Brief biography of Anna Akhmatova. Anna Akhmatova - biography, photo, personal life, husbands of the great poetess

Anna Akhmatova is a world famous poet, Nobel Prize winner, translator, critic and literary critic. She bathed in glory and greatness, she knew the bitterness of loss and persecution. For many years it was not published, and the name was banned. The Silver Age nurtured freedom in her, Stalin's sentenced her to disgrace.

Strong in spirit, she survived poverty, persecution, the hardships of an ordinary person, standing in prison lines for many months. Her "Requiem" became an epic monument to the time of repression, women's resilience and faith in justice. The bitter fate affected her health: she received several heart attacks. By a strange coincidence, she died on the anniversary of Stalin's birth, in 1966.

Her gracefulness, unusual profile with a hump inspired many artists. Modigliani himself painted hundreds of her portraits, but she cherished only one, donated by him in 1911 in Paris.

The archive of Anna Akhmatova after her death was sold to state institutions for 11.6 thousand rubles.

purpose

Akhmatova did not hide her noble origin, she was even proud of him. The third child in the family of Andrey Antonovich Gorenko, a hereditary nobleman and military naval officer from Odessa, she was weak and sickly.

At the age of 37, he married a second marriage to 30-year-old Inna Erazmovna Stogova.

For eleven years, the couple had six children. We moved to Tsarskoye Selo in 1890, when Anya was one year old.

She began to read and communicate tolerably in French early. In the gymnasium, by her own admission, she studied well, but not willingly. Her father often took her with him to Petrograd, he was an avid theatergoer, and they did not miss the premiere performances. And in the summer the family spent in their own house in Sevastopol. Tuberculosis was a hereditary curse; three daughters of Gorenko subsequently died from it - the last after the revolution in 1922. Anna herself, in her youth, also had consumption, but was able to recover.

At the age of 25, Anna will dedicate her life in the Crimea to the poem "By the Sea", this theme will not leave the poetess's work even after.

Writing from childhood was characteristic of Anya Gorenko. She kept a diary for as long as she could remember and until her last days. She composed her first poem at the turn of the times - at the age of 11. But her parents did not approve of her hobby, she received praise for her flexibility. Tall and fragile, Anya easily turned her body into a ring and could, without getting up from her chair, get a handkerchief from the floor with her teeth. She was promised a ballet career, but she categorically refused.

The pseudonym that glorified her, she took because of her father, who forbade the use of his last name. She liked Akhmatova - the names of her great-grandmother, who somehow reminded her of the Crimean conqueror Khan Akhmat.

From the age of 17, she began to sign her poems, periodically published in various magazines under a pseudonym. The parents separated: the father safely squandered the dowry and left the family in a difficult position.

The mother and children left for Kyiv. Here, in her last year at the gymnasium, Anna composes a lot, and these poems of hers will be published in the book Evening. The debut of the 23-year-old poetess turned out to be successful.

Her husband, Nikolai Gumilyov, helped her in many ways. They got married when she was 21 years old.

He sought her for several years, he was already an accomplished poet, three years older than Anna: a military beauty, a historian, passionate about travel and dreams.

He takes his beloved to Paris, and after returning they are preparing to move to Petrograd. She will come to Kyiv, where she has relatives.

A year later, in the northern capital, the literary society gets acquainted with the new trend and its creators - acmeists. Gumilyov, Akhmatova, Mandelstam, Severyanin and others consider themselves to be members of the community. The Silver Age was rich in poetic talents, evenings were held, discussions were held, poems were read and printed.

Anna has been abroad several times in the two years since her marriage. There she met the young Italian Amedeo Modigliani. They talked a lot, he drew her. At that time he was an unknown artist, fame came to him much later. He liked Anna for her unusual appearance. For two years he transferred her image to paper. Several of his drawings have been preserved, which, after his early death, became recognized masterpieces. Already in her declining years, Akhmatova said that the main asset of her legacy was "Modi's drawing."

In 1912, Gumilyov became a student at the university in Petrograd and immersed himself in the study of French poetry. His collection "Alien Sky" is published. Anna is expecting her first child.

The couple travels to Tsarskoye Selo, where a son is born in autumn.

Gumilyov's parents were very much looking forward to the boy: he turned out to be the only heir. It is not surprising that Gumilyov's mother invited the family to live in her wooden two-story house. The family would live in this house in Tsarskoye Selo until 1916. Gumilyov only on short visits, Anna - briefly absent to Petrograd, to a sanatorium for treatment for tuberculosis and for her father's funeral. It is known that friends came to this house: Struve, Yesenin, Klyuev and others. Anna was friends with Blok and Pasternak, who were also among her admirers. From a wild girl with skin burned from the sun, she turned into a mannered society lady.

Lev Nikolaevich will be raised by his grandmother until the age of 17. With little Leva, she will go to live in the Tver region in the village of Slepnevo, where the Gumilevs' estate was. Anna and Nikolai visit them and help financially.

Their marriage is bursting at the seams: they rarely see each other, but often write to each other. He has an affair abroad, and Anna finds out about it.

She herself has many admirers. Among them is Nikolai Nedobrovo. He introduced Anna to his friend Boris Anrep. This connection will destroy their friendship and give rise to the love of a poetess and an artist.

They rarely saw each other, and in 1916 the beloved left Russia. She will dedicate more than thirty poems to him: in a year they will be published in the collection The White Flock and in five years in the Plantain. Their meeting will take place half a century later in Paris, where Akhmatova will arrive at the invitation of Oxford University: for her research on Pushkin's work, she was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Literature.

Eight years later, the star couple divorced. We would like to do it earlier, but it turned out to be difficult to do this in pre-revolutionary Russia.

Almost immediately after the divorce, she will agree to become the wife of Vladimir Shileiko, which will surprise her friends very much. After all, she was no longer that enthusiastic and tender Russian Sappho, as she was called. Changes in the country inspired fear and sadness in her.

And Gumilyov marries another Anna, the daughter of the poet Engelhardt. She will quickly become a widow - in 1921, Gumilyov was shot on charges of plotting against the Soviet regime, along with 96 other suspects. He was only 35 years old. She learns about the arrest of her ex-husband at the funeral of Alexander Blok. On the 106th anniversary of his birth, Nikolai Gumilyov will be fully rehabilitated.

Anna Andreevna, having lost her first husband, leaves her second. The orientalist Shileiko was extremely jealous, they lived from hand to mouth, poems were not written or printed. The book "Plantain", consisting mainly of past poems, was published a few months before the execution of Gumilyov.

In 1922, she was able to release the fifth collection in her creative life -

Anno Domini. The author proposed seven new poems, as well as those related to different years. Therefore, it was easy for readers to compare her rhythm, images, excitement. Criticism wrote about the "different quality" of her poems, anxiety, but not brokenness.

She could have left the country, her friends from France persistently invited her to their place, but Akhmatova refused. Her life in dilapidated Petrograd did not bode well, she knew about it. But she could not imagine that years of oblivion and persecution awaited her ahead - an unspoken ban would be imposed on her publications.

Repression and "Requiem"

The communal apartment on the Fontanka in Leningrad would become her home from October 1922. Akhmatova will live here for 16 years. As biographers say - unhappy.

With her third husband: an art critic, critic and a little poet Nikolai Punin, she did not register a marriage. He was married, and what was most strange in this communal apartment, divided into two by a partition, was his wife who ran the whole household. By coincidence, also Anna.

The couple had a one-year-old daughter, Irina, who would later become very friendly with Akhmatova and become one of the heirs of the poetess.

They had known each other for ten years: Nikolai Punin visited the Gumilyovs along with other poets. But he was criticized by his namesake and held a grudge. But he was glad that Akhmatova left her husband, he idolized her. Punin persistently looked after Akhmatova, came to her sanatorium when she was once again treated for her tuberculosis, and persuaded her to move to him.

Anna Andreevna agreed, but found herself in even more cramped conditions, although she was used to living and writing on a sofa. By nature, she did not know how to manage, maintain a house. Punin's wife worked as a doctor, and at that difficult time she always had a regular income, on which they lived. Punin worked in the Russian Museum, sympathized with the Soviet government, but did not want to join the party.

She helped him in his research, he used her translations of scientific articles from French, English and Italian.

In the summer of 1928, her 16-year-old son came to visit her. Due to the disgrace of the parents, the guy was not taken to study. Punin had to intervene, and he was hardly assigned to the school. Then he entered the history department at the university.

Attempts to break the tangled relationship with Punin, who did not let her write poetry (after all, he is better), was jealous of her, cared little, used her work, Akhmatova made more than once. But he persuaded her, little Irina whimpered, accustomed to Anna, so she stayed. Sometimes she went to Moscow.

Engaged in the study of Pushkin's work. The articles were published after Stalin's death. Criticism wrote that no one had done such a deep analysis of the works of the great poet before. For example, she sorted out The Tale of the Golden Cockerel: she showed the techniques that the author used to turn an oriental story into a Russian fairy tale.

When Akhmatova turned 45, Mandelstam was arrested. She was just visiting them. A wave of arrests swept the country after the assassination of Kirov.

Nikolai Punin and student Gumilyov could not escape arrest. But soon they were released, but not for long.

Relations completely went wrong: Punin blamed all the household members, including Anna, for his troubles. And she fussed for her son, who in the spring of 1938 was accused of conspiracy. The death sentence was replaced by a five-year exile in Norilsk.

Anna Akhmatova moves to another room in the same communal apartment. She can no longer be in the same space with Punin.

Soon Irina gets married, the couple has a daughter, who was also named Anna. She will become the second heiress of Akhmatova, considering them her family.

Her son will give more than fifteen years to the camps. Convicted Nikolai Punin will die in Vorkuta. But even after that, she will not move from the communal apartment, stay with his family, and write the legendary Requiem.

During the war years, Leningraders were evacuated to Tashkent. Anna will also go with them. Her son will sign up as a volunteer in the army.

After the war, Akhmatova will be engaged in translations in order to somehow feed herself. In five years, she will translate more than a hundred authors from seventy languages ​​of the world. In 1948, my son graduated from the history faculty and defended his dissertation as an external student. And next year he will be arrested again. The accusations are the same: a conspiracy against the Soviet regime. This time they gave ten years of exile. He will meet his fortieth birthday because of heart pains in a hospital bed, the consequences of torture have affected. He is recognized as an invalid, he will be very frightened and even write a will. During his exile, he will be hospitalized several times, he will undergo two operations. He will correspond with his mother. She will bother for him: she will write a letter to Stalin, even compose the correct verse in his glory, which will immediately be published by the Pravda newspaper. But nothing will help.

Lev Nikolaevich will be released in 1956 and rehabilitated.

By this time, his mother was given back the opportunity to publish, membership in the Writers' Union and was given a house in Komarov.

The son helped her with translations for some time, which made it possible to somehow exist until the autumn of 1961. Then they finally quarreled and did not communicate anymore. They gave him a room, he left. Akhmatova had a second heart attack, but her son did not visit her. What caused the conflict remains unknown, there are several versions, but not a single Akhmatova.

She will publish another of her epic works - "A Poem without a Hero". By her own admission, she wrote it for two decades.

She will again be at the center of literary bohemia, get acquainted with the aspiring poet Brodsky and others.

Two years before her death, she will again travel abroad: she will go to Italy, where she will be enthusiastically received and awarded the prize. The next year - to England, where she was honored as a doctor of literature. In Paris, she met with her acquaintances, friends and former lovers. They remembered the past, and Anna Andreevna said that in the distant 24th year she was walking through her beloved city and suddenly thought that she would certainly meet Mayakovsky. At that time he should be in another capital, but his plans changed, he went to meet her and thought about her.

Such coincidences often happened to her, some moments she could foresee. Her last unfinished poem is about death.

Anna Akhmatova was buried in Komarovo. The last orders were given by the son. He did not allow official filming, but amateur footage was still filmed. They were included in a documentary film dedicated to the poetess.

Lev Gumilyov marries the artist Natalya Simanovskaya three years after his mother's death. She is 46 years old, he is 55. They will live together for twenty-four years in harmony, but they will not have children. Doctor of Historical Sciences Lev Nikolaevich will leave behind scientific works and a good memory among scientists.

Biography and episodes of life Anna Akhmatova. When born and died Anna Akhmatova, memorable places and dates of important events in her life. Quotes of the poetess, Photo and video.

Years of life of Anna Akhmatova:

born June 11, 1889, died March 5, 1966

Epitaph

“Akhmatova was two-time.
There was no point in crying about her.
I couldn't believe when she lived
I couldn't believe it when she was gone."
Yevgeny Yevtushenko, from the poem "In Memory of Akhmatova"

Biography

Anna Akhmatova is the greatest Russian poetess not only and not so much of the Silver Age, but of all times in general. Her talent was bright and original as much as her fate was not easy. The wife and mother of enemies of the people, the author of "anti-Soviet" poems, Akhmatova survived the arrests of her closest people, the blockade days in Leningrad, KGB surveillance, and bans on the publication of her works. Some of her poems were not published for many years after her death. And at the same time, even during her lifetime, Akhmatova was recognized as a classic of Russian literature.

Anna Akhmatova (nee Gorenko) was born in Odessa, in the family of a naval mechanical engineer. She began to write poetry early and, since her father forbade signing them with her own surname, she chose her great-grandmother's surname as a pseudonym. After the family moved to Tsarskoye Selo and Anna entered the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, Petersburg became her first love: the fate of Akhmatova was forever connected with this city.

In pre-revolutionary Russia, Akhmatova managed to become famous. Her first collections were published in considerable editions for those times. But in post-revolutionary Russia there was no place for such poems. And then it only got worse: the arrest of the only son of the poetess, historian Lev Gumilyov, the Great Patriotic War and the blockade of Leningrad ... In the post-war years, Akhmatova's position did not strengthen. In an official resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, she was called "a typical representative of empty, unprincipled poetry alien to the people." Her son was again sent to a correctional camp.

But the tragedy of Akhmatova, embodied in her "Requiem" and other poems, was more than the tragedy of one person: it was the tragedy of an entire people who had experienced a monstrous number of upheavals and trials over several decades. “No generation had such a fate,” Akhmatova wrote. But the poetess did not leave Russia, did not separate her fate from the fate of her country, but continued to describe what she saw and felt. The result was one of the first poems about Soviet repression to see the light of day. The young girl, whose poems, as Akhmatova herself later said, “were only suitable for lyceum students in love,” has come a long way.

Anna Akhmatova, who died of heart failure in Domodedovo, was buried in the cemetery in Komarovo, where her famous house "Budka" was located. At first, a simple wooden cross was placed on the grave, as the poetess herself wanted, but in 1969 it was replaced with a metal one. The tombstone was created by Akhmatova's son, L. Gumilyov, making it look like a prison wall in memory of how his mother came to him during the years of imprisonment.

life line

June 11 (June 23 old style) 1889 Date of birth of Anna Andreevna Akhmatova.
1890 Transfer to Tsarskoye Selo.
1900 Admission to the Tsarskoye Selo Gymnasium.
1906-1907
1908-1910 Studying at the Higher Women's Courses in Kyiv and historical and literary courses in St. Petersburg.
1910s Marriage with Nikolai Gumilyov.
1906-1907 Studying at the Fundukleevskaya gymnasium in Kyiv.
1911 Publication of the first poem under the name of Anna Akhmatova.
1912 Publication of the collection "Evening". Birth of Lev Gumilyov's son.
1914 Publication of the collection "Rosary".
1918 Divorce from N. Gumilyov, marriage to Vladimir Shileiko.
1921 Parting with V. Shileiko, the execution of N. Gumilyov.
1922 Civil marriage with Nikolai Punin.
1923 Akhmatova's poems are no longer published.
1924 Moving to the "Fountain House".
1938 The son of the poetess, L. Gumilyov, was arrested and sentenced to 5 years in the camps. Parting with N. Punin.
1935-1940 Creation of the autobiographical poem "Requiem".
1949 The re-arrest of L. Gumilyov, who was sentenced to another 10 years in the camps.
1964 Receiving the Etna-Taormina Prize in Italy.
1965 Received an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford.
March 5, 1966 Date of death of Anna Akhmatova.
March 10, 1966 The funeral of Anna Akhmatova at the Komarovsky cemetery near Leningrad.

Memorable places

1. House number 78 on the Fontanskaya road in Odessa (formerly - 11 ½ station of the Big Fountain), where Anna Akhmatova was born.
2. House number 17 on Leontievskaya Street in Pushkin (Tsarskoye Selo), where Anna Akhmatova lived while studying at the Lyceum.
3. House number 17 in Tuchkov lane, where the poetess lived with N. Gumilyov in 1912-1914.
4. "Fountain House" (No. 34 on the Fontanka River Embankment), now - the memorial museum of the poetess.
5. House No. 17, building 1 on Bolshaya Ordynka Street in Moscow, where Akhmatova lived during her visits to the capital from 1938 to 1966. by the writer Viktor Ardov.
6. House number 54 on the street. Sadyk Azimov (formerly V. I. Zhukovsky Street) in Tashkent, where Akhmatova lived in 1942-1944.
7. House number 3 on the street. Osipenko in the village of Komarovo, where the famous dacha of Akhmatova (“Booth”) was located, in which, since 1955, the creative intelligentsia gathered.
8. Nikolsky Cathedral in St. Petersburg, where a church memorial service was held for Anna Akhmatova.
9. Cemetery in Komarovo, where the poetess is buried.

Episodes of life

The poems of the young Akhmatova were created in the spirit of acmeism, a literary movement, the ideologist of which was N. Gumilyov. In contrast to symbolism, acmeists prioritized concreteness, materiality and accuracy of descriptions.

Akhmatova divorced her first husband, Nikolai Gumilyov, long before his arrest and execution, and with her third husband, Nikolai Punin, before he was sent to the camp. The greatest pain of the poetess was the fate of her son, Leo, and all the time that he spent in the Leningrad prison "Crosses" and then in the camp, she did not stop trying to get him out of there.

The funeral service for Anna Akhmatova in Nikolsky Cathedral, the civil memorial service and the funeral of the poetess were secretly filmed by director S. D. Aranovich. Subsequently, these materials were used to create the documentary "Anna Akhmatova's Personal File".

Testaments

“I never stopped writing poetry. For me, they are my connection with the time, with the new life of my people. When I wrote them, I lived by those rhythms that sounded in the heroic history of my country. I am happy that I lived in these years and saw events that had no equal.

“Again, the memorial hour approached
I see, I hear, I feel you
And I'm not praying for myself alone
And about everyone who was standing there with me.

Documentary "Personal file of Anna Akhmatova"

condolences

“Not only did the unique voice, which until the last days brought the secret power of harmony into the world, fall silent, the unique Russian culture, which existed from the first songs of Pushkin to the last songs of Akhmatova, completed its cycle with it.”
Publisher and culturologist Nikita Struve

“Every year she became more majestic. She did not care about it at all, it came out of her by itself. For all the half a century that we have known each other, I don’t remember a single pleading, ingratiating, petty or pitiful smile on her face.
Korney Chukovsky, writer, poet, publicist

"Akhmatova created a lyrical system - one of the most remarkable in the history of poetry, but she never thought of lyrics as a spontaneous outpouring of the soul."
Writer and literary critic Lidia Ginzburg

Sadness was, indeed, the most characteristic expression on Akhmatova's face. Even when she smiled. And this enchanting sadness made her face especially beautiful. Whenever I saw her, listened to her reading or talked to her, I could not tear myself away from her face: her eyes, lips, all her harmony were also a symbol of poetry.
Artist Yuri Annenkov

A. A. Akhmatova (real name Gorenko) was born in the family of a marine engineer, retired captain of the 2nd rank at st. Big Fountain near Odessa. A year after the birth of their daughter, the family moved to Tsarskoye Selo. Here Akhmatova became a student of the Mariinsky Gymnasium, but spent every summer near Sevastopol. “My first impressions are those of Tsarskoye Selo,” she wrote in a later autobiographical note, “the green, damp splendor of the parks, the pasture where the nanny took me, the hippodrome, where little motley horses galloped, the old railway station and something else that later became part of the Tsarskoye Selo Ode "". In 1905, after the divorce of her parents, Akhmatova moved with her mother to Evpatoria. In 1906 1907. In 1908-1910, she studied in the final class of the Kiev-Fundukleevskaya gymnasium, in 1908-1910. at the legal department of the Kyiv Higher Women's Courses.

On April 25, 1910, "beyond the Dnieper in a village church," she married N. S. Gumilyov, whom she met in 1903. In 1907, he published her poem "There are many brilliant rings on his hand ..." in a publication published by him in the Paris magazine "Sirius". The style of Akhmatova's early poetic experiments was significantly influenced by her acquaintance with Hamsun's prose, with the poetry of V. Ya. Bryusov and A. A. Blok.

Akhmatova spent her honeymoon in Paris, then moved to and from 1910 to 1916 lived mainly in Tsarskoye Selo. She studied at the Higher Historical and Literary Courses of N. P. Raeva. On June 14, 1910, Akhmatova made her debut on the "tower" of Vyacheslav Ivanov. According to contemporaries, "Vyacheslav listened to her poems very sternly, approved only one thing, kept silent about the rest, criticized one." The conclusion of the "master" was indifferently ironic: "What thick romanticism ..." In 1911, having chosen the name of her maternal great-grandmother as a literary pseudonym, she began to publish in St. Petersburg magazines, including Apollo. Since the founding of the "Workshop of Poets" she became its secretary and active participant. In 1912, the first collection of Akhmatova's "Evening" was published with a preface by M. A. Kuzmin. "A sweet, joyful and sorrowful world" opens up to the gaze of the young poet, but the concentration of psychological experiences is so strong that it evokes a feeling of an approaching tragedy. In fragmentary sketches, trifles, "concrete fragments of our life" are intensely shaded, giving rise to a feeling of acute emotionality. These aspects of Akhmatova's poetic worldview were correlated by critics with the tendencies characteristic of the new poetic school. In her poems, they saw not only the refraction of the idea of ​​​​Eternal femininity, which was no longer associated with symbolic contexts, corresponding to the spirit of the times, but also that ultimate “thinness”. psychological drawing, which became possible at the end of symbolism. Through the "cute little things", through the aesthetic admiration of joys and sorrows, a creative longing for the imperfect made its way - a feature that S. M. Gorodetsky defined as "acmeistic pessimism", thereby once again emphasizing Akhmatova's belonging to a certain school.

The sadness that the verses of "Evening" breathed seemed to be the sadness of a "wise and already weary heart" and was permeated with the "deadly poison of irony", according to G. I. Chulkov, which gave reason to trace Akhmatova's poetic genealogy to I. F. Annensky, whom Gumilyov called it a "banner" for "seekers of new paths", referring to the acmeist poets. Subsequently, Akhmatova told what a revelation it was for her to get acquainted with the poems of the poet, who opened her "new harmony". Akhmatova will confirm the line of her poetic succession with the poem "Teacher" (1945) and her own confession: "I trace my origins from Annensky's poems. His work, in my opinion, is marked by tragedy, sincerity and artistic integrity."

The Rosary (1914), Akhmatova's next book, continued the lyrical "plot" of Evenings. Around the poems of both collections, united by the recognizable image of the heroine, an autobiographical halo was created, which made it possible to see in them either a "lyrical diary" or a "roman lyric". Compared to the first collection, the "Rosary" intensifies the detail of the development of images, deepens the ability not only to suffer and sympathize with the souls of "inanimate things", but also to take on the "anxiety of the world." The new collection showed that the development of Akhmatova as a poet does not follow the line of expanding the subject, her strength lies in deep psychologism, in comprehending the nuances of psychological motivations, in sensitivity to the movements of the soul. This quality of her poetry increased over the years. The future path of Akhmatova was correctly predicted by her close friend N.V. Nedobrovo. "Her vocation is to cut layers," he stressed in a 1915 article that Akhmatova considered the best written about her work.

After "Rosary" glory comes to Akhmatova. Her lyrics turned out to be close not only to "high school students in love," as Akhmatova ironically remarked. Among her enthusiastic admirers were poets who only entered literature, M. I. Tsvetaeva, B. L. Pasternak. A. A. Blok and V. Ya. Bryusov treated Akhmatova more reservedly, but nevertheless they approved. During these years, Akhmatova became a favorite model for many artists and the addressee of numerous poetic dedications. Her image is gradually turning into an integral symbol of the Petersburg poetry of the era of acmeism.

During the First World War, Akhmatova did not join her voice with the voices of poets who shared the official patriotic pathos, but she responded with pain to wartime tragedies ("July 1914", "Prayer", etc.). The White Pack, published in September 1917, was not as successful as the previous books. But the new intonations of mournful solemnity, prayerfulness, and the supra-personal beginning destroyed the habitual stereotype of Akhmatov's poetry, which had developed among the reader of her early poems. These changes were caught by O. E. Mandelstam, noting: "The voice of renunciation is growing stronger and stronger in Akhmatova's poems, and at present her poetry is close to becoming one of the symbols of the greatness of Russia."

After the October Revolution, Akhmatova did not leave her homeland, remaining in "her deaf and sinful land." In the poems of these years (collections "Plantain" and "Anno Domini MCMXXI", both 1921), mourning for the fate of their native country merges with the theme of detachment from the vanity of the world, the motives of "great earthly love" are colored by the mood of the mystical expectation of the "groom", and understanding creativity as divine grace spiritualizes reflections on the poetic word and the poet's vocation and translates them into an "eternal" plan. In 1922, M. S. Shaginyan wrote, noting the deep property of the poet’s talent: “Akhmatova, over the years, more and more knows how to be amazingly popular, without any quasi, without falsehood, with severe simplicity and with priceless avarice of speech.”

Since 1924, Akhmatova was no longer published. In 1926, a two-volume collection of her poems was supposed to be published, but the publication did not take place, despite prolonged and persistent efforts. Only in 1940 was the small collection "From Six Books" published, and the next two in the 1960s ("Poems", 1961; "Time Run", 1965).

Since the mid-1920s, Akhmatova has been much involved in the architecture of old Petersburg, studying the life and work of A.S. Pushkin, which corresponded to her artistic aspirations for classical clarity and harmony of poetic style, and was also associated with understanding the problem of "poet and power". In Akhmatova, despite the cruelty of the time, the spirit of high classics indestructibly lived, determining both her creative manner and style of life behavior.

In the tragic 1930-1940s, Akhmatova shared the fate of many of her compatriots, having survived the arrest of her son, husband, the death of friends, her excommunication from literature by a party decree of 1946. The very time she was given the moral right to say, together with the “hundred-million people”: “We Not a single blow was deflected." Akhmatova's works of this period - the poem "Requiem" (1935-1940; published in the USSR in 1987), poems written during the Great Patriotic War, testified to the poet's ability not to separate the experience of personal tragedy from the understanding of the catastrophic nature of history itself. B. M. Eikhenbaum considered the most important side of Akhmatova's poetic worldview to be "the feeling of one's personal life as a national, folk life, in which everything is significant and generally significant." “Hence,” the critic remarked, “is an exit into history, into the life of the people, hence a special kind of courage associated with a sense of being chosen, a mission, a great, important cause ...” The cruel, disharmonious world breaks into Akhmatova’s poetry and dictates new themes and new poetics: the memory of history and the memory of culture, the fate of a generation, considered in a historical retrospective... Narrative planes of different times intersect, "another's word" goes into the depths of subtext, history is refracted through the "eternal" images of world culture, biblical and gospel motifs. Significant understatement becomes one of the artistic principles of Akhmatova's late work. The poetics of the final work, Poems without a Hero (1940-65), with which Akhmatova said goodbye to St. Petersburg in the 1910s and to the era that made her a Poet, was built on it.

Akhmatova's creativity as the largest cultural phenomenon of the 20th century. received worldwide recognition. In 1964 she became the laureate of the international Etna-Taormina Prize, in 1965 she received an honorary degree of Doctor of Literature from the University of Oxford.

On March 5, 1966, Akhmatova ended her days on earth. On March 10, after the funeral service at the St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral, her ashes were buried in a cemetery in the village of Komarov near Leningrad.

Already after her death, in 1987, during Perestroika, the tragic and religious cycle "Requiem" was published, written in 1935 1943 (supplemented 1957 1961).

Name: Anna Akhmatova

Age: 76 years old

Place of Birth: Odessa

A place of death: Domodedovo, Moscow region

Activity: Russian poetess, translator and literary critic

Family status: was divorced

Anna Akhmatova - Biography

The name of Anna Andreevna Akhmatova (nee - Gorenko) - a wonderful Russian poetess for a long time was unknown to a wide range of readers. And all this happened only because in her work she tried to tell the truth, to show reality as it really is. Her work is her fate, sinful and tragic. Therefore, the entire biography of this poetess is proof of the truth that she tried to convey to her people.

Anna Akhmatova's childhood biography

In Odessa, on June 11, 1889, a daughter, Anna, was born in the family of a hereditary nobleman Andrei Antonovich Gorenko. At that time, her father worked as a mechanical engineer in the navy, and her mother, Inna Stogova, whose family descended from the Horde Khan Akhmat, was also related to the poetess Anna Bunina. By the way, the poetess herself took her creative pseudonym, Akhmatova, from her ancestors.

At the age of 16, the fate of the girl changes dramatically. Her mother, after a divorce from her husband, takes the girl and goes to live in Evpatoria. This event took place in 1805, but even there they did not live long and again a new move, but now to Kyiv.

Anna Akhmatova - education

The future poetess was an inquisitive child, so her education began early. Even before school, she not only learned to read and write in the ABC of Tolstoy, but also French, listening to a teacher who came to study with older children.

But classes at the Tsarskoye Selo gymnasium were difficult for Akhmatova, although the girl tried very hard. But over time, problems with studies still receded.

Anna Akhmatova's career

The career of the future poetess began at the age of 11, when she herself wrote her first poetic creation. In the future, her creative fate and biography are closely connected.

In 1911, she met Alexander Blok, who had a huge impact on the work of the great poetess. In the same year she published her poems. This first collection is published in St. Petersburg.

But fame came to her only in 1912 after her collection of poems "Evening" was published. The Rosary collection, published in 1914, was also in great demand among readers.

The ups and downs in her poetic fate ended at the age of 20, when the review did not miss her poems, she was not published anywhere, and readers simply began to forget her name. At the same time, she begins work on the Requiem. From 1935 to 1940, the years turned out to be the most terrible, tragic and miserable for the poetess.

In 1946, her poems were again not published, and the talented poetess herself was expelled from the Writers' Union for meeting with a foreign writer. And only in 1965 her collection "Running" was published. Akhmatova becomes readable and famous. Visiting theaters, she even tries to get acquainted with the actors. So the meeting with, which he remembered for the rest of his life, took place. In 1965, she was presented with the first award and the first title.

Anna Akhmatova - biography of personal life

She met her first husband, a poet, at the age of 14. For a very long time, the young man tried to win the favor of the young poetess, but each time he received only a refusal for his marriage proposal. In 1909, she gives her consent, thus an important event took place in the biography of the great poetess. April 25, 1910 they got married. But Nikolai Gumilyov, loving his wife, allowed himself to betray. In this marriage, in 1912, a son, Leo, was born.

The biography of the poetess is also tragic in that her son was also arrested, and he was forced to spend 10 years in the dungeons. In March 1966, after 4 heart attacks, Akhmatova died. She was buried at the Komarovsky cemetery, which is located near St. Petersburg. He brought a cross to her grave, whom she once helped by giving a decent amount of money for a costume.

Short biography of Anna Akhmatova

Anna Andreevna Gorenko (Akhmatova) is one of the most famous Russian poets of the 20th century, literary critic and translator. She was born on June 11 (23), 1889 in a noble family in Odessa. When the girl was 1 year old, the family moved to Tsarskoe Selo, where Akhmatova was able to attend the Mariinsky Gymnasium. She was so talented that she managed to master the French language by listening to how the teacher deals with older children. While living in St. Petersburg, Akhmatova caught a piece of the era in which Pushkin lived and this left an imprint on her work.

Her first poem appeared in 1911. A year before, she married the famous acmeist poet N. S. Gumilyov. In 1912, the writer's couple had a son, Leo. In the same year, her first collection of poems entitled "Evening" was published. The next collection, The Rosary, appeared in 1914 and was sold out in an impressive number of copies. The main features of the poetess's work combined an excellent understanding of the psychology of feelings and personal experiences about the nationwide tragedies of the 20th century.

Akhmatova had a rather tragic fate. Despite the fact that she herself was not imprisoned or exiled, many people close to her were subjected to severe repression. So, for example, the first husband of the writer, N. S. Gumilyov, was executed in 1921. The third civil husband N. N. Punin was arrested three times, died in the camp. And, finally, the son of the writer, Lev Gumilyov, spent more than 10 years in prison. All the pain and bitterness of loss was reflected in the "Requiem" (1935-1940) - one of the most famous works of the poetess.

Being recognized by the classics of the 20th century, Akhmatova was silenced and persecuted for a long time. Many of her works were not published due to censorship and were banned for decades even after her death. Akhmatova's poems have been translated into many languages. The poetess went through difficult years during the blockade in St. Petersburg, after which she was forced to leave for Moscow, and then emigrate to Tashkent. Despite all the difficulties that occurred in the country, she did not leave it and even wrote a number of patriotic poems.

In 1946, Akhmatov, along with Zoshchenko, was expelled from the Writers' Union on the orders of I.V. Stalin. After that, the poetess was mainly engaged in translations. At the same time, her son was serving a sentence as a political criminal. Soon, the writer's work gradually began to be accepted by fearful editors. In 1965, her final collection, The Run of Time, was published. Also, she was awarded the Italian Literary Prize and an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford. In the fall of that year, the poetess suffered a fourth heart attack. As a result, on March 5, 1966, A. A. Akhmatova died in a cardiological sanatorium in the Moscow region.