Concepts and definitions of tourism statistics. The history of the development of tourism statistics and the subject of its study

Defines tourism how “temporary departures (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons (hereinafter referred to as citizens) from their permanent place of residence for recreational, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) of temporary residence ».

tourism industry- a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, catering facilities, entertainment facilities and facilities, educational, business, recreational, sports and other facilities, organizations engaged in tour operator and travel agency activities, as well as organizations providing excursion services and guide services -translators.

Tourist activity- tour operator and travel agency activities, as well as other travel organization activities.

Tour operator activity- activities for the formation, promotion and sale of a tourist product, carried out on the basis of a license by a legal entity or an individual entrepreneur (hereinafter referred to as the tour operator).

Travel agency activity- activities to promote and sell a tourist product, carried out on the basis of a license by a legal entity or an individual entrepreneur (hereinafter referred to as a travel agent).

Services of a guide-interpreter- activities of a professionally trained individual to familiarize tourists with tourist resources in the country (place) of temporary residence.

tourist voucher- a document confirming the transfer of the tourist product.

Tourist voucher- a document establishing the right of the tourist to the services included in the tour and confirming the fact of their provision.

Tourist product- the right to a tour intended for sale to a tourist.

Tourism product promotion- a set of measures aimed at the implementation of a tourist product (advertising, participation in specialized exhibitions, fairs, organization of tourist information centers for the sale of a tourist product, publication of catalogs, booklets, etc.).

Tourist resources- natural, historical, socio-cultural objects, including tourist display objects, as well as other objects that can satisfy the spiritual needs of tourists, promote the restoration and development of their physical strength.

tourist service- activities of enterprises, organizations to meet the needs of tourists in travel, recreation and excursions.

Tour- a range of services for accommodation, transportation, meals for tourists, excursion services, as well as services of guides-interpreters and other services provided depending on the purpose of the trip.

Tour program- its essence. How good and thought out the program is up to the minutes of staying in one place or another, including free time used by the tourist at his personal discretion, the tour is so good and popular. The program should take into account the physical capabilities of tourists by age categories and other characteristics, changes in time zones, the body's adaptability to climate change, saturation and the ability to perceive information, etc. Drawing up a tour program is an interesting and important part of the tour operator's work. However, it is not uncommon for a tour operator to plan only a program in its most general form, allowing (leaving the opportunity) the tourist to change some of the individual components. So a tourist can fly not in economy, but in business class, take accommodation not in a double, but in a single room, in a hotel of a better or lesser class, he is given the opportunity to choose one or another excursion or attraction. All activities, including free time, must be counted by the minute. The tourist should not wait and uselessly waste the travel time he paid for. Such important trifles as a reserve of time and the possibility of visiting the toilet, etc. are taken into account.

The most common types of tours are:

Inclusive tour- a trip sold by travel agencies in the form of a full range of services, including obtaining a visa, transportation, hotel accommodation, meals, transfers, excursion services.

Incentive tour- an incentive trip at the expense of the travel agency, organized by the enterprise for its employees for achievements in work.

In international tourism statistics, the term is used as the units of observation, accounting and analysis "visitor".

day visitor- this is an individual who does not spend the night at the place of visit (for example, the crew of the ship, going ashore, but spending the night on the ship).

All visitors are also divided into sightseers and tourists.

sightseers- these are persons temporarily staying in the country (city, etc.) for no more than 24 hours. Tourists from a cruise ship also act as sightseers, if they do not use local accommodation facilities for an overnight stay. Overnight visitors are considered tourists.

Tourist- a citizen visiting the country (place) of temporary residence for recreational, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities for a period of 24 hours to 6 months in a row or spending at least one overnight stay.

Tourism is divided into types, categories, types. There are three types of tourism: internal, outbound and inbound.

Tourism domestic- travel within the Russian Federation by persons permanently residing in the Russian Federation.

Outbound tourism- travel of persons permanently residing in the Russian Federation to another country.

Inbound tourism- travel within the Russian Federation of persons who do not permanently reside in the Russian Federation.

By type of tourism is divided depending on the following:

Number of participants in the trip: individual and group.

Individual tourism involves travel from one to five people. The service is personal, usually with higher prices.

Group travel(more than 5 people) are organized on the basis of the common interests of the group members.

Solely for economic reasons, firms providing tourism services are interested in the reasonably largest volume of tourism services, loading production capacities. The greater the flow of tourists served and the greater the turnover, the more profitable the business, there is an opportunity to reduce prices and increase the competitiveness of services in the tourist market. In order to intensify the capacity utilization of enterprises in the tourism industry, these enterprises introduce significant discounts in the price of group services for tourists.

The concept of a group of tourists, in the sense of its minimum number, depends on the type of tourist service. So, on some modes of transport, a group ticket and, accordingly, a group discount in price can be obtained with a group of tourists from 5 to 6 people. When placing hotels and hotels provide group discounts for groups starting from 11 people. However, if this is an expensive business group, then the minimum number can be determined as 7 people.

With a smaller number of tourists, they are classified as individual tourists and normal prices and tariffs are set for them, usually taken as basic ones. Similar group discounts can be set for services in restaurants, museums, entertainment centers, etc. Special discounts are set for some transportation, for example, airlines for small groups of individuals. So, a family traveling on a trip can receive a special family discount (a ticket in the name of the head of the family). An individual tour is always more expensive than a group tour. However, there are quite a lot of tourists traveling individually, and therefore the prices in the catalogs of service enterprises are usually indicated for individual tourists. Group discounts are an important part of the contractual work of tourism organizers. Therefore, in order to save money, dexterous tourists who follow guest invitations often buy a place in a group tour, and then, upon arrival, leave the group, returning later on their own. This causes deep irritation of the immigration services, since, on the one hand, a visitor visa usually costs more than a tourist visa, a different, usually more stringent, procedure for obtaining and issuing it is established. On the other hand, such a tourist is out of control of the services that control the guest's stay (length of stay, place of residence, employment, obligation to leave at the time specified in the visa, etc.).

It should be firmly understood that group travel prices are always lower than individual prices by 50% or more. Therefore, they are more beneficial for the mass tourist.

Tourism differs by sources of funding: commercial and social.

Initially, all tourism activities were of a commercial nature and were carried out for the purpose of making a profit. In the field of tourism, as in any other sector of the economy, profit is one of the main indicators of the work of a tourist enterprise. However, very often, in connection with this, the goods and services they offer can only be available to people with a high and average level of income.

Social tourism emerged as a counterweight to commercial tourism.

Social tourism- travel subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs in order to create conditions for travel for schoolchildren, youth, pensioners, the disabled, veterans of war and labor and other citizens to whom the state, state and non-state funds, other charitable organizations and foundations provide social support, as the least well-off part of the population when using their right to rest. Many tourism enterprises (hotels, restaurants, attractions) directly or indirectly participate in the social tourism system.

Tourist vouchers, sanatorium courses in boarding houses, sanatoriums, resorts, rest houses, for schoolchildren and students on vacation, in camps are given to employees of enterprises, students and students of daytime universities with a significant subsidy, sometimes reaching 70-90% of the total cost or even free of charge. A separate category is made up of pensioners, war invalids, participants in high-risk events and others classified as privileged categories of the population.

Children and youth always receive discounts on transportation. Youth under the age of 25 and students in the social tourism system receive significant discounts on accommodation and meals. All over the world there is a system of youth hostels (cheap hotels, such as student hostels), which promotes the travel of the young category. This is not a bad idea - young people who have not yet got a family should see the world, learn how other peoples live, enrich themselves with knowledge and life experience. And a civilized society helps them in this. Traveling young people even get the right to call their parents once a week free of charge and report their affairs.

The level of social tourism and its share in the total volume of tourist services consumed by the population adequately reflect the social achievements of this society. In the USSR, social tourism accounted for more than 80% of the total national tourist turnover and up to 50% of international exchange. In Russia, some enterprises (boarding houses, sanatorium-type enterprises, departmental tourist bases and children's camps) have again returned to the practice of subsidizing organized recreation for employees and their families, mainly children. The Russian Association of Social Tourism - RAST operates.

Of great importance is the system of exchange of tourists, in particular in the framework of children's and youth tourism. This applies to both domestic and international tourism.

However, social benefits should not be discriminatory for other categories of travelers - this provision determines that benefits are usually given only in certain classes of service, for example, in economy, tourist, budget air transport, second class in railway trains, etc. Destinations and social tourist vouchers are provided through social tourism mainly in the low season. Giving subsidies to the poor part of the population, the bodies that provide it choose tours in the low season, the cheapest services.

Social tourism, for all its usefulness, also has negative impacts on the tourism industry of tourist centers. Although the cost of the main part of tourist services (transportation, accommodation and meals) is compensated by subsidies and does not affect the financial result of the vast majority of tourism enterprises, there is a negative. Categories of tourists who receive free trips through social tourism cannot claim high quality service, service personnel lose their qualifications, the low-income part of the population who have a social holiday is not able to spend a lot of money on goods and related services. This negatively affects the development of the entertainment and attractions industry. It is this factor that determines the general low level of tourist services in tourist centers and resorts, inherited from the past.

How to organize a trip divided into organized and unorganized.

Tourists meet their tourism needs in different ways. They can receive an appropriate set of services through the mediation of a travel agency or without its participation, paying for a trip with a comprehensive service in advance or each service separately as it is used on the spot. Strictly regulated travel offered by travel agencies and usually sold on a prepaid basis is called an organized tour. Organized tourists purchase tours on pre-agreed routes, terms of stay, and the volume of services provided.

Unlike organized tourists, unorganized tourists are not bound by any mutual obligations with various intermediaries, primarily travel agencies. They travel on the principles of amateur performance and self-service. These are either young people traveling the world during the holidays, or tourists who believe that they themselves can plan their trip cheaper. A typical example is hitchhiking using passing cars as a means of transportation.

Types of tourism include amateur- travel using active means of transportation, organized by tourists on their own.

Amateur tourism is based on the activities of individuals, small tourist groups, voluntary tourist associations, unions and tourist clubs, who, on a voluntary basis, participate in the organization and implementation of tourism, issue their own regulations governing tourism activities, conduct hikes, tourist rallies and competitions, publish their own tourist methodical literature and periodicals. There is a judiciary that awards titles to participants in categorical types of active tourism: mountaineering, cycling, water tourism in kayaks, boats, rafts, etc.

Types of vehicles used can be: bus, air, water, rail, road, using other means of transportation.

Rhythm of tourist flows: It is seasonal, all year round.

According to the age composition of the participants of the trip can be divided into the elderly, middle-aged, youth, etc.

Tourism depends on needs: medical, sports, educational, business, adventure, religious, festival, etc.

Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon associated with the movement of people to places outside their permanent residence, and the motive is usually entertainment and recreation. It has an impact on the economy, the natural and built environment and the local population in the places visited and on the tourists themselves.

In addition to the recognized role of tourism in promoting the global competitiveness of international trade, wealth creation and regional development at the level of international organizations, it is increasingly seen as a promising area of ​​economic activity that can become a structural part of the country's poverty reduction and sustainable development efforts.

In this regard, there is a need for a holistic approach to tourism development, management and control, which is impossible without extensive and reliable statistics. Only reliable and adequate statistical data can serve as a basis for developing marketing strategies, strengthening interdepartmental relations, evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of management decisions and measuring tourism performance across the national economy.

International tourism statistics has a long history of development. In 1937, the Council of the League of Nations recommended a definition of the term "international tourist" for use in statistical purposes, which was slightly modified in 1950 by the International Union of Official Tourist Organizations (IUTO) at a meeting held in Dublin. In 1953, the United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC) defined the term "international visitor".

The UN Conference on International Travel and Tourism (Rome, 1963), based on the recommendations of the IUOTO, recommended definitions of the terms "visitor", "tourist" and "tourist", which in 1968 were approved by the UN SC.

In 1978, the Interim Guidelines on International Tourism Statistics approved by the UNSC were published. In 1993, at the 27th session of the UN SC, the "Recommendations on Tourism Statistics" (hereinafter - Recommendations - 1993) and the Standard International Classification of Tourism Activities (SICTA), harmonized with ISIC, were adopted. In 2004, at the 35th session of the UNSC, it was decided to update these recommendations, as a result, their revised version was created - the International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics, 2008 (approved and published in 2010). IRTS-2008 was developed by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), which in 2004 was transformed into a specialized agency of the United Nations, which coordinates the activities of all institutions involved in the collection of tourism statistics. The UN Statistics Division, the International Labor Organization (ILO) and other international organizations (OECD, Eurostat, IMF, WTO) also participated in the development of IRTS-2208.

The aim of IRTS 2008 is to provide countries with a common reference framework for compiling tourism statistics. They contain a system of internally consistent definitions, concepts, classifications and indicators that:

• – are recommended for practical use all over the world in both developed and developing countries;
• – comply with the definitions and classifications used in the SNA, balance of payments, statistics on international trade in services, household statistics and migration;
• – applicable to the description and analysis of the tourism sector at the national and subnational levels;
• - differ in conceptual accuracy;
• - are measurable in the framework of statistical observation of visitors and activities for their service;
• – The recommended classifications refer to the two main international economic classifications, the Central Product Classification (CPC) and the International Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (ISIC).

These standards are recommended for use by all UN member countries. The implementation of the standards is promoted by UNWTO in cooperation with the UN Statistics Division through the provision of technical assistance in the form of country missions and regional and sub-regional seminars and workshops.

In addition, according to UNWTO, the implementation of standards should be facilitated by the creation in all countries of an inter-agency alliance of national tourism administrations, immigration authorities, tourism associations, national statistical offices and central banks. To facilitate this, UNWTO has developed the concept of inter-agency cooperation.

The concept of "tourism" is a subcategory of the concept of "travel". IRTS 2008 defines travel as an activity of travelers. A traveler is any person who travels between different geographical locations for any purpose and for any period of time. Travelers are divided into visitors and other travelers. A visitor is a traveler making a trip to some primary destination outside his/her usual environment for a period of less than a year (according to Russian law - 6 months) for any main purpose (business trip, leisure or other personal purpose) , except for the purpose of employment in an enterprise registered in the country or place of visit. Such trips made by visitors are classified as tourist trips. The concept of "tourism" refers to the activities of visitors. This coverage is much broader than the traditional understanding of tourists, which is limited to recreational travelers only, and is of fundamental importance for setting the goals and objectives of international tourism statistics.

A visitor is classified as a tourist (or overnight visitor) if his/her trip includes at least one overnight stay, or as a day visitor (or sightseer) otherwise, i.e. without overnight stay.

The basic concepts of tourism statistics are:

• is the economy under consideration; the economic territory of the country in question;
• – place of residence: country of permanent residence, permanent place of residence (within the country);
• – citizenship and nationality;
• - the usual habitat of a person;
• – tourist trips and visits;
• – tourism and employment in the visited place.

The terms "economic territory" and "economy" are defined in tourism statistics in the same way as in the balance of payments and in the SNA. The first of them indicates the country for which the measurement is carried out (the country under consideration), the second refers to economic entities registered in the country under consideration (the economy under consideration).

The country of residence of a household is defined in exactly the same way as in the balance of payments and in the SNA: a household is considered to be resident in the economic territory in which members of that household have or intend to have one or more dwellings that are considered and used by members of the household as their main housing.

The traveler's nationality or citizenship is usually determined by the country whose government issues him/her a passport (or other identification document), even if he/she permanently resides in another country. The concept of "citizenship" is not mandatory for the purposes of tourism statistics. ISRT 2008 recommends classifying travelers based on their country of residence.

One of the basic concepts in the field of tourism is the concept of "a person's usual environment". It is defined as the geographical area (although not necessarily contiguous) within which a person conducts his daily activities. This characteristic refers exclusively to an individual and complements the concept of "country of residence" used in the SNA and the balance of payments, as well as the concept of "place of residence" used in household statistics.

Travel means the journey of a person from the moment of departure from his/her place of habitual residence until the moment of return. The trip consists of visits to various places. By "internal or outbound tourist trip" is meant the visitor's journey from the moment of departure from his/her place of habitual residence until the moment of return: it is therefore a round-trip trip. An "inbound tourism trip" refers to the journey of a visitor from the moment of entry into the country to the moment of departure.

In addition to the main purpose, a tourist trip is characterized by a main destination. The main destination of a tourism trip is defined as the place visited that formed the basis for the decision to make the trip, or the place that is most distant from the permanent place of residence, if the visitor finds it difficult to name such a place.

A domestic trip is a trip whose main destination is within the visitor's country of residence. An inbound or outbound trip is a trip whose main destination is outside the visitor's country of usual residence. An outbound trip may involve visits to places within the country of residence in the same way that a domestic trip may involve visits to places outside the visitor's country of residence. An inbound trip includes only visits to places within the country in question.

The term "tourist visit" refers to a stay at a place visited during a tourist trip. A visit does not have to be an overnight stay to qualify as a tourist visit. However, the concept of "visiting" suggests a stop. Entering any geographical area without stopping there does not count as a visit to that area.

Trips to dacha (country) houses made by household members for recreation, vacation or any other leisure activities are usually considered tourist trips if they are not so frequent and the stay in these houses is not so long as to turn them into the visitor's main residence. IRTS 2008 recommends that such trips be measured separately for purposes of analysis and international comparison.

Any trip made by a traveler, the main purpose of which is employment in an enterprise registered in the country visited and compensation for labor costs, should not be considered a tourist trip, even if this trip is outside the usual environment of such a person and does not exceed 12 months. If such employment and payment received are only contributory factors to the trip, that traveler will still be considered a visitor (and the trip will qualify as a leisure trip).

• 1) interior- includes activities within the country under consideration of a visitor permanently residing in it, when he or she makes either a domestic or outbound tourist trip;
• 2) entry- includes the activities of a non-resident visitor within that country during an inbound tourism trip;
• 3) visiting- includes the activity of a visitor permanently residing in the country in question outside this country when making an outbound tourist trip.

The three above types of tourism can be combined in various ways to constitute other types of tourism, in which case the following definitions should be used:

• a) tourism within the country– includes domestic and inbound tourism, i.e. activities of visitors, both resident and non-resident in the country in question, within that country as part of domestic or international tourist trips;
• b) national tourism– includes domestic and outbound tourism, i.e. the activities of visitors permanently residing in the country in question, within and outside the country in question, either within the framework of either domestic or outbound tourist trips;
• in) international tourism– includes inbound and outbound tourism, i.e. the activities of visitors permanently resident in the country in question, outside it, as part of domestic or outbound tourism trips, and the activities of visitors not resident in the country in question, within the country during outbound tourism trips.

According to the main types of tourism, visitors are classified as follows:

• – international visitors;
• - internal visitors.

An international traveler qualifies as an international visitor in relation to the country in question if: a) he/she is on a tourist trip and b) he/she is not a resident of the country in question traveling through or is a resident of the country in question traveling outside it .

Does not apply to international visitors: border, seasonal and other short-term workers; long-term workers; nomads and refugees; transit passengers who do not enter the economic and legal territory; crews of public modes of transport; persons entering the country for permanent residence; persons undergoing a long-term course of study; persons on long-term treatment and families who have joined them; diplomats, consular officers, military personnel and their dependents; military personnel on maneuvers.

From the point of view of the country in question, a domestic traveler is classified as a domestic visitor if: a) he/she is on a tourist trip and b) he/she is a resident of the country in question in which he/she is traveling.

In addition to the distribution of visitors by type of tourism, obtaining information on the socioeconomic status of visitors, in particular gender, age, economic activity status, occupation, annual household, family or personal income, education, is important for characterizing tourist trips.

The personal characteristics of visitors are collected either through administrative procedures (e.g. entry/exit cards, registration information collected in collective accommodation facilities, etc.) or through household surveys, surveys at the border or at popular tourist destinations or certain circumstances related to the trip.

In tourism, the focus is on visitors. However, visitors do not always travel alone; they may travel in companies in which they jointly carry out all or part of the activities, visits and expenses associated with their trip. As a result, IRTS 2008 introduces new concepts - "travel company" - visitors traveling together whose expenses are pooled, and "travel group" consisting of individuals or traveling companies: examples include a full-service group tour or a group of young people going to a summer camp.

Trips associated with various types of tourism may have the following characteristics:

• - primary goal;
• - duration;
• – starting point and destination;
• - types of transport;
• - types of accommodation.

The main purpose of the trip is defined as the purpose without which the trip would not have taken place. Information about the purpose of a tourism trip is useful for identifying behavioral patterns of tourism spending. It is also important for identifying key tourism demand segments for planning, marketing and sales purposes.

When classifying tourist trips according to their main purpose, it is recommended to distribute them as follows.

• 1. Personal goals.
• 1.1. Vacation, leisure and recreation.
• 1.2. Visiting friends and relatives.
• 1.3. Education and training.
• 1.4. Therapeutic and wellness procedures.
• 1.5. Religion/Pilgrimage.
• 1.6. Shopping visits.
• 1.7. Transit.
• 1.8. Other purposes.
• 2. Business and professional goals.

However, business and professional purposes include the activities of self-employed persons and employees, if they do not show evidence of an explicit or implied employment relationship with a resident producer in the country or place visited, the activities of investors, businessmen, etc. This category also includes, for example, participation in meetings, conferences or congresses, trade fairs and exhibitions; lecturing, giving concerts, performances and performances; advertising, purchasing, selling or buying goods and services on behalf of non-resident producers (country or place visited); participation in missions of foreign governments as diplomats, military personnel or employees of international organizations, except when they are on a long-term business trip in the visited country; participation in missions of non-governmental organizations; participation in scientific applied or fundamental research; preparation of tourist travel programs, conclusion of contracts for the provision of accommodation and transport services, work as guides or as other employees of the tourism industry for the benefit of non-resident agencies (country or place visited); participation in professional sports events; attending formal or informal on-the-job training courses; work as part of a crew/team on private means of transport (corporate aircraft, yacht, etc.), etc.

In practice, several other groupings of trip purposes may be used. In particular, Russian border statistics classifies the purposes of entry and exit of citizens into official ones; tourism; private; entry / exit to a permanent place of residence; transit; entry / exit of service personnel.

Duration of trip or visit is an important statistic because, in addition to being the most significant measure of any type of tourism, it plays a critical role in determining the maximum limit beyond which a visit is no longer considered a tourist visit, and in distinguishing between tourists and day visitors. This characteristic is useful, albeit indirectly, for estimating tourism expenditure, especially if the average duration is calculated for homogeneous groups of visitors or trips.

The duration of a visit (stay or trip) is measured in number of hours for day trips and overnight stays for stay visits.

Unlike Recommendations-1993, MRTS-2008 do not provide uniform intervals for all countries in terms of the number of overnight stays. Each country is invited to independently determine those categories that are significant in its specific conditions. Russian statistics adhere to the following groupings when collecting information from collective accommodation facilities: 1-3 overnight stays, 4-7, 8-14, 15-28, 29-91, 92-182, 183 or more overnight stays.

In inbound tourism statistics, visitors are classified according to country of permanent residence arrivals, not by nationality. It is in the country of usual residence that the decision to travel is made and the trip begins. This classification is the criterion for determining whether a person in a country is a visitor or not; and if so, whether he is a compatriot or a foreign citizen.

In outbound tourism statistics, visitors are classified according to main travel destination.

In most cases, tourism statistics data are of interest not only at the country level as a whole, but also at the regional level. In this regard, UNWTO recommends classifying visitors (both outbound and inbound) according to the country's administrative regions and important host cities and resorts.

In tourism statistics, the mode of transport usually refers to main mode of transport used by the visitor during the trip. It can be installed in various ways, based on, for example, the following:

• a) on what type of transport the greatest distance in kilometers (miles) was covered during the trip;
• b) in what mode of transport the maximum time was spent;
• c) which mode of transport accounts for the largest share of total transport costs.

The standard classification of modes of transport developed by UNWTO for tourism statistics is as follows (Table 10.2):

Table 10.2

Classification of modes of transport

Unlike Recommendations-1993, MRTS-2008 do not define the concept of "accommodation facility". This is due to the difficulty of forming internationally comparable groupings of establishments providing accommodation services in modern conditions, due to the lack of agreed-upon distinctive characteristics of such establishments due to the wide variety of services they provide. Accommodation services are sometimes offered on the market in the form of an implicit package that also includes other services, such as catering services, recreational services, spa treatments, use of swimming pools, fitness centers, etc., for which separate accounts. Differences in such packages can affect both the prices and the amount of money visitors spend on other goods and services, which in one case are provided as part of the package, and in the other must be purchased separately. There is also confusion in the terminology when, within the same category, institutions with the same name provide a different set of services and, on the contrary, the same services can be provided by institutions with different names. Some types of establishments exist in some countries but not in others.

Until common groups of activities for international comparison are agreed upon, countries are encouraged to develop their own classifications for use at the national or regional level. In Russian statistics, an adapted version of the classification contained in the 1993 Recommendations is used, according to which accommodation facilities are divided into collective (CSR) and individual accommodation facilities (ISR). As part of the CSR, general-purpose CSRs (hotels, motels, boarding houses, hostels for visitors, etc.) and specialized CSRs (health resorts by type, recreation by type, camp sites, public means of transport) are singled out.

In addition to the traditional measurement of the characteristics and activities of visitors using in-kind (non-monetary) indicators, determining the contribution of tourism to the economy requires the use of monetary indicators and, first of all, indicators of tourism expenditures. Under tourism spending means the amount spent on the purchase of consumer goods and services, as well as other valuables for one's own use or transfer to other persons in preparation for and during a tourist trip. They include expenses paid by the visitors themselves, as well as expenses paid or reimbursed by other persons, in particular:

• a) cash expenditures on consumer goods and services paid directly by employers for their employees on business trips;
• b) cash expenses paid by visitors and reimbursed by a third party - employers (companies, governments and non-profit organizations serving households), other households or social insurance plans;
• c) cash payments made by visitors for specific services provided and subsidized by the government and non-profit organizations serving households in areas such as education, health care, museum visits, performing arts, etc.;
• d) incidental expenses for services provided to employees and their families during tourism trips financed primarily by employers, such as subsidized transportation services, accommodation, stays in employers' holiday homes or other services;
• e) additional payments made by visitors to attend sports or any cultural events at the invitation of their organizers (companies, governments and non-profit organizations serving households), which are mainly paid by these organizers;

Travel expenses do not include:

• a) payment of taxes and fees not included in the purchase price of products purchased by the visitor;
• b) payment of all types of interest, including interest on expenses incurred during trips and in preparation for them;
• c) purchase of financial and non-financial assets, including land and real estate, with the exception of material assets;
• d) purchase of goods for resale, either on behalf of third parties (manufacturers or others) or at own expense;
• e) all cash transfers, such as charitable donations or gifts to others (in particular, family members and relatives), because they do not correspond to the purposes of purchasing consumer goods or services.

Travel expenses are recorded under SNA rules at the time ownership of a good or service is transferred, not at the time of payment for them, which may be made before, during, or even after returning from a trip, such as when paying by credit card or repaying a special loan, taken specifically for this purpose. Consumer expenses for transport services are considered incurred at the time of transportation, for accommodation services - at the time of stay at the place of accommodation, for travel agent services - at the time of providing information and booking travel services, etc.

In order to match visitor demand with supply in a given economy, it is recommended that information be collected not only on the total value of tourism expenditure, but also on the components of that total. Moreover, to ensure the correct interaction of data on supply and demand in the field of tourism, IRTS-2008 proposes the use of a combined classifier in which subclasses of products according to the CPC are distributed by purpose according to the Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP). There are 8 categories in total.

• 1. Package trips, vacation packages and package tours.
• 2. Accommodation.
• 3. Food and drinks.
• 4. Local transport
• 5. International transport.
• 6. Recreational, cultural and sports activities.
• 7. Shopping.
• 8. Other.

According to the UNWTO recommendations, the collection of data on tourism expenditures involves a whole range of sample surveys of individual visitors, traveling companies and groups, as well as households. Such surveys include:

• 1) surveys of visitors: diary method; at exit/entry points; in accommodation facilities; in means of transport; in popular tourist places;
• 2) surveys of households: who made trips in the reporting period; as individual accommodation for tourists.

The output of these surveys is central to the information base of tourism statistics, making up for the insufficiency of data obtained from statistical reporting and from administrative sources for the construction of a tourism satellite account.

Tourism Satellite Account(hereinafter - TSA) is a conceptual framework for considering tourism from a macroeconomic point of view. With this tool, it is possible to estimate tourism GDP, estimate the direct contribution of tourism to the economy, and develop more complex and sophisticated schemes based on the inherent relationship of the TSA with the SNA and the balance of payments.

The TSA provides data consistency in two ways: first, between measuring the tourism industry in terms of the consumption of goods and services by visitors and in terms of the supply of goods and services by all industries (mainly tourism industries) to meet the demand of visitors; and secondly, between the general use and supply of all products by all economic entities in the economy and the demand from visitors.

The TSA includes a set of 10 interrelated tables that reflect different categories of visitor consumption associated with different types of tourism (Tables 1-4); production of tourism-specific products, related tourism and other products and other products in the tourism and other industries (tables 5 and 6), which allows the calculation of tourism GDP; employment in tourism industries (table 7); gross fixed capital formation in tourism (table 8); government administrative costs associated with the support and control of tourism (collective tourism consumption, table 9); and, finally, some important in-kind (non-monetary) indicators (Table 10) to provide an analysis of the economic data contained in Tables 1-9. The tables are compatible with the general supply and use tables for describing the overall economic balance of the goods and services accounts and production accounts in the SNA.

TSA has not yet been mastered by Russian statistics.

TSA implementation should begin with the identification of tourism-related products, consisting of two sub-categories - tourism-specific products and tourism-related products. These subcategories apply exclusively to consumer products.

Tourism characteristic products are products that meet the following criteria:

• a) tourism spending on the product should represent a significant proportion of total tourism spending (spending share/demand criterion);
• b) tourism spending on a product must represent a significant share of the supply of this product in the economy (the supply share criterion). This criterion assumes that the supply of one or another characteristic product of tourism in significant volumes will cease in the absence of visitors.

Table 10.3

Product classification

The following typology of tourism-specific products and activities is recommended for use in TSA tables, grouped into 12 categories, the first 10 of which form the basis for international comparison (Table 10.4):

Table 10.4

Grouping products and activities by 12 categories

The listed categories of products and activities correspond to the subgroups of the CPC and ISIC, respectively, and this is an innovation of IRTS-2008 compared to the Recommendations-1993, in which there was no classification of products, and for the classification of activities it was proposed that the Standard International Classification based on four-digit ISIC Rev.3 codes was proposed tourism activities (SICTA).

Annexes to IRTS 2008 provide more disaggregated classifications of products and activities for the purposes of tourism statistics based on the CPC and ISIC groupings.

The transition to the use of CPC and ISIC groupings for tourism statistics has made it possible to establish a strict link between tourism consumption data and tourism supply data.

Under offer tourism refers to the direct provision of goods and services to visitors that form tourism expenditures. For the analysis of production and production processes in tourism statistics and in the TSA, as in the SNA, a type of statistical unit is used - the establishment. The group of all establishments with the same main activity, which is the direct service of visitors and is one of the characteristic activities of tourism, is tourism industry. Each of the 12 activities listed above is a tourism industry. Together they form the concept "tourism industry".

Since the classification of establishments is based on their principal activity, establishments in which a tourism-specific activity is a secondary activity should not be included in the relevant tourism industry. For example, if a travel agency service is provided as a secondary activity by a supermarket, then this service will be included in the total output of the retail industry, not the travel agency industry.

Similarly, many establishments belonging to the tourism industries carry out secondary activities that are not characteristic of tourism, or carry out other secondary activities characteristic of tourism.

Tourism industries can produce a mixed range of tourism-specific products (for example, the provision of catering services in hotels).

As a result, the output of tourism industries may include not only tourism-specific products, but the output of other non-tourism industries may include some tourism-specific products.

In addition to the above definitions, classifications and indicators of tourism statistics, IRTS 2008 provides guidelines under which national tourism statistics systems will be considered to comply with international standards, as follows:

• – estimates should be based on reliable sources of statistical data, reflecting information about both visitors and producers of goods and services;
• – Observational data should be statistical in nature and produced on a regular basis, with a combination of basic calculations using indicators in order to increase the usefulness of the results obtained;
• – data must be comparable over time within the same country, comparable across countries, comparable with data from other branches of economic activity;
• – Data must be internally consistent and presented within an internationally recognized macroeconomic framework.

Tourism statistics is a branch of socio-economic statistics and examines the development of tourism and the tourism industry.

Basic concepts of tourism:

• - sanatorium and resort organizations - medical and preventive organizations equipped with beds and providing prevention and rehabilitation treatment of the population, mainly based on the use of the healing properties of natural healing factors. These include a sanatorium, sanatoriums, boarding houses with treatment, etc. Recreation organizations are health-improving organizations intended for recreation. These include houses, boarding houses and other recreation organizations, tourist bases. They provide accommodation, meals and tourist and excursion services.
• - sanatorium-resort organizations and recreation organizations are located, as a rule, within resorts, health-improving areas, in suburban areas.
• - recreational network is a set of recreational institutions located in the country (republic, region, district). These include institutions of health-improving recreation, sports and educational tourism. The main indicator of the development of the recreational network is the density of recreational institutions, equal to the number of places in them per 1 thousand square meters. km of territory. In accordance with this, the territories are divided by force, medium and poorly developed recreationally. The functional development of recreational institutions is due to their focus on one or another type of recreational activity.
• - demographic characteristics (gender of consumers, their age, number of family members) are among the sufficiently used. This is due to the availability of characteristics, their stability over time, as well as the very close relationship between them and demand. By age, the following segments can be distinguished, which should correspond to a different offer of a tourist product:
• - children (under 14 years old) traveling both with their parents and without them;
• - youth (15-24 years old);
• - relatively young, economically active people (25-44 years old) traveling with families (with children);
• - economically active people of middle age (45-60 years) traveling without children;
• - older tourists (60 years and older).

The first segment related to children's tourism depends on the decision of parents and adults. Young people, in general, prefer relatively cheap travel using less comfortable accommodation and transport. For people aged 25-44 years, the predominance of family tourism is characteristic, therefore, it is necessary to use playgrounds for games, children's pools, etc. Consumers aged 45-60 place increased demands on comfort and convenience, meaningful excursion programs. Tourism of the "third" age requires not only comfort, but also the possibility of obtaining qualified medical care, personal attention from the attendants.

Socio-economic characteristics suggest the allocation of consumer segments based on the commonality of social and professional affiliation, education and income level. The level of income in the family has a significant impact on tourist behavior. A number of researchers argue that the level of income is one of the criteria for belonging to the upper, middle or lower strata of society. It is known that the financial situation of a person affects his needs, preferences, and consumer choice. Differences in the material situation of the population give rise to heterogeneity of tourist demand. On the one hand, tourist demand is expanding due to the increasing involvement in tourism of people with an average and even relatively low income, as the need for recreation associated with a change of scenery, with travel, becomes one of the main ones. On the other hand, the demand for tourist travel continues to come from high-income individuals. The offer of a tourist product for these two different groups should be different. If the former are interested in trips that allow them to get the maximum discount, the main purpose of their trip is seaside vacation, while the choice of vacation spot is mainly determined by the price level. Their principle is to get everything in full for their money. The second prefer individual travel. Having mostly higher education, they are interested in educational trips, striving for a change of impressions. There are two age categories: middle and "third" age. If the persons of the "third" age travel in groups, then the representatives of the middle age prefer individual trips or trips in small groups of friends and acquaintances. These people are interested in long-distance travel lasting 2-3 weeks. Tourists are interested in souvenirs, and these can be expensive items, indicating that people have made a long exotic journey.

There are the following types of tourism:

• - route-cognitive;
• - sports and recreation;
• - business and congress - tourism;
• - resort;
• - medical;
• - festival;
• - hunting;
• - ecological;
• - shop - tourism;
• - religious;
• - educational;
• - ethnic, etc.

Seasonal fluctuations and climatic conditions of the country also affect the tourist demand. They have the following features: in the northern hemisphere, the highest intensity of demand occurs in the third quarter of the year, as well as during the Christmas and Easter holidays. The seasonality of demand varies by type of tourism and territories. Thus, medical and educational tourism is subject to seasonality to a lesser extent, and sea and ski tourism to a greater extent. Different areas of residence have specific forms of seasonal unevenness. This gives the right to talk about the specifics of the uneven demand in a particular region, country, on a global scale. The seasonal nature of consumer preferences plays a big role in choosing a place of rest. For example, the Mediterranean resorts of Turkey are rapidly developing, where there is a long tourist season. These resorts are very popular with Russians, because when you go on vacation in a cold autumn or winter, you can enjoy the Mediterranean Sea and the mild climate at this time. Moreover, the tourist is favored by the developing policy of Turkey, as a result of which it is possible to combine high-quality and inexpensive holidays.

There are four seasons of tourist activity:

• - peak season - the period most favorable for the organization of recreational activities of people, characterized by the maximum density of tourists and the most comfortable conditions for recreation.
• - high season - the period of the greatest business activity in the tourist market, the time of the highest tariffs for the tourist product and services.
• - low season - the season of decline in business activity in the tourism market, which is characterized by the lowest prices for tourism products and services.
• - season "dead" - the period most unfavorable for the organization of recreational activities (for example, uncomfortable weather conditions).

So, each tourist chooses for himself the season that is most suitable for meeting his needs and requests.

By type of entrepreneurial activity are divided into:

• - producers of a tourist product - travel companies: a travel agent and a tour operator, work to make a profit and satisfy the needs of tourists.
• - tour operator - a legal entity or an individual entrepreneur, carrying out activities on the basis of a license for the formation, promotion and sale of a tourist product.
• - travel agent - a legal entity or an individual entrepreneur, carrying out activities on the basis of a license to promote and sell a tourist product.

Tour operators and travel agents are part of the tourism industry.

Depending on what exactly attracts tourists and how they travel, as well as on many other factors, it is possible to make a classification by type of tourism: By purpose of activity, by method of conduct, by the number of participants in the trip, by the use of vehicles, by travel geography.

Currently, there is a Resort Council under the head of the resort city as a public advisory body. Its representation is limited to members of the public sector - the most authoritative leaders of the resort's health resorts and representatives of the administration, whose functions are aimed at infrastructural support and the normal functioning of the resort. It is this function of taking care of the general needs of the resort that is the main one. There was no place in the Resort Council for representatives of the tourism industry and the private sector involved in serving tourists. Therefore, it cannot adequately express the interests of all sectors of tourism.

Another organizing center in the field of tourism, namely in the excursion service for tourists, is the Coordination Center for excursion services and the Methodological Council for excursion work. The Coordination Center was established under the Department of Culture of the Executive Committee, is a public association of leaders of tourist and excursion companies and entrepreneurs involved in tourism and excursion activities.

The subject of tourism statistics is a survey of the quantitative side of the state and development of the tourism industry in close connection with the qualitative side.

The main purpose of tourism statistics is the statistical survey of phenomena, both limited to the leisure markets and covering the world travel market, in the interrelationship of various characteristics of tourism, both for independent analysis of activities in this area, and for use as a data source for the development of tourism-related payment indicators. balance sheet and accounts of the SNA.

The main objectives of tourism statistics are the organization of statistical observation of tourist flows, places of their accommodation, travel characteristics, wholesale and retail trade, transport, construction, employment, financial intermediation, income and expenses associated with tourism based on a unified scientific methodology that complies with international rules and regulations. standards.