Table of human activities main characteristics. Lesson in social science on the topic "" The activities of people and its diversity

Key words of the abstract: types of human activity, communication, types of communication, communication functions, game, teaching, work.

Main activities

main human activities are: communication, play, teaching, work . They correspond to the general needs that almost all people have and which each person inevitably includes in the process of his individual development.

1. Communication

Communication- a type of activity that occurs in the process of individual development of a person and is aimed at the exchange of information between communicating people. Communication has a certain structure, which includes: subject, purpose, content, media and recipient of information.

The means used are as follows: types of communication : direct and indirect, direct and indirect.

At direct communicationand the subjects are in direct contact with each other and exchange information. At mediated communication there are no direct contacts. The subject exchanges information through various media (books, radio, telephone, television, etc.).

2. Game (game activity)

The game- a type of activity that does not aim at the production of any material wealth. Games, as a rule, have the character of entertainment and are used for recreation.

3. Teaching (learning activity)

Doctrine- a type of activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by a person. The peculiarities of the doctrine are that it serves as a means of psychological development of a person. Teaching can be organized and unorganized.
Education- this is a specially organized, active independent cognitive, labor, aesthetic activity.

4. Labor (labor activity)

Work- a type of activity that occupies a special place in the system of human activity. Labor creates objects of material and spiritual culture, transforms life.

Labor has its own characteristics:
- expediency;
- focus on achieving the programmed results;
- availability of skills and knowledge;
- practical usefulness;
- the presence of the result;
- human development;
- transformation of the human environment.

Creative or productive activity

Creation- an activity that generates something qualitatively new, which has never existed before.

Imagination- mental activity, consisting in the creation of ideas and mental situations that have never been perceived by a person in reality.

Fantasy is a mental representation, a stream of mental images, both conscious and unconscious.

Intuition- this is the ability to comprehend the truth by its direct discretion without substantiation with the help of evidence.

Other activities

Recreational activity- this is rest, restoration of forces expended in the process of a training lesson.

reproductive activity aimed at obtaining an already known result by known means.

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PRACTICAL WORK #1

"ACTIVITIES"

GOALS:

Describe the motives for the implementation of activities.

Get to know the main activities.

Highlight the differences between practical and spiritual activities.

Determine the differences in the classifications of activities.

5. Develop skills in working with text, highlighting the main thing, systematization, working with diagrams, tables, develop skills in establishing cause-and-effect relationships

Activity in philosophy and social psychology is called purposeful activity, characterized by the transformation of the environment and the person himself.

Thus, the activity must necessarily imply a goal. Non-purposeful actions cannot be considered activities. For example, during a panic, people take actions that are in no way justified from the point of view of reason; one can say "panic action", but one cannot say "panic activity". In turn, if the goal is set, but no active actions are taken, this cannot be considered an activity either.

It is important to note that any activity must be transformative. If no changes have occurred as a result of actions, this also cannot be considered an activity.

There is another, less common definition: "Activity is a set of interrelated actions prompted by needs and aimed at achieving a goal."

TASK 1 Consider the information and typology of M. Weber, make a table "Motives for the implementation of activities"

Action types	motives

According to the ratio of subject and object, one can single out subject-object, subject-subject and inverse activities. Communication and communication (presence and absence of feedback). Communication is the process of interaction between two or more subjects for the purpose of one-way transfer of information.

Secondly, in the structure of activity, the goal, the means to achieve it and the results are distinguished. The means must necessarily correspond to the goal; no sane person under normal circumstances would hammer nails with a microscope. After the completion of the activity, its results must be compared with the goal; in case of coincidence between them, the activity is recognized as successful.

Finally, thirdly, separate actions are distinguished in the structure of activity. The most famous typology of social action was proposed by Max Weber.

Based on the implementation motives, he singled out goal-oriented, value-rational, traditional and affective actions. Purposeful rational actions are characterized by the clarity of understanding the goal and the means to achieve it; the indicator of the effectiveness of an action is the result achieved. Value-rational actions are characterized by belief in the unconditional value (moral, religious, political) of the action itself, regardless of possible results and benefits. Such an action is based on certain "commandments", in following which a person sees his duty. There is no specific goal and a definite result, but there is a motive, meaning, orientation to others.

Traditional (habitual) actions do not have a conscious motive, they are performed automatically, by force of habit. A person does not analyze these actions and, even if the conditions for their implementation have changed, continues to act in the usual way. For example, it is difficult for a typist who has started working on a computer to break the habit of manually translating the carriage of a typewriter.

Finally, affective actions have no purpose at all and are performed under the influence of strong emotional excitement - positive, such as joy, or negative, such as anger. For example, a woman saw a mouse; her reaction is irrational, since the mouse will not harm her, but it is very difficult for a woman to cope with her emotions. On one of the TV shows, participants were asked to identify the contents of the box by touch.

In fact, only the first two types of actions can be classified as social actions, since they are rational in nature. Traditional and affective actions belong to the realm of the unconscious, but they also play a role in the activity. In order to study at school, you must first come to it, and walking in children older than 4-5 years is already a traditional action.

TASK 2 Study the material, the diagram and draw a conclusion about the differences between practical and spiritual activities, draw up a diagram "Practical activity"

In modern philosophy, several types of activity are also distinguished. According to the first reason, it can be divided into practical and spiritual. Practical activity is aimed at transforming real objects of nature and society, while spiritual activity is aimed at changing people's consciousness.

Practical activity, in turn, is divided into material production and social transformation.

They are distinguished by the object of activity: if material objects (both natural and man-made) change as a result, then this is material production activity; if, as a result, changes occur in society, then this is a socially transformative activity.

Cooking, making tools, building houses are related to material and production activities, and reforms, revolutions, and the learning process are socially transformative.

TASK 3 Using the table, draw up a diagram of "Activities"

TASK 4 Using the illustrations, make a chart "Activities"

During his life, a person is constantly engaged in some kind of activity.

It is in activity that a person reveals himself most clearly. His activity manifests his intellect, talents and abilities, needs, interests, willpower, temperament, the ability to set a goal and make a decision.

Intelligence depends on age, education, individual characteristics. The one who is able to highlight the main thing in any problem, analyze it and find ways to solve it has intelligence. A person with a strong will is decisive, independent, persistent in achieving his goals.

You see how much is concentrated in the word activity.

Motives and goals of activity

A person never does anything just like a hook. At the heart of his behavior and actions are motives.

The motive for entering the institute is the desire to learn and become a good specialist in the field that you have chosen. To do this, you need to know school subjects well, have the appropriate documents and successfully pass the exams.

What is activity? Suppose you went on an excursion with the class, answer the teacher's question in the lesson, sit down at home to do your homework - these are actions, study or learning is an activity.

We advise you to remember!
Activity - a sequence of actions (mental or physical) performed over a long period of time and aimed at achieving a specific goal. Activity requires perseverance, determination, constant efforts.

Interesting Facts
Scientists have experimentally proven that useless actions sometimes force us to expend no less effort and energy than necessary and useful ones.

The activity has a purpose. For example, buy a car. To achieve it, you need to accumulate capital, undergo a medical examination, obtain various certificates, a driver's license, and then choose a store with suitable prices and car brands. Action - a small fragment of activity - go to the store and buy a car. Activity is study, communication with different people, many years of work in a bank, at a factory, in an office that brings wages.

Activities

Human activity is very diverse, but the main activities are teaching (study), play and work, creativity, communication.

Teaching is the acquisition of new knowledge, the development of new skills. For example, in the process of learning, you learned what an activity is, and now you are acquiring the skill of determining its main types, and you can also learn to draw, swim, play a musical instrument.

A game is an imitation of real activity. Did you play in early childhood, copying the life of adults, in such games as daughters-mothers, a hospital, a store, etc.? In addition, the game is called sports, computer games.

Human labor activity creates various useful products (building houses, assembling cars) or provides useful services (for example, tourism, medical, consumer services).

In the process of creative activity, something new is necessarily created. For example, inventing the wheel, the automobile, composing music, writing a book, etc. And in the process of communication there is an exchange of information, ideas, emotions.

Such a variety of activities exists because they satisfy some important needs of society. If there is no need, there will be no activity. Who needs warm boots and craftsmen who make them, say, in Africa, if the population does not need them, it is warm there all year round? And in Russia they are necessary.

What kinds of activities do the photographs illustrate? What needs are they intended to meet?

Result of activity

The result of the activity is the creation of a useful thing or service, a feeling of joy if your favorite football team won - and vice versa.

The result is not always visible to the eye, for example, in mental activity that precedes any other. Mental activity is the basis for all types of activity, since a person first thinks and then does. This rule is important to observe both in school and in adult life.

If we imagine the structure of activity, then it consists of a goal, needs, motives, means, a set of actions, a result.

Activity and personality

In activity, not just a person is revealed, but a human personality is manifested. What is a personality?

The word "personality" is used in relation to a person who is ready for conscious activity. We don't say "personality of the newborn". We're not really talking about the personality of a two-year-old. Individuals are not born. They become a person. The child will become a person only when he begins to make conscious actions. Although at first with the help of adults.

It has been established that personality is the highest achievement of human efforts, the result of painstaking work on oneself. Independence, activity, initiative, the ability to be responsible for one's actions, to control one's behavior - these are the personality traits. Do you have them?

You can become a person only if you have clear ideas about good and evil. Selfless love for neighbor is the basis of the human personality, the formation of which begins in society and the family.

Personality manifests itself in everyday behavior, affirms in specific actions.

Behavior

What is behavior? How is behavior different from activity? For schoolchildren, this is especially important. Teachers evaluate not only your knowledge, but also your behavior.

Activity, unlike behavior, can be internal (mental activity) and external. Silently, you think of a solution to the problem, and then sit down at the table and write it down.

Behavior is made up of actions.

The content of the act determines the morality of behavior, the difference between good and evil. Not every human action becomes an act. The young man was very tired and gladly sat down on the seat of the bus. For now, this is an action. But then an elderly woman entered, and he, despite being tired, immediately gave up his place to her. Here is the act. Why do you think?

It is very important what actions we do in relation to those who are weaker and more defenseless than us, who need special attention and care, to people with disabilities. Whether we pass by their problems or do things and help them.

Summing up
Man is manifested in activity. Any activity has goals, motives - the causes of human behavior and actions, the result. Human activity is very diverse.
Mental activity is the basis for all other activities.

Basic terms and concepts
Motives, activity, intellect, will, personality, behavior, deed.

Test your knowledge

Explain what motives are.
List the main activities. Give specific examples to illustrate them.
What daily activities make up your schooling?
How is action different from deed? Give examples.
What is a personality? Explain how a person's personality is manifested in activity.
What activity is the most important for you today? What is its purpose? What means do you use to achieve this goal?

Workshop

Read an excerpt from Nikolai Nekrasov's poem "Peasant Children". What kind of activities are his characters engaged in? What are their motives?
Do you agree with the statement "a negative result (of an activity) is also a result." Justify your answer.

Activity – a way of man's relationship to the outside world, which consists in transforming and subordinating it to the goals of man.

Human activity has a certain similarity with the activity of an animal, but differs in a creative and transformative attitude to the world around.

motive – a set of external and internal conditions that cause the activity of the subject and determine the direction of activity. Motives can be: needs; social attitudes; beliefs; interests; drives and emotions; ideals.

Purpose of activity – it is a conscious image of the result to which the action of a person is directed. An activity consists of a chain of actions. Action – it is a process aimed at achieving the set goal.

The activity of people unfolds in various spheres of society, its direction, content, means are infinitely diverse.

The types of activities in which each person inevitably joins in the process of his individual development: play, communication, teaching, work.

The game – this is a special type of activity, the purpose of which is not the production of any material product, but the process itself - entertainment, recreation.

Characteristic features of the game: occurs in a conditional situation, which, as a rule, changes rapidly; in its process, so-called substitute objects are used; is aimed at satisfying the interest of its participants; contributes to the development of personality, enriches it, equips it with the necessary skills.

Communication is an activity in which ideas and emotions are exchanged. It is often extended to include exchange and material objects. This broader exchange is communication [material or spiritual (informational)].

There are several classifications of communication.

In modern science, there are several approaches to the issue of the relationship between activity and communication:

- communication is an element of any activity, and activity is a necessary condition for communication, you can put an equal sign between them;

- communication is one of the types of human activity along with play, work, etc .;

- communication and activity are different categories, two sides of a person's social existence: labor activity can proceed without communication, and communication can exist without activity.

Doctrine – This is a type of activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition by a person of knowledge, skills and abilities.

teaching can be organized(carried out in educational institutions) and disorganized(carried out in other activities as their side, additional result).

Teaching can take on a character self-education.

On the question of what labor is, there are several points of view:

Labor is any conscious human activity. Where there is human interaction with the outside world, we can talk about labor;

Labor is one of the activities, but far from the only one.

Work – This is a type of activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result.

Characteristic features of labor: expediency; focus on achieving the programmed, expected results; availability of skills, abilities, knowledge; practical usefulness; getting a result; personal development; transformation of the human environment.

In each type of activity, specific goals, tasks are set, a special arsenal of means, operations and methods is used to achieve the set goals. At the same time, none of the types of activity exists outside of interaction with each other, which determines the systemic nature of all spheres of public life.

Main classifications of activities

By objects and results (products) activities - the creation of material wealth or cultural values.

Creation – This is a type of activity that generates something qualitatively new, which has never existed before.(for example, a new goal, a new result or new means, new ways to achieve them).

Creativity is a component of any human activity and an independent activity (for example, the activity of scientists, inventors, writers, etc.).

Modern science recognizes that any person in one way or another has the ability to creative activity. However, abilities can develop or disappear. Therefore, it is necessary to master culture, language, knowledge, to master the ways of creative activity, its most important mechanisms.

The most important mechanisms of creative activity

– Combination, variation of existing knowledge.

– Imagination- the ability to create new sensory or mental images in the mind.

– Fantasy(gr. phantasia - a mental image, a fruit of the imagination) - is characterized by a special power, brightness and unusualness of the created representations and images.

– Intuition(lat. intueri - to look closely) - knowledge, the conditions for obtaining which are not realized.

Thus, activity is a way of existence of people and is characterized by the following features:

– conscious character - a person consciously puts forward the goals of the activity and foresees its results;

– productive character- is aimed at obtaining a result (product);

- transformative character- a person changes the world around him and himself;

– public character- a person in the process of activity, as a rule, enters into various relationships with other people.

Job Sample

B3. Establish a correspondence between the types of activities and their manifestations: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer sheet (without spaces or any symbols).

Answer: 22121.

Types of human activity are very diverse. Depending on various criteria, it is divided into practical, labor, educational, playful, material, spiritual, moral, immoral, progressive, reactionary, and also includes creativity and communication.

From the school course of social science, it is known that one of the main distinguishing features of a person, in comparison with highly organized animals, is expedient activity as the constant performance of certain tasks in order to change the world around, resulting in the creation of the so-called "second nature".

Any activity is based on four main elements:

object (an object that is subject to change);
subject (the one who performs the activity);
goals (the intended result of this or that action);
motives (reflects what a person's will to act is based on).

Main human activities

These include material and spiritual. The purpose of the first is to change the surrounding reality, including nature and society. In turn, it is divided into production (the goal is to change natural objects) and social transformation (the goal is to change and improve the system of social relations).

An example of the first variety is the creation of goods for public consumption.

Socio-transformative is manifested in various socio-political phenomena, such as: state reforms, revolutions, the creation of parties, participation in elections.

Spiritual activity seeks to change human consciousness both in the face of one person and the whole society. It is difficult to overestimate its impact on our lives. This view helps to unite people, orients each individual to find their own path and happiness.

value (ideological);
prognostic (planning for the future);
cognitive (obtaining knowledge about the surrounding world) activity.

The assignment of material and spiritual activities to different categories is conditional.

In practice, these phenomena are nothing but two sides of the same coin. Any of them assumes a material embodiment, and is based on planning, defining goals, methods and ways to achieve them.

Practical activities

It consists in the transformation of the entire surrounding world, including nature and society.

Socio-transformative activity

The main goal is to change the structure of society, social phenomena. The subject is society, class, group or individual.

They perform actions and tasks that are important for society, pursue public interests and goals, using economic, political, ideological tools for this.

spiritual activity

impact on creative thought and scientific knowledge;
formation, change of views on life;
planning for future events.

The spiritual life of a person is based on:

scientific;
creative;
religious activity.

The second includes art, music, acting, architecture, directing.

Social activity

One of its manifestations is political activity, which is based on public administration. The life of people included in social processes is necessarily subject to the influence of political parties and government decisions.

They, in turn, are influenced by various forms of participation of the people in the political life of the country, with the help of which citizens express their will and civil position, present their political demands to representatives of the authorities.

predictive activity

It is building a model of future actions and events, an assumption about possible changes in reality. The source of this type of activity is human fantasy, which precedes reality, builds a model of the future.

The design results are:

plans, tables, diagrams for inventions and various building structures;
ideal models for social change;
ideas of new forms of state and political structure.

Leading activities - play, communication and work

The game is characterized by the performance of real actions with the help of fictitious means.

Communication is the process of transferring information as a result of interaction. People are forced to contact each other in order to satisfy the need for joint activities.

It consists not only in the exchange of information, but also in the transfer of emotions, experiences to each other, the manifestation of one or another attitude to people and things, the expression of an assessment of the behavior of others, their actions.

Work is aimed at obtaining results that are of practical use.

Types of professional activity of a person

Professional activity is characterized by organization, in most cases it is monotonous, regulated by standard rules. The person who implements it has detailed, in-depth information and practical skills in a certain field of knowledge.

The results of such activities are of great social significance, as they affect the lives of many people.

The concept of "profession" includes various types of activity. In total, five types of professional activity are distinguished:

Technic man. Man's work with mechanisms, materials, energy.
Man is man. Education, training, service, guidance.
Man-nature. Interaction with the five kingdoms of wildlife (animals, plants, fungi, viruses,), as well as inanimate objects (minerals, minerals, etc.).
Man signs. Working with numbers, languages, signs.
Man is an artistic image. Creation of music, literature, acting, painting, etc.

An example of progressive activity

Depending on what consequences the activity had on the course of history, the development of the state and society, progressive (implies development, improvement, creation) and reactionary (destructive) activities are distinguished.

As an example of progressive activity, one can cite the industrial transformations of Peter I, the abolition of serfdom by Alexander II, as well as the reforms of P. A. Stolypin.

reactionary activity

Unlike progressive, leading to development, regressive (reactionary), on the contrary, leads to decline, ruin, for example:

introduction of oprichnina;
decree on the establishment of military settlements;
introduction of a food embargo, etc.

material activity

This is the result of changes and processing of the surrounding world, including natural objects and social phenomena.

The simplest examples of this type are: cultivation of plants, cultivation of the land, fishing, construction, etc.

Collective activity and its examples

Activities are divided into separate groups depending on the number of subjects performing it. The opposite of collective action is individual action.

The first is based on the unification and coordination of the activities of each member of the team. The task of integration lies with the leader. Efficiency is evaluated by the results of production. In this case, an important role is played by the psychological factor, namely, the personal qualities of the manager, on which the labor efficiency of the team depends.

In addition, the performance of the brigade depends on the quality of interpersonal relationships, well-coordinated work, psychological compatibility of participants in labor activity.

A striking example of collective activity is the construction of the Great Wall of China.

Conclusion

The presented types of human activity and the criteria for their division into various categories are generally accepted, but not universal. For psychologists, some types of activity are basic, for historians - others, for sociologists - still others.

Thus, there is a wide variety of classifications of human activities that characterize it from the position: useful / harmful, progressive / regressive, moral / immoral, etc.