Chronological table showing the progress of the creation of the Russian state. Questions and tasks for working with the text of the paragraph

Lesson topic. Creation of a unified Russian state and the end of the Horde dominion.

Lesson Objectives:

Educational: Find out how the Horde dominion was eliminated by answering the key question: what circumstances predetermined the overthrow of the Horde yoke

Find out how the unification of Russian lands was completed, what significance it had

Developing: developing the ability to make a chronology of events, answer questions and provide evidence.

Educational: fostering pride in one's country and its victories.

Equipment:

Textbook. Section 20

Presentation "Creation of a unified Russian state and the end of the Horde dominion"

Map. Atlas.

Lesson type: combined

During the classes

Actualization of knowledge (Checking homework)

TestPoll

III. Learning new material.

Open the presentation.

Write the topic of the lesson in your notebook

Write down the lesson plan.

2. Accession of Novgorod.

3. The fall of the Horde yoke.

4. Completion of the unification of Russian lands.

5. Sudebnik of Ivan III.

Write down the assignment for the lesson.

1. Make a chronological table of the history of Russia in the end of the 15th-n.16th centuries.

2. What gave Ivan III the right to be called the title of "King"?

Study the presentation and complete these tasks.

Do the second task. Return to your seat. Open paragraph 20.

Write down your answer to the second question.

What gave Ivan III the right to be called the title of "Tsar"?

Outline plan for the teacher (Presentation)

1. Moscow and specific principalities.

The struggle between Moscow and Tver was complicated by the division of these principalities into destinies.

The brothers of the Grand Dukes sat in the destinies and this created additional difficulties.

Moscow sought to subjugate them, depriving them of their independence, but retaining privileges at court.

In 1462 Ivan Vasilyevich III came to the throne.

He renewed the treaty with Tver, although he did not give up his attempts to subordinate it to Moscow.

Soon, the Yaroslavl principality was annexed to Moscow, and then, according to the will, Ivan III received the Rostov lands.

2. Accession of Novgorod.

In the signed treaty, the liberties of Novgorod were curtailed. Ivan began to act as a defender of the townspeople against the boyars. And after the campaign of 1478, Novgorod was finally annexed to Moscow.

This led to the attack of the Livonians on Pskov. Taking advantage of this, Ivan was opposed by his brothers, who turned to the Poles for help.

In 1476, Ivan III stopped paying the output.

In June 1480, the Horde moved to Moscow under the command of Khan Akhmat. There was a split among Ivan's entourage.

3. The fall of the Horde yoke.

But the prince decided to meet Akhmat. The meeting took place on the river Ugra. For about a month, the opponents stood against each other, and finally, in November, the Horde turned into the steppes.

The yoke that lasted 250 years has fallen.

4. Completion of the unification of Russian lands.

In 1485 Ivan III annexed Tver.

The union was completed by his son Vasily III(In 1510, Pskov departed to Moscow, in 1514 - Smolensk, in 1521 - Ryazan.

Thus, a powerful state was formed. After the fall of Constantinople, Russia remained the only Orthodox state.

5. Sudebnik of Ivan III.

Sudebnik is a collection of laws by which the country lived.

In 1497, Ivan III introduced the Sudebnik, which was uniform for the whole country. Under this law, peasants were allowed to leave the landowners once a year - a week before and after the autumn St. George's Day (November 26).

This law marked the beginning of serfdom in Russia.

Task 1. Table

Ivan III ascended the throne

Novgorod was finally annexed to Moscow

Ivan III stopped paying output

Khan Akhmat goes to Moscow. Standing on the river Acne. The Horde is back. The end of the Horde dominion.

Annexation of Tver.

Pskov departs to Moscow.

Smolensk goes to Moscow

Ryazan goes to Moscow

Task 2. What gave IvanIII the right to be called the title of "King"?

Ivan III became the sole ruler of the Russian lands. All the princes were subordinate to him. The new title of the king emphasized his special position.

IV. Consolidation and summing up. (3 min)

Read the output on page 173. Last paragraph.

Work with a card. Task 5. p. 173 in the textbook

V. Homework. Section 54

§ 25. Formation of a unified Russian state

Further strengthening of the Moscow principality

After the death of Dmitry Donskoy in 1389, his eldest son Vasily I took the Moscow throne. He annexed Nizhny Novgorod, Gorodets, Meshchera, Tarusa and Murom to the principality.

After the death of Vasily I in 1425, his brother Yuri refused to recognize the son of the deceased Grand Duke Vasily II as the heir. A long struggle for the Moscow throne began (historians sometimes call this strife a feudal war). Yuri twice managed to occupy Moscow. After the death of Yuri in 1434, his sons Vasily Kosoy and Dmitry Shemyaka continued the fight against Vasily II. The struggle lasted until 1453 and was accompanied by great cruelty: Vasily Kosoy and Vasily II were blinded (for this reason the latter received the nickname Dark), Dmitry Shemyaka was poisoned. The country's economy was ruined, Russia continued to depend on the Tatar khanates, into which the Horde gradually disintegrated.

However, in the last period of strife and after its end, Vasily II the Dark significantly strengthened his power, increasing the dependence of other Russian lands on Moscow.

church affairs

In 1437, the Patriarch of Constantinople appointed Isidore the Greek Metropolitan of All Russia. Byzantium was then looking for allies against the Ottoman Turks and agreed to the union (unification) of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches under the leadership of the Pope. At the Council of Florence in 1439, which decided the question of the union, Isidore showed himself to be its supporter. But in Moscow he was arrested on the orders of Grand Duke Vasily II. In 1448, the Council of Russian Bishops elected the Ryazan Bishop Jonah as metropolitan.

The Russian Orthodox Church became virtually independent of the Patriarch of Constantinople.

The beginning of the reign of Ivan III

After the death of Vasily II in 1462, the throne passed to his eldest son Ivan III, who had long been his father's co-ruler.

Ivan III, nicknamed the Great by his contemporaries, is one of the most prominent figures in Russian history, the creator of the new Russian state.

The situation in the first years of the reign of Ivan III was difficult. Akhmat, the khan of the Great Horde, the heiress and the most significant part of the former Golden Horde, planned a campaign against Russia. Near the most developed lands of North-Eastern Russia, the Kazan Khanate was gaining strength. The raids from this khanate were especially painful for the developing Russian state.

At the beginning of his reign, Ivan III annexed the Yaroslavl and Rostov principalities. In 1467 wars between Moscow and Kazan began. As a result of many campaigns and battles, the Kazan Khan was forced to make peace on the terms of the Grand Duke, among which was the condition for the extradition of all Russian people captured for forty years. During this war, the central military department was taking shape - the future Discharge Order.

Annexation of Novgorod

Meanwhile, part of the boyars who ruled in Veliky Novgorod headed for rapprochement with Lithuania. They were driven to this by the understanding that free Novgorod was surviving last days. It seemed that only as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Novgorod boyars could not only preserve their independence and power, but also guarantee the inviolability of their wealth. At the same time, they were little embarrassed that Catholics were at the head of Lithuania. The Grand Duke of Lithuania, Casimir IV, who was also the king of Poland, promised to help Novgorod, but did nothing at the decisive moment. On the contrary, Ivan III took advantage of the situation. He accused the Novgorodians not only of betraying him as the Grand Duke of Vladimir (Novgorod was formally subordinate to him), but also of betraying Orthodoxy. In Novgorod itself, there were many opponents of rapprochement with Lithuania, especially among ordinary residents and the clergy.

In 1471, Ivan III decided to strike at the boyar republic. The campaign, which took on a religious character, moved not only the Moscow army, but also the troops of other Russian principalities, which so far remained independent. The most zealous opponents of the Novgorodians were the Pskovites. The Moscow voivode, Prince Daniil Kholmsky, in the battle on the Shelon River, utterly defeated the troops of Novgorod that were many times superior in number. Part of the Novgorod regiments stood aside throughout the battle. After the retreat from the battlefield, the Novgorodians began to fiercely exterminate each other - the contradictions between them were so strong.

Novgorod recognized himself as the “fatherland” of the Grand Duke, and himself as his master.

Moscow's victory over Novgorod in 1471 marked the victory of the idea of ​​uniting the Russian lands under the auspices of Moscow.

In 1478 Novgorod was finally annexed to Moscow. After the liquidation of the veche, the governor of the Moscow prince began to manage the affairs of Novgorod.

The fall of the Horde yoke

In the summer of 1472, Khan Akhmat set out on a campaign against Russia. This campaign ended in nothing thanks to the heroic defense of the small town of Aleksin and the skillful actions of the Moscow governors. The centralized control of the Russian troops played an important role.

In the same year, Ivan III married a second marriage to the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Zoe (Sophia) Paleolog, which increased his prestige in Russia and abroad.

In the struggle against the Horde and the Polish-Lithuanian king Casimir IV, Moscow found an ally. It was the Crimean Khanate - one of the fragments of the Golden Horde. In 1480 Akhmat again moved to Russia. He decided to go to the tributary of the Oka - the Ugra River, where he could receive help from Lithuania. The Horde, trying to force the Ugra, met stubborn resistance from the Russian troops, who for the first time used squeaks (light field guns) on the battlefield. The fighting continued for four days, and on October 11, reinforcements brought from Moscow by Ivan III approached the Russians. Akhmat was forced to go on the defensive. Casimir never took the side of the Horde, since the Crimean Khan attacked his possessions.

Early frost hit at the end of October. The Ugra was covered with ice and no longer held back the Horde, but on November 11, Akhmat unexpectedly ordered a retreat. Russian regiments were thrown in pursuit of him. The retreat of the enemy turned into a flight. Soon Akhmat was killed.

On the banks of the Ugra in 1480 the Horde yoke fell.

The final unification of the Russian lands. Wars with Kazan, the Livonian Order, Lithuania and Sweden.

In 1485, the Tver principality was annexed to the Moscow possessions. At the end of the 80s. after the use of force, the authorities of Moscow recognized the Vyatka lands with the capital in the city of Khlynov (previously they were formally part of the Novgorod Republic, but in fact they were independent) and most of the Ryazan lands. After the campaigns of the Moscow governors beyond the Urals, Yugra land (the Khanty and Mansi tribes) began to pay tribute to Moscow.

The fight against the Kazan Khanate remained the most acute problem, the success in solving which was one of the main guarantees for the further progressive development of the Russian lands. Despite many achievements, inflict a decisive blow on the eastern neighbor of Russia for a long time failed. Understanding that Moscow did not yet have the strength to fully control the lands of the Khanate, Ivan III sought to establish loyal rulers in Kazan. There were many adherents of peace with the Russian lands in the Khanate. In the summer of 1486, clashes took place in Kazan between supporters and opponents of friendly relations with Russia, which ended with the removal of Moscow's friends from power. In 1487, the next campaign of the Moscow regiments against Kazan began. The troops were led by Prince Daniel Kholmsky, the most experienced of the Russian generals. Despite stubborn resistance, the Russian troops managed to take the city. A person loyal to Moscow became Khan in Kazan. For a long period, normal relations were established between the two states, the raids of Kazanians stopped.

In 1490, the Russian state announced its non-recognition of the seizure of certain lands by Lithuania. As a result of hostilities, the cities of Mtsensk, Lubutsk, Mezetsk and Serpeisk, Vyazma were occupied. In February 1494, a peace treaty was concluded with Lithuania, which secured these lands for the Russian state.

In the spring of 1492, on the eastern bank of the Narova River, opposite Narva, the fortress of the Livonian Order, Ivan, the city, was founded. It was the first seaport of the Russian state. Despite the constant fire of the Narva guns, the Ivangorod fortress was built in as soon as possible and became the most important stronghold in the struggle against the order.

Attempts to consolidate the Russians in the Baltic led to a war with Sweden. It went with varying success and ended with a free trade agreement between the Russian state and Sweden.

In 1500 a new war with Lithuania began. The Orthodox population and princes of a number of regions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania went over to the side of the Russian state. The Russian army, led by Prince Daniil Shchenya, utterly defeated the Lithuanian troops in the battle on the Vedrosha River.

In 1500, Lithuania concluded an anti-Moscow treaty with the Livonian Order. The decisive event of the war of 1501 - 1503. was the battle of Helmed on November 24, 1501, in which the Russians defeated the knights. The following year, the Germans, unable to take Pskov, were again defeated by the detachments of Daniil Schenya. In 1503, an agreement was concluded with Lithuania, according to which all the conquered territories departed to Russia. A truce was also concluded with Livonia.

New state

Ivan III died on October 27, 1505. The main result of his many years of rule was the revival of the Russian state. In some documents of that time, the word "Russia" is already found as the name of a new state. However, for a long time it continued to be traditionally called the Moscow state, Muscovy, Moscow, Rus, Rusia, etc. Ivan III himself was called "the sovereign of all Russia" in the sources of his time.

In 1497, a seal was carved in Moscow for Ivan III, on one side of which a double-headed eagle was depicted, and on the other, a horseman slaying a snake with a spear. This is the first joint image of the two main symbols of the State Emblem of Russia. The origin of these symbols is the subject of a long-standing dispute among specialists in heraldry. The horseman with a spear began to be minted on Russian coins of the 14th century. It was believed that the horseman was the Grand Duke of Moscow, but later they began to perceive him as St. George. Even more controversial is the question of the origin of the double-headed eagle. Many associate it with the Byzantine Empire and call it the coat of arms of the Palaiologoi, the dynasty of the last Eastern Roman emperors, with whom Ivan III became related through marriage with Sophia. Allegedly, a double-headed eagle came to Russia with her. But there are historians who object to this version. Firstly, they note, there was no state emblem in Byzantium, and the coat of arms of the Palaiologos is not known either (at least until the representatives of this dynasty fled to the West). Secondly, the image of a double-headed eagle during the time of Ivan III was found in the symbols of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from the Habsburg dynasty, with whom Russia established diplomatic relations. Therefore, it is logical to assume that it was from there that this unusual and vivid symbol of supreme power came to us. The seal of 1497 was obviously carved by one of the Italian masters invited by Ivan III to work in Moscow - perhaps the famous Aristotle Fiorovanti, the builder of the Assumption Cathedral. The double-headed eagle ancient symbol found since the time of the Hittites.

Gradually, a new system of government took shape. The sovereign was at the head of the country. He made the most important decisions after consulting with the Boyar Duma, which included representatives of the most noble families of the country, as well as some people close to the sovereign. The boyars and other associates carried out the instructions (orders) of the sovereign. To do this, they attracted assistants. That is how, under Ivan III, orders were born as central government bodies (the word itself appeared later). The chiefs of orders were called clerks. In the documents of that time, one can find the names of the first such central institutions, the Treasury and the Palace. The treasury was in charge of collecting taxes, the Palace organized military service and the provision of land for this. On the ground, in the counties, feeders ruled on behalf of the sovereign. For their service, they received payment (feed) from the population of the county.

In 1497, a new all-Russian collection of laws appeared - Sudebnik.

The code of laws introduced uniform legal norms throughout the state. The main pillar of the new system of government and the new Russian army was the rapidly developing in the XV centuries. stratum of the population - the nobility, or landowners. They were also called service people in the homeland, i.e. by birth. The Grand Dukes provided the nobles with small plots of land with peasants (estates) as payment for military or other service ("placed on the land"). Failure to fulfill official duties led to the deprivation of the landowner of his land. The son inherited the estate only subject to the continuation of his father's service. The nobles were much more loyal to the ruler than the boyars, who received their estates by inheritance. Ivan III distributed vast lands confiscated from the Novgorod boyars to the nobles.

The estate was land cultivated by peasants of several, usually only two or three, families. The peasants had to provide the landowner with funds for the purchase of weapons, armor, a horse, as well as feed and create conditions for the life of his family. It is clear that the position of the landlord peasants was much more difficult than the position of the peasants who lived in the large estates of the boyars or on state lands. Peasants in Russia have long had the right to freely choose their place of residence, move to new lands, and, naturally, they began to leave the landowners. As a result, the landowners lost their working hands, and the state lost its military forces.

One of the articles of the Sudebnik of 1497 introduced a single period for such transitions - St. George's Day (a week before and a week after October 26). The size of the "elderly" was also determined - the payment of the peasant to the landowner, from whom he left.

Reign of Basil III

Under the son of Ivan III, Vasily III (1505-1533), Pskov and Ryazan were annexed. The war with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was very difficult. The Russian army in July 1514 took Smolensk. However, in the same year, in the battle of Orsha, it was utterly defeated. The devastating raid of the Crimean Khan in 1521 and the uprising in Kazan against the adherents of Moscow prompted Vasily III to stop the wars with Lithuania.

Under Basil III, important changes took place in public administration. If Ivan III, as contemporaries believed, consulted with the boyars and allowed them to express their opinion, then Vasily III admitted only clerks, whom he could, at his discretion, either bring closer to him, or, on the contrary, remove him from business. He did not tolerate when he was contradicted, everyone had to agree with his opinion.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

Describe the process of unification of the Russian lands in 1389-1462. What events accelerated this process? Which slowed down?

How did the Russian Orthodox Church become independent? What did it matter?

What lands were annexed to the Moscow principality during the reign of Ivan III? Show them on the map. Why is the annexation of the Novgorod land considered the most important honeycomb, being in the course of creating a unified Russian state?

How did Russia free itself from the Horde yoke? What factors made it possible to solve this problem?

With what external opponents did the young Russian state fight? What were the results of these wars?

How has the management of the Russian lands changed in connection with the creation of a single state? Who became the backbone of the new state? What was the significance of the Sudebnik of 1497?

Write a historical essay that reveals the role of Ivan III in the history of Russia.

Tell us about the main events of the reign of Vasily III.

document

From the Sudebnik 1497

A Christian refuses from the parish, went to the village, one term in the year, a week before St. George's autumn days and a week after St. George's autumn days. Elderly yards pay a ruble for a yard in the fields, and fifty in the forests. And to whom a Christian lives for a year and goes away, and he pays a quarter of the yard, and for two years he lives and goes away, and he pays half a yard; but he lives three years and goes away, and he pays three-fourths of the yard; and live for four years, and he pays the whole yard ...

Russian lands in single state. Elevation Moscow principalities ... gain external threat from neighboring states b) further ...

862 "The calling of the Varangians" (invitation to Russia of the Norman princes).

882 The campaign of the Novgorod prince Oleg to Kyiv, the unification of the North and South

Russia into a single state.

882-912 Reign Kyiv prince Oleg.

911,941,944 Conclusion of Russian-Byzantine treaties based on

and 971 "Russian Law".

The reign of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich.

988 Baptism of Russia.

1015 Compilation of Russian Pravda (Pravda of Yaroslav).

1015-1054 The reign of Prince Yaroslav the Wise.

1054-1072 The time of the compilation of the Truth of the Yaroslavichs.

1097 Lyubech congress of Russian princes, legal consolidation of the principle

dynastic division of the Russian land.

1113 Uprising in Kyiv and the publication of the Charter of Vladimir Monomakh.

1113-1125 The reign of Prince Vladimir Monomakh.

1125-1132 The reign of Prince Mstislav. Compilation of the Extended Edition of the Russian

Truth. The time of the final collapse of state unity

Kievan Rus.

1125-1157 The reign of Yuri Dolgoruky in the Rostov-Suzdal land.

1136 Separation of Novgorod, creation of the Novgorod Republic.

1147 The first mention of Moscow in the annals.

1157-1174 The reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.

1176-1212 The reign of Vsevolod the Big Nest in Vladimir-Suzdal

principality.

1223 Battle of the Kalka.

1236-1242 The invasion of Batu into Russia.

1242 Battle on Lake Peipus (Battle on the Ice).

1262 Uprisings against the Horde in Russian cities.

1325-1340 The reign of Ivan Kalita.

1332 Recognition by the Horde of Ivan Kalita as Grand Duke "over all Russia

1359-1389 Reign of Dmitry Donskoy.

60s The beginning of the collapse of the Golden Horde and the rivalry between Moscow and Tver.

1380 Battle of Kulikovo.

1392-1393 Accession of Nizhny Novgorod to Moscow.

1425-1462 The reign of Vasily the Dark.

Reign of Ivan III.

1463-1468 Elimination of the independence of the Yaroslavl principality.

1474 Elimination of the independence of the Rostov Principality.

1478 Joining Novgorod to the "Muscovite state.

1480 Standing on the Ugra. The overthrow of the Horde yoke.

1485 Accession of Tver to the Muscovite state.

1489 Annexation of the Vyatka land.

1497 Sudebnik of Ivan III.

End of the 15th century Novgorod, Pskov court letters.

1503 Inclusion in the Russian state of Chernigov, Novgorod-

Seversky, Gomel, Bryansk, and a number of other cities.

1505-1533 Reign of Basil III.

1510 Annexation of Pskov.

1514 Inclusion of Smolensk into the Russian state.

1521 Incorporation of Ryazan.

1533-1584 The reign (since 1547 - the reign) of Ivan IV the Terrible.

1549 Convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor.

1550 Sudebnik of Ivan IV.

1552 Accession of the Kazan Khanate.

1552-1557 Completion of accession to the Russian state of peoples

Volga and Western Urals.

555-1556 Decree on the abolition of feeding. Completion of the labial and zemstvo

1556 Accession of the Astrakhan Khanate.

1565-1572 Oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible.

1581 Establishment of "reserved years".

1581-1584 Yermak's campaign in Siberia, the conquest of the Siberian Khanate.

1589 Establishment of the patriarchate.

1597 Decree on "lesson years".

1598-1606 Board of Boris Godunov.

1606-1607 The uprising of I. Bolotnikov.

1612 Liberation of Moscow from the Poles.

1613 Election to the kingdom of Mikhail Romanov.

1645-1676 The reign of Alexei Mikhailovich.

1649 Cathedral Code, the final design of the fortress

1654 Pereyaslav Rada, reunification of Ukraine with Russia.

Church reforms of Nikon

1667 New trade charter.

1670-1671 Peasant war led by Stepan Razin