Why do we need a suffix in Russian. Report on the topic: The role of suffixes and prefixes in Russian

Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Railway Transport

Omsk State Transport University

Department of Russian and Foreign Languages

SPELLING OF NOUN SUFFIXES

(using examples from the works of M.F. Dostoevsky)

student gr. 11B

Gruzd A.A.

Scientific adviser:

Associate Professor of the Department of RIA:

Greku R.A.

Introduction 3

Suffixes and usage 4

Types of suffixes 5

Examples from the works of F.M. Dostoevsky. eight

"Crime and Punishment" 8

References 14

Introduction

The Russian language is the language of the great Russian people, which has a heroic history, outstanding achievements in social thought, science, culture, and literature. In all these achievements, there is a great contribution of the Russian language as a means of communication, as a form of national culture. The greatness of the Russian language and the greatness of the Russian people are inseparable.

The Russian language is one of the world languages, one of the most developed and perfect. His authority is very high.

The Russian language is actively functioning in the modern world. It is one of the official, working languages ​​of the UN and a number of other international organizations. In various countries, millions of people speak Russian or study it. Methods of teaching Russian as a foreign language are being improved, the demand for scientific and fiction literature in Russian is growing.

Purpose: to identify all the rules for the use of suffixes in nouns.

Suffixes and usage

Suffix (from Latin suffixus "attached") - a morpheme, a variable part of a word, usually located after the root. In the Russian school tradition, the suffix is ​​schematically distinguished by the symbol ^. A null suffix is ​​often marked with an ø (computer zero).

In fact, a suffix is ​​a kind of postfix that is not an inflection. The opposition of suffixes and inflections is characteristic of Indo-European and a number of languages ​​similar in grammatical structure.

In Russian, the transfer of a word from one part of speech to another is always carried out with the help of a suffix. If there is no suffix in the derived word, the sign of the zero suffix is ​​placed immediately after the root.

The role of morphemes in the Russian language is very great, because it is with the help of them that new words and word forms are formed. A morpheme is a way of forming words using morphemes. A morpheme is a significant part of a word that serves to form a series of words and forms (root, suffix or prefix). If a morpheme is involved in the formation of a new word, it is called derivational. If a morpheme serves to form word forms, then it is formative.

Lekant believes that such morphemes as a suffix play the most important role. The role of suffixes in the Russian language is very important, because suffixes not only help to express your thoughts more accurately, but also give speech a more necessary emotional coloring. The suffix shows the speaker's attitude to what he is reporting, this attitude can be positive, negative, rude, affectionate or mocking. Suffixes can cause alternations at the root of a word:

ter-e-t, you-tir-a-t; shine-e-th, shine-a-be.

Suffixes are usually assigned to a specific part of speech. Noun suffixes -ik, -echk-, -chik-, etc. (cross-ik, place-echk-o, fellow traveler).

Types of suffixes

Suffixes are either simple or compound. Simple suffixes act as morphemes, perceived as indecomposable and integral, not only in terms of meaning and emphasis, but also in terms of internal structure.

(-i-, -tel-, -n-, -ti). Compound suffixes, being a whole, are nevertheless felt as formations that arose by combining two suffixes. As compound suffixes, suffixes can be called:

Ovnik (thorn-ovnik), -telstvo (o) (abuse).

The overwhelming majority of suffixes used in the Russian language are primordially Russian, arising on the basis of the material existing in it or inherited by it from an older source. For example: suffix -environment (bliss-environment-o). However, along with the original Russian suffixes, there are a certain number of borrowed suffixes in nouns. For example: the suffix -er (-er) came to us from the French language: conductor-er, designer-er, understudy-er).

Suffixes are divided into formative, used to form word forms, and word-forming, which serve to form new words. The clarity and definiteness of the meaning of the suffix depend on whether this meaning is free or it acts as a bound one, whether this suffix in a given word or form is a generating element, or whether it was inherited by them from the forming stem. A formative suffix is ​​a suffix used to form word forms. Unlike endings, the formative suffix does not express the grammatical meanings of gender, number, person, case, but serves to express the meanings of time, mood, degree of comparison. The formative suffix is ​​null.

A derivational suffix is ​​a word-forming morpheme after the root, which serves to form new words. The role of derivational suffixes is very great, because they serve to form single-root words: write - writer; experience - experience-n-th.

Derivational suffixes are great word builders. After all, with the help of derivational suffixes, most words are formed.

For example, nouns have many derivational suffixes. There are many suffixes denoting a figure or a person of some profession: -ary, -tel, -nick, -nits- and er (the suffix - a foreigner came to us from French along with borrowed words): apothecary-ary, tok-ary, library- ar, teacher, rescuer, teacher, student-nick, defender-nick, jester-nick, student-nits-a, teacher-tel-nits-a, engraver, conductor-er, ticket- er, designer

Suffixes -ary, -tel. -nick, -er can also denote objects, this is the second meaning of these suffixes (lantern, textbook, nickname, switch, simulator).

But there are also suffixes that “created” a few words and no longer “work” - “retired”, for example, -uh and -uh: pet-uh, horse-yuh.

The role of word-building suffixes is very large, because it is with the help of them that all single-root words of the Russian language are formed. (For example, Teach - student - study - textbook)

Diminutiveness, a special linguistic meaning, primarily associated primarily with an indication of a decrease in the size of an object. As a rule, it is expressed morphologically - by adding a certain suffix to the nominal stem. As a morphological means, a special diminutive suffix is ​​more often used: hare - hare-ik, kind - kind-hearted, cross - cross-ik.

It is far from possible to form a diminutive word in all cases, for example, if the reduced word does not exist at all: microbe, skyscraper, hurricane.

Diminutive suffixes are affectionate and derogatory. Of the affectionate suffixes, the most common are:

K-: mountain - hill, hand - handle, head - head;

Ik-: table - table, house - house;

Check-: glass - glass, suitcase - suitcase;

Of the disparaging suffixes, the most common are: -ishk-: city - town, dress - dress, braggart - braggart; -onk-/-yonk-: a horse is a horse, a cow is a cow, a nag is a nag. For example, the word picture is a smaller picture.

Magnification is connected, first of all, with an indication of an increase in the size of an object. As a rule, it is expressed morphologically - by adding a certain suffix to the nominal stem. As a morphological means, a special magnifying suffix is ​​more often used.

Magnifying words - this is how some nouns are called, formed with the help of well-known suffixes, expressing a side concept of a special size, out of the ordinary sizes. Such suffixes are -isch- (with an augmentative meaning): house - house, wolf - she-wolf, paw - paws.

With the help of suffixes, many new words and forms of words are formed. Suffixes also serve to form parts of speech, that is, they play a morphological role. Suffixes not only help to express thoughts more accurately, but also to give speech a more necessary emotional coloring (positive, negative, affectionate or mocking). The suffix shows the attitude of the speaker to what he is reporting - this is the psychological role of suffixes.

Hello. I started learning programming almost from scratch, except for BASIC from the distant 80s and 90s. I can’t understand why C# needs suffixes if a variable has already been assigned a type when declaring (that is, memory of a certain size has already been allocated) Let me explain with an example:

long y = 2147483647 + 1; long z = 2147483647L + 1; Console.WriteLine(y); Console.WriteLine(z);

Why doesn't this code compile when the variable type is already declared as long ? What is the point of assigning a type to a variable if you still need to specify a suffix after its value? So why can't you do this:

y = 2147483647L + 1; z = 2147483647L + 1; Console.WriteLine(y); Console.WriteLine(z);

If the question is not correct, please do not kick much. Yandex is already tired of looking for an answer to this question. Well, I really don’t want to leave the old spots at the initial level of study.

8 responses

irises

Sanay0102

int overflow in progress

irises

I can’t understand why Y became int because it has already been assigned the type long

It turns out that whatever type is assigned to the variable, if you do not specify a suffix, the variable becomes int ?

If so, why declare a variable of a particular type?

irises, suffixes are needed when the compiler cannot determine the appropriate type of a variable, or by default it will not determine it the way you need it.

namespace ConsoleAppSanay0102 ( class Program ( static void Main(string args) ( //int a = 2147483647 + 1; // error CS0220: Operation overflowed during compile-time check mode. //int b = 2147483647L + 1; // error CS0266: Cannot implicitly convert type 'long' to 'int' Explicit conversion exists (probably missing a cast) //var c = 2147483647 + 1; // error CS0220: Overflow while executing operation during compile-time mode checks.var d = 2147483647L + 1;// OK //long e = 2147483647 + 1;// error CS0220: Operation overflowed during compile-time in check mode.long f = 2147483647L + 1;// OK //* *** g = 2147483647 + 1; // error CS0220: Operation overflowed during compile-time check mode **** h = 2147483647u + 1; // OK Func1(1); // Which method will be called ) static void Func1(int a) ( ) static void Func1(long a) ( ) static void Func1(**** a) ( ) static void Func1(ulong a) ( ) static void Func1(****** a) ( ) static void Func1(float a) ( ) ) )

In the Russian language it is very large, because it is with the help of them that new words and word forms are formed. A morpheme is a way of forming words using morphemes. A morpheme is a significant part of a word that serves to form a series of words and forms (root, suffix or prefix). If a morpheme is involved in the formation of a new word, it is called derivational. If a morpheme serves to form word forms, then it is formative.

I believe that morphemes such as suffix and prefix play the most important role. The role of suffixes in the Russian language is very important, because suffixes not only help to express your thoughts more accurately, but also give speech a more necessary emotional coloring. The suffix shows the speaker's attitude to what he is reporting, this attitude can be positive, negative, rude, affectionate or mocking.

Prefixes also play an important role in the Russian language.

Red and mustachioed

Cockroach!

Cockroach, Cockroach, Cockroach!

The author uses the suffix -seek- to exaggerate the size of the cockroach. At the beginning, Chukovsky writes “terrible giant”, although we all know that the cockroach is small, but to exaggerate its size and in order to create the feeling that it is really a “giant”. And, in my opinion, he succeeds, because all the animals “trembled”, “fell into a swoon”.

prefix or prefix.

A prefix is ​​a word-forming affix that complicates the generating stem in the process of word production in preposition (i.e., in a position before the generating stem). For example, the author is a co-author, cheerful is one-cheerful, fly - fly, etc.

Unlike suffixes, prefixes can form words of the same part of speech as the generating word. For example, from the verb to walk - only the verbs come, go, e-walk, etc., from the adjective scientific - anti-scientific, etc.

Speaking about prefixes, it can be recognized that they are most often found in the verb, where the prefix performs not only word-formation functions, but can be complicated by formative functions, participating in speciation.

Native Russian prefixes in modern Russian appear in nouns formed from verbs.

In modern Russian, there is an activation of prefix word formation in nouns and adjectives. At the same time, additions of foreign origin are most productive: anti (Anti-world, anti-hero), de - (de-militarization, de-tronization), etc. in adjectives: anti-military, super-fashionable, super-modern and etc.

Particular attention in Russian should be paid to the prefix not -. With the help of the prefix non-, homonymous with the negative particle not, all parts of speech are formed, unlike the particle, the prefix not - is written together as part of a derivative word: not-honor, not good, not-weather, not-for a long time, not-how much, not- who etc.

The main features of the plugin are as follows:

the prefix occupies a certain position in the derived word (the position before the root).

The prefix is ​​most characteristic of the word-formation system of the verb, in other parts of speech it is less common.

The prefix does not change the part of speech of the generating word, the derivative always refers to the same part of speech as the generating word. This is due to the position that the prefix occupies, it is in front of the stem, so the end of the word does not affect it.

The prefix is ​​attached not to the base, but to the whole word.

By their origin, prefixes can be both native Russian and foreign. There are few foreign-language prefixes that entered the Russian language along with borrowed words. These prefixes do not play a significant role among the morphemes of the modern Russian language. The bulk of the prefixes are native Russian. For the most part, prefixes in their origin are words (primarily prepositions and particles) that have become morphemes.

Most prefixes come from prepositions. Almost every prefix has a match among the prepositions. Most prefixes express spatio-temporal meaning. (For example, From-, In-)

Antonyms are formed with the help of prefixes.

Antonyms (Greek ???? - “against” + ????? “name”) are words of one part of speech, different in sound, having directly opposite meanings: truth - lies, good - evil, speak - be silent, pour - pour.

Prefixes form antonyms. For example, the verb to walk with the help of suffixes can form antonyms. (Come - leave).

On the example of the word went, you can determine the meaning of prefixes. He came, he went, he went, he went, he went, he went, he went around, he went. The example of this word shows how the meaning of the word changes with the help of prefixes. Some words have completely different meanings. A couple of words came - went - went, these words have a completely opposite meaning. Prefixes change the meaning of a word

We have all been in school for a long time and have forgotten a lot. But sometimes it is useful to recall school knowledge, especially from the field of the Russian language. In this article, we will recall what a word suffix is.

The suffix is ​​the modified part of the word that is located after the root. The suffix is ​​marked with a ^. The zero suffix is ​​allocated 0 (zero). What is the suffix for? Suffixes serve to form new words and various word forms.

What are the suffixes

Types of suffixes:

• Suffixes -ek and –ik. If the vowel "e" falls out during the declension of the word, you need to write the suffix -ek. If words retain the sound "and" when declension, then you need to write the suffix -ik. Examples: son -ek; kalach -ik.
• The letters "h" and "u" in the suffixes -chik and -schik. If these suffixes are after the letters "d", "t", "z", "s" and "g", you need to write the letter "h". In all other cases, "u" is written. Examples: storyteller, driller.
• Letters "o" and "e" after q and hissing adverbs, nouns and adjectives in suffixes. If the suffix of a noun, adjective and adverb is under stress, you need to write the letter "u", without stress - write "e". Examples: mesh-ok; bag-ek. There is an exception to this rule - the word "cheap".
• One and two letters "n" in those adjectives that are formed from nouns.

Two letters "n" will be written in adjectives that are formed from the following words:

1. From nouns whose stem ends in "n".
2. From a noun with the suffixes -onn and -enn.

There is an exception to this rule - this is the word "windy".

One letter "n" is written:

1. In suffixes -an and -yang in adjectives that are formed from nouns. There are exceptions, these are the words tin, glass, wood.
2. In short adjectives, except for masculine forms.

Suffixes -sk and -k in adjectives. If adjectives have a short form or are formed from nouns whose stem ends with "h", "k", "c", you need to write the suffix -k. In other cases -

How to find a suffix in a word

Knowing that the suffix is ​​located between the ending and the root of the word, we can easily find it.

• First you need to select these morphemes.
• In order to determine the ending, the word must be conjugated or declined. The modified part at the end of the word will be its ending. It needs to be squared.
• Next, you need to choose the same-root words for the word. This will make it possible to determine the root. It will be an invariable part and a common part for all cognate words. The root is denoted by an arc.
• The part that remains between the root and the ending is the suffix. It is indicated by a triangle - ^. A word can have more than one suffix.

Typical mistakes when highlighting suffixes

• The final letters of a suffix are often confused with the ending.
• The suffix can also include part of the root or part of the previous suffix.
• They may not distinguish between individual suffixes and the sum of suffixes, for example, "literacy-n-ost".
• With a missing suffix, a part of the root of the word can be separated into a suffix.

We remembered what a suffix is ​​and how to find it.

1. Suffix- this is a morpheme that comes after the root and usually serves to form new words, although it can also be used to form the form of one word.

For example: kind - kindness(suffix - from- derivational) kinder, kinder(suffix - her- formative, forms the form of the comparative degree of the adjective; suffix - eysh- formative, forms the form of the superlative degree of the adjective).

Note!

In some cases, the suffix -j- may not receive a special graphic designation in the word. Its presence can be indicated by vowels e, e, u, i in a position after a consonant or a dividing b, for example: Volga region[j] e[pΛvolzhj], Zaonezh[j] e[zΛn'ezhj].

2. Most suffixes are used to form new words.

Teach - teacher, teachers about, teacher's.

There are relatively few formative suffixes in Russian. The most important among them are the following:

suffixes of the comparative and superlative degrees of the adjective: -her (-ey), -e, -she, -eysh-, -aysh;

Faster, faster, more expensive, older, deepest, wisest.

verb past suffix -l;

Came and found out.

verb imperative suffix -i;

Take it, take it.

some suffixes of nouns as indicators of plural and singular;

Wed: citizen(unit) - citizens(pl.); friend(unit) - friends(plural; it is created not only due to the ending -i [a], but also due to the suffix -j- - [druz'j aʹ]); son(unit) - son i(plural; it is created not only due to the ending -i [a], but also due to the suffix -ovj - [sonΛv'j aʹ]); duckling ok(unit) - ducklings a(pl.).

some suffixes of nouns as indicators of oblique cases.

Wed: mother- (No) mater and, time- (No) times and.

The spelling of suffixes depends on the part-of-speech attribution of the word and therefore will be considered when characterizing the corresponding parts of speech.

Note!

1) In linguistics, there is no unity in determining the status of the indicator of the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) - -t, -ti, -ch ( run, carry, save). Some researchers characterize these morphemes as an ending, others as a suffix. In this guide, we are looking at infinitive indicator(-th, -ty, -ch) like an ending (!).

2) In linguistics, there is no single point of view on participle affiliation ( reading, reading, reading, reading) and gerunds ( reading, reading). In some manuals, participles and gerunds are characterized as independent parts of speech (and in this case the corresponding suffixes will be word-forming), in others - as special forms of the verb (and then the same suffixes will be formative). In this manual, participles and participles are considered as independent parts of speech.

3. Like roots and prefixes, suffixes can change their appearance. At the same time, as in the roots, alternations of consonants and vowels are observed here. In particular, "fluent vowels" are possible.

Wed: book-to-a - book-ek; slip-to-y - slip-ok, sme-n-oh - sme-he, old man - old-c-a, dishes-ts-e - dishes-ets.

Quite regularly in suffixes, alternations of consonants and combinations of sounds are observed (k / h, ova / yj).

Wed: book-to-a - book-ech-to-a, com-ok - com-och-ek, fir-ova -t - fir-uj-yu.

4. In general, when selecting suffixes and suffix complexes, it is necessary to focus on the words from which the given word is formed. It is convenient to use a paraphrase with such a single-root word.

For example:

1. Let's compare the morphemic composition of nouns: Sasha, cherry, pea.

   In the word Sasha ( Sash-enk-a) stands out the root Sash- (Sasha) and suffix -enko(a): « Sashenka- diminutive for Sash a».

   In the word cherry ( cherries) stands out the root cherries- with a fluent vowel ( cherry) and suffix -to(a): « Cherry- small cherry I».

   In the word pea ( pea) stands out the root pea- with alternating consonants X/sh (peas) and two suffixes: suffix -in- (pea): « Pea- a single component of peas "; suffix -to(a): « Pea- small peas ina».

2. Let's compare the morphemic composition of adjectives: dreamy and conscious.

   In the word dreamy ( dreamy) stands out the root dream- (dream) and three suffixes: verb suffix -a- (dream): « Dream- indulge in dreams am»; suffix -tel with the meaning "doer" ( dreamer): « Dreamer- one who loves dreams at»; adjective suffix -n(th): « Dreamy- such as a dreamer; peculiar dreamer Yu».

   In the word conscious conscious) stands out the root know- (know) with prefix co- (conscience), as well as one suffix -teln(th): « Conscious- one that is correctly conscious ayot understands the surrounding reality. Suffix -tel in this case it is not distinguished, since there is no noun in Russian conscious.

Note!

The most common errors in suffix selection are as follows.

1) Assigning the final letters of the suffix to the ending. This happens especially often with suffixes: -enij ( e) - vlad-enij -e, -tij(e) - take-tij-e, -ij(e) - proud-ij-e, -j(e) - happiness-j-e, -j(yo) - old-j-e, -atsij(I) - delegate-acj-i, -ij(I) - arm-ij-i. In all these cases and j or j refer to the suffix, not the ending (!).

2) Assigning to the suffix part of the root or part of the previous suffix (usually if there are identical sounds and letters at the end of the word).

3) Not distinguishing between individual suffixes and the sum of suffixes.

Wed: touch- awn (from kosn th, where kosn- - root), ready-ness (from ready th, where ready- - root), letters-n- awn (cf .: letters - a → diplomas-n- th → letters-n- awn).