Alexander Griboedov: an interesting short biography. Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov, short biography Report on the biography of Griboedov

Russian playwright, diplomat and composer Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov was born on January 15 (4 according to the old style) 1795 (according to other sources - 1790) in Moscow. He belonged to a noble family, received a serious home education.

In 1803, Alexander Griboedov entered the Moscow University noble boarding school, in 1806 - at Moscow University. In 1808, having graduated from the verbal department with the title of candidate, he continued to study at the ethical and political department.

He spoke French, English, German, Italian, Greek, Latin, and later mastered Arabic, Persian, and Turkish.

Since the beginning Patriotic War In 1812, Griboyedov left his academic studies and joined the Moscow hussar regiment as a cornet.

At the beginning of 1816, having retired, he settled in St. Petersburg and entered the service of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs.

Leading a secular lifestyle, he moved in the theatrical and literary circles of St. Petersburg. He wrote the comedies "Young Spouses" (1815), "His Family, or a Married Bride" (1817) in collaboration with playwrights Alexander Shakhovsky and Nikolai Khmelnitsky, "Student" (1817) together with the poet and playwright Pavel Katenin.

In 1818, Griboyedov was appointed secretary of the Russian mission to Persia (now Iran). Not the last role in this kind of exile was played by his participation as a second in the duel of the chamber junker Alexander Zavadsky with officer Vasily Sheremetev, which ended in the death of the latter.

Since 1822, Griboedov in Tiflis (now Tbilisi, Georgia) served as secretary for diplomatic affairs under the commander of Russian troops in the Caucasus, General Alexei Yermolov.

In Tiflis, the first and second acts of Griboedov's famous comedy "Woe from Wit" were written. The third and fourth acts were written in the spring and summer of 1823 on vacation in Moscow and on the estate of his close friend retired colonel Stepan Begichev near Tula. By the autumn of 1824, the comedy was completed, and Griboedov traveled to St. Petersburg, intending to use his connections in the capital to obtain permission for its publication and theatrical production. Only excerpts published in 1825 by Faddey Bulgarin in the anthology "Russian Thalia" could be passed through censorship. Griboedov's creation was distributed among the reading public in handwritten lists and became an event in Russian culture.

Griboedov also composed pieces of music, among which two waltzes for piano are popular. He played the piano, organ and flute.

In the autumn of 1825 Griboyedov returned to the Caucasus. In early 1826, he was arrested and taken to St. Petersburg to investigate alleged connections with the Decembrists, the instigators of the uprising in the capital on December 14, 1825. Many of the conspirators were close friends of Griboedov, but in the end he was acquitted and released.

Upon his return to the Caucasus in the autumn of 1826, he took part in several battles of the Russian-Persian war that had begun (1826-1828). Having brought to St. Petersburg the documents of the Turkmanchay peace treaty with Persia in March 1828, Griboedov was awarded and appointed as a minister plenipotentiary (ambassador) to Persia.

On his way to Persia, he stopped for a while in Tiflis, where in August 1828 he married 16-year-old Nina Chavchavadze, the daughter of the Georgian poet, Prince Alexander Chavchavadze.

In Persia, among other things Russian minister was engaged in sending captive subjects of Russia to their homeland. The appeal to him for help of two Armenian women who fell into the harem of a noble Persian was the reason for the reprisal against the diplomat.

Reactionary circles in Tehran, dissatisfied with the peace with Russia, set the fanatical crowd on the Russian mission.

On February 11 (January 30, old style), 1829, during the defeat of the Russian mission in Tehran, Alexander Griboedov was killed.

Together with the Russian ambassador, all the employees of the embassy were killed, except for the secretary Ivan Maltsev, and the Cossacks of the embassy convoy - a total of 37 people.

The ashes of Griboyedov were in Tiflis and interred on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David. The tombstone crowns a monument in the form of a weeping widow with the inscription: "Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?"

Griboyedov's son, baptized Alexander, died before he lived a day. Nina Griboedova never married again and never took off her mourning clothes, for which she was called the Black Rose of Tiflis. In 1857, she died of cholera after refusing to leave her sick relatives. She was buried next to her only husband.

For death Russian ambassador Persia paid with rich gifts, among them was the famous Shah diamond, which is kept in the collection of the Diamond Fund of Russia.

Griboedov's comedy Woe from Wit was staged in Moscow in 1831 and published in 1833. Her images have become common nouns, individual poems - sayings and winged words.

A canal and a garden were named after Griboyedov in St. Petersburg. In 1959, a monument to the writer was erected on Pioneer Square.

In 1959, a monument to Alexander Griboyedov was erected in Moscow at the beginning of Chistoprudny Boulevard.

In 1995, the State Historical, Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve of A.S. Griboedov "Khmelita" - the family estate of the Griboyedovs, with which childhood and early youth playwright.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

On January 15 (4), 1790 (according to some sources, 1795), Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov was born in Moscow into the family of a retired major. The biography of this man is full of secrets and mysteries. Unknown even exact date his coming into being. The father of the future writer was a man of little education. The mother, who was a famous pianist and noble lady, was engaged in raising children. Thanks to her, the writer received an excellent home education.

Education

Griboyedov was lucky from childhood with teachers and educators. His tutors were Petrozilius and Bogdan Ivanovich Ion, talented and famous people. Therefore, already in childhood, the future playwright knew several foreign languages, learned to play the piano. In 1802 he entered the Moscow University boarding school. Professor Bule is following his further education. The young man studies well, receives awards and at the age of 13 becomes a candidate of verbal sciences.

Even as a student, he began to get involved in literature, was a regular participant in literary meetings. At the same time, the first compositions of Griboyedov were written.

However, the most Interesting Facts the writer's biographies conceal the mature years of his life.

Military service

Quite strange was the decision of the brilliantly educated young man choose military career. In 1812, with the outbreak of the Patriotic War, Griboyedov's life changed a lot. He joined the regiment of Count Saltykov. Alexander Sergeevich never managed to take part in hostilities, and he is retiring.

Life in the capital

In 1817, he entered the service of the St. Petersburg State College of Foreign Affairs. Passion for literature and theater brings Griboedov closer to many famous people. He meets Kuchelbecker and Pushkin. Having entered the Masonic lodge, he communicates with Pestel, Chaadaev, Benckendorff. Intrigues, gossip of secular society overshadowed this period of life. The shaken financial situation forced the writer to leave the service.

In the Caucasus

Since 1818, Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov has served as a secretary at the Russian embassy in Persia. Responsible for public service, he simultaneously studies languages ​​and literature about the culture of the East. As part of the Russian mission in 1819, Griboyedov continued to serve in Tabriz. For successful negotiations with the Persians, as a result of which it was possible to free the captured Russian soldiers, he was presented with an award. A successful diplomatic career does not prevent the writer from doing what he loves. It was here that the first pages of the immortal comedy "Woe from Wit" were written.

Return

In 1823 Griboyedov came to Moscow and continued to work on the comedy. To print his work, the writer goes to St. Petersburg. But disappointment awaited him: he could not publish the comedy in full or put it on the stage of the theater. Readers admired the work, but this did not suit Alexander Sergeevich.

Connection with the Decembrists

To escape from sad thoughts, Griboyedov travels to Kyiv. Meeting with friends (Trubetskoy and Bestuzhev) led him to the camp of the Decembrists. For participation in the uprising, he was arrested and spent six months in prison.

last years of life

The defeat of the Decembrist uprising, tragic fate comrades had a detrimental effect on Griboyedov's state of mind. He anticipates his death and constantly talks about it.

In 1826, the government needed an experienced diplomat, as relations between Russia and Turkey were aggravated. A great writer was appointed to this position.

On the way to his destination in Tiflis, Alexander Sergeevich marries the young princess Chavchavadze.

His happiness was short lived. Griboedov's death overtook soon after his arrival in Tehran. On January 30 (February 11), 1829, the Russian embassy was attacked. Heroically defending himself, the writer died.

A brief biography of Griboyedov is not able to give a complete picture of the life of the great writer. During his short life, he created several works: "Student", "Young Spouses", "Feigned Infidelity". However, his most famous work is the comedy in verse "Woe from Wit". Griboyedov's work is not great, many plans were not destined to come true, but his name will remain forever in the memory of the people.

Chronological table

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Alexander Griboedov is a great Russian playwright, poet, musician and state councilor. Few people know that apart from writing activity He was also an outstanding diplomat.

In 1808, the young man continued his studies at the same university at the Faculty of Ethics and Politics.

After 2 years, he received a Ph.D. in law and remained in educational institution study the natural sciences.

In parallel with this, Griboyedov was interested in music, and even composed compositions. Unfortunately, only 2 waltzes from his musical composition have survived to this day.

Griboedov's entourage

Griboyedov's friends were children from noble families. In addition, he had close relations with the future, discussing various "forbidden" topics with them. In this regard, he was like another great writer -.

Alexander had a sharp sense of humor, and was also an extremely quick-witted, resourceful and cheerful person. Thanks to these qualities, he was the soul of any company.

Griboyedov also liked to talk with people belonging to the intelligentsia. He often spent time with diplomats, poets, artists and musicians.

An interesting fact is that he maintained friendly relations with Griboyedov, considering him one of the most smart people.

At the age of 19, he wrote the comedy The Young Spouses. After its production in theaters, the comedy received many positive feedback from ordinary viewers and critics.

After that, Griboedov wrote several more works, and also translated into the French comedy "Feigned Infidelity".

Duel

Once Lieutenant Sheremetyev confessed to Griboyedov that the dancer he loved had cheated on him with Count Zavadovsky.

In this regard, Sheremetyev challenged the count to a duel, asking Griboyedov to become his second.

Alexander Sergeevich persuaded his friend for a long time to give up this idea, but he would never agree.

As a result, the duel took place, and the poor lieutenant was mortally wounded in the stomach.

Perhaps the matter would have ended there, but between Yakubovich, Zavadsky's second, and Griboedov there was a quarrel, which also led them to a duel.

But since the wounded Sheremetyev had to be urgently taken to the hospital, they decided to postpone the fight.

As a result, the duel took place in the following year, 1818. On it, the poet was wounded in the hand.

Political biography

In 1818, the tsarist official Simon Mazarovich offered Griboedov to take the post of secretary of the embassy in Persia, to which he immediately agreed.

For 3 years of work, Alexander Sergeevich perfectly mastered a new language for himself.

He even began to compose poetry in Persian. However, being in a foreign land weighed heavily on the diplomat, and he constantly dreamed of returning to his homeland.

Possessing a deep mind and high culture, Griboyedov managed to achieve outstanding results in the diplomatic field.

He made a huge contribution to the drafting of the Turkmanchay Treaty, and also played an important role during the Russian-Persian war.

In Tehran, Alexander Griboedov worked on a peace treaty, the terms of which the Persians did not want to fulfill.

Soon, a fatal event occurred in the biography of the diplomat, which led to a tragic death.

Incident at the embassy

Being engaged in diplomatic affairs, Griboyedov managed to take two Armenian women from the harem of the Prime Minister of Persia, Allayar Khan, whom he planned to send home.

However, the offended Allayar Khan began to secretly incite the people to unrest. This led to the fact that a crowd of religious fanatics began to threaten the life of a diplomat.

One more fact should be added here. The fact is that Griboyedov had a servant named Alexander. So, when the former concubines were brought to the embassy, ​​in order to send them to Armenia later, the servant began to pester them.

Women who did not want to leave for their homeland, where poverty awaited them, took advantage of the moment and, jumping out into the street, began to shout that they were being dishonored.

At the same moment, an angry mob of Persians attacked those who were in the embassy. A bloody massacre began, during which the guards and all the officials with servants were killed.

Griboedov's death

When the maddened crowd burst into Griboedov's room, he asked with surprising calmness what they wanted. Since the diplomat spoke pure Persian, this confused the raging people.

However, suddenly a stone fell on the head of Alexander Sergeevich, since the rebels had already dismantled the ceiling by that time.

Immediately, several dozens of Persians blinded by anger attacked the unconscious diplomat, and they began to furiously chop him with checkers.

The corpse of Griboyedov was so mutilated that he could only be identified by a scar on his hand, which remained after a duel with Yakubovich.

An interesting fact is that Griboyedov had the opportunity to hide from an attack in Armenian Church but he refused it.

Of all the members of the embassy, ​​only Ivan Maltsev survived, who managed to hide in a chest.

After the tragedy in Tehran, state mourning was declared. Thus, the authorities tried to show their regret about the robbery of the Russian embassy.

Then, in order to hush up the crime of his people, the Persian Shah sent his grandson to the Russian Empire with many expensive gifts, including the Shah diamond adorned with various precious stones.

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was killed on January 30, 1829 at the age of 34. His body was taken to Tiflis and buried on Mount Mtatsminda, in a grotto near the Church of St. David.

A few months later, Alexander Pushkin visited the grave of the playwright.

Personal life

The only wife in Griboedov's biography was Nina Chavchavadze, whom he married a year before his death.

At the time of the massacre in Tehran, the girl was 8 months pregnant. In order not to disturb her with tragic news, they tried to hide the fact of her husband's death.

However, Nina's relatives decided to tell her about it anyway, because they were afraid that she would learn about her husband's death from strangers.

Upon learning of the defeat of the Russian mission and the murder of her husband by a mob of fanatics, she wept softly. A few days later, she went into premature labor, as a result of which the child did not survive.

After that, Nina remained alone until the end of her days, forever remaining faithful to her late husband. Soon it began to be called the "black rose of Tiflis."

On the grave of her husband, Nina Chavchavadze erected a monument with the inscription: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you!”.

Creativity Griboyedov

After reading this work, Pushkin said that "half of the poems should be included in the proverb." This happened in the future.

It is worth noting that the play provoked criticism from the authorities, since it denounced the ruling regime.

An interesting fact is that the title of this work appears in the song "Red-Yellow Days".

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Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich is famous only for his one work “Woe from Wit”, but few people know that he is not only a talented Russian writer, but also a civil servant, poet, musician and playwright. Griboedov's biography is full of events: he was an outstanding cultural figure of the 19th century, but at the same time gave long years and the very life of the diplomatic service for the benefit Russian Empire.

January 15, 1795 (according to some sources) in the family of a wealthy nobleman Sergei Griboyedov, the son Alexander was born. Despite his military career, Sergei Ivanovich was not educated, so his wife, Anastasia Fedorovna, was engaged in raising and educating his son.

The child was extremely smart and quickly learned everything, for example, at the age of three, Sasha spoke three languages. foreign languages, and in youth - already at six. A brief biography of Griboyedov also contains a mention of his origin from an ancient Polish family.

In 1803, Alexander began to receive an official education at the Moscow boarding school, and upon graduation, three years later, he transferred to the verbal department of the university. In 1808, student Alexander Griboyedov received a PhD in verbal sciences and entered the law department of the same university at the age of only 13 years. Two years later, he was awarded the degree of Candidate of Laws, and Alexander Sergeevich focuses on the study of the natural sciences.

During the war with Napoleon, Alexander Griboyedov served in the hussars, but did not take part in the battles. He was in the Russian army in 1812-1815, and then returned to St. Petersburg, leaving his military career. Having become an active member of the Masonic lodge, the former military man begins to engage in literary activities, writes his first works and enters the diplomatic service, receiving the post of secretary. In 1817 took place famous duel Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov with three participants: Zavadovsky, Sheremetyev (died) and Yakubovich.

After four years of service, the Russian diplomat lives for some time in Moscow, engages in creativity and publishes in magazines. Griboedov travels around Russia, in particular, visits the Crimea, and in the winter of 1826 he is arrested because of his connection with the Decembrists. After a complete acquittal, Alexander Sergeevich returned to the diplomatic service, where he died in 1829.

Diplomatic work

In 1818, Griboyedov received his first diplomatic appointment in Tehran. It is here that he finishes several of his poems and receives an invitation for his first visit to the Shah.

The activities of the Russian diplomat are highly appreciated by historians, according to whom, it is to him that the Russian Empire owes the conclusion of a truce in the Persian-Russian war.

Another, longer, for a year and a half, trip to Persia was carried out in January 1820, after which Alexander Sergeevich asked for a transfer to Georgia, the request was granted, and it was there that his main work was written -. After the vacation, the diplomat again became the secretary of the Russian embassy in Tiflis, but a year later he left the service and returned to Moscow, where he lived for more than two years.

At this time, he was accused of having links with the Decembrists, and after being acquitted, he was again sent as a diplomat to Persia, where, after a couple of years, he died in the Tehran massacre of 1829.

Creation

The prose writer and literary critic Y. Tynyanov classifies Griboyedov as a writer among the younger archaists - the direction of the early 19th century in Russian literature, which was characterized by the formation of the literary Russian language.

The main thing in their works is the basis of traditionalism and nationalism. The path of the writer was extremely fruitful and began as a student: he wrote poems and parodies of already known stories.

After graduating from the university, he published his first works in magazines, and in 1815 the first comedy was published. In general, this genre was loved by Alexander Sergeevich, he studied European comedies and wrote parodies on them in Russian, remaking them in his own way. Such works were liked by the public and were often performed in theaters as separate plays. Summary any of his comedies contained a description of several characters and the wit of the author. In addition, the writer used the features and techniques of parody:

• household context;
• exaggeration;
• descriptive terms without precision.

In the center of the work of Alexander Sergeevich, there is always a bearer of classical consciousness - life knowledge is taken from books, and the events around are refracted through the prism of what is read. Real life for the hero is not as interesting as the events in the book. This trait can be traced in many heroes.

Interesting to know! The idea of ​​the comedy "Woe from Wit" was hatched for a long time by the author, but could not start creating it due to constant employment in the service. Once, during a horseback ride, the writer fell off his horse and broke his arm. Such a forced break in work became the time for writing a brilliant work.

In addition to the glory of the Russian writer, Alexander Sergeevich also has fame in musical circles. He is the author of several piano pieces, a couple of waltzes, and also a sonata. His musical creations are filled with harmony, harmony and conciseness. Unfortunately, his piano sonata has not been preserved, but it was the most serious and voluminous work of the writer. But the waltz in the key of E minor of his authorship is considered the first truly Russian piece of music.

Artworks

Griboyedov gained world fame after the publication of the comedy Woe from Wit, but he began to publish long before it, and to write while still a student. The first published works were the texts "On Cavalry Reserves" and "Letter to the Editor".

The writer collaborated several times with other writers, creating joint works (“Feigned Infidelity”, “His Family”), and was also on friendly terms with. In addition, he communicated and corresponded with many literary figures of that time.

The famous work “Woe from Wit” became known to the public in 1824, and was first published without censorship in 1862 and today is considered the peak creation of drama in Russia, which has not lost its relevance to this day. Its summary is known to everyone: the play tells about Chatsky's love for Sofya Famusova and the cruel disappointment that befell the protagonist when he gets to know Russian society better.

Four years after the creation of his most famous comedy, the author dies, so everything that was conceived after it was either not published, because it was not finalized and was only an outline, or lost. Only scenes from dramas created by him at that time are known: “1812” and “Rodamist and Zenobia”.

Despite the masterful disclosure of comedic plots, an analysis of all the works of Alexander Sergeevich shows that he was able to create a truly high tragedy, and his prose works testify to his development as an original and talented author in all genres.

Useful video: A.S. Griboyedov - short biography

Doom

In 1828, in the city of Tiflis, the writer marries the beautiful Nina Chavchavadze, who was only 15 years old. Relations between the empire and Turkey at this time are seriously aggravated, and an experienced diplomat is required for the Russian mission in Tehran. Griboyedov is elected to this position, who is sent there to serve.

Interesting to know! There is a legend that during the wedding, Alexander Sergeevich dropped the ring - this sign was considered a bad omen for the future family.

Arriving in Persia and leaving his young wife in Tabriz (later she returned to Georgia on her own), Alexander Sergeevich went to Tehran on duty of his diplomatic service.

They were supposed to introduce themselves to Feth Ali Shah and fulfill their obligations - to convince the shah to pay indemnity for the defeat in the Russian-Persian war, but the situation in the city was too alarming.

The fact is that one of the results of the Russian victory over the Persians was a guarantee of free resettlement of willing Armenians to their homeland - to Armenia, which became part of the Russian Empire. The Persians were angry with the Russians because of the need not only to pay them money, but also to lose part of the population. The situation reached a fever pitch when the treasurer of the shah's court and several women, relatives of the shah, asked for asylum at the Russian embassy. The ruler was concerned about a possible leak of information (according to rumors, the eunuch also robbed him) and demanded that the fugitives be handed over to him, to which Griboedov refused. Then the government of Tehran decided to use the surest means - Islamic fanatics and turned them against the Russians.

On February 11, 1829, fueled by hatred for non-Christians and conquerors, a thousand angry crowd of Islamists began an assault on the Russian embassy. Despite the defense, the embassy was taken, and 37 Russian representatives, along with 19 residents of Tehran, were killed, Griboyedov died along with his people. Only secretary Ivan Maltsov survived, who witnessed all the events. The extreme cruelty of the attackers can be said by the fact that Alexander Sergeevich could only be identified by the scar on his arm left after the duel, the body was so badly disfigured.

Useful video: interesting facts about Griboyedov

Conclusion

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was buried in Tiflis in a mountain grotto not far from the Church of St. David. The widow erected a large monument there, and Pushkin visited the grave in 1829. The conflict itself was settled with rich gifts to Emperor Nicholas I: the Shah's grandson arrived personally and brought, among other things, the famous large Shah diamond, which became the price for the lives of 37 Russian diplomats.

Alexander Griboyedov

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov (1795-1829) - poet, playwright, pianist, composer, diplomat.

Gifted with many talents and not developing any of them, Griboyedov remained for us the author of the only play "Woe from Wit".

Lifetime portrait of Griboyedov by P.A. Karatygin was published in 1858. More precisely, not the portrait itself, but a lithograph by Munster from a drawing by P.F. Borel. The second reliable portrait of Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov is considered to be a portrait painted in colored pencil in 1824 by the artist M.I. Terebenev (1795-1864). It was engraved by N.I. Utkin.

Alexander Griboyedov, 1858 Artist P.A. Karatygin

Alexander Griboedov, 1829 Engraving by N.I. Utkin

Most famous portrait A.S. Griboyedov was written in 1873 by I.N. Kramskoy by order of P.M. Tretyakov for his art gallery.

The history of its creation was left to us by a close friend of Kramskoy, the publisher of the magazine "Russian Antiquity" M.I. Semevsky: “Guided by P.A. Karatygin’s oral story about Griboyedov’s appearance, Kramskoy wrote as if “under dictation” and resurrected the appearance of a glorious writer with a talented brush. He showed the portrait on the easel to some people who personally knew Griboyedov, and they were all struck by the amazing resemblance and the expression of intelligence and grace that Griboyedov's features breathed.