Composition “Terrorism. Terrorism as a social phenomenon Excerpt from the text
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
STATE ACADEMIC UNIVERSITY OF THE HUMANITIES
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS
On the topic "Terrorism as a social phenomenon"
Terrorism is one of the most dangerous and complex, difficult to predict phenomena of our time, which is acquiring all kinds of forms and threatening proportions. Acts of terrorism most often bring massive human casualties, entail the destruction of material values that sometimes cannot be restored, sow enmity between states, provoke wars, mistrust and hatred between social, religious and national groups, which sometimes cannot be overcome during the life of a whole generation. The components of the phenomena "terrorism" and "international terrorism" - acts of violence, differing in a huge variety both in terms of means and methods of committing, and in terms of subjects, are relatively new phenomena for the Russian Federation and for many other countries. These crimes go beyond ordinary (criminal) acts, which mainly encroach on the safety and well-being of the individual. Terrorism and international terrorism, along with other forms of crime - enemies of any statehood, are a threat to the security of the individual - society - the state - the international community, affecting not only the rule of law, but also the economic, political, state, life of peoples, states, national and international regions.
Terrorism is a policy based on the systematic use of terror. Synonyms for the word "terror" (lat. terror - fear, horror) are the words "violence", "intimidation", "intimidation". There is no generally accepted legal definition of this concept. In Russian law (CC, Art. 205), it is defined as the ideology of violence and the practice of influencing public consciousness, decision-making by state authorities, local governments or international organizations related to intimidation of the population and / or other forms of illegal violent actions. In US law - as a deliberate, politically motivated violence committed against civilians or objects by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually with the aim of influencing the mood of society. In the late 1960s, a specific form of terrorism appeared - international terrorism.
Types of terrorism
According to the nature of the subject of terrorist activity, terrorism is divided into:
· Unorganized or individual (loner terrorism) - in this case, a terrorist attack (less often, a series of terrorist attacks) is committed by one or two people who are not behind any organization (Dmitry Karakozov, Vera Zasulich, Ravachol, etc.); · Organized, collective - terrorist activity is planned and implemented by a certain organization (Narodnaya Volya Social Revolutionaries, Al-Qaeda, IRA, ETA, state terrorism). Organized terrorism is the most widespread in the modern world. According to its goals, terrorism is divided into: · Nationalist - pursues separatist or national liberation goals; · Religious - may be associated with the struggle of adherents of religion among themselves (Hindu and Muslims, Muslims and Christians) and within one faith (Catholic Protestants, Sunni Shiites), and aims to undermine secular power and establish religious power (Islamic terrorism); · Ideologically given, social - pursues the goal of radical or partial change in the economic or political system of the country, drawing public attention to any acute problem. Sometimes this kind of terrorism is called revolutionary. Anarchist, Socialist-Revolutionary, fascist, European "left", ecological terrorism, etc., serve as an example of ideologically given terrorism. This division of terrorism is conditional and similarities can be found in all its forms. Approximately in the middle of the 90s, Russia came face to face with the problem of terrorism. In 1995-1996 the largest terrorist acts in Russia were: raids on the cities of Budenovsk and the city of Kizlyar by Chechen fighters, an explosion at the Kotlyakovskoye cemetery in Moscow, when 13 people died and 80 people were injured, a powerful explosion in a residential building in the Dagestan city of Kaspiysk, when 68 people died. On December 31, 1996, the Segodnya newspaper summed up the terrorist manifestations in 1996, recording 33 facts. According to the newspaper, approximately 90% of such facts are associated with an explosion or attempted explosions. In 1999, explosions in residential buildings in Moscow and Volgodonsk claimed hundreds of lives. On September 11, the international Islamic terrorist organization Al Qaeda attacked the Pentagon (Washington) and the buildings of the World Trade Center in New York. Terrorists are trying to influence, first of all, society and public opinion. They primarily want to intimidate people. At the same time, the threat of violence or violence itself is accompanied by acts of intimidation aimed at partial or complete demoralization of society as a whole, and, as a result, of the state apparatus. Ultimately, the number of victims for terrorists does not really matter. More important is the demonstration to millions of people of the very fact of human suffering, carried out through the media. March 2010 at 7:56 Moscow time, an explosion occurred at the Lubyanka metro station, in the second (according to another version, in the third) carriage. Another explosion at 8:37 a.m. occurred at the Park Kultury station. As a result of the attacks, 40 people died and 85 were injured. Law enforcement officers have identified one of the suicide bombers who staged terrorist attacks in the Moscow metro. The explosion at the Park Kultury station was carried out by a 17-year-old native of the Khasavyurt district of Dagestan, Janet Abdurakhmanova, the widow of the leader of the Dagestani militants, Umalat Magomedov, nicknamed Al-Bara. The leader of the "Caucasian Emirate" Doku Umarov claimed responsibility for this attack. Also, the outgoing year 2011 will be remembered by all the terrorist attacks in Domodedovo. On January 24, a suicide bomber blew up a bomb at Domodedovo Airport in Moscow at 16:32. According to the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, 37 people died (including the terrorist), 130 people were injured of varying severity. Individual terrorist crimes, including those of previous years, have been uncovered and the perpetrators brought to justice, but in general, the punishment for such dangerous acts is at a very low level. On February 26, 2006, the State Duma adopted the law "On Combating Terrorism". The law provides for the creation of a state system for countering terrorism - in particular, the formation of an organization that ensures the prevention and suppression of terrorist attacks, regulates the participation of the Armed Forces in countering terrorism and coordinates the actions of executive authorities. The main powers in the fight against terrorism are vested in the FSB, whose director heads the operational headquarters and coordinates the actions of the armed forces, internal affairs agencies, justice and civil defense. The new law allows the FSB to involve armed forces in the fight against terrorism, which, in particular, can be used to "interrupt the flights of aircraft used to commit a terrorist act or captured by terrorists" - up to their complete destruction. Including, by decision of the President of Russia, the military may be involved in strikes against terrorist bases abroad. In July 2006, in connection with the kidnapping and murder of employees of the Russian embassy in Iraq, Russian President Vladimir Putin turned to the Federation Council with a request to give permission for the use of Russian armed forces and special forces abroad to fight terrorism. On July 7, the Federation Council unanimously voted in favor of granting such a right indefinitely and without any additional conditions. terrorism religious ideological power 1.Constitution of the Russian Federation Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Zamkova V., M. Ilchikov. Terrorism. is a global problem of our time. M., 2007. Salimov KN Modern problems of terrorism. M., 2006. 5. .
Essay: "Terrorism in the modern world"
In our daily life, while watching television programs, we come across words such as "terrorism" or "extremism". I would venture to suggest that few people think of these two troubles as a threat to the national security of the whole world.
Among the political causes of extremism is political instability.
If we consider the socio-economic reasons, then the main one can be considered a low standard of living in the country.
With regard to economic reasons, it should be noted that extremism today is a business that can bring a lot of income to its organizers. Obvious problems are: arms trade, drug trafficking.
Now we are beginning to understand at least a little that extremism is a huge threat.
The fight against terror is a national task, and not only. This is already a global problem of mankind. Terrorism has a multinational face. And new measures are needed. We must know what to do in case of trouble.
Senchukov Dmitry, student 10 cash desk
Essay "Terrorism is a global problem of the world"
Terrorism today is the most powerful weapon used not only in the fight against the authorities.
Terrorism is an evil that enslaves the world with horror, violence and fear. Mankind has been struggling with this all his life. The essence and nature of evil is unchanging. At some times it is more hidden, at some times it is more obvious, but it is always turned against a person.
Working with Internet sources, we learned a lot about terrorism. The concepts of "terrorism" and "terrorist" appeared at the end of the 18th century. Butterror, as an open manifestation of hatred for man, has always existed. According to one French dictionary, the Jacobins often used this concept orally and in writing in relation to themselves - and always with a positive connotation.
However, already during the French Revolution, the word "terrorist" began to carry an offensive meaning, turning into a synonym for "criminal". Subsequently, the term received a more expanded interpretation and began to mean any system of government based on fear. Then, until very recently, the word "terrorism" was used very broadly and meant the whole range of different shades of violence.
A distinctive feature of terrorism is the use of violence against not the enemy, but peaceful people who are often unaware of the political confrontation. The goal of terrorism is to hurt as many people as possible. Terror in our time has become one of the most painful problems, both local and global. For a successful fight against terrorism, it is necessary to destroy not only organizations, but also crime, that is, to wage war against all world evil as a whole.
While working on the project, we learned about the terrorist attacks that took place in our country in 1999. During this period, there were 15 terrorist attacks. And one of them, very close to us, in our Rostov region in the city of Volgodonsk.
In these terrorist acts, completely innocent people died, who, like us, wanted to live, to enjoy every new day that came, meeting with friends and relatives. And all this was taken from them overnight. They took away the present and the future, both for these unfortunate people, among whom were children, and for their relatives.
When terrorist attacks are committed somewhere far away, it seems to us that we are safe and this will not affect each of us. But this terrible word "Terror" is now committed in almost every country, and more and more people are becoming victims of criminal fanatics.
Terrorism has declared war on the world. And people of all nationalities, different faiths, as always in moments of terrible danger, must unite and fight this evil together!
Guskova Elena, 10th grade student
Essay "No to terrorism!"
Terrorism is a tactic in the fight against opponents that includes crimes against third parties (that is, those who cannot be considered a party to the conflict.) A terrorist is one who, in the course of the struggle, either fundamentally ignores the rights of people who are not responsible in the conflict, or uses the encroachment on their rights as a weapon pressure on the enemy (creates a hostage side.)
Today, the most effective methods of terror are violence not against the authorities, but against peaceful, defenseless people.Terrorism, by its very nature, refers to such methods of depriving human lives, the victims of which are most often innocent people who have nothing to do with any conflict.
Innocent people become victims of terrorists!
Studying the history of the 1990s, we saw that terrorist acts were taking place even then. Already in those years, innocent people were dying, many were injured to varying degrees. Children died.
It was especially scary to watch the elderly. People who went through the Great Patriotic War. After all, they went through the pain and hell of that terrible war and believed that the peals of explosions would never be heard on our land. They believed that their children and grandchildren would live in a peaceful and calm time, that they fought for a clear sky over our Russia not in vain.
And who are these people who are planning the attacks? And in general, can they be called people? Is it either zombified fanatics, or madmen who hate people, life? Or do they want to become famous in this way? Doubtful reputation...
Cruelty eclipsed their mind! The bandits want to kill as many innocent people as possible. I think that a terrorist is a person who does not have the value of life, who has cruelty that is not characteristic of a person.
Who gave them the right to dispose of human lives, to decide who lives and who dies?
We live in a terrible time, the world is on a powder keg.
The problem of terrorism is one of the global problems of our time. It remains one of the most disturbing for our society. This makes all people and at all levels think about how to eradicate this evil, find ways to solve this problem.
Terrorism is a global problem for all mankind. I really hope that there will be no terrorism in my life. I, like millions of people around the world, say to terrorism: “No!”
Krasnoshtanova Anastasia, 10th grade student
Terrorism, in all its forms and manifestations, in its scale and intensity, in its inhumanity and cruelty, has now become one of the most acute and topical problems of global significance. Manifestations of terrorism entail massive human casualties, destroy spiritual, material, cultural values that cannot be recreated for centuries. It generates hatred and mistrust between social and national groups. Terrorist acts have led to the need to create an international system to combat it. For many people, groups and organizations, terrorism has become a way to solve problems: political, religious, national. Terrorism refers to those types of criminal violence that can target innocent people who have nothing to do with the conflict. Terrorism as a global problem requires constant attention and study, and therefore represents a wide field for research with their subsequent practical application.
The relevance of the chosen topic is dictated by our reality. The scale and cruelty of the manifestations of modern terrorism, the need for a continuous fight against it, only confirms the relevance of the work.
Already by the end of the twentieth century. international crime has become global. International criminal organizations have strengthened their positions both due to increased migration flows, greater openness of state borders, the development of information technologies that facilitate the coordination of criminal organizations and complicate control by the authorities, and due to the unresolved problem of poverty, uncoordinated legislation of various countries, weakness and corruption of individual governments.
The resolution of the World Conference on Organized Transnational Crime, held in Naples in 1994, identifies ten major threats posed by international crime: state sovereignty, society, individuals, national stability and state control, democratic values and public institutions, the national economy, financial institutions, democratization and privatization, development, global regimes and codes of conduct.
In the XXI century. Of particular relevance is such a variety of international crime as global terrorism. This problem was publicly discussed after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States.
Among the many reasons that give rise to world terrorism, one should mention the formation of a “unipolar” world in the last decade of the 20th century, where the United States began to be perceived as the dominant power and, accordingly, they were made responsible for the uneven economic development of other countries. Globalization, which brings with it Western values, also contributes to the growth of nationalist sentiment, causing rejection among supporters of traditional views. The phenomenon of world terrorism today is also associated with the phenomenon of "asymmetric wars", where, on the one hand, there is a continuation of the policy of globalization by military means, on the other hand, resistance in the form of terrorist acts that lead to the death of civilians. The modern world is oversaturated with various types of weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical, biological), so the possibility of such weapons falling into the hands of terrorists is a threat on a global scale.
Chapter 1. Global problems of our time
1.1. The essence of global problems The origin of the concept
The concept of "global problems of our time" has become widespread since the late 60s - early 70s, having since taken a prominent place in the scientific and political lexicon and firmly entrenched in the mass consciousness. Often it is also used as a fashionable term applied to events and phenomena that do not belong to the category of global ones. This happens if they identify “own” and “global” (for example, referring to the social problems of a particular country, they call them global).
In philosophy, this problem is solved by highlighting the appropriate criteria by which one or another problem is defined as global and thus separated from many others that are not.
Etymologically, the term "global" comes from lat. globus - the globe. Hence the problems that affect the interests of both humanity as a whole and each individual person in various parts of the planet, i.e. those that are universal in nature are usually called global. They have a significant impact on the development of individual countries and regions, being a powerful objective factor in world economic and social development. Their solution involves the unification of the efforts of the absolute majority of states and organizations at the international level, while their unresolved threatens with catastrophic consequences for the future of all mankind.
Problems at various levels
Since global problems affect not only the world as a whole, but also manifest themselves at the level of its regions, and even individual countries, in the scientific literature, along with the recognition of their universal significance, they are also distinguished from the problems of private, local, regional, the essence of which is different. , and the sphere of influence is much narrower. Considering the problems of various levels as a concrete expression of the philosophical categories "general", "special" and "single", they are usually interpreted in such a way that particular problems act as individual, local and regional as special, and global as universal. This approach also sets the main criterion that underlies the selection of these problems. It is called geographical, as it expresses the spatial scale, or, in other words, the territory on which certain problems take place.
Hence, private problems are those that relate to a specific area of state activity, individual settlements or small natural objects.
These are, as a rule, various problems arising as a result of various accidents, breakdowns, local social conflicts, etc.
The concept of "local" refers to problems of a higher order when it comes to individual countries, or large areas of the largest of them. As a rule, we are talking about strong earthquakes, major floods, or, for example, a civil war in a small state.
Regional problems already affect the range of topical issues that arise within the framework of individual continents, large socio-economic regions of the world, or in fairly large states. Examples of this kind can serve as the Chernobyl tragedy with all its consequences or climate change in fairly large areas, covering a number of states. The “disaster of the century” was, for example, the drought of 1968 in the Sahel zone, which engulfed 18 states of the African continent, when more than 250 thousand people died of starvation, about 18 million heads of livestock, epidemics of dangerous diseases arose, and the territory of this vast region practically everything turned into a desert.
In socio-political and scientific terminology, the concept of "national problems" is often used, which reflects certain difficulties, concerns of a particular state or national community. Depending on the scale, they can be interpreted as problems of the regional or local level.
And finally, global problems cover the entire globe; and not only that part of it where people directly live, but also the rest of its surface, bowels, atmosphere and even outer space that fall into the sphere of human activity.
Thus, when it comes to global problems, the planet as a whole is meant, and the region is taken as the largest unit of its division. Moreover, the number of regions and their scale are determined by the nature of the problems under consideration. For example, when studying the problem of economic backwardness on a global scale, they usually limit themselves to dividing the entire planet into two regions - developed and developing countries. When considering demographic, energy or raw materials problems, the number of regions, as a rule, increases and each time is determined by the specific objectives of the study.
It is important to note that any problem can only be considered global if it is relevant in relation to any region of the planet, i.e. appears in each of them. Otherwise, we will talk about the problems of one or several regions (or on an even smaller scale).
It follows from this that all global problems are at the same time of regional significance, but not all problems found at the regional level are global. Obviously, the number of the latter will be somewhat less. As for other levels, global problems may not have a direct local or particular manifestation, or they may affect them to an insignificant degree. For example, in Antarctica or other parts of the planet, remote at a sufficiently large distance from the main centers and sources of environmental pollution, the state of the air or water basins can be satisfactory, and the anthropogenic impact on the natural environment is practically not felt. However, this does not call into question the planetary nature of the environmental problem, the severity of which depends on the uneven anthropogenic impact on the natural environment. In turn, not all local, let alone particular problems are related to global ones, because their number is incommensurably greater.
The above reasoning makes it possible not only in scientific but also in practical terms to distinguish between global and regional problems, since all global problems relate to a single system that does not change in scale - to the planet as a whole. Hence, their number for a given system at a certain historical stage is quite definite. At the same time, the number of problems at other levels cannot be rigorously taken into account, because the boundaries of both regions and different districts are accepted conditionally, depending on the goals and objectives of the study.
Criteria of globality
For a more rigorous definition of the actual global problems in science and philosophy, in addition to the already named "geographical" criterion, additional criteria are introduced that characterize them from the other side - from the side of their quality, the essential features that they and only they possess. Among these features, the first thing that stands out is that global problems inherently affect the interests of not only individuals, but also the fate of all mankind.
Secondly, to overcome them, purposeful, coordinated actions and the combined efforts of at least the majority of the world's population are required.
Thirdly, these problems are an objective factor in world development and cannot be ignored by anyone.
Fourthly, the unresolved global problems can lead in the future to serious, possibly irreparable consequences for all of humanity and its environment.
In addition to the above criteria, a number of features of global problems are often pointed out. Unlike regional, and even more so local and private, they are more inert, have less mobility. They gradually and take a long time to form before they begin to meet all the above criteria of globality, and as they are solved, they can (theoretically) lose their relevance on a global scale, moving to a lower level. But the matter is so difficult that the short history of their existence does not yet know such examples.
Another fundamental feature of global problems is that they are all in such a complex interdependence that the solution of one of them requires at least taking into account the influence of other problems on it.
1.2. The role of philosophy in solving global problems
Relationship between science and philosophy
In solving difficult and complex problems, science has always come to the aid of man. Much of what once seemed insurmountable, beyond the limits of human capabilities, was eventually overcome with her help. It is natural, therefore, that even the first mentions and warnings about the danger from global problems made people turn their eyes to science, and scientists to think about ways to solve these problems.
The unusual and novelty of the current situation lies in the fact that if any specific problems can be studied both by a separate science and by several sciences operating in a complex, then global problems as a whole, which are a complex system that embraces man, society and nature in their numerous relationships and interdependencies beyond the power of individual sciences. The scope of specific disciplines is too narrow to see one or another particular problem - the object of their study in the context of other global problems. Therefore, regardless of what specific tasks this or that discipline solves, a necessary condition is always a philosophical view of the processes and phenomena that accompany them, i.e. on the whole situation as a whole, including the results obtained in the end.
Any private sciences at a certain stage, one way or another, need a philosophical understanding of the subject of their research. Without such a broad, holistic view of its subject matter and the problems facing humanity, which would also reflect all the latest achievements in other fields of knowledge, neither fundamental discoveries nor the development of science itself in general are possible.
Thus, on the one hand, we are talking about the philosophical solution of issues, and on the other hand, that philosophy stimulates the interaction of a wide range of sciences, in the process of which their interdisciplinary association occupies an important place.
Philosophy plays a significant role in solving global problems, although there is an opinion that it (philosophy) studies too general issues, rather abstracted from the daily life and practice of people. However, this is not an entirely correct, or rather, superficial judgment about philosophy, for it is well known that generalizing theories, if considered in a broader perspective, often turn out to be much more practical than many specific areas of knowledge. Of course, one cannot say that philosophy necessarily and directly influences the adoption of political and other decisions, although this point should not be excluded at all. But still, its main function is to form a worldview and thus have an indirect influence on the process of developing practical solutions. Its task is not to directly consider the natural scientific or technical aspects of global problems, but to provide an ideological, methodological, cultural, ethical basis for relevant decisions from other sciences.
Based on the achievements of specific disciplines in a given area, philosophical research is abstracted from particulars and considers global problems only to the extent that they condition each other. In other words, the philosophical approach involves consideration of global problems in their unity, integrity and interconnection from the point of view of their social significance and social conditioning. Such a study presupposes, first of all, the identification of the essence of global problems, since the establishment of their true nature and genesis largely determines the ways of their further scientific and practical solution.
Features of the philosophical approach
Highlighting the specifics of the philosophical understanding of global problems, we note the most important features inherent only in this form of cognition, arising from the main functions of philosophy.
First, philosophy, shaping the worldview, sets certain values that largely determine the direction of human activity. Thus, its ideological and axiological functions are realized.
Secondly, the lack of a holistic view of complex systems studied by various sciences is a serious obstacle to the interaction of various disciplines. In this regard, the methodological function of philosophy, generalizing theories that arise in its depths, turn out to be fundamentally necessary, because they contribute to the integration of scientific knowledge.
Thirdly, philosophy makes it possible to explain social phenomena and processes in a historical context, it formulates the most general laws of the development of society and nature, and therefore, in the study of global problems, aims at understanding them as a natural phenomenon organically connected with social progress. The emergence of global problems, therefore, is seen not as an accident or a manifestation of a blind fate dooming mankind to death in advance, but as a result of an objective process of the contradictory development of human history.
Fourth, from a philosophical standpoint, it seems possible to see the general trend in the development of global problems, the dynamics of their interaction and the interdependence in which they are located.
Fifthly, philosophy performs a culturological function in that it makes it possible to develop a culture of theoretical thinking. The study of the history of the philosophy of various peoples also makes it possible to get acquainted with their culture, in isolation from which none of the problems facing these people can be solved.
Sixth, the result of a holistic vision of the natural history process and a dialectical approach to its interpretation is the possibility of a clearer orientation in the rapidly growing flow of scientific information on global problems.
Seventh, philosophy raises questions about the meaning of human life, death and immortality, which in the face of the threat from global problems acquires special significance and relevance.
And, finally, another important methodological function of philosophy is the development of a number of categories: "nature", "society", "civilization", "social progress", "scientific and technological revolution", etc. problems of mankind and playing an important role in comprehending and understanding the objective trends of world development.
Having specified the actual philosophical approach to the study of global problems of our time, let us now consider the problems themselves from these positions.
Conclusion: Now, in the 21st century, humanity has come close to the most acute global problems that threaten the very existence of civilization and even life itself on our planet. The term “global” itself originates from the Latin word “globe”, that is, the Earth, the globe, and since the end of the 60s of the XX century it has become widespread to refer to the most important and urgent planetary problems of the modern era affecting humanity as a whole. . This is a set of such acute vital problems, on the solution of which the further social progress of mankind depends and which, in turn, can be resolved only thanks to this progress.
Philosophy plays a significant role in solving global problems and the philosophical approach involves considering global problems in their unity, integrity and interconnection from the point of view of their social significance and social conditioning. Such a study aims, first of all, to reveal the essence of global problems, since the establishment of their true nature and genesis largely determines the ways of their further scientific and practical solution.
Chapter 2. Terrorism and the fight against it.
2.1. Terrorism is a global problem of our time
This transformation is due to the following reasons:
First, terrorism, unfortunately, is becoming more and more widespread on a planetary scale. It manifests itself both in regions of traditional international conflicts (for example, the Middle East, South Asia), and the most developed and prosperous states (in particular, the United States and Western Europe) were not immune from this dangerous phenomenon.
Secondly, terrorism is a serious threat to the security of individual states and the entire world community as a whole. Every year, hundreds of acts of terrorism are committed in the world, and the mournful account of their victims is thousands of killed and maimed people;
Thirdly, the efforts of one great power or even a group of highly developed states are not enough to fight terrorism. Overcoming terrorism as a growing global problem requires the collective efforts of the majority of states and peoples on our planet, of the entire world community.
Fourthly, the connection between the modern phenomenon of terrorism and other topical global problems of our time is becoming more and more obvious and evident. At present, the problem of terrorism should be considered as an important element of the whole complex of universal, global problems.
Let's consider in more detail the most important of them.
First of all, one should pay attention to the fact that the problem of terrorism is connected with the main spheres of life of the world community and the societies of individual countries: politics, national relations, religion, ecology, criminal communities, etc. This connection is reflected in the existence of various types of terrorism, which include: political, nationalist, religious, criminal and environmental terrorism.
Members of groups carrying out political terror set themselves the task of achieving political, social or economic changes within a particular state, as well as undermining interstate relations, international legal order. Nationalist (or as it is also called national, ethnic or separatist) terrorism pursues the goal of resolving the national issue, which has recently become more and more separatist aspirations in various multi-ethnic states.
The religious type of terrorism is due to the attempts of armed groups professing a particular religion to fight against a state dominated by a different religion or other religious trend. Criminal terrorism is formed on the basis of some kind of criminal business (drug business, illegal arms trafficking, smuggling, etc.) with the aim of creating chaos and tension in the conditions of which it is most likely to receive super profits. Environmental terrorism is carried out by groups that use violent methods in general against scientific and technological progress, environmental pollution, the killing of animals and the construction of nuclear facilities.
Another distinctive feature of the global problem of terrorism is the significant influence of international criminal communities, certain political forces and some states on it. This influence undoubtedly leads to an aggravation of the problem under consideration.
In the modern world, there are manifestations of state terrorism associated with attempts to eliminate heads of foreign states and other political figures; with actions aimed at overthrowing the governments of foreign countries; creating panic among the population of foreign countries, etc.
Terrorism is now an integral part of the proliferation of transnational criminal organizations supported by corrupt government officials and politicians. Thus, in the widely known work of British scientists “Global Transformations” it is noted: “There are also negative forms of international organizations, such as terrorist and criminal organizations. Despite centuries of conflict between smugglers and the authorities, in recent years the growth of transnational criminal organizations is associated with the drug trade (now, according to experts, its annual turnover is over 300 billion dollars) and the widespread organized crime. Solving these problems has become one of the most important challenges for governments and police forces around the world.”
Another specific feature of the global problem of terrorism is its difficult predictability. In many cases, the subjects of terrorism are mentally unbalanced people, overly ambitious politicians. Terrorism is often seen as a way to achieve goals on the world stage and in international relations that cannot be achieved by any other means. In modern conditions, the forms of terrorist activity are becoming more and more complex, and are increasingly in conflict with universal human values and the logic of world development.
Thus, the problem of terrorism poses a real planetary threat to the world community. This problem has its own specifics, which distinguishes it from other universal human difficulties. However, the problem of terrorism is closely interconnected with most of the global problems of modern international relations. It can be considered as one of the most urgent global problems of our time.
Under these conditions, the global problem of terrorism cannot be considered only as an independent phenomenon. It began to turn into an important component of a more general military-political global problem related to the fundamental issues of war and peace, on the solution of which the further existence of human civilization depends.
2.2. Possible methods of overcoming the main problem of our time
Humanism as a value basis for solving the problem of terrorism
The solution to the global problem of our time - terrorism - is a common
In philosophical literature, there are various
interpretation of the concept of "humanism". Historically, humanism was most often understood as a system of values aimed at satisfying human needs. In this sense, the concept of "humanism" coincided in its meaning with the concept of "humanity", "philanthropy".
Humanism as a certain system of value orientations and attitudes, brought to its logical conclusion, acquires the value of a social ideal. With this approach, a person is considered as the highest goal of social development, in the process of which the creation of the necessary conditions for the full realization of all his potentialities, the achievement of harmony in the socio-economic and spiritual sphere of life, the highest flowering of a particular human personality is ensured. In other words, the highest goal
humanity is, obviously, in achieving full
implementation of the principles of humanism as the triumph of the human principle. Humanism in this sense should not be understood one-sidedly, only as the full realization of the human principle in the spiritual sphere, moral relations. Humanism is inextricably linked
with all spheres of people's lives, including social production, and with the system of production relations, since without meeting the material needs of society and man, there can be no question of any spiritual and moral development of the individual.
Along with these approaches, in modern philosophical literature it is most often emphasized that the implementation of the principles of humanism means the manifestation of a universal human principle. Humanism, in accordance with this approach, is defined as a system of ideas and values that affirm the universal significance of human existence in general and the individual in particular. The universal in this approach is considered as something significant not for some limited circle of people (social group, class, party, state or coalition of states), but as something that matters for all mankind. These can be certain specific values and material objects, on the sufficient number of which the existence of mankind depends. Or vice versa,
an excess of such objects, lack of proper control over
they pose a threat to humanity. Thus, the global problems of our time - awareness of the tragic prospects of mankind in the face of a nuclear threat, the threat of starvation and ecological catastrophe - force humanity to overcome the narrow horizon of local, particular, relative values and turn to the search for universal human values. Humanity is driven to this not only by the desire for survival, the instinct of self-preservation, but also by a deep need
person in an organic connection with other people, which
has now become more conscious and more urgent, which is expressed in such a still very little explored phenomenon as the growth of planetary consciousness. At an invariably higher level, while maintaining the richness of individual self-expression, humanity, as it were, turns to the times when the individual was seen not only as a representative of a clan, tribe, community, but as a representative of the entire human race. This range of universal values is a consequence of historical necessity, it is mundane and only contributes to the external unification of people in the struggle for survival. However, along with this meaning, the term "universal values" has a broader character. Human values are considered as transcendental values.
transcendent values are understood as limiting, historically non-localizable. They belong to all peoples to one degree or another, but not all are expressed in the same way. This expression depends on the degree of metaphysical mentality of the people, its aspiration for something absolute, transcendent, including an obscure element and requiring special respect, reverence. These values are determined by the peculiarities of the cultural and historical development of a particular country, its religious traditions, and the type of civilization. So, for example, the metaphysical nature latently present in the minds of Russians found its expression
in a universal feeling, a messianic idea, designed to unite the decayed branches of universal human progress. Hence the attractiveness of the idea of communism, which stirred up the consciousness of the Russian people, and, in fact, turned the whole social life of Russia upside down.
Transcendental values have a deep inner meaning, hidden from the external view, which, as a rule, is not captured, because its comprehension implies an ascent to the very origins of a fundamental tradition that retains its spiritual content. Then the values
appear not merely as external moral rules,
but as objects of direct inner experience, that is, at their basis
it turns out, ultimately, the idea of God as the embodiment of goodness, love, beauty, truth and justice. God is the standard by which human deeds are judged.
A person's striving for some other, higher activity is an important and indestructible psychological need that gives impetus to activity, the development of creativity, without which no great achievements are possible. “The greatest beauty that is achieved in this world,” wrote
N. A. Berdyaev, - is not connected with the fact that mankind set itself purely earthly goals in this reality, but with the fact that it
set goals outside of this world .
The impulse that led mankind to another world was embodied in this world in
the only possible, highest beauty for him, which
always has a symbolic nature, not a realistic one.
Human values are an ideal, a symbol, a model, a regulative idea, and as such they have the right to occupy an appropriate place in our consciousness, in our worldview. In this sense, universal human values are not just an invention, an empty dream, behind them is the experience of mankind, its potentialities and aspirations. The modern era has not only highlighted the important role of universal human values, but also shown their contradictions and dynamics, moreover, in various interconnected plans. We are talking about contradictions in the very nature of universal human values, about contradictions between them and specific historical values.
phenomena in heterogeneity in the system of these values.
The concept of universal human values as a regulative idea, ideal, model is opposed by the notion that these values, as such, are contradictory in nature and cannot be different, since one and the same is universal. The same scale applies to different, including mutually exclusive, phenomena. So, further, the highest motives in the name of goodness, good things can turn into evil for many people and everything
society, when they are equally, by the same measure
extend to those who are simply deaf to them, and use the call for good for selfish purposes, to harm specific people and the whole society.
And yet, the inconsistency of universal human values has not led in history to a refusal to present them as an integral, non-contradictory ideal, that is, to the recognition of their relative nature, relativization. In
in many respects this did not happen because the relativization of values has always been resisted by various religions. In the religious interpretation, universal human values are comprehended as values that have a divine nature. This cleansed them of internal contradictions, although in
to a certain extent focused attention on the existence of a contradiction between them and earthly reality.
Consolidation of international forces
The worldview of people is manifested not only in what they know about the world, but also in how they interpret this information, what conclusions they draw, how they act. Therefore, speaking of the urgent need for the whole world to urgently solve global problems, one cannot but pay attention to the fact that, having some success in theory and some practical results, mankind has not yet stopped the negative trends in world development. There is also no proper consolidation of international forces, their coordinated, purposeful and, most importantly, effective actions that would be adequate to the emerging danger. Why and what prevents it? Is coordination of actions possible in such a heterogeneous and contradictory world as it became at the end of the second millennium? And if possible, on what basis? These are the main questions that social thought and, last but not least, philosophy are solving today.
Historical experience shows that the rapprochement of different peoples best occurs where their interests coincide, and the better they are conscious, the more tangible the result of integration. On this basis, various difficulties are confidently overcome, trade is successfully developing, economic, political, and cultural ties are growing stronger, which are inconceivable without mutual understanding and coordination in actions.
Usually, the biggest difficulties that have to be overcome on this path are associated with ideological conservatism, an established way of thinking, and traditions. They tend to change, but this happens for a very long time, with great difficulty and, as a rule, under the pressure of external or internal circumstances. External, for example, are: the aggravation of the ecological crisis, the consequences of the "demographic explosion", the danger of war and other global problems, which, as we have already noted, have significantly changed not only the living conditions of people, but have already affected their consciousness. The internal ones are connected with the interest, subjective, personal beginning of a person, which is reflected in the well-known expression "if geometric axioms affected the interests of people, they would be refuted." This circumstance must certainly be taken into account if one tries to understand why the severity of environmental problems does not decrease, at least in cases where there are necessary conditions and sufficient grounds for this.
Conclusion: Recently, the problem of terrorism has become one of the most acute global problems of our time.
The problem of terrorism has many common features characteristic of other universal human predicaments, such as the planetary scale of manifestation; great sharpness; negative dynamism, when the negative impact on the life of mankind increases; the need for an urgent solution, etc. At the same time, the global problem of terrorism also has its own specific features.
business of all mankind. Mankind must develop effective forms of cooperation that would allow all countries to act together, despite differences in socio-political, religious, ethnic and other worldview orientations. And for this it must be based on certain basic value orientations. Many modern philosophers rightly believe that the values of humanism can be such basic orientations.
Conclusion
As a result of the work performed, the following conclusions can be drawn.
Now, in the 21st century, humanity is faced with the most acute global problems that threaten the very existence of civilization and even life itself on our planet. The term “global” itself originates from the Latin word “globe”, that is, the Earth, the globe, and since the end of the 60s of the XX century it has become widespread to refer to the most important and urgent planetary problems of the modern era affecting humanity as a whole. .
Philosophy plays a significant role in solving global problems and the philosophical approach involves considering global problems in their unity, integrity and interconnection from the point of view of their social significance and social conditioning.
Recently, the problem of terrorism has become one of the most acute global problems of our time.
The problem of terrorism has many common features characteristic of other universal human predicaments, such as the planetary scale of manifestation; great sharpness; negative dynamism, when the negative impact on the life of mankind increases; the need for an urgent solution, etc. At the same time, the global problem of terrorism also has its own specific features.
Solving the global problem of terrorism is a common
business of all mankind. Mankind must develop effective forms of cooperation that would allow all countries to act together, despite differences in socio-political, religious, ethnic and other worldview orientations. And for this it must be based on certain basic value orientations. Many modern philosophers rightly believe that the values of humanism can be such basic orientations.
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