Flying to the moon - how it was. Little known facts about the flight to the moon

The moon landing was broadcast live all over the world, with the exception of the USSR and China. There is a widespread legend, which was outlined by the Soviet journalist and popularizer of science Yaroslav Golovanov in his book The Truth About the Apollo Program. He wrote: “Late on the evening of July 21, 1969, on Central Television, if my memory serves me, they showed the comedy film The Pig and the Shepherd. At this time, all of humanity, with bated breath, followed the first landing of earthlings on the moon. At that time, we showed disrespect not to the astronauts, not to the country that sent them, but to ourselves ... ". But at this moment, 5:56 am Moscow time, the Central Television of the USSR was not broadcasting at all. At that time, the broadcast did not start until 8 am.

The takeoff stage of the lunar cabin with two astronauts on board was launched from the surface of the Moon.

This happened at 8:54 p.m. by Moscow time. After entering the lunar orbit and maneuvering, the cabin must go to the orbit of the Apollo 11 main unit and dock with it.

At 3:11 pm Washington time on Sunday, July 20, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin separated the lunar compartment from the command compartment, in which Michael Collins remained, and began a solo flight.

Approximately 56 minutes later, they turned on the brake engine and transferred the lunar compartment to the trajectory to the landing site. One of the most important phases of the Apollo 11 flight program began.

Even looking at the TV screen, you feel the tension that gripped the space center in Houston. The lunar compartment is rapidly declining. He flies at first, as it were, on his stomach, with steel spider legs forward. The astronauts lie face down in their niche. Then the cabin gradually assumes a horizontal position. The astronauts report that everything is going well on board. Communication with them does not stop. Armstrong's distant voice is heard:

We are descending according to plan. 20 kilometers to the surface of the moon... 18... 15...

There are a few minutes left before boarding.

- A thousand feet! - exclaims the controller at the command post in Houston. - 1500 feet! .. 100 feet! ..

“40 feet left,” Armstrong reports from the lunar bay. - The engine raises clouds of dust from the surface of the moon. We see our own shadow.

How will the moon meet them? Will the lunar cabin fall on its side? Instruments in Houston register the pulse of the astronauts: Aldrin has 130 beats per minute, Armstrong has 150.

- The engine is off! Armstrong's visibly agitated voice is heard. - Let's sit down!

There is a pause. The clock hand shows a quarter past five (Washington time).

Hello, Houston! This is the Sea of ​​Tranquility base. The Eagle (the code name for the lunar compartment) has landed!

- You made everyone in Houston turn green with excitement, - they answer from the Earth. - Now we've taken a breath. Let me tell you that now everyone here has a smile on their faces.

“Remember, there are also two smiles on the moon,” Armstrong jokes.

"Don't forget another one in space," Michael Collins's voice comes from the cockpit of the command bay. Collins asks to inform him about everything that happens in the landing area.

The Eagle touched down about four miles from its intended target in the southwestern part of the Sea of ​​Tranquility. Judging by the further stories of the astronauts, the landing was not easy.

- We descended directly onto a crater the size of a football field, - Armstrong reported 5 minutes after landing. - There were a lot of huge stones around. I had to switch to manual control to choose another place to land.

A few minutes later, looking out the window, Aldrin gave the first description of the area in which the lunar compartment landed:

- Around a whole collection of gray stones various shapes. There are no stones here!

Standing at another window, Armstrong went on to describe the landing area:

- It is a relatively flat surface with many craters from 5 to 50 feet in diameter. A row of stone ridges 20-30 feet high. Thousands of small craters 1-2 feet in diameter. Directly in front of us are several ramparts 2 feet high. Hill in the distance. It may be half a mile or a mile away.

At the request of the astronauts, the space center in Houston agreed to reduce their rest time and allowed them to leave the lunar compartment on the lunar surface several hours earlier than planned.

Late in the evening Washington time (in Moscow it was the early morning of July 21), the cosmonauts began to depressurize the cabin. Instead of the 15 minutes planned, it took over an hour. On the radio, Armstrong and Aldrin were talking to each other, examining and checking on each other the spacesuits, pressure helmets and life support systems that are placed in a satchel on their backs. Armstrong's voice is finally heard:

- Ready to surface.

The cabin hatch opens, but the astronauts are in no hurry. They need to get used to it. A minute passes, then another.

- I'm starting the exit, - reports Armstrong.

Aldrin helps him crawl to the hatch on his knees. The astronaut begins a slow, careful descent down the 9-step ladder to the lunar surface. On the way down, he opens another hatch that holds tools, cellophane bags for lunar soil, a special soil spatula, and a television camera. Edwin Aldrin turns on the camera from inside the cockpit, and an image from the moon appears on the TV screen. At first, it's hard to make out anything. Then we realize that we see the lunar surface and the stairs of the lunar cabin. The image is not very clear, as if in a fog.

Suddenly we see a man's foot step on the step. Here is the second leg. Armstrong descends facing the cockpit. At the last step, he stops and “tests” the soil with his left foot. Here he is already standing on the lunar surface, not tearing right hand from the stairs.

He takes the first step, a small step, cautious and uncertain.

The right hand is still on the stairs. But the first step has been taken. And we hear the words of the astronaut, the first words of a man on the moon:

- One small step of a man is a huge step of mankind.

Armstrong moves away from the cockpit. His movements are reminiscent of the movements of a diver on seabed. And he himself in his space suit looks like a diver. Behind him stretches a rope, which is held by Aldrin, who remained in the cockpit. This is for the unexpected.

- I don't feel any difficulty in movements, - the cosmonaut reports. - It's even easier here than during training on Earth.

His first assignment on the lunar surface after "gaining confidence" is to take a sample of the lunar soil. He takes it with a special spatula, we see how he puts it in a plastic bag and puts it in a pocket sewn above the knee of his left leg. His movements become more confident and faster. He goes further and further and finally disappears behind the frame of the television screen.

Suddenly, he appears on the screen again, and the audience on Earth cannot help but exclaim in surprise: he is running. But not the way they run on Earth. So running on the screen of a movie shot in slow motion. He takes another bag of soil samples from the storage hatch and goes back out of the screen.

Edwin Aldrin emerges from the cockpit hatch. It descends more confidently than its predecessor. Once again, the audience gasps in amazement as Aldrin jumps down the last two steps.

Immediately he climbs the stairs and jumps again.

Now there are two astronauts on the TV screen. Armstrong jumps twice in place and even tries to sit down, but the suit prevents him.

Aldrin walks around the lunar cabin, examines it and reports to Earth that he did not find any damage.

Armstrong removes the television camera from its nest in the storage hatch, carries it a few meters from the cockpit and sets it on a tripod. Now we see the entire lunar cabin, a close, uneven lunar horizon. All around is a lifeless, some kind of pockmarked desert, covered in pockmarks-craters. Large boulders and stone ridges are visible, which Armstrong spoke about immediately after landing.

Astronauts worked for several hours on the surface of the moon. They set up a laser-radar reflector to measure the distance between the Earth and the Moon and study unevenness in the Earth's rotation. They spread a sheet of aluminum foil to detect traces of "noble gases" - helium, argon, neon, and carried out other scientific experiments.

Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins successfully completed the first half of their mission. Their courage is admirable.

The commander of the Apollo 11 spacecraft, Neil Armstrong, blue-eyed, with a youthful hairstyle and a shy smile, according to everyone who knows him, has an enviable composure, endurance and quick reaction.

This taciturn and somewhat phlegmatic civilian test pilot has already successfully got out of very dangerous situations twice during his stay in the cosmonaut corps. In March 1966, he managed to prevent the disaster of the Geminai 8 spacecraft, which he commanded. This happened during an attempt to dock the ship with one of the stages of the launch vehicle. The flight then had to be interrupted, and Armstrong safely landed Gemini-8 in the waters Pacific Ocean. Armstrong flew in a simulator last year. Suddenly, it began to spin and fall. Armstrong managed to jump out with a parachute.

He is a native of the small town of Wapakoneta in Ohio (about 7 thousand inhabitants). At 16, before he could drive a car, Neil Armstrong got his license to fly an airplane. In order to be able to pay $9 an hour tuition at a private flying club, Neil worked as a delivery boy for a pharmacy. Since then, he has associated himself with the air for the rest of his life, and then with the cosmos.

They say about Edwin Aldrin that his brain is like an electronic computer. Before becoming an astronaut, Aldrin successfully graduated from the well-known Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the USA and defended his thesis, the topic of which was the issues of docking ships in space. In November 1966, he was a member of the crew of the Geminai 12 spacecraft, leaving the spacecraft for outer space.

Michael Collins, a sociable and cheerful person, is also no stranger to space. He piloted the Geminai 10 spacecraft, which completed 43 orbits around the Earth in July 1966. Collins was supposed to fly with Bormann on Apollo 8 last December, but fell ill and was replaced. He endured two major operations spine and, thanks to willpower, returned to the family of astronauts.

When you read about them in local magazines, you see a movie made about them, you notice that these people are very similar to Soviet cosmonauts. They are also simple, sociable. They are also courageous and devoted to their cause - the conquest of space.

...Now, the astronauts are resting inside the lunar cabin. Tomorrow is another busy day.

Also on the last page in Pravda, under the heading "The First Lunar Expedition", an interview with geochemist A.P. Vinogradov to the correspondent of the newspaper.

In addition, congratulatory statements by Soviet officials, scientists and cosmonauts addressed to the Americans were printed.

Victor Frank spoke about the coverage of the lunar landing in the Soviet media on July 27, 1969 on the air of Radio Liberty. He stated: "Earthlings on the Moon." Under this heading, Pravda reported last Tuesday about the brilliant landing of American astronauts on the moon. I think that I was not the only one who was pleased with the directive of the organ of the Central Committee of the CPSU to achieve the Americans. And it is especially good that the editors of Pravda called the American cosmonauts "earthlings", that is, they presented them not as citizens of a state with which they Soviet Union, to put it mildly, their own special scores, but as fellow citizens on planet Earth. It is unlikely that I can be reproached for being too caustic, if I express the assumption that if the first landing on the moon were not American, but Soviet cosmonauts, then Pravda would hardly call them "earthlings."

A good description of Soviet publications about the lunar expedition was given by S.P. Koroleva, Soviet space designer V.P. Mishin in his pamphlet Why Didn't We Fly to the Moon?, published in 1990. He wrote that "the success of the United States in the landing of American astronauts on the surface of the moon was covered by our means mass media clearly one-sided and insufficient. Silent real facts, we represented the state of affairs in such a way that in the USSR work on a manned flight to the Moon was not carried out and our efforts were concentrated only on its research using automatic spacecraft. Moreover, we even began to assert that in the study of the Moon, only automatic devices can be dispensed with, that there is nothing for a person on the Moon to do.

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Half a century later, the flight to the moon is still a mystery for many people: were American astronauts really on the moon back in 1969? Could a resident of America, for the first time in the history of mankind, independently land on the moon, and later return back to Earth? Or, in the lunar race between the US and the USSR, did the Americans decide to fake it? Let's try to figure it out.

After the first successful flight into space in the history of mankind, which was made by Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961, US President D. Kennedy set a goal in May of the same year: before the end of the decade, an American must land on the moon. This statement was prompted by the first defeat in the lunar race between the USA and the USSR.

Active and long preparation began. More than a dozen spacecraft were launched by the Americans into space before the space crew went to the moon. When all the tests were completed, the crew was determined and prepared, and the spacecraft was built, it was decided that it was time to fly.

On July 16, 1969, at 13:32 U.S. time, the Apollo 11 spacecraft was launched, containing the Columbia command ship and the Eagle lunar module. The space crew consisted of three people With: Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin Aldrin. Their expedition lasted 8 days: from July 16 to July 24, 1969. 4 days after the launch, on July 20, Aldrin landed the Eagle, which also contained Armstrong, on the surface of the moon. The third crew member was waiting for his colleagues in the command module in orbit around the moon.

The first to step on the surface of an unknown celestial body was lucky to be the commander of the ship, Neil Armstrong. With the words: “This is one small step for a man, but a giant leap for mankind,” he stepped onto the lunar soil with his left foot. It happened on 07/21/69 at 2:56 am US time. After a while, Aldrin joined him.

After a successful descent to the moon, the Americans collected 22 kg of lunar soil, took a photo of the footprint on the ground, raised the US flag at the landing site and installed scientific instruments. At that moment, the astronauts constantly transmitted their actions and feelings to the MCC by radio, and were also under the gunpoint of a television camera that broadcast everything live, and even received words of gratitude from R. Nixon, the President of the United States.

After all the necessary manipulations were completed, Armstrong and Aldrin returned to the module. Being on the surface of the moon took them 2 hours 32 minutes, and the maximum distance from the lunar module was 60 m.

In total, the astronauts spent 21 hours and 37 minutes on the surface of the Moon. After that, they returned to the command module, which subsequently successfully splashed down in the Pacific Ocean.

Flight to the moon by American astronauts, fact or fiction?

In the 70s, after the end of the American lunar program, a certain “Lunar Conspiracy Theory” began to gain popularity dramatically. The gist of it was that the Americans never actually landed on the moon, and NASA actually set up all the lunar landings. This theory appeared as a result of the fact that the United States was lagging behind the USSR in many respects in the lunar race. And in order not to fall into the mud face in front of other countries, falsified the landing of Apollo 11 on the moon.

Several "weird" facts that led to the formation of a lunar conspiracy:

1. Floating flag

Probably the most common argument in favor of the lunar conspiracy. The bottom line is that there is no wind on the moon, and the flag on the record made at the time of installation is waving. In fact, everything here is extremely simple. The flag was hung on an L-shaped flagpole, which did not imply an ideal tension. Thanks to the folds on the flag, it looks like it is developing in the photo. You can also make sure that the flag is stationary if you look at several photos in a row, in which the position of the astronaut changes, but the flag does not.

2. The photo does not show the stars

This statement also has its own explanation. The stars in the photo are not visible for one reason - the landing was in the daytime. Another factor is the Sun, whose brightness on the surface of the Moon is many times greater than on Earth. It is precisely because the shooting was in the daytime on the sunny side that the stars are not visible in the photo.

3. Too short jumps

The recordings show how the astronauts make high jumps. And, according to conspiracy advocates, these jumps must be much higher than what is seen on the records. Because on the Moon, gravity is 6 times less than on Earth. However, there is an explanation for this as well. With the change in the weight of the astronauts, their mass remained unchanged, which means that the efforts required for the jump remained the same. Also, due to the inflating of the suit, the rapid movements required to make a high jump are difficult. When jumping high, an astronaut is more likely to lose balance. Its loss can lead to a violation of the integrity of the suit, satchel of the support system or helmet.

4.Studio shooting

Another of the frequent lunar conspiracy arguments is the theory that the American moon landing was filmed on a Hollywood pavilion. We will give a refutation of this "fact" from the words of cosmonaut A. Leonov, who says that there was a studio shooting. But, there was only additional filming, created so that each viewer could see everything from beginning to end. According to Leonov, there was no one from the lunar surface to film Armstrong's opening of the landing craft's hatch. Or there was no one to film Armstrong's descent down the stairs from the ship. That's what studio reshoots were made for.

5. How to take off from the surface of the moon

Another fact is that in order to take off from the surface of the Moon, you need a spaceport and a rocket, but they were not on the Moon. They were there, but not in literally: a big rocket and a huge spaceport. No. Everything is actually easier. The lunar module was not only a means of landing, but also of takeoff. The role of the cosmodrome was the lower part of the module, and the role of the rocket was the upper part, which was also a cabin for astronauts. To take off from the surface of the Moon and fly to its orbit, you need much less energy than to start from the Earth. Therefore the need for big rocket was absent.

As it turns out, for every argument there is a counterargument that proves the falsity of the lunar conspiracy theory. One should imagine how many people worked on the Apollo project, and it would be impossible to force them to keep the secret of the “deceitful” flight for so long. In addition, the reputation of the United States was at stake, which would have suffered significantly if the fraud was exposed. Also, NASA would not have to stage 6 moon landings, including after the Apollo 11 operation. It would be enough to play only his flight. Well, in conclusion, the USSR, which was the opponent of the United States in the lunar race, perfectly understood what difficulties its competitors had to face, and always admitted that there was an American landing on the moon.

To believe or not to believe in the lunar conspiracy theory is everyone's business. The only difference is that there is no reason to believe in it.

The American spacecraft "Apollo 11" made the flight, during which the inhabitants of the Earth for the first time in history landed on the surface of the moon.

The launch of the Saturn-5 launch vehicle, which launched the Apollo 11 spacecraft into orbit, took place on July 6, 1969 at 09.32 US East Coast time (16.32 Moscow time) from Cape Kennedy. The crew of the spacecraft included three astronauts - Commander Neil Armstrong, Lunar Module Pilot Edwin Aldrin, and Command Module Pilot Michael Collins. The main purpose of this space flight was a landing on the Earth's moon and a successful return to Earth, which was put by US President John F. Kennedy on May 25, 1961.

Spaceship"Apollo 11" consisted of two modules - the command (call sign "Columbia") and the lunar (call sign "Eagle"). In the command compartment, the crew spent most flight, and the lunar module was intended directly for landing and subsequent takeoff from the moon.

On July 20 at 10:56 p.m. Eastern Time (July 21 at 5:56 a.m. Moscow time), Armstrong stepped on the moon. Standing on the moon, first with his right and then with his left foot, he said: "This small step of one person means a giant leap for mankind." A video camera mounted outside the module broadcast Armstrong's exit to the lunar surface. Aldrin also landed on the moon 20 minutes later.

All the equipment of the astronauts weighed about 80 kilograms, but under lunar conditions, the weight is reduced by about six times. Therefore, on the Moon, even with such equipment, an astronaut weighed less than 25 kilograms. Unprecedented "lightness" allowed the astronauts to move on the Moon with jumps two meters high. It was also noticed that under lunar conditions it became possible to lean strongly in any direction without losing balance. During their entire stay on the Moon, the astronauts never fell and did not feel tired at all.

From above, the surface of the Moon was covered with a fine-grained black powdery substance, similar to crushed coal. And therefore, wherever the astronauts only stepped, there were prints of clear traces on the lunar surface.

During the moonwalk, the astronauts took samples of lunar rocks, installed scientific instruments on the moon - a seismometer and a laser reflector. They fixed the national flag of the United States on the lunar surface and left medals depicting people who gave their lives to the cause of studying the Universe: Soviet - Yuri Gagarin and Vladimir Komarov, and American - Virgil Grissom, Roger Chaffee and Edward White, who died during the launch of the Apollo spacecraft. one". In addition, miniature flags of 136 states of the world were delivered to the moon, including the flag of the Soviet Union, and a metal plate with the words engraved on it: "Here, people from the planet Earth set foot on the moon for the first time. July, the year 1969 from the Nativity of Christ. We came with peace from all mankind."

Aldrin stayed on the moon for about an hour and a half and returned to the lunar module. Armstrong followed after 40 minutes. His walk on the moon lasted more than 2.5 hours.

After completing the exit to the surface of the Earth's satellite, the American astronauts, after checking the on-board systems and having dinner, slept for about seven hours. Armstrong slept in a hammock suspended above the module's takeoff stage main engine shroud, Aldrin on the cockpit floor. After waking up, they had breakfast and went to lunar orbit, where the command module was waiting for them. In total, the astronauts spent 21 hours and 36 minutes on the Moon.

The operation to rendezvous and dock the command and lunar modules lasted 3.5 hours. After its completion, the lunar travelers moved to the command compartment of the Apollo, and the take-off stage was left in orbit as unnecessary. The landing stage of the lunar cabin, which served as the launch pad, remained on the Moon.

On July 22, the astronauts turned on the main engine of the command compartment, and the ship "lay on course" towards the Earth.

On July 24 at 12:50 US East Coast time (19:50 Moscow time), the command compartment splashed down in the Pacific Ocean southwest of the Hawaiian Islands. With the help of a helicopter, the crew was delivered to the deck of the aircraft carrier. Then they were taken to Houston.

After completing the mission, all astronauts underwent a mandatory 18-day quarantine due to speculation about the possible existence of lunar organisms.

After quarantine and vacation, on August 13, 1969, solemn meetings of astronauts were organized in New York, Chicago and Los Angeles.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

After the first successes in the study of the Moon (the first hard landing of the probe on the surface, the first flyby with photographing the invisible from the Earth reverse side) before the scientists and designers of the USSR and the USA involved in the "moon race", objectively stood up new task. It was necessary to ensure a soft landing of the research probe on the surface of the Moon and learn how to launch artificial satellites into its orbit.

This task was not easy. Suffice it to say that Sergei Korolev, who headed OKB-1, never managed to achieve this. Between 1963 and 1965, there were 11 spacecraft launches (each successfully launched received an official Luna series number) to soft-land on the Moon, all of which failed. Meanwhile, the workload of OKB-1 with projects was excessive, and at the end of 1965 Korolev was forced to transfer the topic of a soft landing to the Lavochkin Design Bureau, which was led by Georgy Babakin. It was the “Babakinites” (already after the death of Korolev) who managed to go down in history thanks to the success of Luna-9.

First landing on the moon

(Click on the picture to view the spacecraft landing scheme)

Initially, on January 31, 1966, the Luna-9 station was delivered by a rocket to the Earth's orbit, and then went from it towards the Moon. The station's braking engine ensured the damping of the landing speed, and inflatable shock absorbers protected the station's lander from hitting the surface. After they were fired, the module turned into working condition. The world's first panoramic images of the lunar surface received from Luna-9 during the time of communication with it confirmed the theory of scientists about the surface of the satellite, not covered with a significant dust layer.

First artificial satellite of the moon

The second success of the Babakinites, who used the backlog of OKB-1, was the first lunar artificial satellite. The launch of the Luna-10 spacecraft took place on March 31, 1966, and the successful launch into a lunar orbit took place on April 3. For more than a month and a half, the scientific instruments of Luna-10 have explored the Moon and circumlunar space.

USA achievements

Meanwhile, the United States, confidently moving towards its main goal - landing a man on the moon, rapidly closed the gap with the USSR and pulled ahead. Five Surveyor spacecraft have made soft landings on the moon and carried out important surveys at the landing sites. Five Lunar Orbiter orbital mappers compiled detailed map surfaces with high resolution. Four test manned flights of the Apollo spacecraft, including two with access to the Moon's orbit, confirmed the correctness of the decisions taken in the development and design of the program, and the technology proved its reliability.

First manned landing on the moon

The crew of the first lunar expedition included astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins. The Apollo 11 spacecraft took off on July 16, 1969. The giant three-stage Saturn V rocket worked flawlessly, and Apollo 11 took off for the moon. Entering lunar orbit, it split into the Columbia orbiter and the Eagle lunar module, piloted by astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin. July 20, he landed on the southwest of the Sea of ​​Tranquility.

Six hours after landing, Neil Armstrong stepped out of the lunar module cabin and at 2:56:15 UT on July 21, 1969, stepped onto the lunar regolith for the first time in human history. Aldrin soon joined the commander of the first lunar expedition. They spent 151 minutes on the surface of the moon, placed paraphernalia and scientific equipment on it, in return loading 21.55 kg of moon rocks into the module.

The end of the "lunar race"

Leaving the landing block on the surface, the Eagle takeoff stage lifted off from the Moon and docked with Columbia. Reunited, the crew flew Apollo 11 towards Earth. Having slowed down in the atmosphere at the second cosmic velocity, the command module with the astronauts, after more than 8 days of flight, gently sank into the waves of the Pacific Ocean. The main goal of the "lunar race" was achieved.

Another side of the moon

(A photograph of the far side of the moon from the landed apparatus "Change-4")

This side is invisible from Earth. October 27, 1959 from the lunar orbit photographed the reverse side of the Soviet space station"Luna-3", and more than half a century later, on January 3, 2019, the Chinese spacecraft Chanye-4 successfully landed on the surface of the reverse side and sent the first image from its surface.

Space has always been the space that beckons with its closeness and inaccessibility. Humans are explorers by nature, and curiosity is the progress of civilization both in terms of technology and self-awareness. The first landing of a man on the moon strengthened the belief that we are capable of interplanetary flights.

Earth satellite

The Russian name of the cosmic body "Moon" in translation from the Proto-Slavic means "bright". She is natural companion our planet and its nearest celestial body. Ability to reflect sunlight on the earth's surface makes the Moon the second brightest object in the sky. There are two opinions about the origin: the first says about the simultaneous occurrence with the Earth, the second says that the satellite was formed in another place, but was subsequently captured by earth's gravity.

The existence of a satellite provokes the appearance of special effects on our planet. For example, by the force of its attraction, the Moon can control water spaces. Due to its size, it takes on some of the meteorite attacks, which protects the Earth to some extent.

Initial Research

The first landing of a man on the moon is the result of American curiosity and the country's intention to overtake the USSR in topical issue knowledge of space. For many millennia, mankind has observed this celestial body. The invention of the telescope by Galileo in 1609 made the visual method of studying the satellite more advanced and accurate. More than one hundred years have passed since then, until people decided to send the first unmanned vehicle. And one of the first here was precisely Russia. On September 13, 1959, a robotic spacecraft, named after the satellite, landed on the surface of the moon.

The year of the first landing of a man on the moon is 1969. Exactly 10 years later, American astronauts opened up new horizons for the development of civilization. Through more detailed research, the Interesting Facts the birth and structure of the satellite. This, in turn, made it possible to change the hypothesis of the origin of the Earth itself.

American expedition

The Apollo 11 spacecraft began its flight on July 16. The crew consisted of three astronauts. The purpose of the expedition was the first landing of a man on the moon. The ship flew to the satellite for four days. And already on July 20, the module landed on the territory of the Sea of ​​Tranquility. The group stayed in the southwestern part of the region for a certain time period: more than 20 hours. The very presence of people on the surface lasted 2 hours and 31 minutes. On July 24, the crew returned to Earth, where they were kept in quarantine for several days: no lunar microorganisms were found in the astronauts.

• A survey conducted in 1976 of statistical residents of America.
• A video of astronauts training on an earth base, which bears a fantastic resemblance to a video filmed on a satellite.
• Modern image analysis using a photo editor, where inaccurate shadow episodes are revealed.
• Himself Some scientists were the first to suggest that tissue cannot develop in lunar gravity due to the lack of wind.
• There are no stars in the photographs "from the Moon".
• Edwin Aldrin refused to swear on the Bible that he went to the surface of a celestial body.

For all the accusations, the supporters of the landing found natural explanations. For example, that retouching was used on photographs to improve the quality for publication, and the ripples on the flag are not from the wind, but from the actions of the astronaut who sets the flag. The original record has not been preserved, which means that the fact of the first step on the Earth's satellite will remain a moot point.

Russia had its own unpleasant incident in the year of the landing of the first people on the moon. The government of the USSR did not consider it necessary to inform the inhabitants of the country about the American event. Although the Russian ambassador was invited, he did not appear at the Apollo 11 launch. He named his business trip on important government business as the reason.