supported by the ideologists of the new stage, in particular by the fact that the share of the socialist countries in world industrial production reached 100% in the 1960s. about one third, and in the global national income - one quarter.

The role of the CMEA.

One of the essential arguments was the fact that, in their opinion, the development of economic relations within the MSS along the CMEA line was quite dynamic. If in 1949 the CMEA was faced with the task of regulating foreign trade relations on the basis of bilateral agreements, then since 1954 a decision was made to coordinate the national economic plans of the countries participating in it, and in the 60s. followed, a number of agreements on specialization and cooperation of production, on the international division of labor. Large international economic organizations were created, such as the International Bank for Economic Cooperation, Intermetall, the Institute for Standardization, etc. In 1971, a Comprehensive Program was adopted for cooperation and development of the CMEA member countries on the basis of integration. In addition, according to the estimates of the ideologists of the transition to a new historical stage in the construction of communism in most European countries of the MSS, a new social structure of the population has developed on the basis of completely victorious socialist relations, etc.

In the first half of the 1970s, in most countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, very stable growth rates of industrial production were indeed maintained, averaging 6-8% annually. To a large extent, this was achieved by an extensive method, i.e. the growth of production capacities and the growth of simple quantitative indicators in the field of electricity production, steel smelting, mining, and engineering products.

However, by the mid-1970s the socio-economic and political situation began to deteriorate. At that time, in countries with a market economy, under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, a restructuring of the national economy began, associated with the transition from an extensive to an intensive type of economic development. This process was accompanied crisis phenomena both within these countries and at the global level, which, in turn, could not but affect the foreign economic positions of MCC entities. The growing lag of the ICC countries in the scientific and technical sphere steadily led to the loss of the positions they had won in the world market. The domestic market of the socialist countries also experienced difficulties.

By the 80s. the unacceptable lagging behind of industries producing goods and services from the extractive and heavy industries that were still afloat led to a total shortage of consumer goods. This caused not only a relative, but also an absolute deterioration in the living conditions of the population and, as a result, became the reason for the growing discontent of citizens. The demand for radical political and socio-economic transformations is becoming almost universal.

Within the framework of the CMEA, "hothouse" conditions were formed for the development of mutual ties. Being closed from the rest of the world (although not always for reasons beyond their control), the producers of the CMEA countries did not experience the influence of the main engine of scientific and technological progress - competition. The CMEA also played a strategically negative role during the fuel and energy crisis of the 1970s.

Also contributed to the cessation of the activities of the CMEA and increased since the second half of the 80s, the desire to return to organic for most countries of Eastern Europe (especially such as Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary) Western market development path.

The crisis situation was also clearly indicated in the sphere of interstate economic cooperation, based on administrative decisions that often do not take into account the interests of the CMEA member countries, but also in a real reduction in the volume of mutual trade.

The termination of the activities of the CMEA took place in 1991.

began decay world socialist systems?

Until the mid 80s. the ruling communist parties still had the opportunity to keep the situation under control, there were still some reserves to contain the economic and social crisis, including the power ones. Only after the beginning of transformations in the USSR in the second half of the 80s. the movement for reform in most of the ISA countries has grown markedly.

Democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe.

AT late 80s. a wave of democratic revolutions took place in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, which eliminated the monopoly power of the ruling communist parties, replacing it with a democratic form of government. The revolutions unfolded almost simultaneously - in the second half of 1989, but took place in various forms. So, in most countries, the change of power took place peacefully (Poland, Hungary, the GDR, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria), while in Romania - as a result of an armed uprising.

Democratic revolutions were a necessary condition for subsequent transformations in the sphere of economic relations. Market relations began to be restored everywhere, the process of denationalization was proceeding rapidly, the national economic structure was changing, and private capital began to play an ever greater role. These processes continue today, strengthened by the victory of the democratic forces in our country in August 1991.

However, their course is quite tortuous, often inconsistent. If we leave aside the national costs of reforms, the mistakes of the new leadership of each of the countries, then the mistakes associated with the conscious line towards the economic disintegration of the former allies of the MSS and the CMEA, against the backdrop of an integrating Europe, are incomprehensible and difficult to explain. Mutual repulsion of former partners hardly contributes to a faster entry one by one into new economic and political alliances, and also hardly has a positive effect on the internal reform of each of the former socialist countries.

China policy.

After the death of Mao Zedong, his successors faced the task of overcoming the deepest crisis into which the "cultural revolution" plunged the country. It was found on the path of a radical restructuring of the structure of socio-economic relations. In the course of the economic reform, which began in the autumn of 1979, significant results were achieved in economic development. On the basis of the liquidation of the communes, the distribution of land to the peasants, the interest of the worker in the results of labor was restored. The introduction of market relations in the countryside was accompanied by no less radical reforms in industry. The role of state planning and administrative control over production was limited, the creation of cooperative and private enterprises was encouraged, the system of financing, wholesale trade, etc. underwent changes. , issuance of shares and loans in order to expand above-plan production. The system of the state and party apparatus, law enforcement agencies and, above all, the army underwent some reforms. In other words, the easing of the rigid totalitarian regime began.

The result of the reforms of the 80s. China experienced unprecedented economic growth rates (12-18% per year), a sharp improvement in living standards, and new positive developments in public life. A distinctive feature of the Chinese reforms was the preservation of the traditional socialist management model, which inevitably brought to the fore the problems of a socio-political and ideological nature in the late 1980s. Today, the Chinese leadership adheres to the concept of building "socialism with Chinese characteristics", apparently trying to avoid the deep social upheavals and collisions experienced by Russia and other countries of the former MSS. China follows the path of building market relations, bourgeois liberalization, but with a certain consideration of civilizational features and national traditions.

Vietnam. Laos. Mongolia. North Korea.

Like the Chinese way of reforming the economy and public life, Vietnam and Laos are following. Modernization brought known positive results, but less tangible than in China. Perhaps this is due to their later entry into the period of market transformations, a lower initial level, and the heavy legacy of a long military policy. Mongolia is no exception. Following in the wake of market reforms, liberalization of public relations, it not only actively attracts foreign capital, but also actively revives national traditions.

North Korea remains a completely immobile, unreformed country from the former camp of socialism. Here, the system of essentially personal dictates of the Kim Il Sung clan is preserved. Obviously, this country will not be able to stay in a state of practical self-isolation and even confrontation with most of the world's states for a long time.

Cuba.

The situation in one more country of the former MSS, Cuba, remains rather complicated. During the short history of socialism, this island state has in general terms repeated the path traveled by most of the MSS countries. Deprived of their support, its leadership continues to adhere to the concept of building socialism, remains faithful to Marxist ideals, while the country is experiencing growing economic and social difficulties. The position of Cuba is also aggravated as a result of the ongoing confrontation with the powerful USA since the liberation revolution.

As a result of the collapse of the world socialist system, a line has been drawn under more than 40 years of totalitarian period in the history of most countries of Eastern Europe. Briefly, we can outline the reasons for the collapse of the MSS: a drop in the growth rates of the economies of the MSS countries; backlog of science-intensive industries; disproportions in the social sphere; violations of financial proportions of macroeconomic development; growth of external debt; low by European standards the standard of living of the population; unemployment, national problems and emerging crises in the economy. Different countries, of course, had their own specific features: "shock therapy" in Poland; "velvet revolution" in Czechoslovakia; the self-governing radicalism of the transformation of property relations in Yugoslavia; severe economic and structural crises, culminating in the overthrow of the ruling regime, in Romania; soft pluralism of forms of ownership in Bulgaria; "opening of borders" in the GDR.

After the collapse of the MSS, the balance of power has undergone significant changes not only on the European continent, but also in Asia. Apparently, the bloc system of relations on the world stage as a whole is disappearing into oblivion.

However, the relatively long period of coexistence of countries within the framework of the MCC, in our opinion, cannot pass without leaving its mark. Obviously, in the future, the establishment of relations between former allies, and often close neighbors with common geographical borders, is inevitable, but on the basis of a new balance of interests, indispensable consideration of national, civilizational specifics and mutual benefit.

4. Test

Align timeline and major achievements
bourgeois revolutions in foreign countries:

1. England a. Application of machine system in industrial

enterprises.

2. France b. The formation of large private capital in

production.

3. USA c. The destruction of the feudal system and its remnants.

A. 1861 - 1865 B. 1642 - 1649 V. 1789-1794

As a result of considering the test question, we get:

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. World History: A textbook for universities / Ed.- G.B. Polyak, A.N.

Nicely ).

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A significant historical event of the post-war period was the people's democratic. revolutions in a number of European countries - in ALBANIA, BULGARIA, HUNGARY, EAST GERMANY, POLAND, ROMANIA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, YUGOSLAVIA and in Asian countries - VIETNAM, CHINA, KOREA, MONGOLIA. In these countries, new political regimes and proclaimed course to socialism.To a large extent political. orientation in these countries was determined by the presence of Soviet troops on their territory, this also contributed to cardinal transformations in the political, social-no-ek-sky and other spheres, a cat. were characterized by the highest degree of centralization of the people's economy and the predominance of the party-state bureaucracy. Countries were invited to use the experience of building socialism in the USSR. The exit of the socialist model beyond the framework of one country, its spread to Southeast Europe and Asia laid the foundation for the emergence of a community of countries, a cat. was named " world system of socialism"(MSS). In 1959 CUBA and, in 1975, LAOS became part of this new system, which lasted more than 40 years. At the end of the 80s. the world system of socialism included 15 states, numbering 32.3% of the world population, which is a significant factor indicating the existence of a world system of socialism in the post-war international. life. MSS DEVELOPMENT STAGES. The plan for building socialism provided not only for the proletarian revolution and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat in one form or another, but also for the concentration in the hands of the authorities of key positions in the economy (this is the nationalization of industry, transport, communications, natural resources, financial -credit system, foreign and domestic trade), industrialization and the transformation of small peasant property into a cooperative (i.e. the creation of a large socialized production), cultural revolution, the establishment of total control of the state, the highest bodies of the ruling parties over common life, etc. Stage 1 MSS (1945-1949) included changes in the political regimes that led to a change in the social-but-ek-orientation. Simultaneously with the restoration of the economy affected by the war, the restructuring of the Ek structure began with an active political. and material assistance of the USSR. An important step in the history of the formation of the world system of socialism can be considered the creation in 1949. Council of Ek-sky Mutual Assistance (CMEA) in order to organize a systematic Ek-sky, scientific and technical. and cultural cooperation, designed to facilitate the reorientation of external. trade of the countries of Eastern Europe (previously, until 1939, Germany was the main partner of the cat). In addition, the CMEA served as a channel of ex-sky assistance to the less developed socialist countries from the USSR (as opposed to the Marshall Plan) and its creation was motivated by political. considerations - promoting the interdependence of the countries of Eastern Europe with the USSR. You can count 1949. a kind of pause that drew a line under the prehistory of the MSS. Stage 2 MSS(1950-1960s) 50s can be distinguished as a relatively independent stage of the forced creation of a “new” society (according to the model of the USSR). However, the socialist countries of Europe were a relatively dynamic part of the MSS, and the Asian countries of the MSS used the Stalinist model of construction, eradicating market elements in the eq. Military-political cooperation was carried out within the framework of the established in May 1955. Warsaw Pact. At this stage, in the countries of Eastern Europe, after nationalization, industrialization, for which the first plans for national economic development are being adopted. Agrarian transformations are taking place, but the nationalization of the land has not been carried out. Land was taken away from large landowners, and not all land was taken away, but only its surplus in excess of the established norm and sold on preferential terms to peasants. In some cases, landowners even received partial compensation. The co-operation of the peasantry was carried out, a cat. was completed in most of the countries of Eastern Europe by the beginning of the 60s (the exception was Poland and Yugoslavia, where the state structure in the agrarian sector did not acquire decisive importance). In the new countries, transformations in ek-ke had compromise character and carried out more carefully than in the USSR (the experience of our country was taken into account, showing the destructiveness of extreme measures of revolutionary reforms, therefore there was no “war communism” in these countries). Industry in the 50s. experienced rapid development, its growth rate was about 10% per year, and countries turned from agricultural into industrial and agricultural(except Czechoslovakia and East Germany). The methods of forced industrialization contributed to the formation of an administrative system of management and a monopolized structure of the national economy, indifferent (ie, indifferent) to the characteristics of specific countries. In general, despite the largely extensive type of development, the results of the decade were favorable in most countries. In this period CMEA activities unfolded, cat. before that, it was mainly based on the ideological factor and was poorly developed at the interstate Ur-not and at the Ur-not of enterprises and firms. However, the conditions of the Cold War favored the reorientation of trade relations in a short time, and with the help of the CMEA, its participants were able not only to survive, but also to restore the economy after the war and achieve impressive progress. If at the initial stage the activity of the CMEA was focused on the development of trade, coordination and development of external. trade, on the provision of scientific and technical. documentation and information, then from 1956-57. the CMEA countries switched to specialization and co-operation in production, to harmonization and coordination of national economic plans, to the creation of joint scientific centers and economic organizations. Stage 3 MSS (1960-1970) associated with the exhaustion of resources for extensive growth, the decline in industrial growth and national income, which necessitated economic reforms. During this period, they began to show limitations socialist economic system, since the model that had become stronger in the CMEA countries fettered the initiative of economic entities and did not allow an adequate response to new phenomena and trends in the global economic process (this became especially evident in connection with the scientific and technological revolution in the 50s. when countries began to lag behind the advanced capital countries more and more). Therefore, in many CMEA countries, attempts were made to partially reform this model. Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia the benchmark of the reforms was the use of the market mechanism in order to be included in the international system. division of labor and entry into the world market. In these countries, changes in the Ek system were radical. AT Poland, GDR the changes did not go beyond the modernization of the existing administrative system of planning and managing the national economy. Mongolia, Romania, Cuba, Vietnam they did not start reforming national models of development during this period. However, economic reforms in the 60s. did not give positive results and were curtailed, since the liberalization of pricing, although it gave positive results in the agricultural sector, but under the conditions of the monopoly position of industrial enterprises, it did not lead to the formation of competition, but to the realization of monopoly advantages, incl. and rising prices. In addition, when their teams gained the right to influence the distribution of income, they simply began to “eat away” the income of enterprises. An important reason for the failures was the strongest resistance to the reforms of the party and state nomenklatura, the cat. basically determined their extreme inconsistency, and therefore the failure of the initiated reforms. In 1968 liberalization and democratization reforms were interrupted by the entry of troops of the Warsaw Pact countries into Prague. In general, the curtailment of reforms was explained not only by political. pressure, but also the exacerbation of social contradictions caused by the difficulties of the transition to commercial principles of economic management. In the activities of the CMEA, the coordination of the national economic plans of the countries continued and in 1964. was created International bank of ek-sky cooperation- body for the regulation of international calculations. Stage 4 MSS (1970-mid 80s) characterized by attempts to solve the economic problems of the socialist countries by modernizing the administrative system of economics, but without resorting to radical changes. The world energy crisis of 1973-74 had a great influence on the development of the socialist countries, cat. reflected in the rise in oil prices. While the capitalist countries, due to the crisis, sought to reduce their dependence on imported raw materials and fuel, they quickly rebuilt the structure of the economy by introducing resource- and energy saving technologies, introduced the production of microprocessors and biotechnology. However, the CMEA countries, in connection with receiving resources from the USSR at preferential prices (below world prices) and the sluggishness of the pricing system in mutual trade, were deprived of all incentives for such innovations. This resulted in a serious backlog in all key areas of scientific and technical. progress. The exhaustion of the resources for extensive growth forced the CMEA countries to resort to foreign credits. Contradictions began to appear within the CMEA. The countries that carried out radical reforms (Hungary, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia) began to be more actively involved in the world market and their most high-quality products were already going to Western markets, while the share of their exports to the CMEA countries was declining. As a result, the share of the CMEA began to decline. was accepted Comprehensive Program of Socialist Ec Integration. It set the goal of developing industrial cooperation and specialization, scientific and technical. cooperation, coordination of plans for ek-sky development, joint investment activity (ie, the development of higher forms of ek-sky integration). As a result, the role of the CMEA in the economy of the socialist countries in the 70s. increased during 1971-1978. 100 multilateral and 1000 bilateral industrial cooperation agreements were concluded. The automotive industry received the greatest development of cooperation and specialization. In addition, the role of the CMEA increased due to dependence on oil imports from the USSR during the global energy crisis. However, the scale and forms of industrial cooperation within the CMEA lagged far behind Western standards due to the insensitivity of the economy to scientific and technological revolution. Therefore, in the late 70s. another attempt was made to modernize the CMEA - they began to develop long-term target programs of ek-sky cooperation. During the 80s. inside the CMEA there was an increase in problems, which led to its crisis. The period of the collapse of the MSS (2nd half of the 80s - early 90s) characterized by the growth of problems within the CMEA and the collapse in 1991. world system of socialism. During this period, it became obvious that the existing social system and its economic mechanism could not create an effective socially oriented economy that actively uses the achievements of scientific and technical. progress and interacting with the world economy. For the countries of the Eastern European countries of the CMEA, it was har-but the fall in the growth rate of the eq-ki, the backlog of high-tech industries, distortions in the financial sector, the growth of external. debts, relatively low living standards of the population. All measures taken to intensify production in the 80s. failed and the ongoing deep Ek-sky crisis, the instability of the emerging political. systems, exacerbation of national contradictions, the collapse of multinational states (Yugoslavia), unemployment, impoverishment of the population - all these processes were typical for the late 80s. The processes of a deep crisis were also characteristic of the USSR. This led to the collapse of the CMEA system, since the Soviet Union was the initiator of the creation of the world socialist system. Ek-sky reforms carried out since the beginning of the 90s. in the countries of Eastern Europe became part of the renewal of the social-no-ek-sky and political. building, the formation of a qualitatively new business model in post-socialist countries, where the main course has become in the direction of Western democracy and market relations through the privatization of the public sector and the promotion of private entrepreneurship. In the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, the weakening of the socialist economies was caused simultaneously by the collapse of the methods of the ek-sky management and the process of reforms carried out in the Soviet Union. CONCLUSION: The CMEA crisis and the cessation of its activities predetermined the following factors: 1) the barrier of the original inter-sectoral division of labor scheme based on the partners' interest in Soviet raw materials was not overcome; 2) greenhouse conditions in the development of mutual ties (i.e., the absence of competition); 3) the general increase in crisis phenomena in the socialist countries; 4) the deterioration of the positions of Eastern European goods on the world market; 5) disagreements and conflicts over prices and the principles of balanced trade; 6) the desire to switch to Western market ways of developing economies. Termination in 1991 The activities of the CMEA had a different effect on the eq-ke of the countries that were part of it. For the USSR, the cessation of supplies through the CMEA channels meant an additional factor in the deepening of the crisis. The reaction of various countries of Eastern Europe was determined by the head of their households from the supply of raw materials from the USSR and alternative sources of imports, and the prospects for the transition to resource-saving technologies in these countries.

The Soviet Union is solving the tasks of communist construction not alone, but in the fraternal family of socialist countries.

The defeat of German fascism and Japanese militarism in the Second World War, with the decisive role of the Soviet Union, created favorable conditions for the overthrow of the power of the capitalists and landowners by the peoples of a number of European and Asian countries. The peoples of Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and still earlier the Mongolian People's Republic, took the path of building socialism, having formed a socialist camp together with the Soviet Union. Yugoslavia also embarked on the path of socialism. However, the Yugoslav leaders, with their revisionist policy, opposed Yugoslavia to the socialist camp and the international communist movement and created the threat of losing the revolutionary gains of the Yugoslav people.

The socialist revolutions in the countries of Europe and Asia dealt a powerful new blow to the positions of imperialism. The victory of the revolution in China was of particular importance. Revolutions in the countries of Europe and Asia are the largest event in world history since October 1917.

A new form of political organization of society emerged People's Democracy, one of the forms of the dictatorship of the proletariat. It reflected the peculiarity of the development of the socialist revolution under the conditions of the weakening of imperialism and the change in the correlation of forces in favor of socialism. It also reflects the historical and national characteristics of individual countries.

The world system of socialism has taken shape- social, economic and political community of free, sovereign peoples advancing along the path of socialism and communism, united by common interests and goals, close ties of international socialist solidarity.

Socialist production relations dominate in the people's democracies, and the socio-economic possibilities for the restoration of capitalism have been eliminated. The successes of these states have fully confirmed that in all countries, regardless of their level of economic development, size of territory and population, genuine progress can be ensured only along the paths of socialism.

The united forces of the socialist camp reliably guarantee every socialist country against encroachments by imperialist reaction. The rallying of the socialist states into a single camp, its growing unity and continuously growing might ensure the complete victory of socialism and communism within the framework of the entire system.

The countries of the socialist system have accumulated rich collective experience in transforming the lives of hundreds of millions of people, and have introduced many new and original forms of political and economic organization of society. This experience is the most valuable asset of the international revolutionary movement.

It has been confirmed by practice and recognized by all Marxist-Leninist parties that the processes of socialist revolution and socialist construction are based on a number of main rules, inherent in all countries embarking on the path of socialism.

The world system of socialism - a new type of economic and political relations between countries. The socialist countries have the same type of economic basis - public ownership of the means of production; the same type of state "troy" - the power of the people, headed by the working class; a single ideology - Marxism-Leninism; common interests in the defense of revolutionary gains and national independence from the encroachments of the imperialist camp; one great goal - communism. This socio-economic and political community creates an objective basis for stable and friendly interstate relations in the socialist camp. Complete equality, mutual respect for independence and sovereignty, fraternal mutual assistance and cooperation are characteristic features of relations between the countries of the socialist community. In the socialist camp or - which is the same thing - in the world community of socialist countries, no one has and cannot have any special rights and privileges.

The experience of the world socialist system has confirmed the need closest union countries falling away from capitalism, uniting their efforts in building socialism and communism. The policy of building socialism isolated from the world community of socialist countries is unsound in the theoretical sense, since it contradicts the objective laws of the development of socialist society. It is harmful economically, as it leads to the waste of social labor, a decrease in the rate of growth of production, and the dependence of the country on the capitalist world. It is reactionary and politically dangerous, because it does not unite, but divides the peoples in front of the united front of imperialist forces, nourishes bourgeois-nationalist tendencies and, in the end, can lead to the loss of socialist gains.

Combining their efforts in building a new society, the socialist states actively support and expand political, economic and cultural cooperation with countries that have thrown off the colonial yoke. They maintain and are ready to maintain extensive mutually beneficial trade and cultural ties with the capitalist countries.

The development of the world socialist system and the world capitalist system proceeds according to directly opposite laws. If the world system of capitalism took shape and developed in a fierce struggle between the states that formed it, by subjugating and exploiting weak countries by strong ones, enslaving hundreds of millions of people and turning entire continents into colonial appendages of imperialist metropolises, then the process of formation and development of the world socialist system takes place on the basis of sovereignty, full voluntariness and in accordance with the fundamental vital interests of the working people of all states of this system.

If the law of uneven economic and political development operates in the world capitalist system, leading to clashes between states, then opposite laws operate in the world socialist system, ensuring the steady, planned growth of the economy of all its member countries. In the world of capitalism, the growth of production in one country or another deepens the contradictions between states, intensifies the competitive struggle, and the development of each socialist country leads to a general upsurge and strengthening of the world socialist system as a whole. While the economy of world capitalism is developing at a slow pace and is experiencing crises and upheavals, the economy of world socialism is characterized by rapid and stable growth rates and a general uninterrupted economic upswing in all socialist countries.

All socialist states are making their contribution to the construction and development of the world socialist system, to strengthening its might. The existence of the Soviet Union greatly facilitates and accelerates the building of socialism in the People's Democracies. The Marxist-Leninist parties and peoples of the socialist states proceed from the premise that the success of the entire world socialist system depends on the contribution and efforts of each country, and therefore consider it an international duty to develop the productive forces of their country in every possible way. The cooperation of the socialist states allows each of them to make the most rational and full use of their resources and develop their productive forces. In the process of economic, scientific and technical cooperation of the socialist countries, coordination of their national economic plans, specialization and co-operation of production, a new type of international division of labor.

The emergence of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and then the world system of socialism, is the beginning of the historical process of the all-round rapprochement of peoples. In the fraternal family of socialist states, with the disappearance of class antagonisms, antagonisms between nations also disappear. The flourishing of the culture of the peoples of the socialist community is accompanied by an ever greater mutual enrichment of national cultures and the active formation of internationalist traits characteristic of a person in a socialist society.

The practice of the peoples of the world socialist community has confirmed that their fraternal unity and cooperation meet the highest national interests of each country. Strengthening the unity of the world socialist system on the basis of proletarian internationalism is an indispensable condition for the further success of all its member states.

The socialist system has to overcome certain difficulties, mainly due to the fact that most of the countries of this system had an average and even low level of economic development in the past, and also to the fact that world reaction is trying with all its might to prevent the building of socialism.

The experience of the Soviet Union and the people's democracies confirmed the correctness of Lenin's thesis that the class struggle does not disappear during the building of socialism. The general trend in the development of the class struggle within the socialist countries under conditions of successful socialist construction leads to the strengthening of the positions of the socialist forces and to the weakening of the resistance of the remnants of the hostile classes. But this development does not proceed in a straight line. In connection with certain changes in the internal and external situation, the class struggle may intensify in certain periods. Therefore, constant vigilance is required in order to stop in time the intrigues of both internal and external hostile forces, which do not give up their attempts to undermine the people's system and bring discord into the fraternal family of socialist countries.

The main political and ideological weapon used by international reaction and the remnants of internal reactionary forces against the unity of the socialist countries is nationalism. Manifestations of nationalism and national narrow-mindedness do not automatically disappear with the establishment of the socialist system. Nationalist prejudices and the remnants of former national strife are the area where resistance to social progress can be the most prolonged and stubborn, fierce and resourceful.

Communists consider it their primary duty to educate the working people in the spirit of internationalism and socialist patriotism, intransigence towards any manifestations of nationalism and chauvinism. Nationalism damages the common interests of the socialist community and, above all, harms the people of the country in which it manifests itself, since isolation from the socialist camp hinders its development, makes it impossible to enjoy the advantages of the world socialist system, and encourages the attempts of the imperialist powers to use nationalist tendencies for their own purposes. Nationalism can only prevail where there is no consistent struggle against it. A Marxist-Leninist internationalist policy, a resolute struggle to overcome the remnants of bourgeois nationalism and chauvinism is an important condition for the further strengthening of the socialist community. Coming out against nationalism and national egoism, the Communists at the same time always treat the national feelings of the masses with the utmost attention.

The world socialist system is confidently moving towards a decisive victory in the economic competition with capitalism. Already in the near future it will surpass the world capitalist system in terms of the total volume of industrial and agricultural production. The influence of the world socialist system on the course of social development in the interests of peace, democracy and socialism is growing ever stronger. The majestic building of the new world, erected by the heroic labor of free peoples in the vast expanses of Europe and Asia, is the prototype of a new society, the future of all mankind.

an ideological and political term denoting the social, economic and political community of free sovereign countries that have chosen the path of building socialism. It began to take shape in 1944-1949, when, after the end of the Second World War of 1939-1945. the influence of the USSR spread to a number of states in Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia) and Asia (China - China, North Korea - North Korea). These countries, together with the USSR and Mongolia, formed a socialist camp, which was joined by the German Democratic Republic (GDR since October 1949), the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (in 1976 reunited with South Vietnam to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam - SRV), the Republic of Cuba (since 1959) and Laos (in 1975). The ideological and organizational basis of all forms of cooperation was the interaction of the communist and workers' parties that were in power. In January 1949, in order to strengthen economic ties between the countries of the socialist camp, a special association, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), was created. In May 1955, a military-political union was formed - the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVD). It had a significant impact on the growth of the national liberation and anti-colonial movements; changed the geopolitical situation in the world for almost 50 years. However, the desire of the leadership of the USSR to impose its socio-political line on the members of the commonwealth often led to serious conflicts - in 1948-1949. there was a rupture of Soviet-Yugoslav ties (began to normalize since 1955); in 1961-1962 Soviet-Albanian relations were violated, in the mid-1960s. - Soviet-Chinese. In the late 1980s The world socialist system included 15 countries occupying 26.2% of the earth's territory and producing up to 40% of world industrial output. It broke up in 1989 - as a result of democratic revolutions in European countries, the communist parties lost power (in Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Poland and Czechoslovakia - peacefully, in Romania - after an armed uprising). Germany absorbed the GDR, Czechoslovakia was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was divided into five states. On July 1, 1991, the Warsaw Pact of 1955 was liquidated. The People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Republic of Cuba remained in the positions of building socialism.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

THE WORLD SYSTEM OF SOCIALISM

socio-economic and political a community of free, equal countries following the path of socialism and communism. M. s. With. - the greatest ist. conquest between people. working class, ch. revolutionary the strength of our era, a reliable support of the peoples fighting for peace, nat. independence, democracy and socialism. M.'s countries with. With. have the same economic basis - societies. socialist. ownership of the means of production; the same type of state system - the power of the people, led by the working class and its vanguard - the communist. and labor parties; a single ideology - Marxism-Leninism; common interests in the defense of the revolution. conquests and national independence from imperialist encroachments. camps, in the struggle for world peace and helping the peoples fighting for nat. independence; common goal - communism. Socialist construction in the countries of M. with. With. is based on general patterns, which are implemented by each country taking into account the specific features of its development. Education and development of M. page. With. occurs on the basis of compliance with the principles of state. sovereignty, full voluntariness, on the basis of strengthening friendships. relations between the countries forming this system, in accordance with the fundamental vital interests of the working people. M.'s emergence with. With. lays the foundation for the formation of a new, socialist type of political and economic relations between countries. The principles of these relations are: complete equality, respect for the territory. integrity, Mrs. independence and sovereignty, non-interference in internal. each other's affairs, fraternal cooperation and mutual assistance, mutual benefit. In these principles, socialism is manifested in practice. internationalism. These relations are most conducive to the development of productive forces, the historical process of economic, political and cultural rapprochement between peoples. The beginning of the transition of human society from capitalism to socialism was laid by Vel. Oct. socialist. revolution. With its victory, the world split into two opposite systems: socialist and capitalist. Soviet Russia rendered fraternal support to Mongolia, before which, after the victory in 1921 Nar. revolution opened the way for development to socialism, bypassing capitalism. The successes of the USSR in the construction of socialism, its decisive role in the defeat of the Germans. fascism and Japan. militarism in World War II had a strong influence on the development of the revolution. movement, facilitated and accelerated the victory of the People's Democratic. and socialist. revolutions in a group of countries in Europe and Asia. The peoples of Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, the DRV, the GDR, the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia took the path of socialism. A new form of organization of society has emerged - people's democracy. In the 2nd floor. 40s 20th century began the transformation of socialism into a world system. M.'s emergence with. With. - the largest event in world history after the victory of Vel. Oct. socialist. revolution. It confirmed the conclusion of Leninism that the development of the world socialist. revolution will take place through the revolutionary falling away of individual countries from the capitalist. systems. An important event in the process of M.'s folding with. With. was the victory in 1959 in Cuba of the people's, anti-imperialist. revolution that developed into a socialist one. The Republic of Cuba is the first country in the West. hemisphere, embarking on the path of building socialism. The treaties and agreements concluded between them contributed to the strengthening of relations between the countries that embarked on the path of socialism. In 1945, an agreement was signed on friendship, mutual assistance and post-war cooperation between the USSR and Poland (extended in 1965), in 1946 - an agreement and an agreement with Mongolia (a new agreement was concluded in 1966; the first Soviet-Mongolian agreement dates back to 1921), in 1948 - treaties of friendship, mutual assistance and post-war cooperation with Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria, in 1950 - with China, in 1961 - with the DPRK, in 1964 - with the GDR (an agreement on relations between the GDR and the USSR was concluded in 1955); The Soviet-Czechoslovak Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Assistance and Post-War Cooperation was signed as early as 1943 (extended in 1965). Agreements were also signed between foreign socialist. countries: in 1947 - between Albania and Bulgaria, between Poland and Czechoslovakia, in 1948 - between Bulgaria and Romania, between Romania and Czechoslovakia, between Hungary and Poland, between Hungary and Romania, in 1949 - between Romania and Poland, etc. Efforts countries M. s. With. aimed at ensuring the successful construction of socialism in every possible way. At the same time, the socialist countries use the experience of each other and, above all, the experience of the socialist. construction of the Soviet Union, which created by the end of the 50s. the necessary prerequisites for the construction of material and technical. the basis of communism and the gradual development of the socialist. public relations in the communist. Already at the beginning of the first period of development of M. page. With. in the countries of Democracy were nationalized large industry, banks, railway. e. Importance in the construction of socialism in the countries of M. s. With. had a socialist industrialization and cooperation with. x-va (see in the articles Industrialization and Cooperation of Agriculture). An essential role in the restoration of bunks. the economy and its further development in the young socialist countries was played by help from the USSR with loans, supplies of equipment, raw materials and food; in a number of countries, at the request of the governments of these countries, Sov. specialists. Between the socialist countries gradually expanded, along with foreign trade, scientific and technical cooperation. To implement a broader economic cooperation and socialism. division of labor within M. with. With. in 1949 the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was established. In connection with the threat to peace in Europe, created as a result of the ratification of app. states of the Paris Agreements of 1954, which provided for the formation of an aggressive military. groupings - Western-European. Union with the participation of Germany and its inclusion in the North Atlantic Pact, was signed by 8 europ. socialist. the Warsaw Pact of 1955. The purpose of the agreement is to take the necessary measures to ensure the security of peace-loving states and maintain peace in Europe, it is strictly defended. character. Development and strengthening of the socialist. productions. relations and the protection of world peace are the most important political. M.'s tasks with. With. and at the second stage of its development, in to-ry M. page. With. entered in the late 1950s. At this stage of development of M. page. With. The USSR launched the construction of communism; other countries of the M. s. With. solve the problems of all-round strengthening and improvement of the socialist. productions. relations, completion of construction of material and technical. the foundations of socialism and the creation of prerequisites for a gradual transition to the building of communism. At the same time, ist. the terms for solving these problems are different for departments. countries. M.'s countries with. With. through the development of its national economies contribute to the strengthening of M. s. With. in general, and the features of building socialism in individual countries are a contribution to the common treasury of Marxism-Leninism. In the countries of M. with. With. a developed industry has been created. Those countries M. s. with., to-rye in the past were agrarian, have turned or are turning into an industry. and industrial-agrarian. Despite the very high growth rates of prom. pro-va in countries that had a low level of economic in the past. development, the volume of production per capita in them still lags behind similar indicators in the developed socialist countries. Persistent differences in economic levels. development and a certain one-sidedness of the economy of some countries M. s. s., inherited from capitalism, create the possibility of a discrepancy between specific economic. interests and require daily attention to the coordination of economic. politicians. Since 1963 in a number of countries M. of page. With. (GDR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, USSR, etc.) are reforming the management of the people. economy, aimed at improving the efficiency of societies. production The restructuring of management provides for a more complete use of commodity-money relations (the law of value), the improvement of planning in order to raise the level of production and raise labor productivity. Successes in the development of the national economics and the accumulated experience of economic. cooperation allowed the socialist. countries to begin a gradual transition from indirect harmonization of productions. efforts (through foreign trade. relations) to direct production. cooperation. Every socialist country, taking into account its capabilities and facing Nar. x-vom tasks, sovereignly and voluntarily resolves the issue of its participation in various forms of economic. cooperation. Much attention is paid to economic development. cooperation of countries M. with. With. was given at meetings of representatives of the communist. and workers' parties of the countries - members of the CMEA 1958, 1960 (February), 1962 and 1963. Ch. means of systematic deepening of international division of labor and unification of industries. the efforts of the CMEA member countries is in modern conditions the coordination of nat. national economy plans, and also specialization and cooperation of production, joint construction by the countries of M. of page. With. large national economy. objects. By the end of 1964, more than 1,500 types of machinery and equipment were covered by specialization. The Druzhba oil pipeline, built by the joint efforts of the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary and the GDR, came into operation. The Mir energy system was created: in 1962, the energy system Zap. Ukraine (USSR), in 1963 - Romania and in 1964 - Bulgaria. From 1 Jan. 1964 started work of the Intern. economic bank. cooperation, created and (since 1963) the Inst. CMEA for standardization began to operate. In 1964, the Intermetall international production association and an organization for cooperation in the production of bearings were created, and a common fleet of freight cars began to function. The turnover of foreign trade of the countries of M. with. With. increased in 1964 by more than 3.8 times compared with 1950 and amounted to St. 40.4 billion rubles Leading position in economic and scientific and technical. cooperation of the countries M. of page. With. occupied by the Soviet Union. During the post-war years, he provided foreign socialist. assistance to countries in the construction of more than 600 prom. enterprises and buildings. In 1964, the USSR provided technical assistance. assistance in the construction of another 620 enterprises and facilities. The amount of loans provided by the Sov. Union, exceeds 9 billion rubles. Scientific communications of the countries of M. of page develop. With. The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna (USSR) was formed in 1956, and contacts between scientific research institutes in the countries of the Moscow region are expanding. with., the exchange of technical documentation. Cultural ties are expanding (translation of literature, publication of magazines, theater and concert tours, film festivals, exchange of radio and television programs, etc.). d.). In M.'s development with. With. encountered a number of difficulties. They stem primarily from differences in economic levels. development department countries by the time construction of socialism in these countries began; they are also associated with well-known differences in the approach to a number of problems that arise in the process of establishing a new type of relationship. In the setting of Stalin's personality cult, there were cases of violations of equal and mutually beneficial relations between the USSR and certain other countries. With. They were decisively corrected after the 20th Congress of the CPSU. An important role in this matter was played by the Declaration of Sov. pr-va on the foundations of development and further strengthening of friendship and cooperation between the USSR and other socialist. countries from 30 Oct. 1956. The cause of strengthening M. s. With. contributed to Moscow. meetings of 1957 and 1960 representatives of the communist. and labor parties. In 1960, disagreements between the leaders of the Communist Party came to light. the Party of China and the Party of Labor of Albania with the CPSU and other fraternal parties. USSR and most other socialist. countries show full readiness to establish friendly relations with China and Albania, to overcome, on a Marxist-Leninist basis, differences with the CPC and the PLA, which are especially dangerous in the context of the activation of imperialist. forces, to-rye try to use any means to weaken M. s. With. and undermining the struggle of the peoples of the entire globe for peace. M.'s strengthening with. With. is inextricably linked with observance of fidelity to the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, the principles of proletarian internationalism, and also with the need for the correct combination by each state of M. with. With. nat. interests and international tasks. Cooperation and solidarity is one of Ch. sources of strength M. s. With. The development and deepening of this cooperation meets the fundamental interests of each country individually and of the entire international community. With. on the whole, it contributes to the consolidation of its ranks in the struggle against imperialism. As a result of its growing economic and political M.'s power with. With. becomes a decisive factor in the progressive development of man. about-va. The determining influence on the world development of M. s. With. provides its hosts. success. In 1951-64, the average annual growth rate of prom. production was made in the socialist. countries 11.7% compared with 5.5% in the capitalist. countries. Release prom. production in the socialist countries as a whole for 1961-65 increased by 43%, and in the capitalist countries. systems - by 34%; at the same time, the growth of the economies of the countries of M. s. with., in contrast to the capitalist. countries, ensures a steady rise in the material and cultural level of the working people. However, since most countries With. With. began to build socialism, having a backward economy, M. s. With. in per capita output of industrial output in a number of industries has not yet caught up with such economically developed capitalist countries as the USA, England and the FRG. The Communist and Workers' Parties of the socialist countries, according to the Statement of the Moscow Conference of 1960 (November), their international. duty is seen in the decision by joint efforts and in the shortest possible time historical. tasks - to surpass the world capitalist. system by absolute volume prom. and s.-x. pro-va, and after that overtake the most developed in economic. in relation to the capitalist countries in terms of production per capita and life-long levels. Successes of the countries of M. with. With. create favorable conditions for the labor movement in the developed capitalist. countries, for nat.-liberate. movements of the peoples of Asia, Africa, Lat. America. M.'s education with. With. in means. degree contributed to the process of collapse of the columns. imperialist systems. Help countries M. s. With. relieves those released from under the columns. domination of the peoples the creation of a developed, independent economy. In the young states of Asia, Africa and Latin America, with the help of M.'s countries, s. With. about 1,500 enterprises are being built, of which 600 are with economic and technical assistance from the USSR. Socialist countries provided these countries with long-term concessional loans for the development of the national economy in the amount of about 5.5 billion rubles. The strength and power of M. s. With. led to the termination of the imp. aggression against Egypt in 1956 saved Cuba from the Amer. invasions in 1962, etc. Powerful support of M. s. With. helps the Vietnamese people repel the aggression of US imperialism. M.'s successes with. With. exert a powerful influence on people's minds, increase the attractive force of the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, and develop the revolutionary energy and activity of the working masses. M. s. With. creates favorable conditions for the development of world socialism. revolution, for the falling away of more and more countries from the world capitalist. systems. Achievements of the countries M. with. With. in the field of science, the outstanding successes of the Soviet Union in space exploration and in the peaceful use of atomic energy, the flourishing of the socialist. cultures render increasingly mean. impact on the development of world science and culture. In present time (1966) as part of M. s. With. includes 14 countries with a total area. 35.2 million km2 (26% of the territory of the globe); they were inhabited (at the beginning of 1965) by 1,144,000,000 people. (35% of us. Globe). -***-***-***- Table. Countries of the world socialist system (territory and population) [s] WORLD_SOC_SIST.JPG Source. : Socialist Economics. countries in numbers 1964 M., 1965, p. 3. Lit.: V. I. Lenin, Initial outline of theses on national and colonial questions, Soch., 4th ed., vol. 31, p. 163-66; Resolution of the XII Congress of the RCP (b) "On the national question", in the book: CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee, 7th ed., Part 1, M., 1954, p. 709-16; CPSU program. Adopted by the XXII Congress of the CPSU, M., 1965; Declaration of the Government of the USSR on the foundations for the development and further strengthening of friendship and cooperation between the Soviet Union and other socialist states, Pravda, 1956, Oct. 31, No. 305; Declaration of the Meeting of representatives of the communist and workers' parties of the socialist countries ..., M., 1958; Statement of the Meeting of Representatives of the Communist and Workers' Parties, in the book: Program Documents of the Struggle for Peace, Democracy and Socialism, M., 1961; Basic principles of the international socialist division of labor, M., 1964; Socialist camp Brief illustration. polit.-econ. reference book, M., 1962; The world of socialism in figures and facts. (Handbook), M., 1964; Economy of the socialist countries in figures, M., 1963-65; Brief statistical collection, M., 1964; Competition between two systems. 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