Lessons in World History World War I. Lessons from the First World War
World War I
The First World War, which lasted from 1914 to 1918, opened a new page in the history of mankind. The scale of the war and the number of participants, new methods of warfare, fundamentally new weapons and millions of victims, the collapse of empires and political regimes - all this allows us to talk about the beginning of another historical era, called the Modern Age.
background
The desire of militaristic Germany for hegemony in Europe, the clash of interests of Russia and Austria-Hungary in the Balkans, the claims of the leading powers to the legacy of the Ottoman Empire close to disintegration - these and other factors caused a number of armed conflicts and local wars at the beginning of the 20th century. Every year the situation heated up more and more, two military-political blocs were formed - the Entente and the Triple Alliance. Europe was preparing for the coming war, for which only a pretext was needed.
Members
Already during the war, the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) turned into a Quadruple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria). Italy in 1915 took the side of the Entente (England, France, Russia). In April 1917, a powerful ally, the United States, joined the Entente coalition.
Developments
July 23, 1914 - Austria-Hungary, which considered the Serbian authorities indirectly responsible for the murder, presented Serbia with an ultimatum (text: Austro-Hungarian note of July 23, 1914), which effectively called into question the sovereignty of the country. The ultimatum was accepted in part, in response to it, a few days later, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. During the following week, all members of the Entente and the Triple Alliance held a military mobilization and declared war on each other. The First World War has begun.
1914 - success in general accompanies Germany and Austria-Hungary. Germany successfully wages a war on two fronts - against Russia in the east and France in the west, but the lack of forces did not allow her to take Paris and withdraw France from the war. The German offensive was stopped in the battles on the Marne.
1915 - on the western front, the parties wage a positional war. Chemical weapons are being actively used. On the eastern front - the Great Retreat of the Russian army, Germany occupied vast territories of the Russian Empire. An Armenian genocide is taking place in Turkey (more: Armenian Genocide), classified by the Entente as a crime against humanity (for the first time in history).
1916 - Battle of Verdun (Verdun meat grinder); German troops attempted to break through on the western front in order to reach Paris, but could not break through the French defenses. The fighting lasted almost the whole year, aircraft, flamethrowers, chemical weapons were used (for more details: Chemical warfare agents in the First World War). About a million killed and wounded.
1916 - Battle of the Somme. Unsuccessful attempt of the offensive by the British and French troops. The first ever use of tanks. About a million killed and wounded.
1917 - in Russia, as a result of the February Revolution, the monarchy fell, internal instability negatively affects the activity of Russian troops.
1918 - in the summer, the Entente and the allies conduct a successful offensive on all fronts, the war is nearing its end.
November 1918 - Largely as a result of military failures, revolutions occur in Germany and Austria-Hungary; monarchies are being abolished in these countries; new governments conclude a truce; The First World War ends.
Conclusion
Fall of empires
The protracted war demanded huge resources from all its participants. The economies of the countries participating in the war worked primarily for the needs of the army, which led to a shortage of resources in the civilian sphere. This caused popular unrest, which intensified in case of failures at the front. As a result, the Russian, Austro-Hungarian, German and Ottoman empires ceased to exist; in all these countries the form of government changed, the monarchies were eliminated. The collapse of empires has changed the political map of Europe and the Middle East.
Influence on minds
The First World War was the bloodiest war in history at that time. It was characterized by the conduct of a positional war, when millions of victims did not lead to a significant change in the balance of power. Many contemporaries were amazed at how little the cost of human life was made by new weapons such as chemical weapons. These feelings were reflected, in particular, in the anti-war literary works that appeared later.
Abstract
By the beginning of the First World War, the world political system was in a state of deep crisis and sharp contradictions associated with the lack of agreement between the leading world powers on issues of colonies, spheres of influence, and the trade and economic balance of power. The military-political blocs that had been created over the past 30 years had finally taken shape by 1914 and did not hide their hostile moods from each other. Such blocs, on the one hand, were the coalition of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, on the other Entente with England, France and Russia included in it.
The leading role in the outbreak of the First World War was played by such countries as Germany and Austria-Hungary. The first aspired to a new redistribution of the world, wanting to get new colonies and spheres of influence. The second is to strengthen its influence on the Balkan Peninsula and Ukraine, whose territories were included in the zones of influence of the Russian Empire.
In turn, the Entente countries, which did not want to allow a new redistribution of the World, due to the prevailing circumstances, were forced to confront and openly declared the possibility of opening hostilities.
As mentioned above, Austria-Hungary had territorial claims in the Balkans, and primarily in Serbia, which was a centuries-old ally of Russia. Pushed by Germany to conduct more active political actions, Austria-Hungary began to put more and more pressure on Serbia in political and economic terms.
The formal reason for the start of the First World War was the so-called. "Shot in Sarajevo". June 28, 1914 nineteen-year-old Bosnian Serb - Gavrilo Princip, a member of the terrorist organization "Mlada Bosna", shot the heir to the Austrian throne Franz Ferdinand and his wife during their visit to the Bosnian city of Sarajevo, which was annexed to Austria shortly before (see Fig. 1).
It was this shot that marked the beginning of a large-scale world conflict and was the reason for the outbreak of hostilities.
A month later, July 28, 1914 Austria declared war on Serbia. August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on Russia. Following this August 3, 1914 Germany declared war on France August 4, 1914 Britain declares war on Germany. August 6, 1914 Austria-Hungary began hostilities against Russia, and August 11, 1914 France and Great Britain declared war on Austria.
Initially, in the military campaign that began, success was completely accompanied by Germany and Austria-Hungary. On the Western Front, German troops began to push the French and, moving deep into France, occupied its lands. Only the lack of forces in Germany saved France from the complete defeat and capture of Paris. This event went down in history as "Miracle on the Marne". On the Eastern Front, the German command managed to drive out the Russian troops that had entered there from East Prussia and begin hostilities on Russian territory - in Poland and Western Ukraine.
By the end of 1914, the front line had stabilized on both fronts. At the same time, Japan entered the war on the side of the Entente, starting hostilities in the South Pacific, capturing the islands that belonged to Berlin. Turkey came out on the side of Germany, striving for territorial acquisitions in the Balkans and Transcaucasia. The Caucasian front of the Russian army was immediately opened against it.
The year 1915 is characterized by the time of the so-called. "positional warfare" when the opponents do not take offensive actions, limiting themselves to shelling each other or taking separate sorties. A notable exception in such a war was Battle of Ypres, where the German command first used chemical weapons, killing more than 15 thousand French (see Fig. 2).
On the Eastern Front, unsuccessful offensive attempts by the Russian command led to the retreat of the Russian army and the loss of all of Poland, the western regions of Belarus and Ukraine. At the same time, the Russians were successful on the Caucasian front.
In 1915, Italy leaves the Triple Alliance and goes over to the side of the Entente. In turn, at the same time he was imprisoned Quadruple union, consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria, which joined them.
The year 1916 is characterized by the most brutal and bloody battles of the First World War.
On the Western Front, the German command attempted an offensive near the fortress of Verdun. This battle went down in history as "Verdun meat grinder", since the fighting in this area lasted for almost a year (see Fig. 3). The Germans managed to advance 6-8 km forward, while losing 450 thousand people. Anglo-French losses in this area amounted to 750 thousand people.
In the summer of that year, in parallel with the Verdun operation, Battle of the Somme- offensive operation of the Anglo-French troops. Tanks were used for the first time in this battle.
On the Eastern Front, Russian troops organized the famous "Brusilovsky breakthrough", named after the commander of the Southwestern Front A.A. Brusilov, during which the Russian troops practically destroyed the Austrian army and liberated Galicia. At the same time, Romania took the side of the Entente.
On the Caucasian front, Russian troops fought successfully in Turkey.
The year 1917 is characterized by a gradual turn of fortune towards the countries of the Entente. Germany and Austria-Hungary were already practically exhausted by the war. In Russia, the failures of the Russian army and retreat, as well as a number of domestic political factors, contributed to the tension of the situation, which resulted in the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the Provisional Government, which announced the continuation of the war.
Domestic political problems in Russia significantly weakened the Eastern Front. The soldiers of the front often fraternized with the enemy, did not want to fight anymore and often left their positions, which caused fear in France and England.
By mid-1917, the German and Austrian economies were depleted. In the same year, feeling the impending victory, the United States entered the war on the side of the Entente, which finally predetermined victory.
After the October Revolution, the new Bolshevik government, feeling the aspirations of the people who did not want to fight, in 1918 signed a peace treaty with Germany, which was named "Brest Peace". According to it, the vast territories of Ukraine, the Baltic states, Belarus departed to Germany. But this treaty was a necessary respite for the new government in Russia.
For Germany, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk only delayed the defeat. Taking advantage of the liquidation of the Eastern Front and the food base of Ukraine, the German command undertook military operations on the Western Front, but they were all unsuccessful.
AT mid 1918 Entente forces attacked river Marne, which ended in the defeat of the German troops.
Seeing their catastrophic situation, On November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungary signed a truce with the Entente, and on November 11, Germany.
The First World War was over.
Bibliography
- Shubin A.V. General history. Recent history. Grade 9: textbook. For general education institutions. - M.: Moscow textbooks, 2010.
- Soroko-Tsyupa O.S., Soroko-Tsyupa A.O. General history. Recent history, 9th grade. - M.: Education, 2010.
- Sergeev E.Yu. General history. Recent history. Grade 9 - M.: Education, 2011.
Homework
- Read § 2 of the textbook by Shubin A.V. and answer questions 1-4 on p. 24.
- Find on the map presented in the textbook on pages 20-21, the powers of the Entente and its opponents.
- Give a general description of the military-political blocs.
- Answer question 3 in the Assignments section on page 25.
- Internet portal 900igr.net ().
- Library Gumer ().
- Great encyclopedia of the student ().
In the face of crisis and defeat at the end of 1918, the civilian leadership of Germany was demoralized and confused. The military defeat of Germany caused the collapse of the Imperial Government, in fact the accidental declaration of a republic and the establishment of a government whose authority was not recognized even on the streets of Berlin. Outwardly it seemed that the army was in the same position. The rear units took part in the overthrow of the monarchy, and the field armies returned home and were demobilized. Behind the scenes, however, the high command and the General Staff were not as confused and unsure as the civilian leadership. Even before the civil war ended in Berlin and Munich, the General Staff began to learn the lessons of the First World War and rebuild the army. His real assessment of the strengths and weaknesses shown by the German army during the war made it possible to change its organization and tactical principles.
Any sound assessment of economic, foreign policy, and military-historical factors showed that Germany did not have the slightest chance of winning the First World War. It was a situation of Germany against the rest of the world: Germany, supported by three weak allies - Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria, turned against France, Russia, the British Empire, the United States, Italy and many other nations. Despite the differences, Germany was close to victory on the battlefield. As early as June 1918, the German Army was on the offensive, pushing back the Allied armies in France. The Germans fought so well and were so often victorious that when, five months later, the collapse came, some generals - and most of all Erich von Ludendorff - refused to acknowledge the defeat of the Imperial Army on the battlefield, explaining it as "betrayal" on the part of renegade politicians and the civilian population in the rear.
Most generals and experienced officers did not share Ludendorff's views. They recognized that the Imperial Army had been defeated on the battlefield, but even this understanding could not obscure the idea that Germany could and should have won the war. Since the defeated army has more incentive to learn the lessons of the war, many German officers began to write histories, memoirs, studies and articles full of criticism and justification of the actions of the military leadership, as well as tactical and strategic ideas. The General Staff training system traditionally emphasized the study of military history, and before the smoke cleared on the battlefield, the officers were already analyzing the lessons of the war. Thus, after the end of the First World War, a consensus on the strategic, tactical and technological lessons learned from the experience of the army had to be found within the General Staff officer corps. These conclusions had to be supported by further research, discussion and reflection.
Theme of the lesson: "The First World War".
The purpose of the lesson: Introduce students to the First World War.
Lesson objectives:
To reveal the causes of the First World War, the strategic goals and plans of the warring states.
Describe the course of hostilities on the Western and Eastern fronts.
To form the skills and abilities of students with a comparative historical table, compare and summarize the material, trace cause-and-effect relationships.
Improve skills in working with a historical map.
On specific examples, show students the tragedy and senselessness of war.
To educate students in the spirit of tolerance and humanism.
Lesson type: assimilation of new knowledge and skills (using ICT).
Equipment: A political map of the World, ( presentation for the lesson ), illustrative material.
Lesson Plan:
Organizing time.
Geopolitical situation on the eve of the war.
Objectives of the belligerents.
Major military events
Results of the war.
Homework.
Reflection.
During the classes:
Organizing time.
Introduction by the teacher. The First World War was the prologue to the upheavals of the twentieth century. In the events of 1914-1918. - the origins of many processes that determined the face of the modern world. The war, in fact, began a new era in the history of mankind. Started for the sake of the greatness of empires, four years later it destroyed the empires themselves.
(Slide 1)
"The Greatest Crimes of Imperialism Against Humanity"
Killed 10,000,000 million people
Wounded 20,000,000 million people
Huge destruction, suffering of hundreds of millions of people.
Why were these sacrifices made?
Do you think that in 1914 the world was doomed to a large-scale confrontation? Was it possible to prevent this war?
Teacher: In 1905-1914. there was a further aggravation of contradictions between the leading world powers. The German threat to the colonial possessions of England and France contributed to the strengthening of the Franco-Russian alliance, and forced England to seek rapprochement with Russia. Nicholas II ultimately supported the line of rapprochement with England, but not with Germany, which was facilitated by the influence of France - Russia's ally, as well as Germany's claims to the Baltic lands. And in February 1907, in St. Petersburg, three conventions were signed with England, delimiting spheres of influence in the East. These agreements completed the formation of the military-political bloc of the Entente countries - France, England, Russia. At the same time, a second opposing alliance was formed - the Triple: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy.
(Slide 2).Opposing forces.
Causes of the First World War and the occasion. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was used as a pretext for starting the First World War. Although peaceful means of resolving the conflict were far from being exhausted, on June 28 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
(Slide 3.) - reason.
Everything has its reasons and this war too. Each participating country had its own reasons why it entered the war, but they can be combined and then we can conclude that the following reasons were common for all participants ( slide 4) and entry in the notebook:
The desire to weaken competing states in economic and military development (so England could not help but be worried about the rapid industrial expansion and, mainly, the build-up of the power of the German navy)
Controversy over colonies, spheres of influence and markets.
The desire to solve internal problems with the help of war.
Widespread strengthening of nationalist sentiments.
Let's take a look at the causes of each participating country, and determine which of the common causes each of them applies to (handout).
Germany sought to defeat England, deprive her of naval power and redistribute the French, Belgian and Portuguese colonies and establish herself in the rich Arabian provinces of Turkey, weaken Russia, and wrest away the Polish provinces from her. Ukraine and the Baltic States, depriving them of their natural borders along the Baltic Sea.
Austria-Hungary hoped to capture Serbia and Montenegro to establish its hegemony in the Balkans, to take part of the Polish provinces from Russia.
Turkey, with the support of Germany, claimed the territory of the Russian Transcaucasus.
England sought to preserve its maritime and colonial power, to defeat Germany as a competitor in the world market and to stop her claims to redistribute the colonies. In addition, England counted on seizing oil-rich Mesopotamia and Palestine from Turkey, which Germany also hoped to seize.
France wanted to return Alsace and Lorraine, taken from her by Germany in 1871, and seize the Saar basin.
Russia entered the war with Germany and Austria-Hungary, seeking a free exit of the Black Sea Fleet through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles to the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the annexation of Galicia and the lower reaches of the Neman.
The Poles saw in the war an opportunity to recreate the state destroyed by Partitions XVII.
Italy, even being in alliance with Austria-Hungary, dreamed of returning its lands to Trentino, Trieste and Fiume. Italy, which hesitated for a long time between the Triple Alliance and the Entente, ultimately connected its fate with the Entente and fought on its side due to penetration into the Balkan Peninsula.
During the three years of the war, the United States of America occupied a neutral position, cashing in on military stands for both warring coalitions. The United States entered the war (April 1917), intended to dictate peace conditions to the weakened countries, ensuring the world domination of American imperialism.
Knowing the reasons for the participation of European states in the First World War, determine the nature of the war?
Pay attention to the table "Chronology of the declaration of war" (slide 5-7). We see how dozens of states were gradually drawn into the war.
On July 30, Nicholas II signed a decree on general mobilization. Germany August 1, 1914 declared war on Russia and then France. After the German invasion of Belgium on August 4, Great Britain entered the war. Italy declared neutrality; on July 4, the United States declared neutrality. The Entente joined: Japan, Italy, Romania. Germany involved Turkey in the war on its side. It was beneficial for Russia's allies that Turkey began hostilities on the Black Sea and in October 1914 Russia declared war on Turkey. Subsequently, Bulgaria took the side of Germany. Thus began the First World War. A. Kerensky wrote: “The world war, which had been brewing in the heart of Europe for several years, hit Russia like a hurricane. Not a single great power in Europe so needed peace, so thirsted for it, as Russia after the war with Japan.
Listen to the following poem and answer the question: What moods prevailed in society after Russia entered the war?
The feat of war.
S. Gorodetsky.
Not the first evening the waves sang
In the people's sea, and moaned
Elemental wind, full of power,
And the anthem flew to the sky like a shaft;
Again in the sky blazed
Dawn, unseen clear,
When from the enemy's limit
The news of the war has come. War!
War! War! So what are
Doors opened before you
Loving Russia,
Country with Christ's destiny!
So accept the crown of thorns
And go down to hell murderous
In hand with his severe sword,
With a cross shining in my chest!
Forgive me, uncompressed, peaceful ear!
Mother earth, I'm sorry!
Calls Russia to go into battle.
The feat of war will not be idle,
A new age will be born in the blood,
And to the arable land, radiant with glory,
The Russian will return...
The course of hostilities (in stages)
A) plans of the parties at the beginning of each stage
B) major battles and events
C) military and political results of the stage.
In the history of the First World War, the following stages can be distinguished:
1) the campaign of 1914 (the failure of the strategy of a fleeting war; the transition from maneuverable to positional forms of struggle)
2) the campaign of 1915 (the failure of the German plan to withdraw Russia from the war; trench warfare)
3) the campaign of 1916 (transition of the strategic initiative to the Entente countries)
4) the campaign of 1917 (the offensive of the Entente; Russia's exit from the war)
5) the campaign of 1918 (the general offensive of the Entente; the surrender of Germany)
(Slide 8-16). Before the students are maps-plans of the General Staffs of Russia, England, France and Germany. On the basis of these maps, students make up a story about the plans of the parties, paying special attention to the reasons for the plans of Germany, the Schlieffen plan. A message is heard about the Schlieffen plan. The following are the main stages of the war.
1914 on the map show the main directions of military operations. 1915 on the map following the course of hostilities. We answer the question about one of the reasons for the defeat of the Russian army in 1915.
1916 events of 1916 are shown on the map, the display is accompanied by slides "The German offensive on Verdun"
1917-18 events are shown on the map
(Slide 17-21). Heroes and commanders. Trained students introduce the memoirs of D.I. Denikin and other participants in the war. Worthy of student reports about the heroes of the war
(slide 22-24)The results of the war. Students draw conclusions about the outcome of the war.
According to modern historians, 3 factors completely changed the face of the war: the use of new types of weapons, which increases the number of dead and wounded; the courage of soldiers is now valued much less than firepower; changes in the rear, due to the fact that victory requires the use of all human resources not only at the front, and the entire population suffers from the hardships of war; so the war becomes total; war propaganda is actively used to strengthen the will to win.
Consolidation.
Homework: paragraph 1, creative task of your choice.
Lesson topic World War I
The purpose of the lesson: systematize and generalize knowledge aboutPWorld War I and Russia's participation in it.
Tasks:
a) educational: find out the causes and goals of the participants in the First World War;
Determine the nature of the war on the part of Russia;
Describe the course of hostilities on the Eastern Front;
Draw a conclusion about the role played by Russia in the war.
b)developing: continue to develop the ability to express their own understanding of issues and problems related to this topic
in)educational: stimulate the development of a deep and enduring interest in history
Lesson type: combined
Teaching methods: explanatory and illustrative
Material equipment of the lesson : Map, presentation, textbook "The World in the XX century" O.S. Soroka-Tsyupa, schemes
Interdisciplinary connections: "Russian history"
The course and content of the lesson:
1. Introductory-motivational stage.
1.1. Checking group students
1.2. Message of the purpose and topic of the lesson
2. Actualization of basic knowledge on this topic"Countries of Asia and America in the late XIX - early XX century."
Independent work on options
3. Presentation of new material
2. The goals of the participants in the war
3. "Schliefen Plan"
1. Causes and reason for the First World War
The First World War (August 1, 1914 - November 11, 1918) began as a result of the aggravation of contradictions between the developed countries of the world at the beginning of the 20th century. The power of weapons increased every year, chauvinistic propaganda did its job - it unleashed national enmity, the ruling circles more and more longed for the implementation of plans for the capture.
The reason for the outbreak of World War I was the assassination on June 28, 1914 in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, a member of the Mlada Bosna organization, Gavril Princip. Erts - Duke was the commander-in-chief of the army of Austria - Hungary and arrived in Sarajevo to participate in military maneuvers that were to take place on the border with Serbia. For the Serbs, June 28 was a day of national mourning. On this day, the memory of the Serbs who died in the battle with the Turks on the Kosovo field in 1389 was honored. This visit was regarded by Serbian national circles as an insult.
After the death of the Archduke, the German emperor Wilhelm II proposed to the Austro-Hungarian emperor Franz Joseph "to end the Serbs", using the Sarajevo massacre as a pretext for declaring war. The Austro-Hungarian government gave Serbia 48 hours to carry out a series of ultimatums.
historical calendar .
June 28, 1914 - assassination in Sarajevo of the heir to the Austrian throne, Franz Ferdinand
2. The goals of the participants in the war
Entente countries
France - Weakening of Germany, return of Alsace and Lorraine
Great Britain - The weakening of Germany, the capture of its colonies, the preservation of superiority at sea.
Russia - Strengthening in the Balkans, assistance to Serbia, the capture of the Black Sea straits.
Triple Alliance
Germany - The conquest of hegemony in Europe, the defeat of France, the capture of the European part of Russia, the redistribution of the colonies.
Austria-Hungary - Strengthening positions in the Balkans, the defeat of Serbia, the weakening of Russia.
Italy -capture of Tyrol and French colonies in Africa
Side Plans
Germany- plan "blitz krieg", first defeat of France, then Russia
Russia- the main attack on Austria-Hungary
France- defending its border with Belgium
Austria-Hungary- war on 2 fronts: against Russia and Serbia
England- limited participation in the war (rake the heat with the wrong hands)
3. "Schliefen Plan"
Moltke H.I. - Chief of the General Staff of Germany.
Shlifen A. - the developer of the lightning war plan.
Schliefen plan
1. Get rid of a war on two fronts, prevent a protracted war that threatened Germany with defeat, since Germany was inferior to its opponents in terms of raw materials, food and human resources.
2. Invade France through Belgium; England will not give France serious support;
3. Defeat France before autumn, i.e. until Russia is ready for hostilities;
4. Then crush Russia.
4. The main fronts of the First World War
Fronts of the First World War: in Europe, Transcaucasia, the Middle East,
in the Pacific, in Africa.
War woreaggressive nature, on the part of Russia, the war also bore an imperialist character.
5. Military operations from 1914-1918
Periods
Western Front
Eastern front
Result
1914
The offensive of the German troops through Belgium. Battle of the Marne. German troops are stopped and thrown back from Paris. Naval blockade of Germany by the English fleet
The unsuccessful offensive of two Russian armies (generals P.K. Renenkampf and A.V. Samsonov) in East Prussia. The offensive of Russian troops in Galicia against Austria-Hungary.
The East Prussian operation of the Russian troops helped the French and British survive the battle on the Marne River. The "Schliefen Plan" failed, Germany could not avoid a war on two fronts. The Ottoman Empire was joined by Germany and Austria-Hungary.
1915
There were almost no active military operations. Ruthless submarine war of Germany against the fleet of the Entente. The first ever chemical attack by German troops on Ypres (Belgium).
The offensive of Germany and Austria-Hungary against Russian troops. The Russian army with heavy losses is forced to retreat. Russia lost Poland, part of the Baltic States, Belarus and Ukraine. Bulgaria took the side of Germany (the Central Powers).
Germany and its allies failed to liquidate the Eastern Front. Positional ("trench") warfare. France and England have strengthened their military potential. There has been a military-economic advantage of the Entente countries.
1916
The offensive of the German army along Verdun. The first use of tanks by the Entente troops and the offensive on the Somme.
The Russian army under the command of General Brusilov broke through the Austro-Hungarian front in Galicia and Bukovina ("Brusilov breakthrough"). However, it was not possible to build on the success of the Russian army.
The battles at Verdun and the Somme did not give a decisive advantage to either side. It became clear that Germany could not win the war, Austria-Hungary was on the verge of complete defeat.
1917
In the battles on the fields of France, neither the Central Powers nor the Entente managed to achieve a decisive victory. US entry into the war on the side of the Entente.
Revolution in February-March 1917. in Russia. Fall of the monarchy. Provisional government - "War to the bitter end!" Decree on peace of the Bolshevik government. The call to conclude peace without annexation and indemnity is not supported by either Germany or the Entente.
Huge losses forced the Anglo-French command to stop major offensive operations. The entry into the war of the United States led to the economic and military superiority of the Entente. Revolutionary Russia, exhausted by the war, could not continue the struggle.
1918
The offensive of the German troops in France (P. Hindenburg, E. Ludendorff) to Paris. On the Marne, the counteroffensive of the Entente troops under the command of the French General F. Foch. US President W. Wilson proposed a 14-point peace plan. The uprising of sailors in Kiel was the beginning of the German revolution. The Social Democratic government concluded an armistice with the Entente in the Compiègne Forest on November 11, 1918.
In March 1918, the Bolshevik government concluded a separate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany.
The Eastern Front ceased to exist. Germany got rid of the need to fight on two fronts. Bulgaria withdrew from the war. The Ottoman Empire surrendered. Revolutions in Czechoslovakia and Hungary led to the collapse of Austria-Hungary and its military collapse. End of the First World War. The victory of the Entente countries.
World War I 1914-1918
the date
Developments
September 1914
battle on the Marne. Stabilization.
October 1914
Turkish entry into the war. Opening of hostilities in the Black Sea and Transcaucasia.
May 1915
entry into the war of Italy on the side of the Entente
Summer 1915
great retreat" of the Russian army on the Eastern Front
October 1915
Bulgarian entry into the war
1915
naval war with England (submarines)
February-March 1916
Verdun meat grinder (1 million soldiers)
June-August 1916
Brusilovsky breakthrough
Autumn 1916
battle on the river Somme (tanks)
May 1916
Jutland naval battle
April 1917
US entry into the war
August 1918
massive Entente offensive on the Western Front
6. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Armistice of Compiègne
March 3, 1918 was signedBrest Peace , according to which Ukraine, Finland, Georgia, Poland and the Baltic states were torn away from Soviet Russia, but the country received the respite it needed
November 11, 1918 in the forest of Compiègne (France), an armistice was signed between the victors (the Entente countries) and defeated Germany.
7. Results of the First World War
33 countries participated in the First World War.(1.5 billion people)
The collapse of empires: German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman
Over 10 million dead. Economic crisis, famine, devastation in all countries of the world.
4 . Fixing the material: Ttest tasks.
1 option
1. Germany declared war on Russia:
A) 06/28/1914; B) 07/28/1914; C) 08/01/1914; D) 08/03/1914
2. The "Schlieffen Plan" provided for the maintenance of:
D) coalition war
3. The military-political alliance of the Entente was not included:
4. The "Schlieffen Plan" was adopted by the command:
5. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in:
6. The following took part in the First World War:
7. The Triple Alliance did not include:
8. Complete the definition
Annexation – ………., …………. .the territory of a foreign state against the will of its population
9. What region was called at the beginning of the 20th century. "powder magazine of Europe"?
A) Polish lands that were part of Russia; B) the Balkans; C) the German Empire.
10. Who was the Supreme Commander of the Russian army in the initial period of the First World War?
Option 2
1. The "Schlieffen Plan" provided for the maintenance of:
A) maneuver warfare; B) lightning war; B) positional warfare;
D) coalition war;
2. The "Schlieffen Plan" was adopted by the command:
A) Germany B) Austria-Hungary; B) Italy D) France
3. The following took part in the First World War:
A) 23 countries; B) 28 countries; C) 35 countries; D) 38 countries
4. The Triple Alliance did not include:
A) Germany B) Austria-Hungary; B) Italy D) Russia
5. Complete the definition
Annexation- ………………………… the territory of a foreign state against the will of its people
6. Who was the Supreme Commander of the Russian army in the initial period of the First World War?
A) Nicholas II; B) Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich; C) A. A. Brusilov.
7. Germany declared war on Russia:
A) 06/28/1914; B) 07/28/1914; C) 08/01/1914; D) 08/03/1914
8. The military-political union of the Entente was not included:
A) Romania; B) Bulgaria; B) Italy D) France
9. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in:
A) 06/28/1914; B) 07/28/1914; C) 08/01/1914; D) 08/03/1914
10. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in:
A) 06/28/1914; B) 07/28/1914; C) 08/01/1914; D) 08/03/1914
5. Reflective-evaluative: summarizing the lesson, grading for the lesson
6. Homework: "World in the XX century" O.S. Soroka-Tsyupa, paragraph 12, fill in the table "Chronological events of the war"
Loading...
