Ok google pronoun in English. How to learn pronouns in English easily

Pronouns in English language is the part of speech we use to replace a noun. The purposes of this can be very different, but most often this part of speech is resorted to in order to avoid repetitions in the use of the same noun in a sentence. Before talking about English pronouns, it is important to remember one thing - they are used without, because they themselves perform their function.

There are several types of pronouns:

Personal pronouns

The English language includes two types of personal pronouns: object and subject.

Subjective: I (I), you (you), he (he), she (she), we (we), they (they).

Object: me (me, me), you (you, you), him (him, him), her (her, her), it (this, this), us (us, us), them (them, them).

They/them are used not only as "they", but also in cases where the gender of the person in question is unknown. In Russian, in such cases, the masculine pronoun is used:

Go to your psychologist. Ask them to consult you- Talk to a psychologist. Ask him to advise you.
You need to find a good florist. They will help you You need to find a good florist. He will help you.
He should visit a doctor. They may help him- He should go to the doctor. He can help him.

Subject pronouns

Subject pronouns are used as subjects for a verb:

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I want the whole orange- I want the whole orange.
You are my love- You are my Love.
He is a bad actor- He's a bad actor.
It is snowing- Snowing.
She loves John She loves John.
We have no drugs We don't have drugs.
They are very strange- They are very strange.
I need it- I need it.
You are so right!- You are so right!
He is my new fiance He is my new fiancé.
It is too soon- It's too soon.
She is my favorite actress- She is my favorite actress.
We don't need your help We don't need your help.
They are our family“They are our family.

Object pronouns

Object pronouns, respectively, perform the object function for:

bring me my money Will you bring me my money?
They don't like us“They don't like us.
mike can beat you Mike can beat you.

Object pronouns are also placed after prepositions:

Pete is looking for me Pete is looking for me.
I'll do my best for you“I will do my best for you.
Give this soap to him Give this soap to him.

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns are of two types: in the attached form (your, my, their, our, her, his, its) or in the absolute form (yours, mine, theirs, ours, hers, his, its). The former are used only in conjunction with a noun, while the latter can replace it:

Is that John's car?- No, it's my car.
Is this John's car? No, this is my car.
Is that John's car?- No, it's mine.
Is this John's car?- No, she's mine.

Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns include this (this), that (that), these (these), those (those).

This is a periodic chart- It's a periodic table.
Whose gloves are these? Whose gloves are these?
I like that sound— I like this sound.
What's that?– What is it there?
Those are very expensive earrings Those earrings are very expensive.

Interrogative pronouns

Who (who, whom) is used when talking about people:

Who is that?- Who is it?
Who do you like more?- Who do you like more?
Who is who?- Who is who?
Who told you that?- Who told you that?

What (what) is used when talking about inanimate objects:

What is that?- What is it?
What do you feel about it?- What do you feel about this?
What do you want?- What do you want?

Which (what, what) is used when the speaker offers to make a choice:

I have three magazines. Which do you want?- I have three magazines. What do you want?
Which one was your brother? Which one was your brother?

Relative and connecting pronouns

English contains five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that. They also perform the function of connecting, depending on the situation. Both of them open subordinate clauses. Only relative pronouns open attributive subordinate clauses, and connectives open additional, subject and predicate.

Relative pronoun:

The girl who improved my pronunciation– The woman who improved my pronunciation.

Connective pronoun:

This is Jordan, who you saw at the party This is Jordan, the one you saw at the party.

Useful video on the topic:

The table of pronouns in English is a tricky business, if only because there are not two, but at least eleven. Surprised? But do not worry, they are not so easy to confuse if you at least know something about them.

Let's look at the classification English pronouns and discuss in detail several of their problem groups.

Let's combine personal and possessive pronouns into one table for clarity. Moreover, it will be much easier for you to draw parallels and remember them:

Please read the following carefully important points according to the table of pronouns in English:

• I always capitalized. When listing people, put it in the last place:

Jill, Mark and I went to the Zoo. Jill, Mark and I went to the zoo.

• Pronouns he and she can serve to highlight gender, however, when talking about animals, you can use them in this way only in fairy tales or talking about favorite pets:

Ginger is our cat. She is very naughty. Ginger is our cat. She is very capricious.

• It can be used in relation to inanimate nouns, any animals, as well as children. Yes, yes, this is perfectly normal:

The baby run away pattering with its feet. The child ran away, stamping his feet.

• reflexive pronouns combined with verbs. You can translate them by adding the suffix -sya. And also it will be necessary to learn a few set expressions with them.

Do not forget that in English, unlike your native language, this is a whole word, and not just a suffix:

She hurt herself when she was cleaning the roof. She got hurt while cleaning the roof.
Help yourselves.- Help yourself!

• Indefinite pronouns formed with words some, any, no:
  

  	Some	Any	no
  -body	Somebody - someone	Anybody+Any- Nobody? anyone	nobody - no one
  -thing	Something - Something	Anything+ Anything- Nothing? Something	nothing - nothing
  -where	Somewhere - somewhere, somewhere	Anywhere+ Anywhere- Nowhere? Anywhere	Nowhere - nowhere

  Indefinite pronouns in English will make you sweat. Pay special attention to how their translation changes depending on the type of sentence:

Do you have anything interesting to read? - Do you have anything interesting to read?
We didn't have anything in the house - it was empty. We didn't have anything in the house - it was empty.
I won't take my old clothes to Paris, choose anything you want. — I will not take with me to Paris old clothes, choose whatever you like.

• Interrogative pronouns fully justify their name: they will be useful to you for special questions:

Who- Who? Used with animate nouns and sometimes with animals;
whom- Whom? To whom?
What- What? Which?
Whose- Whose?
Which- Which the?

And although there are very few of them, you still have to spend time on them. So, for example, in a question to the subject with these comrades, auxiliary verbs are not used in present and past simple:

Who came there with you? Who came there with you?
Which of you goes to the swimming pool on Tuesdays? How many of you go to the pool on Tuesdays?

• Relative pronouns completely coincide with their interrogative neighbors, however, they serve to connect main clauses with subordinate clauses:

The girl who is sitting next to the window is my cousin. The girl who sits next to the window is my cousin.
We wondered which of the boys could speak French. We were wondering which of the boys could speak French.
tell me whom you gave the book last week. Tell me who you gave the book to last week.
This is the man whose house was robbed. This is a man whose house was robbed.
This lipstick is just what I want.- This lipstick is exactly what I want. But make no mistake, it's not that simple.

Sometimes that can replace relative pronouns, and also always comes after nouns with adjectives in superlatives, ordinal numbers and words all, any, only:

These are the people that I saw in the street. These are the people I saw on the street.
This is the most beautiful flower that I have ever seen. — This is the most beautiful flower I have ever seen.
He has seen all the movies that I gave him. He watched all the films that I gave him.

It's time to sum it up. The topic of pronouns is one of the most extensive in the English language. Here you have to first learn all their sections, then practice them in speech and exercises, and finally memorize all the nuances in use. The pronoun table will be your best assistant in this matter. Rely on it, and difficulties will gradually come to naught.

Here you can take a lesson on the topic: Pronouns in English. English pronouns.

A pronoun is a part of speech that replaces a noun, adjective, adverb, and some other words in sentences. In English, as well as in Russian, there are several types of pronouns. It is this part of speech and its varieties that we will consider in this lesson.

There are 8 main types of pronouns in English and they all have different properties. So, for example, in the sentence "He is a student", the personal pronoun he replaces someone's name, and is the subject, and in the sentence "Can you give me that book, please?", the demonstrative pronoun that acts as an object in the sentence.

In English, there are the following types of pronouns:

Personal pronouns (Personal pronouns) - I, you, he, she, him, them, me, it, etc.
Possessive pronouns (Possessive pronouns) - my, his, her, mine, its, ours, etc.
Demonstrative pronouns (Demonstrative pronouns) - this, that, these, those.
Reflexive pronouns (reflexive pronouns) - myself, yourself, himself, themselves, etc.
Relative pronouns - who, which, where, that, etc.
Reciprocal pronouns (Reciprocal pronouns) - one another, each other.
Indefinite pronouns (Indefinite pronouns) - somebody, anything, nothing, etc.
Interrogative pronouns (Interrogative pronouns) - who, whom, why, when, etc.

I. The most important and frequently used pronouns are rightfully personal. These pronouns in sentences can take various forms and perform multiple functions. Personal pronouns, in turn, are divided into subjective and objective. Subject pronouns answer the question who? or what?, and object pronouns - to the questions of whom? what? to whom? what?

1. Subject pronouns:

I - I
you - you / you
he - he
she - she
it - he/she (inanimate)
we - we
they - they

2. Object pronouns:

me - me, me
you - you, you, you, you
him - to him, him
her - her, her
it - to him / her, his / her (inanimate)
us - us, us
them - them, them

Subject and object personal pronouns in sentences can replace nouns and additions. For example:
She is a high school student. - She is a high school student. (noun)
He loves her. - He loves her. (addition)

Personal pronouns are often found in English folk sayings. For example:

After us the deluge. - After us at least a flood.
As you sow, so shall you reap. - What goes around comes around.
Man can do no more than he can. - A man cannot do more than he can. / You can't jump above your head.
Before you make a friend eat a bushel of salt with him. - Before you make a friend, eat a pood of salt with him. / Do not recognize a friend in three days, recognize in three years.
We know not what is good until we have lost it. - We learn what is good when we lose it. / What we have, we do not keep, having lost, we cry.

II. The following pronouns, which are also often used in English sentences, are possessive, i.e. indicating belonging, and answering the question "whose?" :

my (mine) - mine
your (yours) - yours, yours
his (his) - his
her (hers) - her
its (its) - his/her (inanimate)
our (ours) - our
their (theirs) - their

The parentheses indicate a special kind of possessive pronouns. If the words my, your, their are commonly used with nouns, then mine, yours, theirs are used independently. For example:
It "s my pillow. (This is my pillow.) It" s mine. (She is mine.)
Is this your car? (This is your car?). -No, it "s his. (-No, this is his.)

Unlike Russians, English possessive pronouns do not change in numbers. For example:
These are my books. - These are my books.
His poetry is very interesting. - His poems are very interesting.

Possessive pronouns are also sometimes found in English sayings . For example:

Pleasure has a sting in its tail. - Pleasure has a sting in its tail.
All is fish that comes to his net. - All the fish that comes across to him in the net. / He benefits from everything.
Don "t count your chickens before they are hatched. - Don't count your chickens until they hatch. / They count chickens in the fall.

III. Another category of frequently used pronouns in English is called demonstrative or index. There are only 4 of them and they differ depending on the proximity or range of objects:

this is (close)
these - these (close)
that - that (far away)
those - those (far)

Demonstrative pronouns do not change by gender, but change in numbers and agree with the verb. For example:
This is a table. - It is a table.
These are tables. - These are tables.

In sentences, demonstrative pronouns can be used noun, adjective, or object. For example:
This is my mother. - This is my mom. (noun)
That girl is too rude. - That girl is too rude. (adjective)
I "d like to buy these oranges. - I would like to buy these oranges. (Supplement)

Demonstrative pronouns also occur in some proverbs:

That "s a horse of another color - Here is that horse of a different color. / This is a completely different matter.
That cock won "t fight. - This rooster will not fight. / This number will not work.

IV. reflexive pronouns , or as they are popularly called "mirror" - another category of English pronouns. They are formed by adding the singular suffix "-self" denoting "on my own, on my own", to possessive pronouns; or the suffix "selves" to pronouns in plural:

myself - myself
yourself - you yourself
himself - he himself
herself - she herself
itself - he / she himself / herself (inanimate)
ourselves - we ourselves
yourselves - you yourself
themselves - they themselves

Only in reflexive pronouns can one see the difference between the singular and plural of the second person, i.e. between "you" and "you": yourself - yourselves.

In sentences, reflexive pronouns perform the function of additions, and are used after transitive verbs(semantic verbs related not only to the activity, but also to the recipient). For example:

Be careful! Don "t injure yourself! - Be careful! Do not get hurt!
She bought herself a new skirt. She bought herself a new skirt.
They can "t do it themselves. - They cannot do it themselves.

There are a number of stable phrases with reflexive pronouns. Here is some of them:
Help yourself! - Help yourself!
enjoy yourself! - Enjoy the atmosphere!
Behave yourself! - Behave yourself!

There are some verbs after which do not use reflexive pronouns. It: wash (wash), dress (dress), shave (shave), relax (relax) and some others. For example:
She dressed up and went to work. She got dressed and went to work.
Tom washed and then shaved. Tom washed and then shaved.

In these sentences, you do not need to add the pronouns "herself" or "himself", because it is already clear that the action is performed independently.

Some reflexive pronouns occur in English folklore:

Give a fool grief enough, and he will hang himself. - Give a fool a rope, and he will hang himself. / Ask a fool to pray to God, he will hurt his forehead.
Don "t keep a dog and bark yourself. - Do not hold the dog, and then bark yourself. / Do not work for your subordinate. / For that, the dog is fed that she barks.
Respect yourself, or no one else will respect you. - Respect yourself, otherwise no one else will respect you. / Whoever does not respect himself, others will not respect him either.

V. Pronouns under the name relative outwardly very similar to question words, but have a different meaning. They are used to define the preceding noun. Although relative pronouns do not change for gender or number, they depend on the object being defined. So, for example, if we want define a person, then use the pronoun "who" . Here's more full list relative pronouns and examples of use:

who - who, who (person)
which / that - what, which (inanimate object, thing)
where - where, in which (place)
when - when, in which (time)
whose - whose, which (belonging)

He is the man who saved me. - He is the man who saved me.
This is the pen which (that) I found. - This is the pen I found.
This is the place where I was born. - This is the place where (in which) I was born.
This is the month when they go on holiday. - This is the month when (in which) they go on vacation.
She is the woman whose son is a burglar. She is the woman whose son is a thief.

And now let's see how varied relative pronouns are used in proverbs:

He who likes borrowing dislikes paying. - He who loves to borrow does not like to pay back. / When borrowing - a friend, when giving back - an enemy.
He knows who knows how to hold his tongue. - He knows a lot who knows how to keep his tongue. / A smart man does not throw words into the wind.
He who hesitates is lost. - Who hesitates. he dies. Procrastination is like death.
That "s where the shoe pinches! - That's where the shoe pinches! / That's where the dog is buried.
He who would search for pearls must dive below. - He who is looking for pearls must dive deep. / Who wants to eat fish, he must climb into the water.
That which one least anticipates soonest comes to pass. Whatever you least expect happens to happen.

VI. The smallest group of pronouns in English is mutual pronouns. There are only 2 of them and they can be interchanged:

each other - each other (refers to two persons)
one another - one to another (may imply more people)

In sentences, these pronouns are placed in the middle or at the end, and, as a rule, act as an object. For example:

They have known each other for many years. - They have known each other for many years.
They love each other. - They love each other.
The staff always help one another. - Staff always help each other (one another).
The students spoke to one another in a quiet voice. - The students spoke to each other (one to another) in a low voice.

Reciprocal pronouns often occur in various stories, quotes, proverbs and other phrases. Thus, Joseph Addison once said:

Health and cheerfulness mutually beget each other. - Health and cheerfulness go hand in hand.

And another English saying goes:

Families with babies and families without babies are sorry for each other. - Families with children and families without children sympathize with each other.

VII. One of the largest groups of English pronouns is indefinite pronouns. In sentences, they can serve substitution of adjectives, and substitution of nouns. For example:

They have some problems. - They have some problems. (adjective replacement)
Are there any books there? -There are some on that shelf. - Are there any books there? - There are a few on that shelf. (noun replacement)

Indefinite pronouns are conditionally divided into pronouns that begin with the words "some" (a little, a few), "any" (a little, a few, any) and "no" (not at all, no).

1. Indefinite pronouns with the word "some":

some - a little, a few
someone / someone - someone / someone
something - something
somewhere - somewhere
somehow - somehow / somehow
some time / some day - sometime / someday

Note that the words "somebody" and "someone" are the same. All indefinite pronouns beginning with the word "some" are used in ordinary affirmative proposals, as well as in questions-requests and questions-suggestions. For example:

(+) * There is someone in the house. - There is someone in the house.
(+) There are some guests in the hotel.
(?) Can you give me some water, please? - Could you give me some water? (question-request)
(?) Would you like some cookies? - Would you like some cookies? (question-suggestion)

2. Indefinite pronouns with the word "any":

any - no, a little, a few, any
anyone/anybody - someone/someone, anyone
anything - something / anything, anything
anywhere - somewhere / anywhere, anywhere / anywhere
anyhow - somehow / somehow, somehow
any day/any time - anytime

These pronouns are used either in negative and interrogative sentences, or in affirmative with the meaning "any, any". For example:

(-) There isn't any sugar in my coffee. - There is no sugar in my coffee.
(?) Is there anything interesting on TV? - Is there anything interesting on TV?
(+) I like any kind of fish. - I like any kind of fish.

3. Indefinite pronouns with the word "no":

no - no, not at all
noone/nobody - no one
nothing - nothing
nowhere - nowhere

Unlike the Russian language, in English sentences there can only be one negative word. For example:

There is noone in the room.=There isn't anyone in the room. (There is no one in the room.)
There are no pictures on the wall.=There aren't any pictures on the wall.

In many English sayings indefinite pronouns are used:

By doing nothing we learn to do ill. - By doing nothing, we learn to do evil. / Idleness is the mother of all vices.
There is no rose without a thorn. - There is no rose without thorns.
To know everything is to know nothing. To know everything is to know nothing.
To put a spoke in somebody "s wheel. - Insert a spoke into someone's wheel. / Insert sticks into the wheels.
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. - Nothing is impossible for a loving heart.

VIII. The final group of pronouns is interrogative pronouns. They are superficially very similar to relative ones, but they perform different functions in English sentences. These pronouns are also known as "question words":

who? - who?
whom? - whom? to whom?
which? - which the?
what? - what?
where? - where?
when? - when?
whose? - whose?
why? - why?

Interrogative pronouns most often appear in a sentence as subject, adjective, or as an addition with a preposition at the end. For example:

Who is your brother? - Who is your brother? (subject)
Which seat is yours? - What is your place? (adjective)
What is the book about? - What is this book about? (addition)

Sometimes interrogative pronouns serve nominal part of the predicate, as, for example, in famous proverb:
Tell me who your friends are and I "ll tell you who you are. - Tell me who your friend is, and I'll tell you who you are. (literal translation). / Tell me who your friend is, and I'll tell you who you are. ( literary translation).

Thus, in this lesson we got acquainted with pronouns in English, its varieties and functions in sentences. We also learned useful proverbs and sayings. In the following lessons, personal, possessive, and demonstrative pronouns will be described in a little more detail.

- such a topic, without which it is impossible and even difficult to explain the simplest English sentence. Therefore, it is worth studying the whole thing a little and reinforcing yourself with a couple of new words, or if you already know a basic level of English, you can subtract something new for yourself.

The author of this article did not want to write a lot about the entire grammar of pronouns in the English language in order to free your mind from unnecessary classifications and other heresy, so the most “meat” that is most often used in the English language is posted here.

Starting with the basics of the English language, let's remember what we knew or did not know, the pronouns that answer the question "Who?". There are not so many of them, only 7 pieces.

In graphic format:

Let's look at a couple of nuances:

• The pronoun "It" replaces all inanimate objects, as well as animals:

Where is the book? It is on the table. - Where is the book? She is on the table.

My cat is very funny. It runs and jumps all day long. – My cat is very funny. He runs and jumps all day.

Important: Do not replace people with "It". For third parties, only the pronouns "He", "She" and "They"!

• To the verbs that come after the pronouns "He", "She" and "It", in the present tense we add the ending "-s" or "-es" after the endings -ch, -x, -sh, -ss, -s, -o:

He love sme. - He loves me.

She open s the windows every morning. She opens the windows every morning.

The dog like s to bark. This dog likes to bark.

• In English, the pronoun "I - I" is always capitalized.
• The pronoun "You" can be used to refer to one person or to a group of people.
• The pronoun "You", when addressed in writing, is not capitalized (unless it is at the beginning of a sentence). To express respect for another person, other verbal expressions are used.

All these pronouns in English can bend. Namely, all of them can answer the question “Whom? To whom?":

To consolidate, let's take more detailed examples:

• I gave you key. - I gave you the key.
• They don't give me to train. They don't let me train.
• Do do you understand me? - You understand me?
• They will not understand us. They won't understand us.
• I helped them. - I helped them.
• I heard that you have a new notebook. Show me please. I heard that you have a new laptop. Show it to me please.

Also, all these 7 basic pronouns can decline and answer the question “Whose?” or "Whose?":

For example (for example):

• Will I take your car? - Can I take your car?
• I bought their house yesterday. I bought their house yesterday.
• She will finish her project tonight. She will finish her project at night.
• The monkey did it's hands. The monkey did it with her own hands.
• This is my friends. - These are my friends.

The note; do not confuse "It's - it is" and its!

And let's summarize everything in a general table:

Analyze this block again. We know that in total there are 7 basic pronouns that can answer the question “Who?”, Or the question “Whom? To whom?”, or to the question “Whose? Whose?". And if you have well fixed this material, then we move on.

The pronoun "it" has several important functions in English:

First, we learned that the pronoun "it" is used to replace the names of all objects, animals, and any other animate or inanimate phenomena. In short, everything except people!

Secondly, the pronoun "it" means or is translated as "it". Example:

• It is very interesting - This is very interesting.
• It's Mike. Open the door! - This is Mike. Open the door!
• It's her new style. This is her new style.
• Who is it? - Who is it?

Well, in the third, the pronoun “it” is not translated at all, but is used simply to say about the weather, time, condition, etc. Example:

• It is frost - frost (on the street).
• It is bright day - a wonderful day.
• It will be windy - It will be windy.
• It's 5 o'clock - five hours
• It's was cool - It was cool.
• It will be very funny - It will be very fun.

In English, our basic pronouns answer the question "Whose?" or “Whose?”, can be converted into an absolute form in order to avoid repetition of the defined subject, namely:

Let's represent these pronouns graphically:

Example:

• Did you see my keys? - No, I didn't. But mine is here. (mine instead of my keys)

Have you seen my keys? No, but mine are here.

• Your tables are smaller than theirs . (theirs instead of their tables)

Your tables are smaller than theirs.

• Whose car is this? - It's hers. (hers instead of her car)

Whose car is this? - It is her .

Thus, this absolute form frees us from the repetition of objects and indicates the owner of these very objects.

And the last important transformation of our base pronouns is independent pronouns. How is it correct to say in English “self, self, self, self” and show independence of action? Let's take a look:

Example:

• I will do it myself - I will do it myself.
• It subsided itself - It subsided by itself.
• She will not do it herself - She will not do it herself.
• Will you call her yourself? Will you call her yourself?
• You can do it yourselves - You yourself can do it.
• They cope themselves - they can handle themselves

There are pronouns in English that, when combined with the words "thing, one, body, where", form another set of commonly used pronouns. Let's take a look at these pronouns:

• some - some;
• any - any;
• every - everyone;
• no - negative prefix;

All these pronouns, in combination with the above words, generate new words:

In this table, if you notice, there are some pitfalls:

1. Combinations with the pronouns some and any are translated in the same way, but in the context they are used differently, since "any" means "any", and "some" means "some". In affirmative sentences, the pronoun "some" is almost always used,and in interrogative or negative sentences - any. For example:

• Is anyone here? – Is there anyone here?
• I feel someone was here. – I feel someone was here.
• I didn't see anyone there. “I didn't see anyone there.

2. Transforms with "-body" and "-one" are synonyms. It doesn't matter whether you say "everybody" or you say "everyone". Combinations with "-one" are more modern in American English and therefore you will hear them more often.

3. It would be possible to add the word "-time" here and also get a series of combinations (sometimes, anytime, everytime, no time). But in American English, only one is used - sometimes (sometimes). For others, there are analogues:

• instead of "no time" - never - never;
• instead of "everytime" - always - always;

It is important that it is not a mistake to use any combination with "-time". They are just rarely used. Moreover, “everytime” is more likely to be translated as “every time”, and it is perfect for strengthening the expression:

• You always clean your shoes - You clean your shoes always.
• Every time you clean your shoes - Everytime you clean your shoes.

There are also frequently used combinations with the pronoun "any":

• anyhow - as you like;
• anyway - in any case, however;
• anytime - at any time;

And simple examples with these pronouns:

• Sometimes I feel myself very good - Sometimes I feel very good;
• I know someone of you was in a club yesterday - I know that one of you was in the club yesterday;
• Nobody know about it - Nobody knows about it (in English there can be only one negation in a sentence);
• Call her and tell that I will be somewhere in the center about 8 o'clock - call her and tell her that I will be somewhere in the center around 8 o'clock;
• Everybody rest now. Come later - Now everyone is resting. Check back later

And now let's quickly go over the small pronouns.

Meet the pronoun "each other", translated as "each other." Can be combined with prepositions:

• for each other - for each other;
• with each other - with each other;
• without each other - each without a friend;
• about each other - about each other;

Example:

• They do it for each other - They do it for each other.
• Will you exchange with each other? - Do you trade with each other?
• We can't live without each other - We cannot live without each other.
• Sometimes they tell funny stories about each other - Sometimes they tell funny stories about each other.

In graphic format:

Example:

• I ran this morning - I ran this morning.
• We were there that evening - We were there that evening.
• These books are ours - These books are ours.
• She went there to ask those guys - She went there to ask those guys.

This is the whole foundation that must eventually be laid in each of us. A daily ten-minute habit of making new English sentences using pronouns will dispel fear and make you rise to a higher level in English. Learn a little, practice a lot, and smile more.

If you have something to add, or you want to ask something on this topic, then do not be shy - write to us in the comments.

A word denoting an object or a sign of an object, but not naming it, is called a pronoun. Pronouns are divided into several groups, each of which has its own grammatical characteristics.

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns change in cases: if they are used in a sentence as a subject, then they stand in nominative case ; if they are used as a supplement, then they stand in object case.

The pronoun "I" is always capitalized. The pronouns "he / she" are used in relation to animate persons; "it" - in relation to inanimate objects, abstract concepts and animals. The pronoun "they" is used for both animate and inanimate objects.

Possessive pronouns. (Possessive Pronouns)

Possessive pronouns serve as attributors to nouns and always take place before the definable nouns. Unlike the Russian language, where there is a pronoun "his", used with all persons, English possessive pronouns are used strictly in accordance with the pronouns. If it becomes necessary to use a possessive pronoun without a noun, then there is a special form called the absolute form.

In English, possessive pronouns are used much more frequently and are simply obligatory for nouns denoting parts of the body, clothing, and relatives, and possessive pronouns are used in place of a noun to avoid repetition.

Julie's car is red. Mine is blue.

Possessive pronouns are used without an apostrophe.

The dog wagged its tail.

“It"s” is not a possessive pronoun or adjective - it means “it is”:

It's not my dog.

reflexive pronouns. (Reflexive Pronouns)

Pronouns ending in "-self (plural -selves)" are called reflexive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns show that the action called in the sentence is directed at the person who performs it, therefore the reflexive pronoun must be correlated in form with the subject.

Forms of reflexive pronouns

Use

1. When the subject and object match:

I hurt myself.

The band call themselves "Dire Straits".

He shot himself.

2. When a preposition is used

I bought a present for myself.

She did it by herself. (She did it alone.)

That man is talking to himself.

3. When we want to emphasize the subject

I "ll do it myself. (No one else will help me.) - I will do it myself.

They ate all the food themselves. (No one else had any.)

Demonstrative pronouns. (Demonstrative pronouns)

Demonstrative pronouns change for numbers. Moreover, the pronoun "this" denotes an object located next to the speaker, and "that" - at a considerable distance; into Russian "that" can also be translated by the words "this, this". In a sentence, demonstrative pronouns can be used as a subject, a noun definition, or an object.

This is my father. And that is my uncle.

This is my father. And there is my uncle.

I don "t like these apples. I don't like these apples.

They are too sour. They are too sour.

This is not salt. It's sugar. This is not salt. This is sugar.

Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns include all, each, either, neither, both, some, any, no, none, much, many, little, few, other, one.

Some, any, no

To indicate that they mean a certain number of (several) countable objects or a certain amount of a substance, the pronoun "some" is used in affirmative sentences in English, and "any" is used in interrogative and negative sentences. These pronouns are usually pronounced without stress and do not allow the use of any articles before the noun.

Some - a few, a little

Any - any

No - no, not at all

Take some glasses from that shelf. Take some glasses on that shelf.

Pour some water in them. Pour water into them.

Don "t take any books from the case. Do not take books from the closet.

Have you got any money? Do you have any money.

The pronoun "any", in turn, can be used in affirmative sentences in the meaning of "any", for example:

Take any cup you like. Take any mug you like.

The pronoun "no" has negative meaning"none" and explains the noun, for example:

There is no milk in the jug. There is no milk in the jug.

He has no friends. He has (no) friends.

From the pronouns "some, any, no" complex pronouns can be formed: "somebody - anybody - nobody; something - anything - nothing; somewhere - anywhere - nowhere", and the same rules for using in different types of sentences apply to them, as for "some, any, no". Pronouns formed with "-body" are used only in relation to people and are combined with a verb only in singular. Pronouns formed with "-thing" are used in relation to inanimate objects and concepts.

There is somebody in the office. There is someone in the office.

Is there anyone at home? Is there anyone at home?

I saw nobody in the garden. I didn't see anyone in the garden.

There is something wrong with him. Something happened to him.

He can do anything for you. He will do anything for you.

If you use the negative pronouns "nobody, nothing" in a sentence, then the negative particle "not" is not required, since there can only be one negative in English.

Nobody knows anything about it. Nobody knows anything about it.

There is/ There are

If you want to emphasize the presence or absence of some object or person in a certain place, the sentence begins with the construction "there is / there are (plural)", followed by a noun denoting this person or object and the circumstance of the place. Translating such a construction begins with the circumstance of the place:

There are many English books in his library. There are many English books in his library.

There is a chair at the table. There is a chair by the table.

The form of the verb "to be" in such constructions agrees with the first noun that follows it.

There is a dictionary and some books on the shelf. There is a dictionary and several books on the table.

There are flowers and a box of chocolates on the table. There are flowers and a box of chocolates on the table.

Are there any letters for me? Are there letters for me?

Is there milk or juice in the jug? Is there milk or juice in the jug?

How many books are there in your library? How many books are in your library?

Negation can be formed in two ways: using the negative pronoun "no" or the negative particle "not" and the pronoun "any".

There is no note for you. You don't have any note.

There isn't any news in her letter. There is no news in her letter.

Many, few, a few, much, little, a little.

Pronouns "a lot, a little, a little, a few." The pronouns "many" - a lot and "few" - are rarely used only as definitions for countable nouns in the plural.

They have many friends in London. They have many friends in London.

He has few friends. He is very lonely. He has few friends. He is very lonely.

There are many ways to solve this problem. There are many ways to solve this problem.

The pronouns "much" - a lot and "little" - are rarely used with uncountable nouns (abstract concepts, substances ...).

There is little milk in the cup. There is not enough milk in the cup.

We spend a lot of time on this experiment. We spend a lot of time on this experiment.

Do you have much money on you? Do you have a lot of money with you?

I have very little time. I do not have much time.

The combination "a few" means "several" and is used only with countable nouns, with uncountable nouns the combination "a little" is used, which means "a little".

Will you give me a little water? Will you give me some water?

I bought a few apples. I bought some (several) apples.

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns include who, what, who (by profession), which, whose whose, which which. Interrogative pronouns are used to form special questions.

Who headed our delegation to the Trade Unions Conference? Who led our delegation to the Conference of Trade Unions?

Not always knows what is what. He always knows what's what.

What do you know about the World Peace Council? What do you know about the World Peace Council?

If an interrogative pronoun is combined with a preposition, then the preposition is usually placed at the end of the sentence:

What are you reading about? What are you reading about?

Whom are you speaking to? Who are you talking to?

The pronoun who refers to persons, the pronoun what refers to things. But the pronoun what can also apply to persons if they ask about a profession, occupation:

Who is that? - That is Mister N. Who is this? This is Mr N.

What is Mister N.? - He is an officer. Who (by occupation, by profession) is Mr. N.? - He is an officer.