How does a person change in a war? Man and war

(1) We were then twenty years old and forty at the same time.

(2) We dreamed of returning to that pre-war world, where the sun seemed to us a festive sun rising on the earth

every day according to its regularity; grass was grass meant to grow, to be green; lanterns - in order to illuminate the dry April pavement, the evening crowd of walkers, in which you go, eighteen, tanned, strong ...

(3) 3a long four years of war, feeling the fiery breath of death at our shoulders, silently passing by fresh tubercles with inscriptions on the tablets with an indelible pencil, we have not lost the former world of youth in ourselves, but we have matured by twenty years and seemed to have lived them so detailed, so saturated that these years would be enough for the life of two generations.

(4) We learned that the world is both strong and unsteady. (5) We learned that the sun may not rise in the morning, because its brilliance, its warmth, can be destroyed by bombing, when the horizon is drowning in a black-purple curtain of smoke. (b) Sometimes we hated the sun - it promised flying weather and, therefore, schools of Junkers diving into the trench. (7) The sun could mercilessly expose with its light the recent picture of the battle: torn apart by a direct hit of the gun, the bodies of the dead, whom you called by name a minute ago.

(8) Who could have imagined that he would ever see in white daisies, these symbols of love, a drop of blood of his friend, who was killed by machine gun fire?

(9) The war was a cruel and rough school. (Y) We were not sitting at desks, but in frozen trenches, and in front of us were not notes, but armor-piercing shells and machine-gun triggers.

(P) The war has already become history. (12) But is it?

(13) One thing is clear to me: the main participants in history are People and Time. (14) Do not forget Time - this means not forgetting People, not forgetting People - this means not forgetting Time. (15) The number of divisions that participated in a particular battle will be calculated by historians with scrupulous accuracy. (16) But they will not be able to eavesdrop on a conversation in a trench before a tank attack, to see the suffering and tears in the eyes of an eighteen-year-old medical orderly girl, dying-

cabbage soup in the semi-darkness of a dilapidated dugout, around which the bursting German tanks are buzzing, to feel the crackle of a machine-gun burst that kills life.

(17) In our blood, the streams of those people who lived in History pulsate.

(18) Our memory is a spiritual and life experience,

paid dearly.

(Yu. Bondarev)

The writing

I got acquainted with the text of the participant of the Great Patriotic War, the writer Yuri Bondarev, in which the author conveys the attitude of a young man who went through the war. “We were then twenty years old and forty at the same time,” writes Y. Bondarev. Why? I think because “the war was a cruel and rude school”, it showed that the world is unsteady, made me feel the “fiery breath of death”, taught me to hate the sun, silently pass by the graves of my fellow soldiers. It seemed to the author, as well as to many of his peers, that in four years they had matured by twenty years, but they dreamed of peace, of the time when it would be possible to simply live and everything would become clear and simple. The veteran writer believes that in the veins of the survivors pulsate the streams of those people who made history for us. And our main task is not to forget them. After all, it was in the hands of the heroes that the banner of Victory was, and the fate of the country was formed from their destinies.

I agree with Y. Bondarev that historians describe the main facts of wartime in general, but we need the spiritual and life experience of those who witnessed the terrible war, who went into hand-to-hand combat, carried the wounded from the battlefield, caused fire on themselves , reconnoitered, laid communication lines, developed a plan for a military operation. Svetlana Aleksievich, the author of the book “War does not have a woman’s face”, who wrote down stories, also realized this.

front-line women to save them for history. The author believes that during the Great Patriotic War, more than eight hundred thousand women showed courage and heroism, when they defended their homeland along with men. The fate of these great women formed the basis of the book by S. Aleksievich.

The spiritual experience of a young man who went through the war is described in poetry by the poetess Yulia Drunina, who “left her childhood in a dirty car,” because she could not find a name closer to herself than Russia. Her poems are imbued with love for the Fatherland, faith in the courage of the Soviet people. It is thanks to her poems that we can judge how those who turned eighteen during the war lived and thought, who, instead of a university book, like Y. Bondarev and Y. Drunina herself, taught life from armor-piercing shells. The poetess convinces us that our people were helped to reach the end and survive by the belief that the country has an “eternal supply of eternal strength”.

Yes, the war is a special heroic page of impudent history, and we must remember those who provided us with a peaceful life.

The problem of war and military childhood

(1) Here again the Ninth of May. (2) Another anniversary of our most beautiful and most bitter holiday. (Z) Again, flowers on mass graves and memorials, again the remaining generation, the grandchildren and great-grandchildren of those to whom we owe this victory, remember their relatives and the price we paid for the most expensive Victory in the history of the world. (4)3a the bloodiest. (5) The heaviest. (6) "With gray hair at the temples." (7) With tears.

(8) I was struck by the statement of one commentator. (9) According to him, many front-line soldiers do not recognize Victory Day: too high a price has been paid for it.

(Y) It seems to me that this simply cannot be.

(11) And it's not just Memorial Day.

(12) This is Victory Day. (13) Our country is in a fierce war.

(14) Then they believed that there would be no more wars.

(15) Who knew, who could have foreseen that the dead veterans would be replaced by new ones, very young and not so? (16) Who is responsible for this? (17) And how did it happen that the men of the country that defeated fascism again had to take up arms? (18) Again coffins, again funerals ...

(19) I so want it not to happen again. (20) And I also really want that when we leave, the young people remember to whom and what they owe.

(21) But today I'm not talking about soldiers.

(22)0 children.

(23) I once wrote that there were few post-war children in our yard: three people. (24) The rest were military children. (25) Fortieth - forty-first years of birth.

(26) And they had friends - the same age. (27) They were born in a peaceful country. (28) Many have never seen and do not remember their fathers.

(29) Maya Chudakova-Tomling was born on the first of May forty-one. (30) In June, her father left forever. (31) He did not return from the war. (32) And the adult, seventy-one-year-old Maya still has a dream: a flowering meadow, along which a soldier runs towards her. (33) And she knows for sure that this is her father. (34) This is where they meet: father and daughter. (35) For some reason I believe that the father comes to her in this dream. (Zb) At least see you like that ...

(37) And Rai Volodin did not see her father. (38) Or rather, he doesn’t remember. (39) When he left, she was one and a half years old. (40) Father left Novaya Street, later Kablukov. (41) And he left his mother with two daughters and a mother-in-law. (42) Mother worked at a brewery

de. (43) I received a little more than thirty rubles. (44) Cards: working and three dependent.

(45) But they endured ... endured ... survived. (46) They went out to people.

(47) “... I remembered my hungry childhood. (48) Long lines for bread. (49) And how delicious it was !!! (50) Black, well baked, with a crispy crust. (51) I remembered my father, whom I did not know. (52) By the way, thanks to the Internet, I found a fraternal cemetery where he and many others are buried. (53) The village of Aristov near Rzhev. (54) I visit this site often. (55) FATE OF A SOLDIER. (56) I am sending you a photo that my sister sent to the front and which returned to Tashkent with the inscription:

(58) Thank you, thank you for everything.

(59) Thank you too, Raechka. (60)3a memory.

(T. Pertseva)

The writing

I read a text that is devoted to the problem of war and military childhood. Paying her debt to all those who went to the front, who stood up for the Motherland, T. Pertseva draws the reader's attention to the tragedy of those who were the least protected during the war - children. The author writes that children in the war lose their closest people. Their poor mothers are forced to bear the burden of care alone, and this is in conditions of hunger, devastation, fear for themselves and their children. T. Pertseva says that the children of soldiers who died at the front saw their fathers in dreams all their lives, because they felt the pain of loss.

I also believe that historical memory is the best defense against the repetition of a catastrophe in the future. And remember

everyone is needed, from young to old. From famous generals to the Unknown Soldier, to the little girl Tanya Savicheva, who left a terrible reminder in her diary in besieged Leningrad: “Everyone died. Only Tanya remained. Today, at school No. 35 in St. Petersburg, where the little blockade girl studied, a museum of Tanya Savicheva was opened to preserve the memory of the girl from whom the war took everything: first her family, and then her health and life. And the writer Yu. Yakovlev wrote the story “Girls from Vasilyevsky Island”, in which, on behalf of Tanya’s friend, Valya Zaitseva, he told how a monument was built to the children who died in the blockade, near the places where the road of life passed - the only way to escape from the besieged the Germans of Leningrad. In the story, the heroine says that her friend did not shoot at the enemy, but maybe the city survived precisely because children like Tanya Savicheva lived in it, who did not want to give up at that difficult time and remained in it forever. Blessed memory to them!

The problem of women and war

(1) In the most terrible war of the 20th century, a woman had to become a soldier. (2) She not only saved, bandaged the wounded, but also fired from a "sniper", bombed, undermined bridges, went on reconnaissance, took her tongue. (Z) The woman killed. (4) She killed the enemy, who fell with unprecedented cruelty on her land, on her house, on her children. (5) “It’s not a woman’s lot to kill,” one of the heroines of this book will say, accommodating here all the horror and all the cruel necessity of what happened. (b) Another will sign on the walls of the defeated Reichstag: “I, Sofya Kuntsevich, came to

Berlin to kill the war." (7) That was the greatest sacrifice they made on the altar of Victory. (8) And the immortal feat, the full depth of which we comprehend over the years of peaceful life.

... (9) For four painful years I have been walking burnt kilometers of someone else's pain and memory. (Y) Hundreds of stories of women front-line soldiers were recorded: doctors, signalmen, sappers, pilots, snipers, shooters, anti-aircraft gunners, political workers, cavalrymen, tankers, paratroopers, sailors, traffic controllers, drivers, ordinary field bath and laundry detachments, cooks, bakers, collected testimonies of partisans and underground fighters. (11) “There is hardly a single military specialty that our brave women would not have coped with as well as their brothers, husbands, fathers,” wrote Marshal of the Soviet Union A.I. Eremenko. (12) There were among the girls both the Komsomol organizers of the tank battalion, and the mechanics-drivers of heavy tanks, and in the infantry - the commanders of the machine-gun company, submachine gunners, although in our language the words "tanker", "infantryman", "submachine gunner" do not have a feminine gender, because that this work has never been done by a woman.

(13) Only on the mobilization of the Lenin Komsomol, about 500 thousand girls were sent to the army, of which 200 thousand were Komsomol members. (14) Seventy percent of all the girls sent by the Komsomol were in the army. (15) In total, during the years of the war, over 800 thousand women served in various branches of the military at the front ...

(16) These are the numbers. (17) We know them. (18) And behind them are destinies, whole lives, turned upside down, twisted by war: the loss of loved ones, lost health, female loneliness, the unbearable memory of the war years.

... (19) Never before in the history of mankind have so many women participated in the war. (20) In the past, there were legendary units, like the cavalry girl Nadezhda Durova, the partisan Vasilisa Kozhina, during the civil war there were women in the ranks of the Red Army, but for the most part sisters of mercy

and doctors. (21) The Great Patriotic War showed the world an example of the mass participation of Soviet women in battles.

(22) Pushkin, publishing an excerpt from the notes of Nadezhda Durova in Sovremennik, wrote in the preface: “What reasons made a young girl, of a good noble family, leave her father’s house, renounce her sex, take on labors and duties that frighten and men, and appear on the battlefield - and what else? (23) Napoleonic! (24) What prompted her? (25) Secret, family grief? (26) Inflamed imagination? (27) An innate indomitable tendency? (28) Love?.. "(29) It was only about one incredible fate, and there could be many guesses. (ZO) Quite different when eight hundred thousand women served in the army, and even more were asked to go to the front.

(31) They were allowed to go to the front, because on the scales of history

was thrown: to be or not to be a people, a country? (32)So

there was a question.

(According to S. Aleksievich)

The writing

S. Aleksievich took responsibility for solving an important task - to preserve the memory of the feat of women who fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. The writer met with front-line soldiers, wrote down their stories, as if trying to answer problematic questions: “Should a woman fight?”, “Why did women show unparalleled courage and courage during the war?”, “What prompted women to take up arms?”

S. Aleksievich writes that a woman had to become a soldier and make the greatest sacrifice on the altar of Victory. Along with men, she performed the most difficult duties at the front, even holding command positions. More than 800 thousand women went to the front, many of them voluntarily. The author directly names the reason for such

large-scale demobilization of women and their mass heroism: “... It was thrown on the scales of history: to be or not to be a people, a country?” I was struck by the inscription on the defeated Reichstag, which was left by one of the heroines of S. Aleksievich's book: "I came to the front to kill the war." Thus, the position of S. Aleksievich is obvious: by nature, a woman cannot and does not want to kill, but when a mortal danger threatens her country, home, children, a woman becomes a soldier. It's hard to argue with this.

We find confirmation both in life and in literature.

The history includes the exploits of women aviators. In the middle of 1943, a squadron was created, which was assigned to lead Marina Chechneva and navigator Ekaterina Ryabova. This unit trained and commissioned many female pilots and navigators in front-line conditions. Marina personally made 810, and Katya Ryabova - 890 sorties. They were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

The poetess Yulia Drunina came to the front as a very young girl. Her front-line friend was Zina Samsonova, who died in battle near the Belarusian city of Orsha in 1944. After the death of the commander, Zinaida took command of the battle and raised the fighters to attack, but an enemy bullet cut her life short... She dedicated the poem "Zinka" to the memory of her fighting friend Drunina. The poem shows the attitude of a young girl who fought at the front: homesickness, love and tenderness for her mother, the hope of returning to a peaceful life. The poetess mourns her dead friend and does not see the strength in herself to tell the tragic news to her mother. Zinaida Samsonova was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Yes, a woman in war is cruel and wrong. But in case of trouble, thousands of my contemporaries will not hesitate to defend Russia even today.

friendship problem

Text

(1) In all times, friendship has been revered as one of the first blessings in life; this feeling will be born together with us; the first movement of the heart is to seek to connect with another heart, and meanwhile the whole world complains that there are no friends. (2) Since the beginning of the world, all the ages together have barely produced three or four examples of perfect friendship. (3) But if all people agree that friendship is charming, why do they not seek to enjoy this blessing? (4) Is not this a delusion of blind mankind and a consequence of its corruption - to desire bliss, to have it in your hands and run away from it?

(5) The benefits of friendship are brilliant in themselves: all nature unanimously confirms that they are the most pleasant of all earthly blessings. (6) Without friendship, life loses its pleasantness; a man left to himself feels an emptiness in his heart that united friendship can fill; caring and restless by nature, in the depths of friendship he calms down his feelings.

(7) If the haven of friendship is useful! (8) She protects from the deceit of people who are almost all fickle, deceitful and deceitful. (9) The first virtue of friendship is to help with good advice. (Yu) No matter how reasonable someone is, a guide is always needed; we must not trust ourselves without fear to our own reason, which our passions often force us to speak according to their will.

(N) The ancients knew all the blessings of love, but they made the descriptions of friendship so huge that they made it look like a wonderful invention that does not exist in nature. (12) It seems that they knew poorly the properties of a person when they intended to seduce him with such descriptions and force him to seek friendship so richly colored by them: they are like

as if they had forgotten that a person is more inclined to be surprised by a noble example than to follow them.

... (13) The first virtue that should be sought in a friend is virtue: she assures us in him that he is capable of friendship and worthy of it. (14) Do not rely in the least on your obligations, as soon as they are not approved on this basis: now there is no choice, but needs unite people, and for this reason, the current friendship will end as soon as it begins: they make friends indiscriminately and do not quarrel thinking; nothing is so contemptible: either a bad heart or a bad mind makes a bad choice. (15) Know how to choose a friend from a thousand, nothing is as important as this choice, because our well-being depends on it.

(IL. Krylov)

The writing

Appeal to the text by I.A. Krylova made me think about the problem of friendship and the choice of a friend, which the author considers.

The text rightly says that at all times people have honored friendship. The author writes that every heart wants to connect with another, without friendship life loses its pleasantness, a person is surrounded by emptiness. I.A. Krylov draws our attention to the paradox: people strive for friendship and at the same time avoid rapprochement with others. He proves that friendship has great benefits: a friend helps protect oneself from deceit, gives sincere advice. The author encourages us to choose the right friends. Communicate with everyone indiscriminately, according to I.A. Krylova, contemptuously. Such friendship soon ends in a quarrel. Only virtuous people should be worthy of our friendship.

shown in the novel by V. Kaverin "Two Captains". It started at an early age and lasted for years. Boys Sanya Grigoriev and Valya Zhukov met in an orphanage. Their friendship has stood the test of time. Even in their early years, they supported each other in everything. Valka gives Sana her things, disinterestedly donates all her savings when she thinks that a friend needs them more. No amount of slander can break this friendship. It is Valya who believes that Sanya did not die in battle. He helps his wife Katya find Sanya and allows her to live in his apartment. And in adulthood, when Valentin becomes a professor, and Sanya a pilot, they are still close friends.

I.A. Krylov writes that there are few examples of true long-term friendship in history. But I know of such an example. Through all their lives they carried the lyceum friendship of A.S. Pushkin, A.A. Delvig, V.K. Kuchelbecker, I.I. Pushchin. It was Pushchin who visited the poet in exile, in Mikhailovsky, on January 11, 1825. The poet dedicated the poem “My first friend, my priceless friend! ..”

Here is a bank of arguments for an essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. It is devoted to the military theme. Each problem is accompanied by literary examples, which are necessary for writing the highest quality paper. The heading corresponds to the problem statement, under the heading there are arguments (3-5 pieces depending on the complexity). You can also download these table arguments(link at the end of the article). We hope that they will help you in preparing for the exam.

1. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" Rybak betrayed his homeland, afraid of torture. When two comrades, in search of provisions for a partisan detachment, ran into the invaders, they were forced to retreat and hide in the village. However, the enemies found them in the house of a local resident and decided to interrogate them with violence. Sotnikov passed the test with honor, but his friend joined the punishers. He decided to become a policeman, although he intended to run away to his own at the first opportunity. However, this act forever crossed out the future of Rybak. Having knocked out props from under the feet of a comrade, he became a traitor and a vile murderer who is not worthy of forgiveness.
2. In Alexander Pushkin's novel The Captain's Daughter, cowardice turned into a personal tragedy for the hero: he lost everything. Trying to win the favor of Marya Mironova, he decided to be cunning and cunning, and not to behave courageously. And so, at the decisive moment, when the Belgorod fortress was captured by the rebels, and Masha's parents were brutally murdered, Alexei did not stand up for them, did not protect the girl, but changed into a simple dress and joined the invaders, saving his life. His cowardice finally repulsed the heroine, and even being in his captivity, she proudly and adamantly resisted his caresses. In her opinion, it is better to die than to be at one with a coward and a traitor.
3. In the work of Valentin Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei deserts and resorts to his home, to his native village. Unlike him, his wife was a courageous and devoted woman, so she, risking herself, covers her runaway husband. He lives in the neighboring forest, and she carries everything he needs in secret from the neighbors. But Nastya's absences became public. Her fellow villagers followed her in a boat. To save Andrey, Nastena drowned herself without betraying the deserter. But the coward in her face lost everything: love, salvation, family. His fear of war killed the only person who loved him.
4. In Tolstoy's story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" two heroes are contrasted: Zhilin and Kostygin. While one, being captured by the highlanders, boldly fights for his freedom, the other humbly waits for his relatives to pay a ransom. Fear blinds his eyes, and he does not understand that this money will support the rebels and their struggle against his compatriots. In the first place for him is only his own fate, and he does not care about the interests of his homeland. It is obvious that cowardice manifests itself in war and exposes such traits of nature as selfishness, weakness of character and insignificance.

Overcoming fear in war

1. In Vsevolod Garshin's story "Coward" the hero is afraid to disappear in the name of someone's political ambitions. He is worried that he, with all his plans and dreams, will turn out to be only a surname and initials in a dry newspaper report. He does not understand why he needs to fight and risk himself, why all these sacrifices. His friends, of course, say that he is driven by cowardice. They gave him food for thought, and he decided to sign up as a volunteer for the front. The hero realized that he was sacrificing himself for the sake of a great cause - the salvation of his people and homeland. He died, but he was happy, because he took a really significant step, and his life acquired meaning.
2. In Mikhail Sholokhov's story The Fate of Man, Andrey Sokolov overcomes the fear of death and does not agree to drink for the victory of the Third Reich, as required by the commandant. For incitement to rebellion and disrespect for the guards, he already faces punishment. The only way to avoid death is to accept Muller's toast, to betray the motherland in words. Of course, the man wanted to live, he was afraid of torture, but honor and dignity were dearer to him. Mentally and spiritually, he fought against the invaders, even standing in front of the head of the camp. And he defeated him by willpower, refusing to obey his order. The enemy recognized the superiority of the Russian spirit and rewarded the soldier who, even in captivity, overcomes fear and defends the interests of his country.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Pierre Bezukhov is afraid to take part in hostilities: he is clumsy, timid, weak, and not fit for military service. However, seeing the scope and horror of the Patriotic War of 1812, he decided to go alone and kill Napoleon. He was not at all obliged to go to besieged Moscow and risk himself, with his money and influence he could sit out in a secluded corner of Russia. But he goes to help the people somehow. Pierre, of course, does not kill the emperor of the French, but he saves the girl from the fire, and this is already a lot. He conquered his fear and did not hide from the war.

The problem of imaginary and real heroism

1. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Fyodor Dolokhov shows excessive cruelty during military operations. He takes pleasure in violence, while always demanding awards and praise for his imaginary heroism, in which there is more vanity than courage. For example, he grabbed an officer who had already surrendered by the collar and insisted for a long time that it was he who had taken him prisoner. While soldiers like Timokhin modestly and simply did their duty, Fyodor boasted and boasted of his exaggerated achievements. He did this not for the sake of saving the motherland, but for the sake of self-affirmation. This is false, fake heroism.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war for the sake of his career, and not for the bright future of his country. He only cares about the glory that, for example, Napoleon got. In pursuit of her, he leaves his pregnant wife alone. Once in the battlefield, the prince rushes into a bloody battle, calling on many people to sacrifice themselves with him. However, his throw did not change the outcome of the battle, but only provided new losses. Realizing this, Andrei realizes the insignificance of his motives. From that moment on, he no longer pursues recognition, he is only concerned about the fate of his native country, and only for her is he ready to return to the front and sacrifice himself.
3. In the story of Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov" Rybak was known as a strong and courageous fighter. He was strong in health and mighty in appearance. In fights, he was unmatched. But the real test showed that all his actions are just empty bragging. Fearing torture, Rybak accepts the enemy's offer and becomes a policeman. There was not a drop of real courage in his feigned courage, so he could not withstand the moral pressure of the fear of pain and death. Unfortunately, imaginary virtues are recognized only in trouble, and his comrades did not know who they trusted.
4. In Boris Vasiliev's story "He Was Not on the Lists", the hero alone defends the Brest Fortress, all the other defenders of which fell dead. Nikolay Pluzhnikov himself can hardly stand on his feet, but he still fulfills his duty until the end of his life. Someone, of course, will say that it is reckless of him. There is safety in numbers. But I still think that in his position this is the only right choice, because he will not get out and not join the combat-ready units. So isn't it better to give the last fight than to waste a bullet on yourself? In my opinion, Pluzhnikov's act is a feat of a real man who looks the truth in the eye.
5. Viktor Astafiev's novel "Cursed and Killed" describes dozens of the fates of ordinary children who were driven into the most difficult conditions by the war: hunger, mortal risk, illness and constant fatigue. They are not soldiers, but ordinary inhabitants of villages and villages, prisons and camps: illiterate, cowardly, stingy and not even very honest. All of them are just cannon fodder in battle, many of them are of no use. What drives them? The desire to curry favor and get a deferment or a job in the city? Hopelessness? Maybe their stay at the front is recklessness? You can answer in different ways, but I still think that their sacrifices and modest contribution to the victory are not in vain, but necessary. I am sure that their behavior is controlled by a not always conscious, but true force - love for the fatherland. The author shows how and why it manifests itself in each of the characters. Therefore, I consider their courage genuine.

Mercy and indifference in the atmosphere of hostilities

1. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, shows blasphemous indifference to his compatriots. During the evacuation from the besieged Moscow, he takes advantage of the grief and confusion of people, buying their rare and valuable things cheaper. He does not care about the fate of the fatherland, he only looks into his pocket. The troubles of the surrounding refugees, frightened and crushed by the war, do not touch him in any way. At the same time, the peasants burn all their property, so long as it does not go to the enemy. They burn houses, kill livestock, destroy entire villages. For the sake of victory, they risk everything, go into the forests and live as one family. In contrast, Tolstoy shows indifference and compassion, contrasting the dishonest elite and the poor, who turned out to be richer spiritually.
2. Alexander Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" describes the unity of the people in the face of a deadly threat. In the chapter "Two Soldiers", the old people greet Vasily and even feed him, spending precious food supplies on a stranger. In exchange for hospitality, the hero fixes watches and other utensils for the elderly couple, and also entertains them with encouraging conversations. Although the old woman is reluctant to get a treat, Terkin does not reproach her, because he understands how hard it is for them to live in the village, where there is not even anyone to help chop firewood - everyone is at the front. However, even different people find a common language and sympathize with each other when clouds have gathered over their homeland. This unity was the author's call.
3. In Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov", Demchikha hides the partisans, despite the mortal risk. She hesitates, being scared and driven by a village woman, not a cover heroine. Before us is a living person not without weaknesses. She is not happy with uninvited guests, policemen are circling around the village, and if they find something, no one will survive. And yet compassion in a woman takes over: she shelters the resistance fighters. And her feat did not go unnoticed: during interrogation with torture and torture, Sotnikov does not betray his patroness, carefully trying to shield her, shift the blame on himself. Thus, mercy in war breeds mercy, and cruelty breeds only cruelty.
4. In Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, some episodes are described that indicate the manifestation of indifference and responsiveness in relation to prisoners. The Russian people saved officer Rambal and his batman from death. The frozen French themselves came to the enemy camp, they were dying of frostbite and hunger. Our compatriots showed mercy: they fed them porridge, poured them warming vodka, and even carried the officer in their arms to the tent. But the invaders were less compassionate: the familiar Frenchman did not stand up for Bezukhov, seeing him in a crowd of prisoners. The count himself barely survived, receiving the meager rations in prison and walking through the frost on a leash. Under such conditions, the weakened Platon Karataev died, to whom none of the enemies even thought to give porridge with vodka. The example of Russian soldiers is instructive: it demonstrates the truth that one must remain human in war.
5. An interesting example was described by Alexander Pushkin in the novel The Captain's Daughter. Pugachev, the ataman of the rebels, showed mercy and pardoned Peter, respecting his kindness and generosity. The young man once presented him with a sheepskin coat, not stinting on helping a stranger from the common people. Emelyan continued to do him good even after the "retribution", because in the war he strove for justice. But Empress Catherine showed indifference to the fate of the officer devoted to her and surrendered only to the persuasion of Marya. In the war, she showed barbaric cruelty, arranging the execution of the rebels in the square. It is not surprising that the people went against her despotic power. Only compassion can help a person stop the destructive power of hatred and enmity.

Moral choice in war

1. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", the youngest son of the protagonist is at the crossroads between love and homeland. He chooses the first, forever renouncing his family and homeland. His choice was not accepted by his comrades. The father was especially grieving, because the only chance to restore the honor of the family was the murder of a traitor. The military brotherhood took revenge for the death of their loved ones and for the oppression of faith, Andriy trampled on holy revenge, and Taras also made his difficult but necessary choice for defending this idea. He kills his son, proving to fellow soldiers that the most important thing for him, as chieftain, is the salvation of the motherland, and not petty interests. So he forever holds the Cossack partnership, which will fight against the "Poles" even after his death.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" the heroine also made a desperate decision. Dina liked the Russian man, who was forcibly kept by her relatives, friends, her people. Before her was a choice between kinship and love, the bonds of duty and the dictates of feeling. She hesitated, thought, decided, but could not help but understand that Zhilin was not worthy of such a fate. He is kind, strong and honest, but he has no money for ransom, and this is not his fault. Despite the fact that the Tatars and Russians fought, that one captured the other, the girl made a moral choice in favor of justice, not cruelty. This, probably, expresses the superiority of children over adults: even in the struggle they show less anger.
3. Remarque's novel All Quiet on the Western Front depicts the image of a military commissar who called high school students, still boys, to the First World War. At the same time, we remember from history that Germany did not defend itself, but attacked, that is, the guys went to their death for the sake of other people's ambitions. However, their hearts were set on fire by the words of this dishonorable man. So, the main characters went to the front. And only there they realized that their agitator was a coward, sitting in the rear. He sends young men to perish, while he himself sits at home. His choice is immoral. He denounces the weak-willed hypocrite in this seemingly courageous officer.
4. In Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin", the protagonist swims across an icy river in order to bring important reports to the attention of the command. He plunges into the water under fire, risking freezing to death or drowning by grabbing an enemy bullet. But Vasily makes a choice in favor of duty - an idea that is greater than himself. He contributes to the victory, thinking not about himself, but about the outcome of the operation.

Mutual Aid and Selfishness at the forefront

1. In Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Natasha Rostova is ready to give up the carts to the wounded in order to help them escape the persecution of the French and leave the besieged city. She is ready to lose valuable things, despite the fact that her family is on the verge of ruin. It's all about her upbringing: the Rostovs were always ready to help and rescue a person from trouble. Relationships are more valuable to them than money. But Berg, the husband of Vera Rostova, during the evacuation, bargained for cheap things from frightened people in order to make capital. Alas, in war, not everyone can stand the test of morality. The true face of a person, an egoist or a benefactor, will always show itself.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's Sevastopol Tales, the "circle of aristocrats" demonstrates the unpleasant character traits of the nobility who ended up in the war because of vanity. For example, Galtsin is a coward, everyone knows about it, but no one talks about it, because he is a high-born nobleman. He lazily offers his help on a sortie, but everyone hypocritically dissuades him, knowing that he will not go anywhere, and there is little use from him. This person is a cowardly egoist who thinks only of himself, not paying attention to the needs of the fatherland and the tragedy of his own people. At the same time, Tolstoy describes the silent feat of doctors who work overtime and restrain their nerves from the horror they see. They will not be awarded or promoted, they do not care about this, because they have one goal - to save as many soldiers as possible.
3. In Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The White Guard, Sergei Talberg leaves his wife and flees a country torn by civil war. He selfishly and cynically leaves in Russia everything that was dear to him, everything to which he swore to be faithful to the end. Elena was taken under protection by the brothers, who, unlike their relative, until the last served the one to whom they took the oath. They protected and comforted the abandoned sister, because all the conscientious people united under the burden of the threat. For example, an outstanding feat is performed by the commander of Nai-Tours, saving the junkers from inevitable death in a futile battle. He himself perishes, but helps the innocent and deceived by the hetman young men to save their lives and leave the besieged city.

The negative impact of war on society

1. In Mikhail Sholokhov's novel The Quiet Flows the Don, the entire Cossack people becomes a victim of the war. The former way of life is crumbling due to fratricidal strife. Breadwinners die, children get out of control, widows go crazy with grief and the unbearable yoke of labor. The fate of absolutely all the heroes is tragic: Aksinya and Peter die, Daria becomes infected with syphilis and commits suicide, Grigory becomes disillusioned with life, Natalya dies alone and forgotten, Mikhail becomes stale and impudent, Dunyasha runs away and lives unhappily. All generations are in discord, brother goes against brother, the earth is orphaned, because in the heat of battle they forgot about it. In the end, the civil war resulted only in devastation and grief, and not in the bright future that all the warring parties promised.
2. In Mikhail Lermontov's poem "Mtsyri" the hero became another victim of the war. He was picked up by a Russian military man, forcibly taken away from his home and, probably, would have further controlled his fate if the boy had not fallen ill. Then his almost lifeless body was thrown into the care of the monks in a nearby monastery. Mtsyri grew up, he was prepared for the fate of a novice, and then a clergyman, but he never reconciled himself to the arbitrariness of the kidnappers. The young man wanted to return to his homeland, reunite with his family, quench his thirst for love and life. However, he was deprived of all this, because he was just a prisoner, and even after escaping, he ended up back in his prison. This story is an echo of the war, as the struggle of countries cripples the fate of ordinary people.
3. In Nikolai Gogol's novel "Dead Souls" there is an insert that is a separate story. This is a story about Captain Kopeikin. It tells about the fate of a cripple who became a victim of the war. In the battle for his homeland, he became disabled. Hoping to receive a pension or some kind of assistance, he arrived in the capital and began to visit officials. However, they hardened in their comfortable workplaces and only drove the poor man away, in no way facilitating his suffering-filled life. Alas, the constant wars in the Russian Empire gave rise to many such cases, so no one really reacted to them. You can't really blame anyone here. Society became indifferent and cruel, so people defended themselves from constant anxieties and losses.
4. In Varlam Shalamov's story "The Last Battle of Major Pugachev", the main characters, who honestly defended their homeland during the war, ended up in a labor camp in their homeland because they were once captured by the Germans. No one took pity on these worthy people, no one showed condescension, and yet they are not guilty of being captured. And it's not just about cruel and unfair politicians, it's about the people, who have hardened from constant grief, from inescapable hardships. Society itself indifferently listened to the suffering of innocent soldiers. And they, too, were forced to kill the guards, run away and shoot back, because the massacre made them the same: merciless, angry and desperate.

Children and women at the front

1. In Boris Vasiliev's story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" the main characters are women. Of course, they were more afraid than men to go to war, each of them had close and dear people. Rita even left her son's parents. However, the girls fight selflessly and do not retreat, although they confront sixteen soldiers. Each of them fights heroically, each overcomes her fear of death in the name of saving the motherland. Their feat is perceived especially hard, because fragile women have no place on the battlefield. However, they destroyed this stereotype and defeated the fear that fetters even more suitable fighters.
2. In Boris Vasiliev's novel "Not on the Lists", the last defenders of the Brest Fortress are trying to save women and children from starvation. They don't have enough water and supplies. With pain in their hearts, the soldiers escort them to German captivity, there is no other way out. However, the enemies did not spare even future mothers. Pluzhnikov's pregnant wife, Mirra, is beaten with boots and pierced with a bayonet. Her mutilated corpse is pelted with bricks. The tragedy of war lies in the fact that it dehumanizes people, releasing all their hidden vices.
3. In the work of Arkady Gaidar "Timur and his team" the characters are not soldiers, but young pioneers. While a fierce battle continues on the fronts, they, as best they can, help the fatherland to stand in trouble. The guys do hard work for widows, orphans and single mothers, who even have no one to chop firewood. They secretly perform all these tasks, without waiting for praise and honors. For them, the main thing is to make their modest but important contribution to the victory. Their destinies are also crumpled by the war. Zhenya, for example, grows up in the care of her older sister, while they see their father once every few months. However, this does not prevent children from fulfilling their little civic duty.

The problem of nobility and meanness in battle

1. In Boris Vasiliev's novel "Not on the Lists", Mirra is forced to surrender when she discovers that she is pregnant by Nikolai. There is no water and food in their shelter, young people miraculously survive, because they are being hunted. But then a lame Jewish girl gets out of the underground to save the life of her child. Pluzhnikov is vigilantly watching her. However, she failed to blend in with the crowd. So that her husband does not give himself away, does not go to save her, she moves away, and Nikolai does not see how his wife is beaten by rabid invaders, how they wound her with a bayonet, how they fill up her body with bricks. There is so much nobility in this act of hers, so much love and self-sacrifice that it is difficult to perceive it without internal shudder. The fragile woman turned out to be stronger, more courageous and nobler than the representatives of the "chosen nation" and the stronger sex.
2. In Nikolai Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", Ostap shows true nobility in the conditions of war, when even under torture he does not utter a single cry. He did not give the enemy a spectacle and rejoicing, defeating him spiritually. In his dying words, he only turned to his father, whom he did not expect to hear. But heard. And I realized that their cause is alive, which means that he is alive. In this self-denial in the name of an idea, his rich and strong nature was revealed. But the idle crowd surrounding him is a symbol of human baseness, because people have gathered to savor the pain of another person. This is terrible, and Gogol emphasizes how terrible the face of this motley audience is, how disgusting its murmuring is. He contrasted her cruelty with the virtue of Ostap, and we understand which side the author is on in this conflict.
3. The nobility and baseness of a person is truly manifested only in emergency situations. For example, in Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" two heroes behaved completely differently, although they lived side by side in the same detachment. The fisherman betrayed his country, his friends, his duty for fear of pain and death. He became a policeman and even helped his new comrades to hang a former partner. Sotnikov did not think about himself, although he suffered torment from torture. He tried to save Demchikha, his former friend, to avert trouble from the detachment. Therefore, he blamed everything on himself. This noble man did not allow himself to be broken and gave his life for his homeland with dignity.

The problem of responsibility and negligence of fighters

1. Leo Tolstoy's "Sevastopol Tales" describes the irresponsibility of many fighters. They only show off in front of each other, and go to work only for the sake of promotion. They do not think about the outcome of the battle at all, they are only interested in rewards. For example, Mikhailov only cares about making friends with a circle of aristocrats and getting some benefits from the service. When he is wounded, he even refuses to bandage him, so that everyone is struck by the sight of blood, because a reward is due for a serious injury. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the finale Tolstoy describes precisely the defeat. With such an attitude to one's duty to the motherland, it is impossible to win.
2. In The Tale of Igor's Campaign, an unknown author tells of Prince Igor's instructive campaign against the Polovtsians. In an effort to gain easy glory, he leads a squad against nomads, neglecting the truce. Russian troops defeat the enemies, but at night the nomads take the sleeping and drunken warriors by surprise, many are killed, the rest are taken prisoner. The young prince repented of his folly, but it was too late: the squad was killed, his patrimony was without a master, his wife was in grief, like the whole people. The antipode of the frivolous ruler is the wise Svyatoslav, who says that the Russian lands need to be united, and you should not just meddle with enemies. He responsibly treats his mission and condemns Igor's vanity. His "Golden Word" subsequently became the basis of the political system of Russia.
3. In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, two types of commanders are opposed to each other: Kutuzov and Alexander the First. One protects his people, puts the well-being of the army above victory, and the other thinks only about the quick success of the case, and he doesn’t give a damn about the sacrifices of the soldiers. Due to the illiterate and short-sighted decisions of the Russian emperor, the army suffered losses, the soldiers were dejected and confused. But Kutuzov's tactics brought Russia complete deliverance from the enemy with minimal losses. Therefore, it is very important to be a responsible and humane leader at the battlefield.

Soldiers who went through the war saw things that ordinary people are inaccessible to. And that is why they need the help of a psychologist in order to return to normal life.

The psyche of people who are at war is rebuilt to suit her needs. And after a person enters a peaceful environment, he becomes unadapted to it. His opinion differs from the opinions of others. BUT the psyche of a soldier after hostilities does not want to perceive peace.

First of all, this inability affects the standard values ​​of society. Everything becomes meaningless for a person. In war, the important thing is that the enemy is the enemy. And when a soldier encounters him, he needs to take quick decisive action. There is only one rule:

"if you don't kill the enemy, then he will kill you"

In a peaceful society, such methods of fighting the enemy are not recognized by law. And this becomes a serious problem for those people who are accustomed to quickly respond to any danger. This habit is very difficult to get rid of, so often soldiers after the war require mental rehabilitation, which will be performed by a professional doctor.
The work is extremely difficult. Soldiers tend to have problems that are difficult to find in ordinary people. Military life requires strict obedience, thus suppressing the free will of man. Pictures of military actions find their place in the memory of a man, and they are very difficult to forget. War forever leaves its mark on the psyche, consciousness and behavior of a soldier. And a society that treats them with apprehension only exacerbates the situation.
In addition, those people who went through the war often see nightmares, they are haunted by terrible memories and the faces of dead comrades. The psyche and war are two incompatible things. A normal person will never remain after seeing so much pain and suffering. Especially if injuries were received during the hostilities. Unfortunately, there will never be a full recovery. But taking steps towards recovery is quite possible!

The influence of war on the psyche is obvious, but it is worth remembering that it depends on many important factors, for example:

• Meeting with family and friends after returning home;
• Public gratitude for the fulfillment of duty to the Motherland;
• Availability of benefits and improvement of social status;
• New interesting work;
• Conducting public life;
• Communication.

Arguments on the topic "War" from literature for an essay
The problem of courage, cowardice, compassion, mercy, mutual assistance, care for loved ones, humanity, moral choice in war. The impact of war on human life, character and worldview. Participation of children in the war. Man's responsibility for his actions.

What was the courage of the soldiers in the war? (A.M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man")

The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (M. Zusak "The Book Thief")

Is the human mind capable of accepting the very fact of war? (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", G. Baklanov "Forever - nineteen")

A huge number of works of Russian literature are devoted to the problem of uniting people during the war years. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "" people of different classes and views rallied in the face of a common misfortune. The unity of the people is shown by the writer on the example of many dissimilar individuals. So, the Rostov family leaves all their property in Moscow and gives carts to the wounded. The merchant Feropontov calls on the soldiers to rob his shop so that the enemy does not get anything. Pierre Bezukhov changes clothes and stays in Moscow, intending to kill Napoleon. Captain Tushin and Timokhin heroically fulfill their duty, despite the fact that there is no cover, and Nikolai Rostov boldly rushes into the attack, overcoming all fears. Tolstoy vividly describes Russian soldiers in the battles near Smolensk: the patriotic feelings and fighting spirit of people in the face of danger are fascinating. In an effort to defeat the enemy, protect loved ones and survive, people feel their kinship especially strongly. Having united and feeling brotherhood, the people were able to unite and defeat the enemy.

What feelings does the stamina of a defeated enemy evoke in the victor? (V. Kondratiev "Sasha")

How does war change the worldview and character of a person? (V. Baklanov "Forever - nineteen")

The problem of the inhumanity of war. (I. Shmelev "The Sun of the Dead")

Responsibility of a person for the actions that he committed in the war. Mental trauma of the participants in the war. (V. Grossman "Abel")

What is war and how does it affect a person? (K. Vorobyov "Killed near Moscow")

Arguments on the topic "War" from literature for an essay
The problem of courage, cowardice, compassion, mercy, mutual assistance, care for loved ones, humanity, moral choice in war. The impact of war on human life, character and worldview. Participation of children in the war. Man's responsibility for his actions.

What was the courage of the soldiers in the war? (A.M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man")

The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (M. Zusak "The Book Thief")

Is the human mind capable of accepting the very fact of war? (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", G. Baklanov "Forever - nineteen")

A huge number of works of Russian literature are devoted to the problem of uniting people during the war years. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "" people of different classes and views rallied in the face of a common misfortune. The unity of the people is shown by the writer on the example of many dissimilar individuals. So, the Rostov family leaves all their property in Moscow and gives carts to the wounded. The merchant Feropontov calls on the soldiers to rob his shop so that the enemy does not get anything. Pierre Bezukhov changes clothes and stays in Moscow, intending to kill Napoleon. Captain Tushin and Timokhin heroically fulfill their duty, despite the fact that there is no cover, and Nikolai Rostov boldly rushes into the attack, overcoming all fears. Tolstoy vividly describes Russian soldiers in the battles near Smolensk: the patriotic feelings and fighting spirit of people in the face of danger are fascinating. In an effort to defeat the enemy, protect loved ones and survive, people feel their kinship especially strongly. Having united and feeling brotherhood, the people were able to unite and defeat the enemy.

What feelings does the stamina of a defeated enemy evoke in the victor? (V. Kondratiev "Sasha")

How does war change the worldview and character of a person? (V. Baklanov "Forever - nineteen")

The problem of the inhumanity of war. (I. Shmelev "The Sun of the Dead")

Responsibility of a person for the actions that he committed in the war. Mental trauma of the participants in the war. (V. Grossman "Abel")

What is war and how does it affect a person? (K. Vorobyov "Killed near Moscow")