The present perfect is formed. Perfect tense in English or features of perception of completed actions

How do you like this phrase: "No one is perfect, that's why pencils have erasers." - "No one is perfect, that's why pencils have erasers"? However, "Perfect" still exists, and this is "Present" (real). What is the Present Perfect?

To begin with, it is worth noting that the equivalent of this tense or the Present Complete in Russian simply does not exist - this is the whole difficulty of understanding. But hold on! We're here to sort things out. Let's go!

Education Rules Present Perfect

Let's look at an example:

I have seen this film before.

In the first place we subject(subject or subject), then auxiliary verb(auxiliary) - have or has + Past Participle = seen.

Using Present Perfect

• When we talk about experience and achievements ( experience & achievements):

I have jumped with a parachute!- I jumped with a parachute!
I've just graduated from University and got a diploma!- I just graduated from university and got my diploma!
She has started to walk!- She started walking!

• To show some changes:

You've lost weight!- You've lost weight!

• When the action happened in the past, but we do not know when exactly, or the time does not matter. The main thing is not when the action happened, but its result in the present:

Have you read this book?- Did you read this book? (Although someday?)
Nick has traveled a lot. - Nick traveled a lot.

• In proposals from Stative/State verbs when an action started in the past, continues in the present, and may continue in the future. The following words can be used in these sentences: since(since) and for(during):

I've known him for ten years.- I have known him for 10 years (I knew him in the past, I know now, and maybe I will know him in the future).
I haven't felt well since Monday.- I don't feel well since Monday.

• When the time of the action is determined by words just(just now), already(already), yet(more). Exact connection with the present:

I've just seen an interesting movie.- I just watched an interesting film.
She has already left.- She's already gone.
The show has not started yet.- The show hasn't started yet.

• When an action took place during a period that has not yet ended. These periods include: today(today), this morning(this morning), this week(this week), this month(this month), this year(this year), etc.:

She has called her best friend this morning.- She called her to the best friend in the morning (the morning is not yet over).
I have never been to China.“I have never been to China. (I have never been to China in my entire life.)

• Description of recent events. Usually in such cases the words recently(recently), lately(in recent times, recently):

We have come back recently.- We just got back.
You've worked hard lately.- You've been working hard lately.

• When the action occurs for the first (second, third, etc.) time:

It's the first time I have done it.- I did it for the first time.
It's the second time I have driven a car.- I drove the car for the second time.
It's the third time she has called him this morning. She called him this morning for the third time.

Features of using been and gone in Present Perfect: examples

« Been" and " gone» are past participles (the third form of the verb), gone is the past participle form of the verb go, and been- past participle form of the verb be. Everything seems to be clear, but when translating into Russian or from Russian, students have a lot of problems. Let's look at examples:

Is Ann in the office? No, she has just been to Great Britain. And she is at home today relaxing. She'll be here tomorrow.

Is Ann in the office? No, she has just gone to China. She is spending there one month supervising the work of our subsidiary and is coming back on the 25th.

As you can see from the context in the first case, Anna was in the UK but has already returned. Her journey has just ended.

In the second case, on the contrary, her journey has just begun, she has left and will be in China for another month.

It follows that Present Perfect with " been" means back and forth action, and Present Perfect with " gone" means action only there.

Conclusion

After all of the above, the question arises: “Why then Past Simple if there is a Present Perfect?

Between past simple and Present Perfect is a huge difference. Past simple happened in the past. We know when, and the time is over. So it does not include the real. Yesterday, last year, two minutes ago. All this is already finished time.

What if time unfinished? Today, this week, for these ten years (all these periods of time include the moment "now"), then we use Present Perfect. Let's compare:

I've fed a tiger today. I fed ten tigers yesterday.
She went to Europe last summer. I've never been to Europe in my life.
We've had many customers this week. We didn't have so many customers last week.

I lived here for ten years. I've lived here for ten years.

In which case I'm still here live? Of course, I've lived here for ten years, because it means that the action started in the past and still going on. I lived here for ten years means I lived a long time ago, but have already moved. Here you are walking past the house where you once lived a long time ago, and you say: I lived here for ten years a long time ago.

We hope that now you have no doubts left! Have a great English and evolve!

We offer you to get acquainted with other tenses of the English language

Big and friendly family EnglishDom

a) present perfect used when describing an event that happened in the past and is relevant, significant, significant at the time of speaking about it. It does not matter when this action took place. The present perfect is often used with adverbs lately (recently), and just (just now), already (already) never (never), ever (ever), yet (yet).
Example: I have forgotten his name. – I forgot his name (and don’t remember at the moment)

b) The present perfect is used when the action has already taken place, but the period of time when it took place has not yet expired.
Example: I have met him today. – I saw him today. ("today" has not yet expired) He has bought a new car this year. He bought a new car this year (“this year” has not yet expired)

Formation of declarative sentences in Present Perfect: Formed using the present tense forms of the auxiliary verb to have(have; has)

Present tense forms of the verb to have:

Word order in a declarative sentence: subject + have / has + predicate with the ending -ed or, if the verb is irregular, then the 3rd form of the verb.
Examples: She has already come. - She's already here. I have just visited this supermarket. I have just visited this supermarket.

Formation of interrogative sentences in Present Perfect: Formed with the help of the auxiliary verb to have in the present tense –have; has. Word order in a special question: interrogative word + have / has + subject + predicate with the ending -ed or the 3rd form of an irregular verb.
Examples: What have you done? – What did you do? Has he brought this book? - Did he bring this book?

Formation of negative sentences in Present Perfect: The formation of negative sentences occurs with the help of the same auxiliary verbs. The auxiliary verb is followed by the particle not.
Examples: She has not (hasn't) come yet. She hasn't arrived yet. I have not (haven't) seen him. - I didn't see him.

The Present Perfect should not be confused with the Past Simple. When using the Past Simple, one of the indicators of this time is usually used, indicating the moment when the event occurred.
Example: He saw her yesterday. - He saw her yesterday.

When using the Present Perfect, use any of the Present Perfect pointers - lately (recently), and just (just now), already (already) never (never), ever (ever), yet (yet). When talking about an action that has already happened, we may not use any pointers at all. If this action or event is relevant at the moment, then the Present Perfect is used. Example: I have bought it. - I bought it.

All of the above types of temporary forms are given here in the active voice.

Not everything in a foreign language can be mastered the first time. This is especially true of grammar rules, of which there are many in English. More than once, students, in their quest to master a foreign language, have to return to the same topic and analyze it again and again. Today we propose to consider the aspect of the perfect present tense, and to do this not only from the theoretical side, but also in close tandem with practice. For each present perfect rule, we will give examples that will act as a visual example. Thanks to the methodical development of constructions, knowledge of the rules will be acquired subconsciously, it remains only to consolidate it with training exercises.

In order to understand the meaning of this aspect, it is necessary to rethink the Russian approach to the system of times. In our speech, completed actions automatically refer to the past. AT English language what matters is not the fact of completion, but the relevance of the action. Therefore, the perfect can be both in the past, and in the present and in the future.

By now, the present perfect includes those actions, the result of which is relevant at the moment. Accordingly, the events of this aspect:

• were perfect recently;
• happened once, and the result appeared only now;
• express life experience;
• are long-term (started in the past, are happening now and will continue in the future).*

* The last paragraph uses verbs that, by their meaning, cannot be used with Perfect Continuous, or can be used equally in both tenses.

Let's move on to mastering the values ​​in practice, with which the next section will help us.

Present perfect sentence examples

Predicates in this form are grammatical constructions consisting of two elements. Let us examine in detail each type of sentence in the present perfect.

Statement

Affirmative phrases that carry a positive result of an action are formed using the auxiliary have and the past participle. Moreover, the auxiliary verb has different forms: for the 3rd person singular. (he, she, it) - has, for everyone else - have. We derive a generalized scheme.

Nick(1) has(2) bought(3) anewdressforme(4) – Nick bought me a new dress.

This is the main form from which other types of statements are formed. To work it out, we give examples of 10 affirmative sentences with translation in the present perfect.

• They have finished theprojectA-20 thisweekThey completed the A-20 project this week.
• I have used thiscomputersince2010 - I have been using this computer since 2010.
• She has lived in England for three monthsShe islivedinEngland 3month.
• We have just cooked potatoes with vegetablesWe just cooked potatoes with vegetables.
• You have already been in Prague -YoualreadywereinPrague.
• I have seen a koala in the local zoo three times. It has always slept I saw a koala at the local zoo three times. She isalwayssleeping.
• They have owned this building since they bought it in 1999 –They areownthisbuildingWiththosesince,howboughthisin 1999year.
• He has always liked such films -To himalwayslikedsuchmovies.
• We have never flown byamilitaryplaneWe have never flown in a military aircraft.
• It is the first time she has painted someone's portraitShe isfirstdrewwhose-thenportrait.

Please note that the phrases of the present perfect are translated into Russian both by perfective verbs and imperfective constructions.

Negation

For the negative result of the action, as in all English aspects, the particle not is responsible. It is worth adding it to the corresponding form of have, and the affirmative statement turns into a negation.

Children(1) have not (2) done (3) their homework yet (4) – Childrenmorenotmademyhomework.

Much more often, both in colloquial speech and in writing, the abbreviated hasn't / haven't are used.

• He hasn't been in Africa for five monthsHenotwasinAfrica 5months.
• I haven 't feed mydogyetI haven't fed my dog ​​yet.
• We haven't packed our suitcasesWenotpacked upoursuitcases.
• She hasnt seen her best girlfriend for many yearsShe isnotsawmythe bestgirlfrienda lot ofyears.
• You haven 't passed thisexamYou didn't pass this exam.

Being derived from statements, negative sentences are not fraught with difficulties. The only thing worth mentioning is that if there are negative adverbs in the expression, then the second negation (not) is no longer put, because There can't be two negatives in a sentence in English!

• She has never played footballShe has never played football.
• She hasn 't played footballthisweekShe didn't play football this week.

Keep this rule in mind when using negative adverbs.

Questions

To create a general question, it is necessary to perform a syntactic permutation of the verb have, moving it to the beginning of the phrase.

Has(1) she (2) answered(3) all your questions already (4)? – She isalreadyansweredon theallyourquestions?

• have you ever cooked a Caesar salad? -Youwhen-somedaypreparedsaladCaesar?
• have they gone to the city's museum two times? -Did they go to the city museum twice?

These questions can be answered using short constructions. Yes, shehas/ wehave or no, shehasn't/wehaven't. In place of she / we, any pronoun corresponding to the statement is inserted.

Need a more precise answer alternative questions, providing a choice of two specified options. Outwardly, they are similar to general questions, but have an additional (alternative) part attached by the union or.

• have you been friends since 2004 or since 2005? -Yoube friendssince 2004of the yearorsince 2005?
• Has she studied Japanese or Chinese for 7 years? -She issevenyearsteachesJapaneselanguageorChineselanguage?

When using special question words, general sentences on present time perfect change their construction, skipping forward significant words.

• Where has he bought such a dictionary? -Whereheboughtsuchdictionary?
• how long have we known each other? -How long have we known each other?
• A separate type of special combinations is a question to the subject.
• Who has written it on the blackboard? -Whowrotethis ison theboard?
• Who has just used mysmartphone? Who just used my smartphone?

By the way, short phrases can be used to answer such a question: Ihave, shehas etc.

Interrogative sentences with a negative construction carry a special emotional coloring. They are used only in colloquial speech.

• Hasn 't he called hismotheryet? Hasn't he called his mother yet?
• Haven 't I told themaboutthatsituation? Didn't I tell them about that situation?

And the last type is disjunctive questions. At first glance, they look like statements, but looking closely at them, you can distinguish an interrogative tail with a pronoun and the verb have. It is noteworthy that the additive will always be opposite in meaning to the main phrase.

• You have played basketball this week haven't you? – Youplayedinbasketballon thethisweekunlessNo?
• She has ridden an elephant, hasn't she? – She rode an elephant, didn't she?
• They haven 't been inthejungle, have they ? They weren't in the jungle, were they?
• Jack hasn 't visited you, has he ? Jack hasn't visited you yet, has he?

So, we have considered all possible types of the perfect present in statements various types. Before moving on to the exercises, let's summarize the information received and recall once again what grammatical constructions of the present perfect and examples of sentences can be found in the speech of native English.

It is the turn of Present Perfect Tense - Present Perfect Tense.

Formation of the Present Perfect Tense

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Pay attention to the formula for the formation of R.R.T. indicated in the table. As you can see, the Present Perfect Tense is formed with the help of a verb and the past participle, and the participle is a fixed part of the formula, and have verb changes depending on the person and number of the subject and acts as an auxiliary verb in a given tense.

When forming an interrogative form, the auxiliary verb have (has) is placed before the subject. When translating interrogative sentences, follow the established word order of the interrogative sentence 1 - interrogative word (for example, who? when? what?), 2 - auxiliary verb (have or has), 3 - subject, 4 - predicate (in this case participle)

• Have you ordered pizza? - Did you order pizza? (there is no question word, so the question starts with have)
• Where has he put my glasses? Where did he put my glasses?

Questions to the subject begin with the word Who?

• Who has painted this picture? - who painted this picture?

When is Present Perfect Tense used?

The present perfect tense, although it belongs to the group of present, denotes an action that has already happened, completed by the present moment. This tense is used when self is important. fact of an action.

• I have already bought bread - the action has already taken place, no matter when it happened - I have bought some bread

The action expressed by Present Perfect is translated into Russian perfect past tense verb (What did you do?)

The time of the action is either not indicated at all, or covers a period of time that has not yet elapsed (that is, the period has not yet ended, but the action has already taken place ): today ( today), this morning, afternoon or evening ( this morning/ afternoon/ evening), this week ( this week), this month ( this month), this year ( this year)

• Peter has washed his car today - Peter washed the car today (still today, but the car has already been washed)
• I have met her twice this week - This week I met her twice (the week is still going on, and I have already met her twice)

Often adverbs are used with the Present Perfect:

• I have already finished reading this newspaper.- I have already finished reading the newspaper
• Have you posted the letter yet? Have you sent the letter yet?

• The adverb already in questions conveys surprise and means not “already”, but “really ... already”. Compare:
  Has your brother arrived yet? "Has your brother arrived yet?" and
  Has your brother already arrived? “Has your brother already arrived?”
• Note that the adverb yet is always placed at the end of a sentence.

The verb to be is used in the present perfect tense in the sense of "to visit, go, visit" and is accompanied by the preposition of the direction to:

• Have you ever been to London? -Have you ever been to London?
• I have been to Japan twice - I have been to Japan twice

For and Since

Verbs in the Present Perfect tense can also denote actions that began long before the moment of speech, but still have not ended. In this case, verbs are used with such circumstances of time as for - during and since - since (as long as)

In this case, the verb is translated into Russian in the present tense:

• • She has known my brother for five years - She has known my brother for five years
  • I've known her sister since 1992 - I've known her sister since 1992

Present Perfect or Past Simple?

In Russian, verbs in both Past Simple and Present Perfect are translated by past tense verbs, so it is sometimes difficult for English learners to determine what time to use in a given situation. The following table will help you better understand the difference between these two English tenses:

Present Perfect (Present Perfect) - a special time in the English language. It has no analogues in Russian. Therefore, not complex rules, but simple examples of sentences will help to understand its construction and understand cases of use.

General information

Present Perfect tense or Present perfect time is one of 12 English temporary forms in English and belongs to the group of real ones. It describes an action that took place up to a certain point in the past, but has a direct connection with the present. In other words, he has a special mission - to report the present result of an action that happened in the past. Not to be confused with the Past Simple (Simple Past), which is intended to describe events that occurred at a specific time in the past.

into Russian present language Perfect is translated as a verb in the past tense. It is this nuance that causes various kinds of doubts and difficulties for language learners. Numerous examples of Present Perfect Simple sentences with translation will help to deal with it.

Affirmative Examples Present Perfect tense

These examples allow you to understand the formation of the affirmative form of the Present Perfect: have/has + main verb in 3rd form . The auxiliary verb has is used after he (he), she (she), it (it) . In all other cases - have . The second part of the construction can be expressed regular verb with the end -ed (received) or the form from the 3rd column of the table of irregular verbs (known).

Such "time markers" as already (already), just (just now), lately (recently), for ages (many years), before (earlier), by now (by this time) are clear signs Time Present Perfect. As soon as they appear on the horizon, you can safely use this temporary form.

Negation

These examples of negative sentences in the Present Perfect show the position of the negative particle not (not) : she stands between have/has and the main verb in the 3rd degree. In addition, in negation, the time indicator is most often used. yet (more) , which is at the end of the sentence. pay attention to never (never) : it is used in affirmative sentences, but with negative value, since double negation is not possible in English. And its synonym ever can be used in negative and interrogative sentences with the meaning "never", and in affirmative sentences with the meaning "ever".

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