Revolutionary wave after the first world war table. Presentation on the topic of the Revolutionary Wave after World War I

30.11.16

Revolutionary movement in Europe and Asia after the First World War

Causes of revolutions

The ordeals that befell the peoples in the First World War, dissatisfaction with the policy of the victorious powers in the defeated, colonial and dependent countries, caused the revolutionary movement to rise in many parts of the world. The most large-scale revolutionary events took place in 1917 in Russia, which became the center of support for revolutionary forces in other countries.

Assignment for the lesson

Country and date of revolution

Causes of the revolution

The results and nature of the revolution

Soviet Russia as the base of the "world revolution".

The Bolshevik Party, which came to power in Petrograd in October 1917, belonged to the revolutionary wing of the social democratic movement. He was characterized by the conviction that the contradictions inherent in capitalism , in the conditions of war have become so aggravated that a small push is enough to cause a chain of revolutions in the belligerent countries who will end both the war and the capitalism that gave birth to it.

Comintern

The Third Communist International, created in 1919, which included the left groups of the social democratic movement, organized into communist parties, became in the eyes of many leaders of Soviet Russia the forerunner of the world communist government. However, the events of 1919-1920. for all their inconsistency and ambiguity, they by no means proved that the "world revolution" is on the agenda.

Demonstration of women for peace (1920s)

The hopes of the leaders of the Comintern for the rise of the revolutionary movement in the countries that won the First World War were not justified from the very beginning. The example of the violent seizure of power by the Bolsheviks, followed by a bloody and destructive civil war, showed the majority of the population of highly developed countries the danger of being carried away by revolutionary ideas. The movement of solidarity with Soviet Russia that arose in the powers of the Entente was of a pacifist nature, its main demand was to give Russia the opportunity to decide its own fate. True, in conditions when the Entente countries did not rule out intervention in the civil war in Russia, such solidarity was salutary for the Russian Bolsheviks.

Revolution of 1918 in Germany

The Comintern pinned great hopes on the deepening of the political and economic crisis in the countries that had lost the First World War. So, in Germany, after the abdication of the throne by Kaiser Wilhelm II and the paralysis of power, following the example of Soviet Russia, bodies of people's self-government began to emerge - councils, which were headed by the Social Democrats. On November 10, 1918, the Council of Berlin created a new government - the Council of People's Deputies, which was headed by the leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany F. Ebert.

The Social Democratic government proclaimed Germany a republic

and carried out a number of reforms.

democratic freedoms are approved,
estate privileges abolished,
Elections were scheduled for the Constituent National Assembly, which was to adopt a new constitution.

The All-German Congress of Soviets in December 1918 supported the course of the government of F. Ebert, aimed at establishing a bourgeois-democratic republic in Germany.

Council of People's Deputies. F. Scheidemann,

O. Landsberg, F. Ebert, G. Noske, R. Wisssel.

Revolutionary soldiers and sailors at the Brandenburg Gate

Leftist Social Democrats who called themselves the Spartak group

believed that Germany must, following the example of Russia, become a socialist Soviet republic. Breaking with Ebert's Social Democratic Party, they established the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) on December 30, 1918. At the call of the KPD, on January 5, 1919, demonstrations of its supporters began in Berlin. They took place under the slogans of the resignation of the Ebert government, the transfer of all power to the soviets, the liquidation of the old, imperial apparatus of state administration, and the expropriation of the property of the bourgeoisie.

Speech by Karl Liebknecht in Berlin.

December 1918.

Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg

Demonstrations and strikes turned into an armed uprising. By order of Minister of War Noske, who announced at a cabinet meeting that he would have to play the role of a "bloody dog", the officer units crushed the uprising by January 12. The leaders of the KKE R. Luxembourg and K. Liebknecht were shot without trial or investigation.

Bavarian Soviet Republic

In April 1919, the Communists succeeded in seizing power in the German state of Bavaria and proclaiming a Soviet republic there. The formation of the Red Army began, but already in May, troops loyal to the government occupied the capital of Bavaria, Munich.

Weimar Republic

After the elections to the National Assembly, which the Communists boycotted, the Social Democrats turned out to be the most numerous party faction (39% of the seats). Together with centrist parties, they achieved the adoption of a constitution that proclaimed Germany a democratic republic. The Constitution was called the Weimar Constitution, since the National Assembly met in the city of Weimar. F. Ebert became the President of the Weimar Republic.

Friedrich Ebert

Country and date of revolution

Causes of the revolution

Germany, November 1918

The results and nature of the revolution

1. Deepening the political and economic crisis after the First World War.

Anti-monarchist, democratic revolution, its result - the proclamation of the Weimar Republic, headed by President Heber.

Revolution of 1919 in Hungary

The revolutionary movement also failed in the collapsed as a result of the war empire of the Habsburgs - Austria-Hungary. The new states of Austria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary that emerged on its territory proclaimed themselves republics. The revolutionary mass movement unfolded only in Hungary.

Republic! Poster M. Biro. 1919

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Decision of the Paris Conference on transfer of Slovakia and Transylvania , where there was a significant proportion of the Hungarian population, Czechoslovakia and Romania caused a political crisis in Hungary. Power in March 1919 passed peacefully into the hands of the Social Democrats, who concluded an agreement with the Communists on unity of action.

Hungary had no other way to protect its interests in the international arena, except for the proclamation of the Soviet Republic and the appeal to Soviet Russia against the Entente for support. The idea of establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat was supported by almost all sections of Hungarian society.

The defeat of the revolution

The Hungarian Red Army managed to occupy Slovakia, where the Soviet Republic was also proclaimed. However, very soon Hungary began to suffer defeats in the war on two fronts - against Czechoslovakia and Romania. Threats from the Supreme Military Council of the Entente to move French troops against Budapest forced Hungary to accept the terms of peace imposed on her. Her government agreed to withdraw troops from Slovakia, which was immediately occupied by the Czechoslovak army.

Seeing the futility of continuing resistance, the Social Democrats forced the resignation of the Soviet government, which lasted 133 days. The dissolution of the Red Army was announced, the nationalization of banks and factories was cancelled. Power passed into the hands of Admiral Horthy, who banned the Communist Party.

Miklos Horthy

Country and date of revolution

Causes of the revolution

Hungary, March 1919

The results and nature of the revolution

Mass dissatisfaction of the people with the rule of the Habsburg dynasty.
2.Economic devastation caused by the war

The anti-monarchist, democratic, Soviet republic lasted 133 days.

Canceled nationalization banks and factories. Power passed into the hands of Admiral Horthy, who banned the Communist Party.

The decline of the revolutionary wave in Europe and the foreign policy of the USSR

AT 1920 The hopes for a world revolution were dealt a heavy blow. After the outbreak of the Soviet-Polish war, when the Red Army approached Warsaw and Lvov in the summer of 1920, the leaders of Soviet Russia and the Comintern expected that the working people of Poland would meet the Soviet troops as liberators from the power of the bourgeois government. There was a hope that the working people of Germany, inspired by the successes of the Soviet state, would rise to the revolutionary struggle, which would ensure the victory of the revolution throughout Europe.

Soviet-Polish war

These calculations did not materialize.

Most of the population of Poland regarded the entry of the Red Army into its territory as a threat to the national independence of the country, rose to fight against the invaders. France provided serious military-technical assistance to Poland. The troops of Soviet Russia were defeated near Warsaw and retreated to German territory, where they were interned. In 1921, Soviet Russia was forced to make peace with Poland, ceding to it the territories of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus.

Hey, who is a Pole, with hostility!

Change of landmarks

The defeats of the revolutionary movements in European countries forced the Bolshevik Party to admit that "the world revolution is somewhat delayed." With the end of the civil war in Russia (it ended completely in 1922, when Japanese troops were withdrawn from the Far East), the Soviet government was faced with the need to restore the economy destroyed by the First World War and the Civil War. This required the normalization of relations with other countries, including trade and economic ties.

royal debts

At conferences in Genoa and The Hague (1922) devoted to the problems of settling financial claims, the Soviet delegation proposed to the Entente countries, first of all, to compensate for the damage caused to Russia by intervention and economic blockade. No final decision has been made. The settlement of disputed issues was postponed in view of the difficult economic situation of the Soviet state.

MM. Litvinov and V.V. Vorovsky - members of the Soviet

delegations at the conference in Genoa. Photo taken in 1922.

Rapal Treaty USSR-Germany

A great success of Soviet diplomacy was the conclusion in 1922 in Rapallo, a suburb of Genoa, of an agreement between the USSR and Germany on the renunciation of mutual claims. Thus began the period of economic and military-technical cooperation between the two countries. Contrary to the terms of the Versailles Peace, secret agreements were subsequently signed, according to which Germany got the opportunity to develop aviation and tank equipment at Soviet training grounds, to train pilots and tankers, which was important for her future rise, strengthened her position in disputes with recent winners.

Following Germany, not wanting to lose the Soviet market, other European countries began to look for ways to normalize relations with the USSR.

Representatives of the Soviet and

German sides in Rapallo

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

How did the change in the nature of power in Russia and the class approach of the Bolsheviks to questions of foreign policy affect international relations? By whom, for what purpose was the Communist International created?
Why in Germany, Hungary in 1918-1919. revolutions happened? What did these events have in common? What made them different? What impact did these revolutions, their defeat, have on Russia?
What repercussions did the revolutionary events, the civil war in Russia receive in the world?
Why in the 1920s. The USSR changed the direction of its foreign policy? What results have been achieved?

National liberation movements of the 1920s in Asia

A government was created, headed by General M. Kemal, who commanded an army on the Caucasian front during the World War. He became the first president of Turkey, as a token of his merits he was given the honorary title of Ataturk - the father of the Turks.

Ataturk Mustafa Kemal

Country and date of revolution

Causes of the revolution

The results and nature of the revolution

1. The demand of the victorious countries for the dismemberment of the territory of Turkey and the transfer of part of it to Greece.

2.Establishment of international control over the Black Sea straits.

National Democratic Revolution led by Mustafa Kemal. Turkey defended its integrity and became a republic.

Revolution in Iran

Iran became the arena of the revolutionary movement. During the war years, it was occupied by Russian and British troops. In 1919, Great Britain signed an agreement with the Shah of Iran, which secured his status as a dependent country. In particular, it was assumed that British advisers would lead the Iranian army and government departments. This agreement caused discontent in the most diverse layers of Iranian society, including the clergy and merchants. The weakening of the central government caused the rise of separatist movements in many provinces of Iran, especially in the north of the country.

In 1921, the government palace in Tehran was captured by military units commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Reza Khan, who later became the Shah of Iran. The new Iranian government refused to ratify the treaty with Britain and established friendly relations with Soviet Russia. The signed Soviet-Iranian treaty secured the status of Iran as an independent state. Iran pledged to prevent the use of its territory for activities hostile to Russia. Otherwise, Russia had the right to send troops to Iran. This clause guaranteed Iran protection from the military intervention of Great Britain, which was then considered a state hostile to Russia.

Reza Shah Pahlavi

Afghanistan

In 1921 Afghanistan signed a friendship treaty with Russia. This was preceded by the invasion of Afghanistan (1919) by British troops who sought to establish full control over this country, but failed. The British were opposed by the leaders of the Pashtun tribes who lived not only in Afghanistan, but also in the North-West of British India. The Provisional Revolutionary Government of India was created in Kabul, which caused serious concern among the British, forcing them to abandon the continuation of the war against Afghanistan.

The main political party of the wealthiest and most populous British colony, India, was the Indian National Congress (INC). The party has operated legally since the last century and cooperated with the colonial authorities. She hoped that the assistance rendered by India to Great Britain in the World War would provide a basis for granting self-government to this colony. However, the British authorities decided in 1919 to create only advisory bodies that had no real power.

Mahatma Gandhi

It included refusal of Hindus to cooperate with the authorities, termination of work in the administration and in British companies, educational institutions, boycott of British goods, demonstrations. The campaign failed to stay within the framework of non-violence alone. On April 13, 1919, in the city of Amritsar, British troops opened fire on the participants of a peaceful rally, about 1,000 people were killed.

It was not possible to intimidate the participants in the anti-colonial movement. In many provinces, uprisings began against the power of the colonialists. Only in 1922, at the initiative of the INC, whose leaders feared that the situation would completely get out of control, the campaign was stopped.

The leader of the INC, M. Gandhi, within the framework of the concept of non-violence developed by him and meeting the traditions of India, announced the start of a campaign of civil disobedience.

Gandhi Mahatma (1869-1948) - leader of the national liberation movement in India.

“Only when a person scrupulously follows the laws of society, is he able to judge which of the laws are good and just, and which are unjust and vicious. Only then does he have the right to civil disobedience to certain laws in precisely defined circumstances. We are soldiers of non-violence, ready to lay down our lives if circumstances require it. It is true that to some extent non-violence is effective even in the hands of the weak. And in this case, we will need this weapon. But if someone uses non-violence to mask his weakness or helplessness, this is cowardice. Such a person works on two fronts, he cannot live like a man, although he, of course, cannot become a devil. . It's a thousand times better when we die trying to use force. Bold use of physical force is far preferable to cowardice."(Anthology of world political thought. M, 1997. T 2. S. 148-152)

Determine from the fragment the main views of M. Gandhi on the ways of fighting for the independence of India. Do you share the author's conviction in the "power of non-violence"? Explain your opinions.

Country and date of revolution

Causes of the revolution

India, April 1919-1922

The results and nature of the revolution

Demanding the British authorities to grant self-government in India

The rise of the liberation movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, campaigning civil disobedience. Terminated by the decision of the INC due to the increase in violence.

The arena of the largest revolutionary events in the 1920s. became China

The decisions of the Washington Conference, which returned China to the position of the beginning of the century - a dependent country with "open doors" for foreigners, caused the rise of the national movement. Created in China with the support of the Comintern, the Communist Party, together with the bourgeois-nationalist Kuomintang, created a united anti-imperialist front. The formation of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) began, to the creation of which the USSR made a great contribution. The NRA was equipped with Soviet weapons, its ranks included military instructors and volunteers from the USSR, led by the Soviet military leader V.K. Blucher.

Chief military adviser Vasily Blyukher

and Kuomintang party leader Chiang Kashi

Beginning of the civil war

In 1925, in Guangzhou (Canton), the creation of a national government of China was announced. The NRA began a march to the North, inflicting defeat on the troops of local, provincial feudal-militarist cliques.

Fears that China would be under the control of a political force sent from the USSR prompted Great Britain and the United States in 1927 to intervene in the course of the civil war. The squadrons of these powers bombarded Nanking. Under these conditions, the leader of the Kuomintang, General Chiang Kai-shek, preferred to compromise with the countries of the West. The Chinese Communists, whose left wing had long irritated the Kuomintang by trying to start building socialism in China, were expelled from the government and subjected to repression.

Chiang Kai-shek

Civil War

A long-term civil war began in China, which continued intermittently until 1949. Those parts of the NRA in which the influence of communists and Soviet advisers was strong became the basis of the Red Army of China. In 1931, the creation of the workers' and peasants' government of the Chinese Soviet Republic was proclaimed, which was headed by the leader of the Communist Party Mao Zedong. It controlled the northern regions of the country, relying on the support of the USSR.

Country and date of revolution

Causes of the revolution

China, 1923-1949

The results and nature of the revolution

The decision of the Washington Conference, which returned China to the position of a dependent country

The rise of the national liberation movement, the creation of the NRA (National Revolutionary Army) and the national government in 1925. The coup of Chiang Kai-shek in 1927 and the expulsion of the Communists from the government. Intermittent civil war in China until 1949. The struggle of the communists led by Mao Zedong for the sovietization of the country.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

Describe the features of the liberation, revolutionary movement in Asian countries. How did the policy of solidarity between the USSR and the national liberation forces influence their development?

After the upheavals caused by the First World War and its aftermath, the colonial system survived, but the events of the 1920s. demonstrated that the collapse of colonialism is a very real prospect

The formation of new nation-states. The peoples of the former Russian empire: independence and entry into the USSR. November Revolution in Germany. Weimar Republic. Anti-colonial actions in Asia and North Africa. Formation of the Comintern. Hungarian Soviet Republic. The formation of a republic in Turkey and Kemalism.

Versailles-Washington system

Plans for the post-war structure of the world. Paris Peace Conference. Versailles system. The League of nations. Genoa conference in 1922 Rapallo agreement and recognition of the USSR. Washington Conference. softening of the Versailles system. The Dawes and Young Plans. Locarno Treaties. The formation of new military-political blocs - the Little Entente, the Balkan and Baltic Entente. pacifist movement. Briand-Kellogg Pact.

Western countries in the 1920s

Reaction to the Red Threat. post-war stabilization. Economic boom. Prosperity. The emergence of a mass society. liberal political regimes. The growth of the influence of socialist parties and trade unions. Authoritarian regimes in Europe: Poland and Spain. B. Mussolini and the ideas of fascism. The coming of the Nazis to power in Italy. Creation of a fascist regime. Crisis of Mateotti. Fascist regime in Italy.

Political development of the countries of South and East Asia

China after the Xinhai Revolution. Revolution in China and the Northern Expedition. The regime of Chiang Kai-shek and the civil war with the communists. "Long March" of the Red Army of China. The formation of democratic institutions and the political system of colonial India. The search for the "Indian national idea". National Liberation Movement in India 1919–1939 Indian National Congress and M. Gandhi.

The Great Depression. World economic crisis. F. Roosevelt's transformations in the USA

Beginning of the Great Depression. Causes of the Great Depression. World economic crisis. Socio-political consequences of the Great Depression. Decline of liberal ideology. The victory of F. D. Roosevelt in the US elections. "New Deal" F.D. Roosevelt. Keynesianism. State regulation of the economy. Other strategies for overcoming the global economic crisis. totalitarian economies. Socio-political development of Latin American countries.

An increase in aggression. German Nazism

Growing aggression in the world. Japan's aggression against China in 1931–1933 NSDAP and A. Hitler. "Beer" coup. The rise of the Nazis to power. The burning of the Reichstag. "Night of the Long Knives" Nuremberg Laws. Nazi dictatorship in Germany. Preparing Germany for War.

"People's Front" and the Spanish Civil War

The fight against fascism in Austria and France. VII Congress of the Comintern. Politics of the Popular Front. Revolution in Spain. The victory of the "People's Front" in Spain. Franco rebellion and fascist intervention. Social transformations in Spain. Non-intervention policy. Soviet aid to Spain. Defense of Madrid. Battles of Guadalajara and the Ebro. Defeat of the Spanish Republic.

The policy of "appeasement" of the aggressor

Creation of the axis Berlin-Rome-Tokyo. Occupation of the Rhineland. Anschluss of Austria. Sudeten Crisis. Munich Agreement and its aftermath. Accession of the Sudetenland to Germany. Liquidation of the independence of Czechoslovakia. Italo-Ethiopian War. Sino-Japanese War and Soviet-Japanese Conflicts. British-French-Soviet negotiations in Moscow. Soviet-German non-aggression pact and its consequences. Division of Eastern Europe into spheres of influence of Germany and the USSR.

The development of culture in the first third of the twentieth century.

Main trends in art. Modernism, avant-gardism, surrealism, abstractionism, realism . Psychoanalysis. Lost generation. Leading cultural figures of the first third of the twentieth century. totalitarianism and culture. Mass culture. Olympic movement.

The Second World War

Beginning of World War II

Causes of World War II. Strategic plans of the main belligerents. Blitzkrieg. "Strange War", "Maginot Line". Defeat of Poland. Accession to the USSR of Western Belarus and Western Ukraine. Soviet-German Treaty of Friendship and Border. The end of the independence of the Baltic countries, the accession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR. Soviet-Finnish war and its international consequences. German occupation of Denmark and Norway. The defeat of France and her allies. German-British struggle and the capture of the Balkans. Battle for Britain. The growth of Soviet-German contradictions.

Beginning of World War II and the Pacific War

German attack on the USSR. Japan's attack on the United States and its causes. Pearl Harbor. The formation of the Anti-Hitler coalition and the development of the foundations of the Allied strategy. Lend-Lease. Ideological and political substantiation of the aggressive policy of Nazi Germany. German plans for the USSR. Plan "Ost". The plans of Germany's allies and the position of the neutral states.

A turning point in the war

Stalingrad battle. Battle of Kursk War in North Africa. Battle of El Alamein. Strategic bombing of German territories. Landing in Italy and the fall of the Mussolini regime. Turning point in the Pacific War. Tehran conference. "The Big Three". Cairo Declaration. Dissolution of the Comintern.

Life during the war. Resistance to the invaders

Living conditions in the USSR, Great Britain and Germany. "New order". Nazi policy of genocide, the Holocaust. concentration camps. Forced labor migration and forced resettlement. Mass executions of prisoners of war and civilians. Life in the occupied territories. Resistance movement and collaborationism. Partisan war in Yugoslavia. Life in the USA and Japan. position in neutral states.

The defeat of Germany, Japan and their allies

The opening of the Second Front and the offensive of the Allies. Going over to the side of the anti-Hitler coalition of Romania and Bulgaria, Finland exiting the war. Uprisings in Paris, Warsaw, Slovakia. Liberation of the countries of Europe. Coup attempt in Germany July 20, 1944 Fighting in the Ardennes. Vistula-Oder operation. Yalta conference. The role of the USSR in the defeat of Nazi Germany and the liberation of Europe. Contradictions between the allies in the Anti-Hitler coalition. The defeat of Germany and the capture of Berlin. Capitulation of Germany.

Allied offensive against Japan. Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The entry of the USSR into the war against Japan and the defeat of the Kwantung Army. Japanese surrender. The Nuremberg Tribunals and the Tokyo War Crimes Trials in Germany and Japan. Potsdam conference. United Nations Education. The price of the Second World War for the warring countries. Results of the war.

Competition of social systems

Beginning of the Cold War

Causes of the Cold War. Marshall plan. Civil War in Greece. Truman Doctrine. Containment policy. "People's Democracy" and the Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe. The split of Germany. Cominform. Soviet-Yugoslav conflict. Terror in Eastern Europe. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. NATO. "Witch Hunt" in the USA.

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Lesson number 3 Grade 9 Recent history XX century

Revolutionary wave after World War I

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Lesson plan.

1. Formation of new national states. 2.Noyabrskaya revolution in Germany. 3. Weimar Republic. 4.Soviet power in Hungary. 5. Education of the Comintern. 6. Education of the Turkish Republic.

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Lesson assignment.

Make a chronological table "Revolutionary events of 1917-1923." What were their reasons? Why do most revolutions fail?

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1. Formation of new nation-states.

As a result of World War I, the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires collapsed. Russia became a republic. After October, the Bolsheviks granted independence to Finland, Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic and Transcaucasian countries, hoping that revolutions would take place there. But in March 1918, the uprising in Finland was crushed.

B. Kustodiev. Bolshevik.

Slide 5

The Poles wanted to include Ukraine in their composition, but their campaign against Kyiv failed. During the Soviet-Polish war of 1920, they received Western Belarus. The Balts, relying on the help of the West, defended their independence. After the revolution in Austria-Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia were formed.

V.Deni.Comrade Lenin cleans the Earth from evil spirits.

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On 11/3/1918, the sailors in Kiel rebelled and moved to Berlin, they were supported by the workers and Wilhelm II fled. The Reichstag proclaimed a republic. Soviets began to spring up all over the country. Friedrich Ebert, representing the SPD.

November Revolution of 1918 in Germany.

Slide 7

It proclaimed political freedoms and began to prepare the Constituent Assembly. The SPD stood for the preservation of capitalist relations, and the NSDPG for the development of the revolution. Part of the members of the NSDPG created the KPD (12.1918), but its leaders, Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg, were killed in January 1919.

Rebellious workers on the streets of Berlin.

Slide 8

3. Weimar Republic.

The communists did not participate in the elections of 1919. The victory was won by the SPD. In February 1919, the Constituent Assembly in Weimar adopted the Constitution. The lands received great rights. The president appointed the chancellor, the government was responsible to the Reichstag. After the war, the country found itself in a difficult economic situation. Therefore, the revolution continued.

Financial crisis in Germany in 1920

Slide 9

In March, a workers' uprising began, but the communists had no popular leaders. The socialists united with the conservatives and crushed the uprising. In May, the Bavarian Republic fell. In 1920 they put down a general strike in Berlin, and in 1923 an uprising led by E. Telman. The left-wing governments in a number of lands were dissolved, the revolution ended.

Caricature of the Weimar Republic.

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4.Soviet power in Hungary.

After the war, Hungary was considered defeated and had to give up Transylvania. The right-wing did not agree with this and gave power to the Social Democrats who wanted to rely on Russia. Shandor Gorbai and Bela Kun stood at the head of the government. They did not recognize Czechoslovakia and Romania which led to conflict.

Bela Kun and other leaders of the Hungarian revolution.

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In April 1919, the Entente organized an intervention in Hungary. The government nationalized industry. Supporting it, the workers stopped the enemy, invaded Slovakia and proclaimed Soviet Power there. .

Revolution of 1918 in Hungary.

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5. Education of the Comintern.

In 1917-23, a revolutionary wave swept all over the world. But this movement was poorly organized. The II International collapsed in 1914, so Lenin, who considered it possible to limit democracy for the sake of the victory of socialism, with the support of leftist parties in March 1919, organized III Communist International. He began preparations for the "export" of the world revolution.

L. Trotsky at the II Congress of the Comintern.

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Revolutions prepared in this way failed (1923-24-Germany, Estonia). Only in Mongolia in 1921 did the left succeed. Mongolia became an ally of Russia. The Social Democrats formed the Sotsintern in 1920. A sharp ideological struggle unfolded between it and the Comintern.

"Long live the Third Communist International!" 1921 poster

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The territory of the Ottoman Empire after its defeat was occupied by the Entente. France and England divided among themselves the Turkish possessions in Asia Minor. In 1919, the Turks, led by M. Kemal, began to fight against the occupiers. In April 1920, the Turkish parliament proclaimed independence, but was dispersed by the troops of the Entente.

6. Education of the Turkish Republic.

Enemies are waiting for the collapse of the Ottoman Empire Caricature of the beginning of the 20th century.

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The Sultan signed the Servs-tion agreement, depriving the country of large territories in Asia Minor. In response, the Great National Assembly met in Ankara, proclaiming itself the legitimate authority. In response, the Greek army, superbly equipped with the help of the English, invaded the territory of Turkey.

The collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

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But the Turks, led by Kemal, defeated it, relying on help from Soviet Russia. In 1923, according to the Treaty of Lausanne, the Entente recognized Turkey as Asia Minor. In 1923, M.Kemal became president and lifelong chairman of the ruling party. In 1934, as a token of merit, he received the surname Atatürk - "Father of Tu-Rock."

2. Count Szechenyi, the Austro-Hungarian ambassador in Berlin, told German Chancellor Bülow: “I express regret over the fate of the Archduke and his wife, but from a political point of view, I think that the elimination of the heir to the throne was God's grace. If he had survived, his fanaticism, energy and perseverance would have created a bad ally for Germany. Based on this opinion, show whether the Sarajevo massacre can be considered the cause of the First World War.

*3. US President W. Wilson wrote: "If Germany wins, it will change the course of development of our civilization and make the United States a militaristic state." What did V. Wilson mean? What could be the consequences of a German victory?

§ 3. The revolutionary wave after the First World War

Formation of new nation-states

One of the results of the First World War was the collapse of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires. The revolution of 1917 turned Russia into a republic and gave rise to national movements. After the Bolsheviks came to power, many representatives of national movements opposed them. Following the previously proclaimed principle of “the right of nations to self-determination up to secession”, the government of V. I. Lenin granted independence to Finland, Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic and Transcaucasian countries. At the same time, the Bolsheviks hoped to bring the communists to power in these countries and, in fact, reconnect them with Russia. This plan was successful in relation to Ukraine and the countries of Transcaucasia. In Finland, the communist uprising in January - March 1918 was suppressed by the joint actions of the Finnish army, commanded by General Karl Mannerheim, and the German interventionists.

Comrade Lenin cleanses the earth of evil spirits. Poster by artists M. Cheremnykh and V. Denis. 1920

The rulers of Poland tried to include the territory of Ukraine into their state, but their attack on Kyiv in 1920 failed. However, the Soviet-Polish war led to the defeat of the Red Army near Warsaw, and part of the territories inhabited by Ukrainians and Belarusians became part of Poland. Thanks to the help of the German and White Guard detachments, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania also managed to defend their independence.

In October 1918, a democratic revolution began in Austria-Hungary. In Vienna, the Social Democrats seized power, and in the capitals of national provinces, the leaders of local national democratic parties, who proclaimed the independence of their countries. As a result, Austria became a small German-speaking republic. At the same time, the creation of the Republic of Czechoslovakia was proclaimed by the Provisional National Assembly of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The South Slavic peoples, freed from Austro-Hungarian domination, united with Serbia and Montenegro to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

November Revolution in Germany

After the breakthrough of the German front in 1918, Hindenburg was going to throw the German fleet into battle. However, in response to this order, the sailors in Kiel rebelled and marched on Berlin. They were supported by masses of war-weary workers. Wilhelm II fled the country, the Reichstag deputies proclaimed Germany a republic. The fall of the German Empire led to a socio-political revolution and opened up the opportunity for a ruined and ruined country to choose a further path of development. Bodies of workers' self-government - councils - began to be created throughout the country. As in Russia in the spring of 1917, the Social Democrats won the majority in the soviets. They were part of the moderate Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the more radical Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD). Both parties advocated a socialist system, but they saw the ways of its establishment in different ways. The SPD advocated more moderate, gradual action, while the USPD advocated more decisive action. The Berlin Council transferred power to the Council of People's Deputies (government) headed by the Social Democrat Friedrich Ebert. The government immediately allowed the free activity of trade unions, strikes and introduced an 8-hour working day.

Rebellious soldiers and workers. Berlin. 1919

The fate of the country was to be decided by the Constituent Assembly, whose elections were scheduled for January 1919. Political parties launched an election campaign. The SPD advocated a democratic parliamentary republic, the protection of the social rights of workers, equal agreements between trade unions and entrepreneurs (social partnership). But all this was conceived while maintaining capitalist relations. The leaders of the USPD, including the veteran social democracy Karl Kautsky, believed that already in the conditions of the ongoing revolution it was possible to create the foundations of new socialist relations: to develop workers' self-government, to combine parliamentary democracy with the Soviet one. The Union of Spartak, headed by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, acted as part of the USPD, who advocated Soviet power and the transition from a bourgeois revolution to a socialist one. In December 1918, the Spartacists left the USPD and created the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).

Revolution in Germany

Name the most important centers of the German revolution. Show what was their weakness from a military point of view.

In January, a spontaneous demonstration of sailors and workers escalated into street fighting in Berlin. Supporters of the Spartacists were defeated. Despite the fact that Liebknecht and Luxembourg did not participate in the uprising, they were captured by conservative officers and killed.

Remember how the parliamentary and Soviet principles of organizing power differ.

Weimar Republic and the end of the revolution in Germany

The elections to the Constituent Assembly were won by the Social Democrats, liberals and conservatives. Communists did not participate in the elections. The meeting began work in February 1919 in the city of Weimar, away from the radical working masses. The constitution he adopted and the republic itself were called Weimar. Ebert was elected the first president. Germany became a federal republic, as its individual lands were granted greater rights. The government of the new state was to be formed by the chancellor, appointed by the president. Government actions had to be approved by the Reichstag (parliament). This system, based on the principle of balance of power, could easily lead to paralysis of the governing bodies in the event of a conflict between the president and the parliamentary majority. The constitution enshrines democratic freedoms - speech, assembly, strikes, etc. But in the event of a threat to "public safety", the president, by his decree, could suspend these freedoms.

Caricature of the Weimar Republic

The constitution could not improve the socio-economic situation in the country, the revolution continued. In March 1919, the communists and the hungry workers who supported them rebelled, and a civil war broke out. But the Communist Party, which was trying to create Soviet republics in the lands, did not have strong and well-known leaders. The moderate Social Democrats were more popular, they teamed up with the conservatives and managed to win experienced officers over to their side. Volunteer military detachments arose, which suppressed the centers of uprisings. In May, the last Soviet republic fell - in Bavaria.

War there were certain preconditions for the gradual overcoming of the weaknesses that were inherent in the Versailles-Washington system. However, these prerequisites were not used in full, which led to an aggravation of contradictions in many countries, new conflicts between them, culminating in the Second World War.

§ 7. The revolutionary movement in Europe and Asia after the First World War

The ordeals that befell the peoples in the First World War, dissatisfaction with the policy of the victorious powers in the defeated, colonial and dependent countries, caused the revolutionary movement to rise in many parts of the world. The most large-scale revolutionary events took place in 1917 in Russia, which became the center of support for revolutionary forces in other countries.

Soviet Russia as the base of the "world revolution". The Bolshevik Party, which came to power in Petrograd in October 1917, belonged to the revolutionary wing of the social democratic movement. He was characterized by the conviction that the contradictions inherent in capitalism had become so acute in the conditions of war that a small push was enough to set off a chain of revolutions in the belligerent countries that would put an end to both the war and the capitalism that had given rise to it.

Based on the class understanding of politics, Bolsheviks denied that foreign governments represent the interests of their populations. They appealed primarily to the peoples, discarded all Russia's obligations to the allies, both military and to pay debts. The only legitimate representatives of the interests of the peoples of other countries were considered to be leftist, revolutionary parties that adopted the ideology of Bolshevism. Expecting that they could become ruling at any moment, the Russian Bolsheviks paid much more attention to ties with them than to developing relations with other states.

Revolution of 1918 in Germany.

The Comintern pinned great hopes on the deepening of the political and economic crisis in the countries that had lost the First World War. Yes, in Germany, after the abdication of the throne by Kaiser Wilhelm II and the paralysis of power, following the example of Soviet Russia, bodies of people's self-government began to emerge - councils, which were headed by the Social Democrats. On November 10, 1918, the Council of Berlin created a new government - the Council of People's Deputies, which was headed by the leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany F. Ebert.

The Social Democratic government proclaimed Germany a republic and carried out a number of reforms. They approved democratic freedoms, abolished class privileges, called elections to the Constituent National Assembly, which was to adopt a new constitution.
The All-German Congress of Soviets in December 1918 supported the course of the government of F. Ebert, aimed at establishing a bourgeois-democratic republic in Germany.

The left-wing Social Democrats, who called themselves the Spartak group, believed that Germany should, following the example of Russia, become a socialist Soviet republic. Breaking with Ebert's Social Democratic Party, they established the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) on December 30, 1918. At the call of the KPD, on January 5, 1919, demonstrations of its supporters began in Berlin. They took place under the slogans of the resignation of the Ebert government, the transfer of all power to the soviets, the liquidation of the old, imperial apparatus of state administration, and the expropriation of the property of the bourgeoisie. Demonstrations and strikes turned into an armed uprising. By order of Minister of War Noske, who announced at a cabinet meeting that he would have to play the role of a "bloody dog", the officer units crushed the uprising by January 12. The leaders of the KKE R. Luxembourg and K. Liebknecht were shot without trial or investigation.

After the elections to the National Assembly, which the Communists boycotted, the Social Democrats turned out to be the most numerous party faction (39% of the seats). Together with centrist parties, they achieved the adoption of a constitution proclaiming Germany a democratic republic. The Constitution was called the Weimar Constitution, since the National Assembly met in the city of Weimar. F. Ebert became the President of the Weimar Republic.

Revolution of 1919 in Hungary.

The revolutionary movement also failed in the collapsed Habsburg empire as a result of the war - Austria-Hungary. The new states of Austria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary that emerged on its territory proclaimed themselves republics. The revolutionary mass movement unfolded only in Hungary. The decision of the Paris Conference to transfer Slovakia and Transylvania, where there was a significant proportion of the Hungarian population, to Czechoslovakia and Romania caused a political crisis in Hungary. Power in March 1919 passed peacefully into the hands of the Social Democrats, who concluded an agreement with the Communists on unity of action. Hungary had no other way to protect its interests in the international arena, except for the proclamation of the Soviet Republic and the appeal to Soviet Russia against the Entente for support. The idea of establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat was supported by almost all sections of Hungarian society.

The decline of the revolutionary wave in Europe and the foreign policy of the USSR.

In 1920 the hopes of a world revolution were dealt a heavy blow. After the outbreak of the Soviet-Polish war, when the Red Army approached Warsaw and Lvov in the summer of 1920, the leaders of Soviet Russia and the Comintern expected that the working people of Poland would meet the Soviet troops as liberators from the power of the bourgeois government. There was a hope that the working people of Germany, inspired by the successes of the Soviet state, would rise to the revolutionary struggle, which would ensure the victory of the revolution throughout Europe.

These calculations did not materialize. Most of the population of Poland regarded the entry of the Red Army into its territory as a threat to the national independence of the country, rose to fight against the invaders. France provided serious military-technical assistance to Poland. The troops of Soviet Russia were defeated near Warsaw and retreated to German territory, where they were interned. In 1921, Soviet Russia was forced to make peace with Poland, ceding to it the territories of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus.

The conditions for their development were considered by the Entente countries to be the payment by Russia of the debts of the tsarist and Provisional governments. Great importance was attached to compensation for damages to foreign citizens for their property, nationalized or destroyed on the territory of Russia.

Following Germany, not wanting to lose the Soviet market, other European countries began to look for ways to normalize relations with the USSR.

These relationships were not easy. The leaders of the Bolshevik Party constantly emphasized their disbelief in stable peaceful relations between the USSR and the bourgeois states, and predicted the imminent onset of a new period of "wars and revolutions." In his policy in the 1920s The USSR has repeatedly demonstrated that supporting the revolutionary liberation movement in other countries is more important for it than maintaining normal relations with the victorious powers in the world war. For their leaders, Soviet policy was not entirely clear, they wondered if the USSR was pursuing great power goals masked by revolutionary phraseology, or whether it continued to regard itself as the base of the world revolution, committed to the goal of overthrowing the existing order in all countries of the world.

At the same time, the leaders of the Entente countries often attributed events to the influence of the USSR, for which there were objective prerequisites. Thus, the revolutionary upsurge in Asian countries in the 1920s. without the support of the USSR, it would not have acquired such a wide scope, but its root cause was the policy of redistribution of the world, carried out by the Entente.

National liberation movements of the 1920s in Asia.

In 1920, the victorious powers demanded that Turkey comply with the decisions they had taken on the partition of its territory and the transfer of part of its territory to Greece, as well as the establishment of international control over the Black Sea straits. The acceptance of these conditions by the Sultan's government caused indignation in the country and the army. It developed into a national-democratic revolution. A government was created, headed by General M. Kemal, who commanded an army on the Caucasian front during the World War. He became the first president of Turkey, as a token of his merits he was given the honorary title of Ataturk - the father of the Turks. In the beginning of the Greco-Turkish war of 1920-1922. Soviet Russia provided military assistance to Turkey. As a result of her victory, the Entente countries were forced to revise the terms of the peace treaty with Turkey, to abandon attempts to divide it into spheres of influence.

Iran became the arena of the revolutionary movement. During the war years, it was occupied by Russian and British troops. In 1919, Great Britain signed an agreement with the Shah of Iran, securing his status as a dependent country. In particular, it was assumed that British advisers would lead the Iranian army and government departments. This agreement caused discontent in the most diverse layers of Iranian society, including the clergy and merchants. The weakening of the central government caused the rise of separatist movements in many provinces of Iran, especially in the north of the country.

In 1921, the government palace in Tehran was captured by military units commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Rezakhan, who later became the Shah of Iran. The new Iranian government refused to ratify the treaty with Britain and established friendly relations with Soviet Russia. The signed Soviet-Iranian treaty secured the status of Iran as an independent state. Iran pledged to prevent the use of its territory for activities hostile to Russia. Otherwise, Russia had the right to send troops to Iran. This clause guaranteed Iran protection from the military intervention of Great Britain, which was then considered a state hostile to Russia.

The leader of the INC, M. Gandhi, within the framework of the concept of non-violence developed by him and meeting the traditions of India, announced the start of a campaign of civil disobedience. It included the refusal of the Hindus to cooperate with the authorities, the cessation work in the administration and in British companies, educational institutions, a boycott of British goods, demonstrations. The campaign failed to stay within the framework of non-violence alone. On April 13, 1919, in the city of Amritsar, British troops opened fire on the participants of a peaceful rally, about 1,000 people were killed.

The arena of the largest revolutionary events in the 1920s. became China. The decisions of the Washington Conference, which returned China to the position of the beginning of the century, as a dependent country with “open doors* for foreigners, caused a rise in the national movement. Created in China with the support of the Comintern, the Communist Party, together with the bourgeois-nationalist Kuomintang, created a united anti-imperialist front. The formation of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) began, to the creation of which the USSR made a great contribution. The NRA was equipped with Soviet weapons, its ranks included military instructors and volunteers from the USSR, led by the Soviet military leader V.K. Blucher.
In 1925, in Guangzhou (Canton), the creation of a national government of China was announced. The NRA began a march to the North, inflicting defeat on the troops of local, provincial feudal-militarist cliques.

A long-term civil war began in China, which continued intermittently until 1949. Those parts of the NRA in which the influence of communists and Soviet advisers was strong became the basis of the Red Army of China. In 1931, the creation of the workers' and peasants' government of the Chinese Soviet Republic was proclaimed, headed by the leader of the Communist Party, Mao Zedong. It controlled the northern regions of the country, relying on the support of the USSR.

After the upheavals caused by the First World War and its aftermath, the colonial system survived, but the events of the 1920s. clearly demonstrated that the collapse of colonialism is a very real prospect,

Documents and materials

Gandhi Mahatma (1869-1948)- leader of the national liberation movement in India.

“Only when a person scrupulously follows the laws of society, is he able to judge which of the laws are good and just, and which are unjust and vicious. Only then does he have the right to civil disobedience to certain laws in precisely defined circumstances.<...>We are soldiers of non-violence, ready to give our lives if circumstances so require.< ..>It is true that to some extent non-violence is effective even in the hands of the weak. And in this case, we will need this weapon. But if someone uses non-violence to mask his weakness or helplessness, this is cowardice. Such a person works on two fronts, he cannot live like a man, although he, of course, cannot become a devil. . It's a thousand times better when we die trying to use force. Bold use of physical force is far preferable to cowardice." (Anthology of world political thought. M, 1997. T 2. S. 148-152)

Questions and tasks

1. How did the change in the nature of power in Russia and the class approach of the Bolsheviks to foreign policy issues affect international relations? By whom, for what purpose was the Communist International created?

2. Why in Germany, Hungary in 1918-1919. revolutions happened? What did these events have in common? What made them different? What impact did these revolutions, their defeat, have on Russia?