Presentation of international relations in the 20th century. International relations at the beginning of the 20th century

PlanPLAN
The reasons for the aggravation of international
relations at the beginning of the 20th century
Leading countries and their aspirations
Peaceful and military means to solve
conflicts
Creation of a system of military-political blocs

Reasons for the aggravation of international relations at the beginning of the 20th century

Leading countries and their aspirations

Features of the policy of the leading countries

Features of the policy of the leading countries

Features of the policy of the leading countries

Features of the policy of the leading countries

Features of the policy of the leading countries

Features of the policy of the leading countries

Features of the policy of the leading countries

Features of the policy of the leading countries

Peaceful and military means to resolve conflicts

Pacifist beliefs

Directions of colonial expansion and international conflicts of the 20th century

Creation of a system of military-political blocs

Military-political blocs

Main events Terms 1. The main contradiction in international relations was between ___________ and ___________ countries. The destruction of the ___________ empire began. 7 industrialized countries competed for spheres of influence in the world:______,_____,_______,______,_____,______,___. "powder keg" of Europe Eastern question 2. The era of imperialist wars began: 1898 - 1899 - 1902 - 1904 - 1905 - 3. The creation of military blocs began, which led to the threat of world war Creation of the Triple Alliance: 1882 - the military-political alliance was signed between …. Creation of the Entente: 1904 - 1907 - Pacifist movement - II International -

What are the main events of 1898 - 1902 - 1905

Answer the questions In the international relations of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, historians identify two contradictions. Which? (Between which countries?) Which one was the main one? Which state maintained its integrity only thanks to the contradictions between the leading European states?

Russia at the turn of the century Social sphere Economic sphere Spiritual sphere Apparatus of officials autocracy Church estates Manual labor Political sphere Secular art appears Agriculture Ethnic composition Subordination of education to the Church Serf labor Religion Confessional composition By the beginning of the 19th century, Russia was a ________ society

The domestic policy of Alexander I in 1801 - 1806 Activities of Speransky Emperor Alexander IUnspoken committee 1801 Personality Restriction of autocracy Beginning of reforms Composition F.S. Laharpe Decree on the “free cultivators” First steps Senate Reform of the highest authorities Reform of education Cabinet of Ministers Influence of the father liberalism Participation in the conspiracy manifesto Thesis: Already in the first years of the reign of Alexander I, his firm intention to improve the state of affairs in the country with the help of reforms was manifested. amnesty bordersbooks and goods Indispensable Council of 1804 State Council Reforms of Speransky Contents Goals and objectives implementation

Homework Read and retell according to SO §1,3 Get acquainted with the documents to §1,3 Dates: 1777, March 11, 1801, reforms of 1801, reforms of 1802, reforms of 1803, 1804, 1810 Terms: amnesty, manifesto , Private Committee, State Council Persons: Alexander I, Laharpe, P.A. Stroganov, N.N. Novosiltsev, A.A. Czartoryski, V.P. Kochubey, M.M. Speransky, N.M. Karamzin Aphorisms are welcome. Workbook: 1,5,7 pp. 8-11

The main estates Nobility - 400 thousand (0.91%) Clergy - 215 thousand Peasantry - 90% (39.6 million people) Philistinism - up to 4% Merchants - about 1% Cossacks - 1.5 million (3, 4%) The population of the Russian Empire by the beginning of the 19th century was 44 million people

slide 2

International relations at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were determined by the growth of disagreements between the leading states and completed the division of the world. Nationalist sentiments intensified everywhere. In formulating their interests, the ruling circles of each of the European countries sought to present them as popular aspirations. Armed clashes and local wars took place almost continuously. Conflicts between the great powers through hegemony in Europe, as well as the redistribution of colonies and spheres of influence, became more and more dangerous. They stimulated the arms race and led to the First World War.

Slide 3: Creating a Trinity Block

The main problem of the European states in their power confrontation was the search for allies to ensure political balance in Europe. In the first half of the 19th century, European policy was reduced to the creation of coalitions, which balanced the power of France. To this end, for example, in 1815, after the defeat of Napoleon, Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia tried to ensure stability by creating a continental security system - the Holy Alliance. But by the middle of the 19th century, this union broke up due to contradictions between its founders.

slide 4

To deprive France of the opportunity to avenge her defeat, German Chancellor O. von Bismarck tried to find reliable allies. In 1873 he managed to create the Union of three emperors - Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia. But this alliance turned out to be not very reliable, since Russia came out in support of France. Subsequently, Italy was also able to join this coalition, which had serious contradictions with France through control over North Africa. 1882 Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy signed the Triple Alliance directed against France and Russia (lasted until 1915).

slide 5

Germany tried to involve England in the alliance, but these attempts were in vain. Despite the acute colonial contradictions with France and Russia, England remained true to the policy of "brilliant isolation" - it did not want to bind itself with long-term agreements with one of the European states. Thus, the emergence of the Triple Alliance marked the beginning of the split of Europe into groups that were at war with each other.

Slide 6: Entente Union

In the 1980s, relations between Russia and Germany slowly but steadily worsened. In 1887, the Union of Three Empires collapsed. France tried to take advantage of the growing tension in Russian-German relations, which sought to overcome its foreign political isolation. In the early 90s of the XIX century, the military-political rapprochement of the two countries found its legal form. In 1891, a consultative pact was signed between Russia and France, and in 1893, a secret military convention on joint actions in the war against Germany. The signing of this convention completed the formalization of the Franco-Russian alliance.

Slide 7

In 1904, an Anglo-French agreement was signed on the division of spheres of influence in Africa. This agreement was called the Entente (from the French. "Consent"). It opened up opportunities for broad cooperation between the two countries against Germany (although not a word was said about it in the document). The growth of Germany's foreign policy activity forced France and Great Britain in 1906 to agree on military cooperation. In order to finally determine Russia's place in the system of European unions, it was necessary to regulate relations with France's partner, Great Britain. In 1907, after lengthy negotiations, with the assistance of France, it was possible to conclude an Anglo-Russian agreement on the division of spheres of influence in the Middle East. This agreement opened the possibility of cooperation between Russia and Great Britain against Germany. The Anglo-Russian agreement of 1907 completed the formation of a new military-political bloc, which went down in history as the Entente.

Slide 8: The arms race

Tensions grew in relations between the leading states, accompanied by a furious arms race. From 1883 to 1903, military spending almost doubled in European countries alone, and the number of soldiers increased by 25%. The most active process was the build-up of naval forces. However, since 1898, when the first naval law was adopted, a naval arms race began in Germany, the purpose of which was to overcome the advantage of England on the seas. By 1914, four more naval weapons programs had been adopted in Germany.

Slide 9

There was a rearmament of the armies of developed countries. The achievements of scientific and technological progress were widely used to create the latest weapons systems. Thanks to the development of metallurgy and chemistry, it became possible to improve firearms. At the end of the 19th century, the first easel machine gun appeared, invented by H. Maxim, various quick-firing and long-range guns, explosive shrapnel shells, smokeless powder. Russian designer S. Mosin in 1891 created a magazine three-line rifle. The production and introduction of new types of weapons caused a significant increase in military spending. Between 1901 and 1913 the Great Powers spent 90 billion marks on military needs. The leadership in the arms race remained with Germany. The German army was technically better equipped than the French and Russian. Relying on its economic potential, Germany managed to prepare better and faster than other countries for war.

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Slide 10

Sections: History and social studies

Lesson Objectives:

1. Contribute to the formation of specific historical knowledge about the development of international relations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. leading European countries (France, Germany, Great Britain, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Italy).
2. To promote the activation of the cognitive activity of students, forming the skills of working with documents and educational text.
3. Contribute to the formation of communication and organizational skills.

Equipment:

1. Map “Europe 1870-1914” ”,
2. Texts of documents:
3. From the speech of B. Bulow in the Reichstag on December 11, 1899;
4. Bismarck's speech to the Reichstag on February 6, 1888;
5. Letter from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia Girs to the Russian Ambassador in Paris Morenheim August 21, 1891
6. From the memoirs of the German admiral A. Tirpitz.
7. Group and class checklists.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

1. Introductory speech of the teacher.

II. Main part.

1. Historical warm-up “The international situation at the end of the 19th century. ”

2. Work in groups with the texts of documents.

3. Work with the text of the textbook “Creation of military blocs” (§31 “International relations: diplomacy or wars?” textbook “New history, 1800-1913.” A. Ya. Yudovskaya, P. A. Baranov, L. M. Vanyushkina.)

4. Work on the selection of an epigraph to the topic of the lesson.

5. Consolidation of the studied material.

III. Summing up the lesson. Group ratings.

I. 1. Opening speech of the teacher.

The topic of our lesson is “International relations of the late XIX - early XX century. ". Over the course of several lessons, we consider various issues related to international relations of the late 19th century, which have changed greatly for a number of reasons - the most important of which is the intensification of economic rivalry between the great powers. In search of cheap raw materials, low land prices and cheap labor power, the great powers at the end of the 19th century rush into the struggle for colonies, very often strive to fight for the redivision of an already divided world. The task of our lesson is to comprehensively consider the process of folding international relations at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries.

Today, working with the documents of those years and the text of the textbook (§31), we must answer the main question of the topic: Why did Europe at the beginning of the 20th century facing the threat of a world war?

Teacher. In order to better understand the main international events of the late 19th century, let's do a "Historical warm-up".

II. one). "Historical warm-up".

1. What was the name of the states playing a leading role in international relations? (Great powers)

2. Which states of Europe in the 19th century can be classified as “great powers”? (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, France, England, Italy)

3. Show them on the map?

4. What name corresponds to the designation of the general course of the state in international affairs? (Foreign policy)

5. What is expansion? (Expansion of the territory of countries through the seizure of foreign territories)

6. What was the beginning of the expansion of Europeans? (Great geographical discoveries)

7. What are the states that have colonies called? (Metropolises)

8. What was the basis of the racist theory? (The doctrine of the inequality of races.)

9. Which British colony was the richest? (India)

10. Which peninsula in Europe was the focus of attention of politicians in Russia and Austria-Hungary? (Balkan)

11. Show it on the map.

12. What was the name of the Balkans at the end of the 19th century? ("Powder Cellar")

Students answer “warm-up” questions and receive tokens for correct answers.

2). Teacher. Now let's move on to a very important and interesting part of our lesson, working with documents. You have texts of documents with questions to them on the tables of each group. The nature of international relations was determined by 4 great powers Germany, England, Russia, France.

Based on these documents, we must find out how these countries treated each other and draw a conclusion about the international situation of those years.

The "Reminders" lying on the tables will help you in working on the document.

"Memo on working with the document"

1. Read the document carefully.
2. Determine which event is being discussed.
3. What is the attitude of the author of the document to the problem reflected in it.
4. Determine the main provisions of this document.

Students. They study the documents and then answer the questions.

Teacher. When we got acquainted with the documents, we saw how complicated the international situation of those years was, how difficult international relations were at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries.

What do you think these relations between the great powers could lead to?

Students.(to war, to the creation of military alliances, etc.)

3). Teacher. Now, with the help of the text (§31 p. 250), we will try to determine how correct our conclusions are made in the course of working with documents. I suggest you answer the following questions:

1. What are the main contradictions that arose between the great powers at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries?
2. Determine the names, the time of formation, the composition of the participants of the two opposing military-political blocs?
3. What are the main goals of the participants in these military-political blocs?

Students. They answer the questions asked. (Symbolic images of these blocks are attached to the board.)

Teacher draws attention to the question posed at the beginning of the lesson

Why did Europe face the threat of a world war at the beginning of the 20th century?

Students answer that both opponents sought to achieve superiority over each other and did not want to make concessions.

Teacher. Indeed, 7 years will pass after the final formation of military blocs, and in 1914 a world war will begin, in which 38 states will take part.

four). Teacher. And now, at the end of the work on the topic, when we know the answer to our main question, we will try to find an epigraph to this topic.

Groups, one after another, offer epigraphs. (the best gets 10 points, the rest get 5 points).

5). Teacher. At the end of our lesson, let's remember again

About what military-political alliances of the late XIX - early XX centuries. and countries participating in these unions?

The students answer the question.

III. 1. Teacher sums up. Evaluates the work of the groups. Thanks everyone for the work.

International relations at the beginning of the 20th century Lecturer in history, social studies, MHC MBOU "Secondary School No. 48", Vladivostok Shabalina Svetlana Nikolaevna

plan Reasons for the aggravation of international relations at the beginning of the 20th century Leading countries and their aspirations Features of the policies of leading countries Peaceful and military means for resolving conflicts Creation of a system of military-political blocs

Reasons for the aggravation of international relations at the beginning of the 20th century

Accelerated development of countries that later began industrialization Completion of the division of the world in the second half of the 19th century Creation of a colonial system, exploitation of the peoples of colonies and dependent countries Development of the economy, growth of the competitiveness of these states in the world Change in the economic and military status of powers the former division of the world, towards its redistribution Activation of their colonial policy Growth of sections of the population (national bourgeoisie, intelligentsia, military) striving for independence Rise of the anti-colonial movement of the peoples of dependent countries

Leading countries and their aspirations

Great Britain USA France Russia Italy Japan Germany Austria-Hungary Leading powers Their policies were based on similar aspirations Establishing control over territories that served as a market for goods, a sphere for investing capital, a source of cheap agricultural and raw materials To prevent the strengthening of competing powers, to protect against them as their spheres of influence and their own territory To suppress, including through cooperation with competitors, the attempts of the peoples of colonial and dependent countries to achieve independence

Features of the policy of the leading countries

United States Features of the policies of the leading countries Separated from rivals by oceans, the United States was not afraid of an attack on its own territory A capacious and growing domestic market ensured the further development of the economy America The tradition of isolationism assumed that the United States did not enter into alliances and did not intervene in conflicts outside the Western Hemisphere, did not create large ground forces Considered the main thing for itself to be the protection of the principle of equal opportunities in the world market In 1899, the United States proposed the principle of "open doors" in China , according to which no one of the powers should have greater privileges than the rest.

England Features of the policy of the leading countries An idea was hatched to stretch the chain of British possessions from Egypt to India, uniting African and Asian colonies into a single array The ruling circles of Great Britain feared attempts on the empire and considered Germany, Russia, France as their possible opponents The largest colonial power, did not give up attempts to further expansion of their empire In London, it was considered unacceptable for anyone to dominate continental Europe or the emergence of an anti-British coalition of continental powers. Particular importance was attached to dominance at sea to protect both the mother country and sea routes in the colony. The British fleet was supposed to simultaneously confront the fleet of the two strongest powers in the world

France Features of the policy of the leading countries Germany considered its main adversary because of Alsace and Lorraine, which were lost after the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871. and proximity to the militarily stronger German Empire, France attached great importance to the convention on mutual assistance with Russia (1839), which involved the provision of military support to each other in the event of a German attack on one of the parties. The second colonial power of the world, France was in conflict with Great Britain over spheres influence in Central Africa and Southeast Asia, France sought to enlist the support of England and Italy, a compromise on colonial issues

Russia Features of the policy of the leading countries At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia was a relatively economically weak power, with low competitiveness of military goods. It was traditional for it to seek to establish control over the Black Sea straits - the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, in order to protect itself from threats from the south. Geopolitical interest was reinforced by the desire to protect Orthodox Slavic peoples in the Balkans from Muslim Turkey and Catholic Austria-Hungary Russia became more active in the Central Asian direction, at the beginning of the 20th century the Far East became the arena of expansion The Russian ruling elite believed that Germany, the only power capable of claiming dominance in Western Europe, was an immediate danger Russia in alliance with France

Germany Features of the policy of the leading countries Germany was considered the most militarily strong country in Europe It sought to redistribute the colonies and spheres of influence The ruling circles of Germany did not hide the fact that the most important goal of their policy in Europe was to defeat France and reduce it to the role of a second-rate state The alliance of Germany with Austria-Hungary in 1879, was sent against Russia and the Slavic states in the Balkans Rapprochement of Germany with Turkey, military assistance in the rearmament of the army, the construction of the Berlin-Baghdad-Basra railway. Strengthening the navy

Austria-Hungary Features of the policy of the leading countries By the beginning of the 20th century, Austria-Hungary was a weak state Union with Germany Hostile position towards Serbia as a possible center for the unification of Slavic peoples in the Balkans Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Italy Features of the policy of the leading countries Completion of the territorial reunification of the country. Territorial claims to South Tyrol (Austria-Hungary), as well as to Nice and Savoy) France The fluctuation of the ruling circles of Italy in the choice of allies The relative military and economic weakness of Italy made her fear conflicts with major European powers

Japan Features of the policy of the leading countries Considered Russia the most dangerous adversary for itself. It sought to create a colonial power through expansion in China. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Japan was inferior in terms of economic development to other powers, experiencing a shortage of natural resources.

Peaceful and military means to resolve conflicts

Pacifist beliefs European pacifists believed that the use of military means in resolving controversial issues was inhumane and uncivilized But at the same time they did not protest against colonial wars waged with little blood and far from the mother countries They believed that diplomatic maneuvers could well be combined with wars of a limited scale Pacifist beliefs were common in the social democratic movement in Germany, France and England. Pacifism - (lat. pacificus - peacekeeping, pacifying) - an anti-war peacekeeping movement, whose representatives advocate an end to the practice of military resolution of political conflicts.

Directions of colonial expansion and international conflicts of the 20th century Country Main directions of expansion Participation in wars, conflicts USA Southeast Asia, (Philippines) Spanish-American War of 1899 England Afghanistan, Southeast Asia (Siam), China, Tibet, Persia, South Africa Boer War 1899-1902 France Southeast Asia, (Siam), North Africa (Morocco) Russia North China (Manchuria), Korea, Afghanistan, Near and Middle East (Turkey, Iran), Tibet. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Germany North Africa (Morocco), Near and Middle East, China, Balkans Italy North, East Africa (Libya, Ethiopia) Italo-Turkish war of 1911-1912 Japan Korea, China. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Colonial empires in 1898

Creation of a system of military-political blocs

Military-political blocs TRIPLE ALLIANCE OF THE ANTENTE The military-political bloc of GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, ITALY, formed in 1879-1882, which marked the beginning of the division of Europe into hostile camps. The countries of the bloc were united by the desire to redistribute the world in their favor. Ch. organizer T. s. was Germany, which concluded a war in 1879. alliance with Austria-Hungary. The core of an aggressive military group in Europe directed against Russia and France was created. May 20, 1882 Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy signed a secret treaty on the Triple Alliance. formed mainly in 1904-1907 and completed the delimitation of the great powers on the eve of the First World War. The term originated in 1904 originally to refer to the Anglo-French alliance, with the expression l'Entente cordiale ("cordial consent") in memory of the brief Anglo-French alliance in the 1840s, which bore the same name. French cartoon: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy smoking on a barrel of gunpowder

Sources http://dic.academic.ru/pictures/wiki/files/69/Europe_1914.jpg http://www.hrono.ru/organ/1882soyuz3.html http://readtiger.com/wkp/ru/% D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1% 81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7 Koval T.V. Lesson notes on the history of Russia XX century. - M .: Publishing house VLADOS-PRESS. 2002 Zagladin N. V. Recent history of foreign countries. XX century. - M .: LLC "TID "Russian Word - RS", 2005. Danilov A. A. History of Russia in tables. XX century. - M .: Bustard, 1998