School powerpoint presentations. School Powerpoint Presentations February to October

Russia in 1917

Socio-economic and political development of the country in the first decade of Soviet power. Nicholas II Alexandrovich Romanov (1894 - 1917) the last Russian emperor. Lavr Geo? Rgievich Korni?lov (1870 -1918) Hero of the First World War. Member of the February Revolution, Supreme Commander of the Russian Army (1917). Member of the Civil War, one of the organizers and leader of the White movement. One of the founders and ideologists of the Comintern, a member of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Possibility of alternative development of Russia in 1917 (February - December 1917). February 23 - the beginning of the February Revolution. - Russia in 1917.ppt

Russian Revolution of 1917

Russia in the era of the revolutions of 1917 and the formation of Soviet power. An agreement with Germany on the conclusion of a separate peace. dual power in the country. Soviet authority. The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly in January 1918. The October Revolution of 1917. The Provisional Government. 8-hour working day. Constituent Assembly. Relations between the Soviet government and the Orthodox Church. - Russian Revolution of 1917.ppt

Russian Revolution of 1917

Revolutions of 1917 Society on the eve of the revolution. position in the army. position in the economy. Money has depreciated. G.Rasputin. February Revolution. Chronology of events. Petrosoviet. Russia in conditions of dual power. Dual power. Decisions of the Provisional Government. Development alternatives. April Crisis. July Crisis. Lenin. The end of the peaceful period of the revolution. Kornilov rebellion. Consequences of the Kornilov rebellion. The course of an armed uprising. Political upheaval. - Russian Revolution of 1917.ppt

Russian Revolution of 1917

Russian revolution of 1917. Causes and character of the February Revolution. Unresolved agrarian and labor issues. The fall of the authority of the monarchy. Revolution. The course of the February revolution. Putilov factory. Winter Palace. Nevsky Avenue. The demonstrations escalate into a general political strike. Znamenskaya Square. Tauride Palace. Barracks of the Pavlovsky regiment. Admiralty. Petrograd Soviet. Provisional government. Declaration of the Provisional Government. Issued "Order No. 1". Mars field. - Russian Revolution of 1917.pps

Revolution of 1917

Russia on the eve and in the era of revolutions (1881 - 1917). Lecture. Lecture plan. Emperor Alexander III (1881 -1894). Synod of K.P. Pobedonostsev. Russia on the eve of the revolution… Emperor Nicholas II (1894 -1917). Causes of the Revolution of 1905-1907 Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. Growing public opposition to the regime. agricultural crisis. Working question. Bourgeois. proletariat in Russia 2 million people. Starving peasants. January 9, 1905 Bloody Sunday THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION. 1906 rise of the agrarian revolution. S.Yu. Witte. Power against revolution. Repression. Concessions. Principles of the new state structure of Russia. - Revolution 1917.ppt

February Revolution of 1917

February Revolution. Revolution in Petrograd. Why did the February Revolution turn out to be so anemic. Barricades on Liteiny Prospekt. Soldiers of the Volynsky regiment. Dual power in the center. Government headed by G. Lvov. Abdication of Nicholas II. The policy of the new government. Working day. - February Revolution of 1917.ppt

February Revolution of 1917

February Revolution of 1917. Causes. Main events. Nikolai Semyonovich Chkheidze. composition of the provisional government. Georgy Evgenievich Lvov. The draft composition of the provisional government. Declaration of the Provisional Government. On March 2, the tsar abdicates in favor of Alexei 3. On March 6, the security departments were abolished. Exile of the abdicated Nicholas II in Tobolsk. Petrograd. - February Revolution of 1917.ppt

Russia in the spring and summer of 1917

Russia in the spring and summer of 1917. Political parties after February. Cadets. socialist parties. The ranks of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. The position of the Mensheviks. liberal bourgeoisie. Bolsheviks. April theses. Seizure of power in the country. On the tasks of the proletariat in the present revolution. Politics of the Provisional Government. Influence of the Mensheviks. No support for the Provisional Government. Lenin called for a transition to a new stage of the revolution. Power crises. Completed revolution. Anti-war demonstrations. Coalition government agreement. Simbirsk. All-Russian Congress. Demonstration in support of the decisions of the congress. - Russia in the spring and summer of 1917 pptx

Spring - autumn 1917

The development of the revolution in the spring-autumn of 1917. national question. Factors. The first composition of the Ukrainian Rada. Announced the creation of the Central Rada. April theses. Toidze. Crises of the Provisional Government. Protest demonstration. July crisis of power. The death penalty. Kornilov rebellion. The fraternization of the Bolsheviks and the "Wild Division". Russia in the autumn of 1917. Red Guards on the streets of Petrograd. - Spring - autumn 1917.ppt

October Revolution 1917

Russian Revolution of 1917. Was October inevitable? Did the October Revolution have a nationwide character? Is the revolutionary path promising? How did the October Revolution affect the fate of all mankind? The main problems of the topic under study. The crises of the Provisional Government were a reflection of the beginning crisis of bourgeois democracy in Russia. The struggle of the political forces of the country for various ways of social and political development. The political center was also weakened. The crisis was experienced by the parties of the Octobrists and Progressives. A nationwide crisis escalated in the country. - Revolution of 1917.ppt

Revolution of 1917 in Russia

February Revolution in Russia. February 23 - March 3, 1917. At the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander. On the streets of Petrograd during the February Revolution. In the Tauride Palace February 27, 1917 Petrograd Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies February 27, 1917 Members of the first Provisional Government of Russia. Dual power -. the transitional state of power in Russia in March-July (October) 1917, when the Provisional Government and the Soviets coexisted, ruling the state without a clear separation of powers and powers. The intertwining of powers actually led to anarchy and anarchy in the country. - Revolution of 1917 in Russia.ppt

October Revolution of 1917

The victory of the armed uprising in Petrograd. The crisis of power in the autumn of 1917. Growing dissatisfaction in society with the policy of the Provisional Government. On October 10, Lenin illegally arrived in Petrograd. Up to 30 thousand people were involved in the uprising. The decision to start an uprising immediately. II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Junker resistance was broken. The congress proclaimed Russia a republic of Soviets. The Bolsheviks come to power. At this congress, decrees on peace and land were adopted. The Decree on Land abolished private property. Landlord estates, their property and inventory. - October Revolution of 1917.ppt

February Revolution 1917

World War I immediately acquired a _____ character. 1. Insert missing words. 2. By what principle is the series formed: P.K. Rennenkampf, A.V. Samsonov, A.A. Brusilov. 3. In a series of phrases, highlight the “extra” that is not suitable in meaning to the rest. The overthrow of the monarchy. February Revolution in Russia (22.02-2.03.1917). Lesson objectives: To understand the reasons for the fall of the monarchy in Russia. Learn about the causes and results of the February Revolution in Russia. Causes of the revolution: The peasantry suffered from poverty and lack of land. Lack of labor legislation. Crisis of autocracy. People waiting for the end of World War I. - February Revolution.ppt

The coming to power of the Bolsheviks

Great October. Alternatives of social development in 1917. N.A. Berdyaev. Witnesses October 1917. Winter Palace. Revolution symbol. Kerensky. coup. Revolution. Decree. Land Decree. Peace Decree. Results of the Decree on Peace. Constituent Assembly on January 5, 1917. Is a Constituent Assembly necessary? Press conference. Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks. The fall of authority. - The coming to power of the Bolsheviks.ppt

The formation of Soviet power. Action programs. The collapse of the economy. Seizure of power by the Bolsheviks in Petrograd. Creation of the Military Revolutionary Committee. Organization of the Red Guards. The course of the uprising and the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. Winter Palace. Establishment of Soviet power. First Decrees. Peace Decree. Land Decree. Decree on the establishment of an 8-hour working day. The issue of supplying cities with food. Elections. Constituent Assembly. Dictatorship of the proletariat. A new form of statehood. Brest peace. Struggle in the Bolshevik leadership. Consequences of the Brest peace. - The formation of Soviet power.ppt

2nd Congress of Soviets, the establishment of Soviet power, the Brest peace. 2nd Congress of Soviets. Basic decisions. adoption of decrees. Bolshevik events. Establishment of Soviet power. The triumphal procession of Soviet power. Constituent Assembly. Bolsheviks. The Declaration of the Rights of the Worker was approved. Introduction of the Decree on workers' control. Implementation of the Land Decree. Brest peace. Terms. Effects. The introduction of a food dictatorship in the country. Civil War. White movement. periodization of the war. The main centers of resistance. Start of military intervention. White strikes in different directions. - Establishment of Soviet power.ppt

The formation of Soviet power. Lenin's speech. II Congress of Soviets. Land Decree. The right of private property. Land. Household inventory. Peace Decree. Power Decree. Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia. First Decrees. Class division of society. All-Russian Extraordinary Commission. The fate of the Constituent Assembly. Declaration of the Rights of the Worker. Demonstration. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a decree. Formation of the Soviet statehood. First Constitution. Separate world. People's Commissar. positions of the Bolsheviks. Brest-Litovsk peace. Economic policy of the new government. Economy. - The first year of Soviet power.pptx

February Revolution

Organizing time. The teacher checks the composition of the class and how the students are seated. Verification tasks. №1. What are the reasons for the February Revolution (political aspect)? No. 2. What are the reasons for the February Revolution (economic aspect)? #3. What are the causes of the February Revolution (military aspect)? №4. What alternatives for the development of the internal political situation existed? The main events of the revolution. The main events of the revolution (continued). Political organization of society after the February Revolution. Consolidation of the knowledge gained in the lesson. What was the meaning of the situation of dual power? - February Revolution.ppt

Russian emigrants

Russian Abroad. To acquaint students with one of the most dramatic and undisclosed pages in the history of the Fatherland. Civil War. You are in the heart, Russia. Russian emigration. White emigration. Fascist parties of Russian emigrants. Associations of Russian zemstvo and city leaders. Scientific societies. Sikorsky Igor Ivanovich Russian culture abroad. Singer F.I. Chaliapin. Composer S. Rachmaninov. Composer A. Glazunov. I. Bunin. A. Kuprin. M. Tsvetaeva. to Balmont. Nabokov. Ballerina A. Pavlova. Artist K. Korovin. Paintings by K. Korovin. Artist N. Roerich. Paintings by N. Roerich. Heroine of France. - Russian emigrants.ppt

History of the February Revolution

Great February bourgeois-democratic revolution. October events. The overthrow of the monarchy. "Revolution is the name given to the desperate struggle of classes, which has reached the bitterest point." V.I.Lenin. Introduction. A revolution is a sharp, spasmodic transition from one state, from one quality to another. The most important stage in social development; a turning point in the life of society and the state. In my work, I analyzed the events of February and October 1917. Purpose: to analyze the causes, course and results of the revolution. The seizure of power by the Bolsheviks led to a civil war. Causes of the February Revolution: - History of the February Revolution.ppt

February Revolution in Russia

Topic: February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 in Russia. The reasons. The crisis of the "top". The crisis of the "bottom". -Military defeats -frequent turnover of ministers -"Rasputinism". Strengthening of the strike and anti-war movement food crisis in the winter of 1917 World War 1. Reason: Calendar of events of the II February Revolution. Emperor Nicholas II (1868 - 1918). results of the revolution. Liquidation of the monarchy, Opening the way for the democratic development of the country. Dual power formation. Dual power March 2 - July 4, 1917 Causes and essence. Interweaving of 2 currents and 3 branches of power after the victory of the February Revolution of 1917 - February Revolution in Russia.ppt

February to October

Lesson topic. Russia from February to October 1917 Issues for discussion. Epigraph. Causes and results of February 1917. Lesson plan. Dual power. What are the real chances for the historical perspective of the Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Government. The dictatorship of Kerensky, the Bolsheviks - was there an alternative at the end of 1917. Presentation by sociologists. Fill the table. Causes of the February Revolution 1. 2. Results of the February Revolution 1. 2. What are the real chances for the historical perspective of the Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Government? Complete the dual power table. Analyze the statements and statements of the Russian inhabitant in the summer, autumn of 1917. - From February to October.ppt

October 1917

October 1917: coup d'état or socialist revolution. The situation in the country in the autumn of 1917. Recall the manifestations of the crisis. The general situation in the country was characterized as a deepening national crisis. RSDLP / b / in the autumn of 1917. Smolny. Vrk. Tsentrobalt. Vrc. "Military". Events in Petrograd. "Our uprising won..." Correlation of political forces The first decrees of the Council of People's Commissars. “The layman slept peacefully and did not know that the government was changing” L.D. Trotsky. - October 1917.ppt

October 1917

Integrated lesson in history and literature. October 1917: armed coup or socialist revolution? The purpose of the lesson. Show the attitude of the poets of the Silver Age to the events of 1917. We, Russians, are living through an era that has few equals in greatness... A. Blok. 1917. The Silver Age of Russian Poetry… A. Akhmatova. V. Mayakovsky. Dictionary. October 1917? February Diarchy March. April 1917. V.I. Lenin P.N. Milyukov "April Theses" "Milyukov's Note". July - August 1917. Kerensky A.F. Kornilov L.G. Kornilov rebellion. October 1917. Assault on power October 7 October 10 October 12 October 16 October 22 October 24 October 25. - October 1917.ppt

October Revolution

Teacher's introductory presentation. Revolution - good or bad for Russia? V. Lenin, L. Trotsky How do you feel about the events and results of the October Revolution? What was the October Revolution for Russia? What is the role of the October Revolution in the history of the Fatherland? Dare! Create! Explore! Group 1 - economists. What changes in the development of the economy took place after the October Revolution? Group 2 - Sociologists. Group 3 - moralists. - October Revolution.ppt

Vladimir Lenin

Marxist scientist, philosopher and publicist, founder of Leninism, ideologist and creator of the Third Communist International, founder of the Soviet state. One of the most famous politicians of the 20th century. Ulyanov family. Graduate of the Simbirsk gymnasium Vladimir Ulyanov. 1887 “Lenin proclaims Soviet power” (artist V. A. Serov, 1947). Mausoleum of Lenin. - Vladimir Lenin.ppt

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

IN AND. Lenin (Ulyanov). April 10 (22), 1870, Simbirsk - January 21, 1924, Gorki estate, Moscow province. Childhood, education and upbringing. Mother - Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (nee Blank, 1835-1916). All those arrested were expelled from the university and sent to the "place of the motherland." Vladimir Ulyanov at the age of 4 years. Beginning of revolutionary activity. Graduate of the Simbirsk gymnasium Vladimir Ulyanov. 1887 In May 1895 Ulyanov went abroad. Police photograph of V. I. Ulyanov, December 1895. April - July 1917. "April theses". Lenin goes underground again. -

Presentation provides information to a wide range of people in a variety of ways and methods. The purpose of each work is the transfer and assimilation of the information proposed in it. And for this today they use various methods: from a blackboard with chalk to an expensive projector with a panel.

The presentation can be a set of pictures (photos) framed with explanatory text, embedded computer animation, audio and video files, and other interactive elements.

On our site you will find a huge number of presentations on any topic that interests you. In case of difficulty, use the site search.

On the site you can download presentations on astronomy for free, get to know the representatives of flora and fauna on our planet better in presentations on biology and geography. At the lessons at school, children will be interested in learning the history of their country in presentations on history.

In music lessons, the teacher can use interactive presentations on music, in which you can hear the sounds of various musical instruments. You can also download presentations on the MHC and presentations on social studies. Fans of Russian literature are not deprived of attention, I present to you the work in PowerPoint on the Russian language.

For techies there are special sections: and presentations in mathematics. And athletes can get acquainted with presentations about sports. For those who like to create their own work, there is a section where anyone can download the basis for their practical work.

Presentation provides information to a wide range of people in a variety of ways and methods. The purpose of each work is the transfer and assimilation of the information proposed in it. And for this today they use various methods: from a blackboard with chalk to an expensive projector with a panel.

The presentation can be a set of pictures (photos) framed with explanatory text, embedded computer animation, audio and video files, and other interactive elements.

On our site you will find a huge number of presentations on any topic that interests you. In case of difficulty, use the site search.

On the site you can download presentations on astronomy for free, get to know the representatives of flora and fauna on our planet better in presentations on biology and geography. At the lessons at school, children will be interested in learning the history of their country in presentations on history.

In music lessons, the teacher can use interactive presentations on music, in which you can hear the sounds of various musical instruments. You can also download presentations on the MHC and presentations on social studies. Fans of Russian literature are not deprived of attention, I present to you the work in PowerPoint on the Russian language.

For techies there are special sections: and presentations in mathematics. And athletes can get acquainted with presentations about sports. For those who like to create their own work, there is a section where anyone can download the basis for their practical work.

Block Width px

Copy this code and paste it on your website

Slides captions:

REVOLUTION OF 1917 Prepared by: history teacher of Gymnasium No. 118 in Rostov-on-Don Novolodsky A.S. 2017

REVOLUTIONS OF 1917

FEBRUARY

BOURGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC

REVOLUTION OF 1917

The reasons

CRISIS "VERKHOV"

• Military defeats
• Frequent turnover of ministers
• "Rasputinism"

CRISIS "BOTTOM"

• Strengthening the strike and anti-war movement
• Food crisis in the winter of 1917

Revolution as a result of a national crisis and the inability of the supreme power to cope with urgent problems

The First World War, which exacerbated all problems and accelerated the revolution

MAIN EVENTS

February 22 - lockout at the Putilov factory. The administration refused to raise prices by 50%.

February 23 - demonstration of working women in Petrograd. Workers' strike. Slogans: "Bread", "Down with war", "Down with autocracy".

February 25 - General strike in Petrograd. The police arrested up to 100 members of various leftist parties. Nicholas II dissolved the Duma for two months. The workers took over the Arsenal.

February 26 - by order of General Khabalov, the troops fired on the demonstrators. Clashes between troops and police. The first group of soldiers went over to the side of the demonstrators.

February 27 - the number of rebel soldiers amounted to 60 thousand people. Key points of the city were captured.

February 28 - the rebels captured the Admiralty, the Winter Palace, the Peter and Paul Fortress. The government of Prince Golitsyn fled. There are two centers of power.

Chairman - N. Chkheidze

Chairman - M. Rodzianko

Petrograd Soviet.

Menshevik at the head

N.S. Chkheidze

Education

Provisional government.

Chairman -

Prince G.E. Lviv

DUALITY

Nikolai Semenovich Chkheidze

Georgy Evgenievich Lvov

2nd of March- negotiations in Pskov of deputies of the State Duma G. Guchkov, V. Shulgin with Nicholas II.

Mikhail motivated his refusal with the condition: “I made a firm decision only if I accept the supreme power, if such is the will of our great people, expressed by the Constituent Assembly.”

From the Manifesto on the Abdication of Nicholas II

In the days of the great struggle with the external enemy, who had been striving to enslave our Motherland for almost three years, the Lord God was pleased to send Russia a new ordeal. The outbreak of internal popular unrest threatens to have a disastrous effect on the further conduct of the stubborn war. The fate of Russia ... the whole future of our dear Fatherland requires bringing the war to a victorious end at all costs ... In these decisive days in the life of Russia, we considered it a duty of conscience to facilitate for our people the close unity and rallying of all the forces of the people for the speedy achievement of victory and in agreement with By the State Duma we recognized it as a good thing to abdicate the throne of the Russian state and lay down the supreme power.

RESULTS

FEBRUARY

BOURGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC

REVOLUTIONS OF 1917

• The actual liquidation of the monarchy
• The way is open for the democratic development of the country
• Formation of dual power

Demonstration of Putilov factory workers

in the early days of the February Revolution

DUALITY

UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF DUALITY (MARCH - JULY 1917)

Order No. 1- democratization of the army (adopted under pressure from the Petrograd Soviet): purge of the commanding staff; liquidation of courts-martial.

The real power in the army is concentrated in the hands of the soldiers' committees (they unite up to 300 thousand people).

The main activities of the Provisional Government:

Political rights and freedoms were proclaimed, national and religious restrictions were lifted, the death penalty was abolished, censorship was abolished, a political amnesty was held, Nicholas II and his ministers were arrested, and an Extraordinary Commission was created to investigate the illegal actions of the tsarist administration.

To combat the food crisis in March 1917, a decree was issued on the state trade monopoly on bread. In April, the government legalized factory committees that had arisen at enterprises and exercised "workers' control" over production. Laws were issued to expand the rights of zemstvo institutions. In addition to county and provincial zemstvos, volost zemstvos were introduced, which were supposed to replace the old volost governments. All citizens living in the area could participate in the elections.

The government proclaimed the conduct of the war to a victorious end and the fulfillment of all taken international circumstances.

She advocated the preservation of the unity of the Russian state on the basis of granting all residents of the country equal civil rights and freedoms.

Major political parties after February 1917

Cadets- in 1917 (70-100 thousand people) - P. Milyukov.

SRs(up to 1 million people) - V. Chernov, I. Avksentiev.

Mensheviks(up to 200 thousand) - P. Axelrod.

Bolsheviks(up to 25 thousand people in March 1917) - V.I. Lenin.

In the April Theses, he spoke of a peaceful transition to the second stage of the revolution:

• power to the Soviets;
• way out of the war, revolutionary defensism is a lie;
• land nationalization;
• Soviet control over production and distribution.

1st crisis of the Provisional Government

April Crisis

Cause

P. Milyukov's note to the allies:

the new Russia undertakes to fight the war to a victorious end

From the Note of the Provisional Government

Imbued with this new spirit of liberated democracy, the statements of the Provisional Government, of course, cannot give the slightest reason to think that the revolution that has taken place has entailed a weakening of Russia's role in the common allied struggle. On the contrary, the popular desire to carry the world war to a decisive victory was only strengthened by the awareness of the common responsibility of each and every one.

provisional government

Prince G.E. Lviv

Cadets, Octobrists, Progressives, Non-Party

Note N.P. Milyukov to the allies

about the continued participation of Russia in the war

Prince G.E. Lviv

Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks

coalition government a government made up of representatives of various parties.

2nd Crisis of the Provisional Government

June Crisis

June 3-24, 1917- I All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (290 Mensheviks, 285 Social Revolutionaries, 105 Bolsheviks), which included the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.

         

• The congress spoke in favor of cooperation with the bourgeois parties and passed a resolution of confidence in the Provisional Government.
• The congress banned the anti-war demonstration planned by the Bolsheviks for June 10 in front of the residence of the Provisional Government.
• The congress appointed an unarmed demonstration for June 18, which was supposed to express support for the decisions of the congress by the workers of Petrograd.

June 18, 1917- 500,000th demonstration in Petrograd. Slogans - "All power to the Soviets", "Down with the war", "Down with 10 capitalist ministers"

The government tried to get out of the June crisis by launching a long-prepared offensive at the front. The military success was intended to bring down the wave of discontent.

Outcome- 60 thousand killed and wounded. The demoralization of the army is growing.

The failure of the offensive at the front was one of the reasons for the new,

the most serious political crisis in Russia - July.

• July 2- Cadets ministers resign, dissatisfied with the activities of the military and naval minister A.F. Kerensky in the negotiations on the issue of granting independence to Ukraine.
• July 3-4- mass demonstration (500 thousand people). "All power to the Soviets" - began the soldiers of the 1st machine gun regiment, they were supported by 25 units of the garrison, workers.
• 5'th of July- The Provisional Government, with the support of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, took the situation under its control. Military units from the front arrived in the city. The demonstrators were dispersed. The Bolsheviks were accused of attempting an armed overthrow of the government and of having links with the German headquarters. The issuance of an order for the arrest of V. I. Lenin and G. E. Zinoviev, the closure of the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda, the Bolshevik Party was proclaimed outside the law.
• July 7- the resignation of the head of the Provisional Government G. E. Lvov. A.F. Kerensky becomes the Minister-Chairman.

3rd crisis of the Provisional Government. July Crisis

1st Coalition Provisional Government

Prince G.E. Lviv

Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks

Disagreements in the government.

Unsuccessful offensive at the front.

July events in Petrograd

2nd Coalition Provisional Government

A.F. Kerensky

Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks

Since most of the posts in it were occupied by the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks,

it actually turned dual power into a fiction.

July 26 - August 3- VI Congress of the RSDLP (b) in Petrograd: a course was taken to prepare an armed uprising. The slogan "All power to the Soviets!" has been temporarily removed.

August 12-15- A State Conference was held in Moscow, in which representatives of the main political parties, Soviets, commercial and industrial circles, and the military took part. The Bolsheviks, considering the meeting to be counter-revolutionary, boycotted it. At the state conference, the generals issued an ultimatum for severe measures to restore order in the rear and at the front.

A group of participants in the State Conference in August 1917 in Moscow.

A.F. sits in the center. Kerensky, next to him (in military uniform) - L.G. Kornilov

KORNILOV REBELLION

GOALS

• Establishment of a military dictatorship
• Suppression of the revolutionary movement
• Bringing the war to a victorious end
• Bringing the country out of the crisis

L.G. Kornilov, as supreme commander, withdrew troops from the front and sent them to Petrograd

All left-wing parties came out against Kornilov. A significant part of the army and the Petrograd garrison remained loyal to the government and the Soviet. The People's Defense Committee was formed. Red Guard detachments (up to 40 thousand people) were created at the factories. The rebellion was liquidated with the help of:

• campaigning measures
• revolutionary sabotage of railroad workers
• partial military action

CONSEQUENCES OF THE KORNILOV REBELLION

• Deepening socio-economic and political crisis in the country
• Strengthening the positions of the Bolsheviks and the beginning of the Bolshevization of the Soviets
• Power paralysis

         

Tasks -

work out the principles of governing the country before the convocation of the Constituent Assembly.

         

The Pre-Parliament was formed (20/IX - 25/X) for the final decision on the issue of the government.

         

The 3rd coalition Provisional Government was formed (25.09 - 25.10, 1917)

3rd Coalition Provisional Government

A.F. Kerensky

Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks

Deepening the socio-economic

and political crisis in the country

4th Coalition Provisional Government

A.F. Kerensky

Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks

Military spending reaches 86% of the budget. Hyperinflation (from January 1914 to January 1917, prices rose by 194%, from January 1917 to December 1917 - by 426%). Russia's public debt reached 49 billion gold rubles.

Political instability led to a reduction in production (decreased by 35%). Real incomes of workers fell to 40% of pre-war levels. The food problem in cities is aggravated. Money trade is supplanted by the exchange of goods

CHRONICLE OF THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION

On the night of the 25th of October- the rebels occupy the Nikolaevsky and Baltic stations, the central power plant.

the 25th of October at 10 o'clock - the appeal of the Military Revolutionary Committee "To the Citizens of Russia" about the overthrow of the Provisional Government.

• The majority were Bolsheviks and Left Social Revolutionaries who supported the plan of an armed uprising.
• The Mensheviks and Right SRs sharply condemned the actions of the Bolsheviks and demanded that the congress begin negotiations with the Provisional Government on FORMATION OF A NEW CABINET OF MINISTERS, based on all sectors of society.
•        

Not having received the approval of the congress, the Menshevik and Right Social Revolutionary factions left the meeting.

       

They deprived themselves of the opportunity to take part in the formation of new authorities, and therefore could not correct the actions of the Bolsheviks "from the inside."

II All-Russian Congress of Soviets

Decree on power -

Appeal "To the workers, soldiers and peasants!"

Transfer of power to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies

The emergence of a new form of state - the Republic of Soviets

All-Russian Congress of Soviets

All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK)

Composition: Left SRs, Menshevik-Internationalists, Bolsheviks, etc.

Composition: Bolsheviks. Chairman: V. I. Lenin

Council of People's Commissars

(Sovnarkom or SNK).

People's Commissariats (People's Commissariats)

Demolition of the old state apparatus and the creation of a new one

• The formation of new higher authorities: the Congress of Soviets - the highest legislative body, between congresses - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee; SNK - the highest executive body; people's commissariats are the executive bodies.
• November 22, 1917 - decree on the court: the main judicial instance is local courts. Local courts and revolutionary tribunates are elected by the Soviets.
• December 7, 1917 - the creation of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (VChK) (headed by F. E. Dzerzhinsky).
• January 15, 1918 - Decree on the creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army.
• January 29, 1918 - Decree on the creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet.

Peace Decree

Offer to belligerent countries and their governments:

• conclude a democratic peace without annexations (captures) and indemnities;
• abolish secret diplomacy;
• respect the sovereignty (independence) of large and small nations

Russia got a chance to get out of the First World War. An attempt to combine the revolution in Russia with the world revolution.

December 2, 1917- the signing of a truce in Brest-Litovsk between the Soviet delegation (headed by People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs L. D. Trotsky) and representatives of Germany and the beginning of negotiations on a separate peace.

March 3, 1918- signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk by the Soviet delegation (headed by G. Ya. Sokolnikov) with Germany:

• occupation by German troops of the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, the Northern Black Sea region. Russia's refusal from these territories;
• the withdrawal of Russian armies from Finland, Ukraine, the conclusion of a separate peace with the latter;
• the transfer of part of Transcaucasia to Turkey;
• payment by Russia of indemnity to Germany (6 billion marks).

March 14, 1918- IV Extraordinary All-Russian Congress of Soviets in the new capital - Moscow: ratification (approval) of the Brest Peace.

Domestic political consequences of the signing of the Brest Peace:

• intensification of internal party struggle;
• aggravation of relations between the Bolsheviks and other socialist parties: the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries withdrew from the Council of People's Commissars  the two-party Soviet government ceased to exist. But the representatives of the Left SRs remained in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Soviets at all levels.
• the growth of dissatisfaction of political opponents of the Bolsheviks with the signing of a predatory peace.

The Right SRs and Mensheviks reacted very sharply to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

• The VIII Council of the AKP in May 1918 demanded that the treaty be annulled and declared that the elimination of Soviet power "is the next and urgent task of all democracy", that is, the party embarked on the path of armed struggle against the Bolsheviks.
• The resignation of the Council of People's Commissars was demanded at the Fourth Congress of Soviets by the leader of the Mensheviks, Martov.

The Bolsheviks retaliated.

• In June 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee expelled representatives of the Right Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks from its membership and proposed to the Soviets of all levels to remove them from their midst.
•       

In fact, this meant a ban on the Menshevik and Right SR parties.

Land Decree

Based on 242 local peasant orders on land put forward by the Socialist-Revolutionary Party:

• confiscation of landed estates and church lands;
• the abolition of private ownership of land;
• the transfer to the state of highly cultured farms;
• non-admission of hired labor on the ground;
• equitable land use.

The answer to the age-old aspirations of the peasantry. The use by the Bolsheviks of the agrarian program of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party to attract the peasants to their side.

May 9 and 27, 1918- decrees establishing a food dictatorship - a system of emergency measures to supply the workers and the army with food: the state monopoly of the grain trade, fixed prices for bread, centralization of procurement and distribution of products;

May 1918- sending food detachments of workers to the village to seize bread;

June 11, 1918. - the creation of committees of the poor (kombedov) (operated until November 1918).  Purpose - withdrawal and redistribution of grain stocks; weakening the influence of wealthy peasants (kulaks), who make up the majority in local village councils.

• national equality and sovereignty of all nations and nationalities;
• the right of peoples to free self-determination up to separation and formation of an independent state  separation from Russia of Finland, Poland, Turkish Armenia

AT November 1917 Decree on the destruction of estates and civil ranks the division of society into nobles, merchants, peasants, petty bourgeois was eliminated, princely, count and other titles, civil ranks were abolished. For the entire population, one name was established - a citizen of the Russian Soviet Republic. Men and women were equalized in civil rights.

January 20, 1918 has been approved Decree on the separation of church from state and school from church.

Nationalization of banks:

December 14, 1917- Decree on the nationalization of private banks  All banking operations are the monopoly of the state.

Nationalization of enterprises:

November 14, 1917- Decree on workers' control  factory committees received the right to control the process of managing enterprises;

November 17, 1917- Decree on the nationalization of the Likinskaya manufactory (near Orekhovo-Zuevo), water and rail transport;

December 2, 1917- the decree on the creation of the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh) (headed by V.V. Osipami, from February 1918 - A.I. Rykov) -> goal - to ensure the transition from workers' control at the enterprise after nationalization to centralized management;

July 28, 1918- Decree on the transfer of management of all nationalized enterprises of the Supreme Economic Council.

January 10-18, 1918 - III All-Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd(during his work, the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies merged with the Soviet of Peasants' Deputies)

REJECTION OF CIVIL WORLD AND

DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY

January 10-18, 1918 - III All-Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd (during its work, the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies merged with the Soviet of Peasants' Deputies):

• adoption of the "Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People" as a constitution: Russia was proclaimed the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the government (SNK) is no longer called provisional;
• approval of all decrees of the Soviet government and the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly;
• making a decision on the need to prepare the Constitution of the RSFSR.

July 4-10, 1918- V All-Russian Congress of Soviets in Moscow: adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR.

• a new form of statehood was legalized - the dictatorship of the proletariat in the form of Soviet power;
• guaranteed democratic rights and freedoms that could not be used to the detriment of the gains of the socialist revolution;
• voting rights were granted only to the working population (workers and peasants); all who used hired labor, as well as former policemen and priests, are deprived of these rights;
• an unequal representation of townspeople and villagers in the Soviets was established - approximately 1:5.

The 5th Congress approved the flag and coat of arms of the RFSR.

The Constitution of the RSFSR (1918, Section 6, Chapter XVII, § 90) provides the following description of the flag: of the variants of the flag of the RSFSR in 1918, near the pole, at the top, there are gold letters "RSFSR" or the inscription "Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic".

In the Constitution of the RSFSR (Chapter XVII, Section 6, § 89): "The coat of arms of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic consists of images on a red background in the rays of the sun of a golden sickle and hammer, placed crosswise with handles downwards, surrounded by a crown of ears and with the inscription:

a) Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

b) Proletarians of all countries, unite!

Formation of a one-party system

July 6, 1918- an attempt by the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries (leaders: M.A. Spiridonova, B.D. Komkov, M.A. Natanson and others) to carry out a coup in Moscow with the aim of seizing power: the murder of the German Ambassador Count by the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries Ya. Blyumkin and N. Andreev W. von Mirbach; arrest of F. E. Dzerzhinsky.

July 9-11, 1918 - armed uprising against the Soviet regime in Simbirsk, organized by the commander of the Eastern Front, the Left Social Revolutionary M. A. Muravyov. The main slogan of the Left SRs: the resumption of the war with Germany

Suppression of the speech of the Left SRs

Effects

Establishment of a one-party system in the country

• The absence of legal opposition made it possible to avoid disagreements and crises of power in the conditions of the outbreak of the Civil War.
• The transition of the opposition (Left Social Revolutionaries, Left Mensheviks, etc.) to the camp of opponents of the Bolsheviks determined the extremely bitter and protracted nature of the Civil War.
• The absence of opposition led to the formation of a "rarefied" intellectual atmosphere around the authorities, which in such conditions could freely resort to extremes.

Literature:

• Levandovsky A.A. History of Russia, XX - beginning of the XXI century. Grade 11. Basic level.. 7th ed. M.: Education, 2013.
• Katsva L.A. The history of homeland. Handbook for high school students and university students. 7th ed. M: AST-Press, 2012.
• Kirillov V.V. Domestic history in charts and tables. M.: Eksmo, 2010.
• Baranov P.A. History of Russia in tables: 6-11th grade: reference. materials. M.: Astrel, 2011.

The main prerequisite for revolutionary actions in February 1917 is the revolution of 1905-1907 - it did not solve the main problems of society: landlessness, the working conditions of the proletariat, the issue of national self-determination of peoples as part of the Russian monarchy.

In the war of 1914-1918, Russia was on the side of the Entente. The fighting weakened the state: the economic crisis deepened, the strike movement intensified, and a political opposition emerged that managed to create a strong social base. The level of economic development did not allow to adequately meet military needs, the country's external debt increased, factories stopped working, agriculture was in decline.

The main reasons for the revolutionary events were: economic decline, loss of authority by the head of state, the anti-war movement, the crisis situation of the peasants.

Driving forces: proletariat, peasants. The center of events is Petrograd.

At the end of February 1917, the country was engulfed in a mass movement to overthrow the monarchy and end the war. The army went over to the side of the protesters. Petrograd was captured. It was announced the formation of the Provisional Government and the need to convene the Constituent Assembly. The Soviet of Workers' Deputies of Petrograd was formed.

The result of the revolution was the abdication of the power of the monarch Nicholas II, the government of the state passed into the hands of the Provisional Government. There was a situation of dual power: the Provisional Government and the Council of Petrograd.

The highest legislative and executive functions were assigned to the Provisional Government. It wasn't strong enough. The core was made up of members of the parties of social revolutionaries and social democrats. A number of Bolshevik demonstrations took place against him in the summer of 1917 - the "July Days". During the "July days" the leaders of the Bolshevik movement were arrested. One of the ideologists of Bolshevism, Vladimir Lenin, ended up in exile.

August 1917: General Lavr Kornilov made an attempt to establish a dictatorship. The coup was unsuccessful.

Gradually, the Bolsheviks increased the number of their representatives in the Petrograd Soviet. After the Kornilov coup, Leon Trotsky became the head of the Soviet.

In October, the Military Revolutionary Committee under the Petrograd Soviet was formed, the task of which was to provide paramilitary support to the Bolshevik faction.

The revolutionaries captured the Winter Palace on October 25 (according to the new style - November 7). Representatives of the Provisional Government were arrested, and the head, Alexander Kerensky, fled. The event was called the October Revolution.

The main consequence: the proclamation of Soviet power.