Feather (writing affiliation). Feather (writing utensil) What is the name of the pen for writing 5 letters

And relatively evenly feed them to the writing tip while writing.

Over time, compound feathers appeared - a fan made from an artistically designed feather of a rare bird or without it at all; spacer-holder, often a model of jewelry art; the writing end is a fragment of a traditional goose quill. The appearance of the composite pen predetermined the appearance of fountain pens.

Johannes Janssen invented the first steel nib in 1748. (Johannes Jansen). In 1842 a German firm Heintze & Blanckertz began the industrial production of writing pens.

An improvement to the pen is the fountain pen, in which the pen, holder and ink tank are connected, which relieved the squeaker of the need to periodically dip the tip of the pen into the inkwell. The principle of operation of the pen has not changed.

It should be noted that the first prototypes of fountain pens appeared in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Rome. Later - at the end of the 19th century, attempts were also made to create a fountain pen, however, all of them were not developed, since their creators failed to solve the main and fundamental problem - the problem of uniform supply of ink to the pen: when writing, the ink was gradually consumed and a rarefaction was created in the pen, preventing further ink supply. This problem was solved only in the 20th century, when the supply of ink to the pen and the return flow of air into the ink tank were combined in one channel of complex shape: an air channel about 0.1 mm wide is cut in the wall of the main ink channel with a width of about 1 mm. - the force of the surface tension of the ink does not allow them to flow into a thin slot, so the air supply to the tank during writing occurs continuously

Nowadays, steel and gold or platinum nibs are produced for writing, differing in width and purpose. The marketing policy of most modern pen and fountain pen manufacturers is such that it is quite difficult to purchase individual repair nibs for writing. Replacement is possible only for some expensive brands of pens, from authorized dealers or accredited workshops. Moreover, the nib is usually replaced along with the feeding unit - feeder, since the feed parameters for different types of nibs may vary.

For the purposes of calligraphy, steel and bronze nibs of various configurations are produced and freely sold in artists' shops, which, however, do not fit fountain pens.

Feathers in painting and calligraphy

Pen in painting- a tool for drawing with liquid coloring matter (mainly ink), made of metal, reed or bird feathers.

Types of Artwork Pens

The reed pen, also known as kalam, was widely used among the peoples of the East.
Until the middle of the 19th century, goose feathers were widespread.
From the middle of the 19th century, metal feathers began to spread.
Since the end of the 20th century, prototypes of fountain pens for writing in ink with metal nibs appeared.

Designation of pen drawing technique

A characteristic feature of such a pattern is the dashed manner of execution. The metal nib (known since the 19th century) produces the thinnest and most even line. The reed pen technique is distinguished by a more energetic stroke, very diverse in character; the difficulty of this technique lies in the special sensitivity of the pen, which easily changes the nature of the line; the reed pen technique is sometimes approached by the goose pen technique, but its possibilities are more limited.

Manufacturing technology

Blanks for modern nibs around the world are produced by stamping and crimping on a rounded die. On cheap steel and plastic nibs, a slot is made after stamping (or it is obtained immediately during the stamping process), after which the finished nibs are packed by weight.

More expensive nibs are obtained using a slightly different order of operations:

rolling of metal to reduce the thickness of the metal - sometimes during rolling, tapes of variable thickness are specially created;
release of cold-worked material;
stamping - sometimes when stamping, a hole, notches and some artistic elements of the pen can be immediately made;
hole drilling - if it is necessary to obtain holes of complex shape, in addition to drilling, milling, grinding can be performed;
rolling with shaping and work hardening to increase rigidity;
the formation of a thickening at the tip of the pen (ball): additionally, bending of the predetermined excess part of the tip can be used, the formation of a hard-alloy drop by immersion in the melt and the fastening of a hard-alloy workpiece by soldering or spot welding are also used;
pen tip splitting: usually performed by cutting the workpiece from the ball to the hole with an ultra-thin diamond disk, can be performed by wire cutting in abrasive suspension or cutting with diamond-impregnated wire, laser cutting;
refinement of the shape of the ball by fine grinding and polishing: even the starting finish already uses the finest abrasives;
anodizing, if necessary;
if necessary, the execution of works on decoration and polishing of the open surface;
quality control of writing and decoration - some manufacturers carry out quality control and sorting after each stage;
individual padded packaging to prevent scratches.

Links

General

For ink graphics, special pens are used, which I’ll talk about here, since I myself have been soaking myself for several weeks, collecting and systematizing information on this topic. I hope you find this article and links helpful.

For starters, an interesting point, we use the term " feather"Deriving from a bird's feather, as it is not difficult to guess. In English, this term sounds like" dip pen" (dipping pen) or " nib"(beak, point). , where the classification of feathers is given by material, line width, design and scope. However, the minus of this article is that it is only descriptive and does not contain specific examples of feathers.

Okay, we take as a basis the line of feather products of the British company Manuscript Pen Co Ltd and we begin to understand what's what. Link to the manufacturer's page. Unfortunately, I did not find analogues of the translation of most of the names of feathers in Russian.

1. Round hand nib
A classic European calligraphic nib, used for "round hand" or "Caroline Minuscule" style work. The basis of the style was laid in the scriptorium of the Abbey of Saint-Martin in Tours, France, when the Bible was copied. This style is considered good for those who are starting to learn calligraphy. Here and further.

2. Tape nib
Top-reservoir drafting pen for creating fixed-width lines. Reservoir required for
I believe that you can write to them with the same success.

3. Italic nib
A calligraphy pen for writing in the style of "Humanistic Minuscule", a simplified cursive version of the "Caroline Minuscule", which today is called "Italic".

4. Scroll nib
A kind of poster or drafting pen. It can also be used for various decorative effects, drawing frames.

5. Copperplate nib
This style of writing originally belonged to the medium of copper engravers (copperplate = copper plate), then, this type was taught in schools for future British clerks and was very widely used in the 19th century.
Due to the material and construction used, the Copperplate pen can be used to write both very thin and very wide lines. The pen is very soft and requires some skill.
AT Copperplate nibs are usually labeled "EF" or "extra fine".

There are special holders for Copperplate nibs:

6. Poster nib
Nibs with a rounded front end and a reservoir for writing material. It is customary for us to call such feathers - poster.

7. Ornamental nib
Top-reservoir nibs with a round tip that is used for elements of the same thickness in all directions. It is very convenient to put perfectly round dots.

8. Drawing nib & Mapping nib
Pens for drawing and drawing with a sharp tip. Drawing pens are larger and give a wider line than Mapping pens. The lithographic pen belongs to the same group, but has a very thin and flexible tip that allows you to work out the smallest details of the drawing.
The famous star pen belongs to the same group.

Who was the first to innovate: paper and pen for writing letters? and got the best answer

Answer from Nau[guru]
The first in this row was a hand holding a stick or stone. With a hand and a stick it was possible, for example, to draw on the sand, and with a stone - on a rock. About 4 thousand years BC. e. a person began to use wetted clay tablets as a writing surface, while a wooden or bronze stick or bone served as a pen. The ancient Greeks drew letters with pointed wooden sticks (styluses) on boards covered with a thin layer of wax. The first pen, apparently, was invented by the Egyptians. In the tomb of Tutankhamun, archaeologists found a lead tube with a pointed end. Presumably, a reed filled with a dark liquid was inserted into the tube. The liquid gradually trickled down to the pointed end, and when the tube was passed over the papyrus, a black mark was left on it. But, as often happens, the invention of the Egyptians was forgotten, and for many centuries mankind stubbornly continued to use wax tablets for everyday recordings and book layouts. For these purposes, an improved (metal or bone) stylus with a flattened end was used.
Writing on wax continued until parchment was invented. With its appearance, it became clear that writing requires a completely different tool. This is how the famous goose feather appeared. Moreover, the Europeans (the Spaniards were the first) discovered that when using a sharpened goose quill in a certain way, you can also change the writing style - make it capital and oblique. This is how capital letters were invented.
Feathers (mainly goose feathers were used, but there were also feathers of ravens and even peacocks) were used for a very long time - until the end of the 18th century. To prepare the pen for work, it was first cleaned in hot sand, then cut at a certain angle and sharpened - this largely depended on the quality of the written. It was customary to give good feathers as a gift. In Pushkin's office, in a rich case, Goethe's own pen was kept, sent by him as a gift to his colleague, the Russian poet.
The prototype of that steel pen, which until recently could be found at the post office, appeared in 1803 (at the same time the novelty was patented). However, the inventor did not think of making a longitudinal slot on the tip of the pen, so it spattered ink and wrote without pressure; steel tips for feathers (in the corrected version) received recognition only after 27 years. By the end of the XIX century. metal nib pens have completely replaced goose nibs. They were made of steel, silver and gold.
The pen, which does not need to be constantly dipped in the inkwell, was invented by an American - insurance agent Lewis Edson Waterman. True, before him there were already attempts to create a "long-playing" pen, but they were not entirely successful - ink came through the pen irregularly, and often the pen refused to write. Waterman also came up with the idea to use the capillary principle, which is based on the displacement of liquid by incoming air. He made additional holes in the ink supply system, which ensured a uniform continuous flow of ink to the pen. Waterman left his job at an insurance company to form the Ideal Pen Company, which marked the beginning of the sale of fountain ink pens. Renamed in honor of its creator, this company is still known in the market for exclusive fountain pens.
True, soon a competitor appeared at the fountain pen: a ballpoint pen. By the way, not so long ago, Armenian scientists came to the conclusion that the first ballpoint pen appeared ... back in the twelfth century. Based on a drawing dated 1166, they restored the real ballpoint pen used by the ancient book scribes. It was a bamboo stick consisting of two halves, in the middle it had a hollow ball filled with ink. However, for some reason, the invention was forgotten for hundreds of years... A patent for the invention of a ballpoint pen in 1938 was received by the Hungarian chemist Josef Biro, who emigrated to America. A few years later, the British bought the patent from Biro and began