Thermal physics and theoretical heat engineering Specialty formula: For physical and mathematical sciences “Thermal physics and theoretical heat engineering. Thermal physics and theoretical heat engineering Specialty formula: For physical and mathematical sciences "Thermophysics and theoretical

Specialty code: 01.04.14 Thermal physics and theoretical heat engineering

Specialty Description: For PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES "Thermophysics and Theoretical Heat Engineering" is a field of science that includes theoretical and experimental studies of the properties of substances in a liquid, solid and gaseous state in the presence of all types of heat and mass transfer in the entire range of temperatures and pressures, magnetic hydrodynamics of electrically conductive media, inhomogeneous aerodisperse systems, thermophysics of low-temperature plasma, theory of similarity of thermophysical processes, theoretical and technical thermodynamics, theory of phase transitions during combustion in heterogeneous systems, numerical and natural modeling of thermophysical processes in nature, technology and experiment, calculation and design of new heat engineering equipment. - For TECHNICAL SCIENCES A scientific specialty that combines research on the thermophysical properties of substances, thermodynamic processes, heat and mass transfer processes in continuous and rarefied, homogeneous and heterogeneous media. Experimental and theoretical studies in thermophysics and theoretical heat engineering are aimed at establishing relationships between the structure of substances and their phenomenological properties, substantiating methods for calculating thermodynamic and transfer properties in various states of aggregation, identifying the mechanisms of mass, momentum and energy transfer during convection, radiation, complex heat transfer and physical and chemical transformations, substantiation and verification of methods for intensifying heat and mass transfer and thermal protection.

Field of study: For PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
1. Fundamental, theoretical and experimental studies of molecular and macroproperties of substances in solid, liquid and gaseous states for a deeper understanding of the phenomena occurring during thermal processes and aggregate changes in physical systems.
2. Research and development of recommendations for improving the quality and improving the thermophysical properties of substances in liquid, solid (crystalline and amorphous) states for subsequent use in the national economy - For TECHNICAL SCIENCES
1. Experimental studies of thermodynamic and transfer properties of pure substances and their mixtures in a wide range of state parameters.
2. Analytical and numerical studies of the thermophysical properties of substances in various states of aggregation.
3. Study of thermodynamic processes and cycles in relation to installations for the production and conversion of energy.
4. Experimental and theoretical studies of the processes of interaction of intense energy flows with matter.
5. Experimental and theoretical studies of single-phase, free and forced convection in a wide range of properties of heat carriers, regime and geometric parameters of heat transfer surfaces.
6. Experimental studies, physical and numerical modeling of mass, momentum and energy transfer processes in multiphase systems and during phase transformations.
7. Experimental and theoretical studies of the processes of joint heat and mass transfer in binary and multicomponent mixtures of substances, including chemically reacting mixtures.
8. Development of methods for research and calculation of radiative heat transfer in transparent and absorbing media.
9. Development of scientific foundations and creation of methods for intensifying the processes of heat and mass transfer and thermal protection.

Note: The scientific specialty does not consider works aimed at creating devices and primary converters for experimental studies of the thermophysical properties of substances and processes of heat and mass transfer, at optimizing technological schemes and designs of heat and mass exchange equipment.

Branches of science:
technical sciences (for the development of systems, devices, devices, technological processes and for the application of new developments in the national economy),
physical and mathematical sciences (for research of a theoretical and experimental direction, which are of a fundamental nature (fundamental scientific research)).

Specialty code: 01.04.14 Thermal physics and theoretical heat engineering

Specialty Description: For PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES "Thermophysics and Theoretical Heat Engineering" is a field of science that includes theoretical and experimental studies of the properties of substances in a liquid, solid and gaseous state in the presence of all types of heat and mass transfer in the entire range of temperatures and pressures, magnetic hydrodynamics of electrically conductive media, inhomogeneous aerodisperse systems, thermophysics of low-temperature plasma, theory of similarity of thermophysical processes, theoretical and technical thermodynamics, theory of phase transitions during combustion in heterogeneous systems, numerical and natural modeling of thermophysical processes in nature, technology and experiment, calculation and design of new heat engineering equipment. - For TECHNICAL SCIENCES A scientific specialty that combines research on the thermophysical properties of substances, thermodynamic processes, heat and mass transfer processes in continuous and rarefied, homogeneous and heterogeneous media. Experimental and theoretical studies in thermophysics and theoretical heat engineering are aimed at establishing relationships between the structure of substances and their phenomenological properties, substantiating methods for calculating thermodynamic and transfer properties in various states of aggregation, identifying the mechanisms of mass, momentum and energy transfer during convection, radiation, complex heat transfer and physical and chemical transformations, substantiation and verification of methods for intensifying heat and mass transfer and thermal protection.

Field of study: For PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
1. Fundamental, theoretical and experimental studies of molecular and macroproperties of substances in solid, liquid and gaseous states for a deeper understanding of the phenomena occurring during thermal processes and aggregate changes in physical systems.
2. Research and development of recommendations for improving the quality and improving the thermophysical properties of substances in liquid, solid (crystalline and amorphous) states for subsequent use in the national economy - For TECHNICAL SCIENCES
1. Experimental studies of thermodynamic and transfer properties of pure substances and their mixtures in a wide range of state parameters.
2. Analytical and numerical studies of the thermophysical properties of substances in various states of aggregation.
3. Study of thermodynamic processes and cycles in relation to installations for the production and conversion of energy.
4. Experimental and theoretical studies of the processes of interaction of intense energy flows with matter.
5. Experimental and theoretical studies of single-phase, free and forced convection in a wide range of properties of heat carriers, regime and geometric parameters of heat transfer surfaces.
6. Experimental studies, physical and numerical modeling of mass, momentum and energy transfer processes in multiphase systems and during phase transformations.
7. Experimental and theoretical studies of the processes of joint heat and mass transfer in binary and multicomponent mixtures of substances, including chemically reacting mixtures.
8. Development of methods for research and calculation of radiative heat transfer in transparent and absorbing media.
9. Development of scientific foundations and creation of methods for intensifying the processes of heat and mass transfer and thermal protection.

Note: The scientific specialty does not consider works aimed at creating devices and primary converters for experimental studies of the thermophysical properties of substances and processes of heat and mass transfer, at optimizing technological schemes and designs of heat and mass exchange equipment.

Branches of science:
technical sciences (for the development of systems, devices, devices, technological processes and for the application of new developments in the national economy),
physical and mathematical sciences (for research of a theoretical and experimental direction, which are of a fundamental nature (fundamental scientific research)).

Introduction

This program is based on the following branches of physics: thermodynamics and statistical physics; theory of non-equilibrium processes; physics of gases and plasma, phase transitions, solid state physics.

The program was developed by the expert council of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in physics with the participation of the Moscow State Regional University.

1. Thermodynamics and statistical physics

2. Theory of non-equilibrium processes

3. Physics of gases and plasma

4. Physics of liquids

5. Phase transitions

6. Solid state physics

Literature

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

MINIMUM PROGRAM

candidate exam in the specialty

04/01/14 "Thermophysics and Theoretical Heat Engineering"

in technical sciences

Minimum program

contains 8 pages.

Introduction

This program is based on the following disciplines: thermophysical properties of substances, thermodynamic processes, processes of heat and mass transfer in continuous and rarefied homogeneous and heterogeneous media. The program was developed by the expert council of the Higher Attestation Commission for Energy, Electrification and Power Engineering with the participation of the Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics and its method. Status options. Concept of thermodynamic process. Ideal gas. Ideal gas laws. Mixtures of ideal gases.

First law of thermodynamics. Heat. Joule experience. Equivalence of heat and work. The law of conservation and transformation of energy. Internal energy and external work. Enthalpy. Generalized forces and generalized coordinates. Equation of the first law of thermodynamics.

Second law of thermodynamics. cycles. The concept of thermal efficiency. Heat sources. Reversible and irreversible processes. Formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. Carnot cycle. Carnot's theorem. Thermodynamic temperature scale. Entropy. Entropy change in irreversible processes. Combined equation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Entropy and thermodynamic probability.

Differential equations of thermodynamics. Basic mathematical methods of thermodynamics. Maxwell's equation. Partial derivatives of internal energy and enthalpy. Heat capacities.

Equilibrium of thermodynamic systems and phase transitions. Homogeneous and heterogeneous thermodynamic systems. thermodynamic equilibrium. Conditions of phase equilibrium. Phase transitions. Equation of Clapeyron-Clausius. Phase transitions at curved interfaces.

Thermodynamic properties of substances. Thermal and caloric properties of liquids. Critical point. Van der Waals equation. Thermal and caloric properties of real gases and moist air. Equation of state of real gases. Thermodynamic properties of substances on the line of phase transitions and at the critical point. Thermodynamic properties of matter in a metastable state.

Basic thermodynamic processes. isochoric process. isobaric process. isothermal process. polytropic processes. Throttling, Joule-Thompson effect. Adiabatic expansion of a real gas into vacuum (Joule process). mixing process. Compression processes in the compressor.

Processes of outflow of gases and liquids. Braking options. Nozzle, diffuser. Total and static pressure. Bernoulli equation. Mach number. Adiabatic exponent.

Thermodynamic cycles. thermal efficiency. Exergy. Cycles of Carnot, Otto, Diesel, Brighton, Rankine. Heat recovery in a cycle.

Refrigeration cycles. Reverse thermal cycles and processes. Refrigeration units. Air refrigeration cycle. Vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. The cycle of a steam jet refrigeration plant. The concept of the absorption refrigeration cycle. Cycle of thermoelectric refrigeration plant. The principle of operation of a heat pump. Gas liquefaction methods.

Fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics. Thermochemistry. Hess' law. Kirchhoff equations. Chemical equilibrium and the second law of thermodynamics. Equilibrium constants and degree of dissociation. Thermal law of Nernst.

Heat and mass transfer

Thermal conductivity. Energy conservation equation, Fourier law, boundary conditions for heat conduction problems. The mechanism of thermal conductivity of substances in solid (crystalline and amorphous), liquid and gaseous states. Heat conduction through a flat wall. Bio number. Heat transfer coefficient. Thermal conductivity through a cylindrical wall, critical insulation diameter. Non-stationary temperature field in a flat plate, regular mode of cooling (heating) tel. Solution multiplication method.

Convective heat transfer in a one-component medium. Equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy in a continuous medium. Empirical laws of transfer (Newton, Fourier, Fick). Reduction of equations to dimensionless form, similarity criteria. Physical meaning of similarity numbers for convective heat and mass transfer. triple analogy.

Heat transfer during external flow around the body. The system of equations of the thermal boundary layer. Analysis of heat transfer in laminar flow in the boundary layer by dimensional methods. Self-similar Pohlhausen solution. Relationships for calculating heat transfer at various Prandtl numbers. Conditional thicknesses of the boundary layer. Integral equations of momentum and energy.

The transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow, the influence on the turbulent transition of the parameters of the oncoming flow, body forces, characteristics of the streamlined surface. Theoretical and experimental aspects of the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Averaged equations of motion and energy for turbulent flow. Apparent stresses of turbulent friction, turbulent heat flow. Structure of the near-wall turbulent region. Reynolds' analogy for heat transfer in turbulent boundary layer flow, its modernized version (two-layer scheme), calculated relations for heat transfer. Convective heat transfer at high flow rates. Adiabatic wall temperature, recovery factor, heat transfer calculation methods. Heat transfer on a permeable surface. Heat Transfer in Transverse Flow around a Single Cylinder and Tube Bundles.

Heat transfer during fluid flow in channels. Mathematical description, mass average velocity and temperature. Stabilized heat transfer under boundary conditions of the 2nd kind. Velocity, temperature, heat flow profiles in laminar and turbulent flow, Lyon integral. Heat transfer during laminar fluid flow in the initial thermal section of a round pipe. Initial hydrodynamic section. Stabilized heat transfer in laminar flow. Stabilized heat transfer in turbulent flow, research results for non-metallic liquids and liquid metals, calculation formulas. Influence of variability of liquid properties on heat transfer during the flow of drop liquids and gases in pipes.

Heat transfer under free convection. Mechanism and mathematical description, Boussinesq approximation. Development of a boundary layer on a vertical flat surface, calculation of the heat transfer coefficient. Free convection on the surface of a horizontal cylinder and sphere. Free convection in closed volumes; heat transfer through the layer.

Heat transfer during phase transformations. Mathematical description and models of two-phase media. Universal compatibility conditions at interphase boundaries. Special compatibility conditions for heat and mass transfer processes. Non-equilibrium at interphase boundaries, quasi-equilibrium approximation.

Film and drop condensation. Heat transfer during film condensation on a vertical surface: Nusselt's solution, analysis of the main assumptions. Condensation on the surface of a horizontal cylinder. Condensation of moving steam. Qualitative regularities of drop condensation.

Boiling liquids. Conditions for the nucleation of a steam nucleus in the volume of a superheated liquid and on a solid heating surface. The main regularities of the growth and detachment of vapor bubbles. "Boiling Curve". Heat transfer during nucleate boiling in a large volume, heat transfer during film boiling. Boiling crises on a large scale.

Flow regimes of two-phase flows in pipes. The nature of the change in the mass-average temperature of the liquid, the wall temperature, the consumption mass vapor content along the length of the heated channel. Boiling of a liquid subcooled to saturation temperature. Heat transfer crisis during boiling in pipes.

Joint processes of heat and mass transfer. General characteristics of mass and energy transfer processes. Mixture composition, diffusion fluxes, diffusion coefficient. Transfer of energy and momentum in a mixture.

Analogy of heat and mass transfer processes. Calculation of the intensity of energy transfer and component mass at moderate and high mass transfer rates.

Heat and mass transfer during chemical transformations. Diffusion accompanied by a homogeneous or heterogeneous chemical reaction. Processes on the surface of a body in a hypersonic gas flow.

Sublimation of the surface of a body flown around by a high-temperature gas flow. Accommodation coefficient. Dependence of sublimation rate on body surface temperature.

Thermal decomposition of a body flown around by a high-temperature flow of reactive gas.

Chemical interaction on the surface of a body flown by a high-temperature gas flow.

Destruction of composite materials in a high-temperature gas flow. Interaction of combustion and evaporation processes.

Heat transfer by radiation. Basic concepts and laws of radiation. The nature of radiation. Integral and spectral densities of the radiation flux. Absorptive, reflective and transmittance bodies. Completely black body.

The laws of thermal radiation (Planck, Wien, Stefan-Boltzmann, Kirchhoff, Lambert). Radiation of real bodies. Radiation properties of real materials.

Heat transfer by radiation in a diathermic medium. Radiation geometry (local and average slopes). Zonal method for calculating heat transfer in a system of bodies separated by a transparent medium.

Heat transfer by radiation in absorbing and radiating media. Radiation and absorption in gases. The basic law of radiation energy transfer in an emitting-absorbing medium. Self-radiation of the gas. Methods for calculating heat transfer.

Fundamentals of calculation of heat exchangers and means of thermal protection

Modern heat exchange systems: steam generators of thermal power plants, nuclear power reactors, combustion chambers of rocket engines, blanket of a thermonuclear reactor. Heat exchangers: recuperative, regenerative, mixing.

Heat balance and heat transfer equations. Average temperature difference. Calculation of the heat exchange surface, the final temperature of heat carriers. Fundamentals of hydraulic calculation of heat exchangers. Determination of the power spent on pumping heat carriers.

Features of the choice of means and methods of thermal protection. Methods of thermal protection against convective and joint (convective-radiant) heating.

Penetrating cooling. Blow effect. Heat exchange between porous matrix and filtered coolant.

Main literature

1. Theory of heat and mass transfer. / Ed. A.I. Leontiev. -M.: Publishing house of MSTU im. N.E. Bauman, 1997.

2. Kirillin V.A., Sychev V.V., Sheindlin A.E. Technical thermodynamics. Edition 4th. Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1983.

3. Tsvetkov F.F., Grigoriev B.A. Heat and mass transfer. Textbook for high schools. -M.: Publishing House of MPEI (TU), 2001.

4. Sychev V.V. Differential equations of thermodynamics. Edition 2nd. –M.: Higher school, 1991.

5. Thermal power engineering and heat engineering (reference series). Book two. Theoretical foundations of heat engineering. Thermal engineering experiment. M.: MEI Publishing House, 2001.

additional literature

1. Theoretical mechanics. Thermodynamics. Heat exchange. /Encyclopedia. Engineering. T. 1-2 / Under the general. Ed. K.K. Kolesnikova, A.I. Leontiev. M.: Mashinostroenie, 1999. -600 p.

Thermophysics and Theoretical Heat Engineering

Specialty formula:

For physico-mathematical sciences "Thermal physics and theoretical heat engineering" is a field of science that includes theoretical and experimental studies of the properties of substances in a liquid, solid and gaseous state in the presence of all types of heat and mass transfer in the entire range of temperatures and pressures, magnetic hydrodynamics of electrically conductive media, inhomogeneous aerodisperse systems, thermophysics of low-temperature plasma, theory of similarity of thermophysical processes, theoretical and technical thermodynamics, theory of phase transitions during combustion in heterogeneous systems, numerical and natural modeling of thermophysical processes in nature, technology and experiment, calculation and design of new heat engineering equipment.

For technical sciences, a scientific specialty that combines research on the thermophysical properties of substances, thermodynamic processes, heat and mass transfer processes in continuous and rarefied, homogeneous and heterogeneous media. Experimental and theoretical studies in thermophysics and theoretical heat engineering are aimed at establishing relationships between the structure of substances and their phenomenological properties, substantiating methods for calculating thermodynamic and transfer properties in various states of aggregation, identifying the mechanisms of mass, momentum and energy transfer during convection, radiation, complex heat transfer and physical and chemical transformations, substantiation and verification of methods for intensifying heat and mass transfer and thermal protection.

Research areas:

For physical and mathematical sciences:

1. Fundamental, theoretical and experimental studies of molecular and macroproperties of substances in the solid, liquid and gaseous state for a deeper understanding of the phenomena occurring during thermal processes and aggregate changes in physical systems.
2. Research and development of recommendations for improving the quality and improving the thermophysical properties of substances in liquid, solid (crystalline and amorphous) states for subsequent use in the national economy - For technical sciences:

1. Experimental studies of thermodynamic and transfer properties of pure substances and their mixtures in a wide range of state parameters.
2. Analytical and numerical studies of thermophysical properties of substances in various states of aggregation.
3. Study of thermodynamic processes and cycles in relation to installations for the production and conversion of energy.
4. Experimental and theoretical studies of the processes of interaction of intense energy flows with matter.
5. Experimental and theoretical studies of single-phase, free and forced convection in a wide range of coolant properties, regime and geometrical parameters of heat transfer surfaces.
6. Experimental studies, physical and numerical modeling of mass, momentum and energy transfer processes in multiphase systems and during phase transformations.
7. Experimental and theoretical studies of the processes of joint heat and mass transfer in binary and multicomponent mixtures of substances, including chemically reacting mixtures.
8. Development of methods for research and calculation of radiative heat transfer in transparent and absorbing media.
9. Development of scientific foundations and creation of methods for intensifying the processes of heat and mass transfer and thermal protection.

Note:

According to the scientific specialty, works aimed at creating devices and primary converters for experimental studies of the thermophysical properties of substances and processes of heat and mass transfer, and at optimizing technological schemes and designs of heat and mass transfer equipment are not considered.

Branch of science:

technical sciences (for the development of systems, devices, devices, technological processes and for the application of new developments in the national economy)

physical and mathematical sciences (for research of a theoretical and experimental direction, which are of a fundamental nature (fundamental scientific research))