Acid and alkali - the eternal struggle of opposites. Alkali

Hello, friends. Today we will deal with the following topic: acids and alkalis. To be more precise, then "how Are alkalis different from acids? Let's think a little about chemistry. In general, acids and bases are chemical elements, which when combined with each other (in the right amount) create a process neutralization. This process eventually gives us water and salt.
And the result is a substance that does not belong to either acids or alkalis. It cannot cause burns. But this will be only with the correct proportion of acid and alkali (sometimes phenolphthalein is used for fidelity, it colors the alkali in a slightly purple color).
Acid and alkali are like two opposites. But they are very important in the manufacture of such things as: fertilizers, plastics, soaps, detergents, paints, paper and even explosives. This is not the whole list.
Acid - this is something sour, it is characterized sour taste. Acid is found in vinegar - acetic acid, in lemon - citric acid, in milk - lactic acid, in the stomach - hydrochloric acid, etc. But it's all so-called weak acids, in addition to them, there are acids with a higher concentration ( sulphuric acid etc.). They are much more dangerous for a person and it is not recommended for anyone to try them. They can corrode clothing, skin, cause severe burns on the skin, corrode concrete and other substances. For example, we need hydrochloric acid so that the stomach digests food faster, as well as to destroy most harmful bacteria that come with food.
alkali - These are substances that are highly soluble in water. In this case, the reaction is accompanied by the release of heat, with an increase in temperature. If alkali is compared with acid, then it is much “soapier” to the touch, that is, slippery. In general, alkalis are not far behind acids in terms of corrosiveness and strength. They can also easily corrode wood, plastic, clothing, and the like.
By the way, soap, glass, paper, fabric are made from alkalis, and this is not the whole list. Lye can be found in your kitchen, or in a store called baking soda. . By the way, baking soda is a very good helper for all housewives.

Acids and alkalis are distinguished by their pH values ​​(pH scale). Below you see a picture - this is a special scale on which there are numbers from 0 to 14. Zero denotes the most strong acids, and fourteen the strongest lye. But what is the middle between these numbers? Maybe 5, maybe 7, maybe 10? The middle is considered to be the number 7 (neutral position). That is, numbers up to 7 are all acids, and more than 7 are alkalis.

Acidity index of pH solutions, mechanism of action

It is for this scale that special indicators have been developed. - litmus. This is an ordinary strip that reacts to the environment. AT acid environment she is stained in red, and in an alkaline environment - in blue. It is necessary not only in chemistry, but also in everyday life.

For example, if you have an aquarium, then the acidity of the water plays an important role. The whole life of the aquarium depends on it. For example, the acidity of water for aquarium fish ranges from 5 to 9 pH. If there is more or less, then the fish will not feel comfortable, and may even die. It's the same with aquarium plants...

Working with acids and alkalis requires great care and caution. After all, when it comes into contact with the skin, they cause severe burns. Try to work in a ventilated area. Inhaling vapors of alkalis and acids is also not recommended. For personal safety, you should use glasses, gloves and special clothing so as not to damage your eyes, hands and favorite clothes)))
When working with acids it should be remembered that the acid is first poured into the solution (water), and not vice versa. Otherwise, a violent reaction will occur, which is accompanied by splashes. And the process of adding acid to the solution should be done very slowly, while controlling the degree of heating of the vessel and be sure to add acid along the walls of the vessel.
When working with alkalis the first should be to add a little alkali (i.e. alkali to water - right!). In addition, it is forbidden to use glassware, porcelain or special dishes are recommended.
In the chemical processing of metals (oxidation, anodizing, etching, etc.), the product should be immersed in the solution and removed from the solution using special devices or tools, but not by hand, even if they are wearing rubber gloves. By the way, alkali is part of some

Alkalis are water-soluble strong bases. At present, the Brönsted-Lowry and Lewis theory is accepted in chemistry, which defines acids and bases. According to this theory, acids are substances capable of splitting off a proton, and bases are substances that can donate an electron pair OH-. It can be said that bases are compounds that, when dissociated in water, form only anions of the form OH - . If it is quite simple, then alkalis are compounds consisting of a metal and a hydroxide ion OH -.

Alkalis are commonly referred to as hydroxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals.

All alkalis are bases, but not vice versa, the definitions “base” and “alkali” cannot be considered synonymous.

Correct chemical name alkalis - hydroxide (hydroxide), for example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide. Often used are also names that have developed historically. Due to the fact that alkalis destroy materials of organic origin - leather, fabrics, paper, wood, they are called caustic: for example, caustic soda, caustic barium. However, the concept of "caustic alkalis" chemists define hydroxides alkali metals- lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium.

Properties of alkalis

Alkalis are solids white color; hygroscopic, water soluble. Dissolution in water is accompanied by active heat release. They react with acids to form salt and water. This neutralization reaction is the most important of all the properties of alkalis. In addition, hydroxides react with acid oxides (forming oxygen-containing acids), with transition metals and their oxides, and with salt solutions.

Alkali metal hydroxides are soluble in methyl and ethyl alcohols, capable of withstanding temperatures up to +1000 °C (with the exception of lithium hydroxide).

Alkalis are active chemical reagents that absorb not only water vapor from the air, but also molecules of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen dioxide. Therefore, hydroxides should be stored in a sealed container or, for example, air access to a vessel with alkali should be organized through a calcium chloride tube. Otherwise, the chemical reagent after storage in air will be contaminated with carbonates, sulfates, sulfides, nitrates and nitrites.

If we compare alkalis by chemical activity, then it increases when moving along the column of the periodic table from top to bottom.

Concentrated alkalis destroy glass, and alkali melts destroy even porcelain and platinum, so alkali solutions are not recommended to be stored in vessels with ground glass stoppers and taps, as plugs and taps can jam. Alkalis are usually stored in polyethylene containers.

It is alkalis, not acids, that cause more severe burns, as they are more difficult to wash off the skin and penetrate deep into the tissue. Rinse off the alkali with a non-concentrated solution of acetic acid. It is necessary to work with them in protective equipment. Alkaline burn requires immediate medical attention!

The use of alkalis

as electrolytes.
— For the production of fertilizers.
- In medicine, chemical, cosmetic industries.
- In fish farming for sterilization of ponds.

In the PrimeChemicalsGroup store you will find the most popular alkalis at competitive prices.

Sodium hydroxide

The most popular and demanded alkali in the world.

It is used for saponification of fats in the production of cosmetics and detergents, for the manufacture of oils in the oil refining process, as a catalyst and reagent in chemical reactions; in the food industry.

caustic potash

It is used for the production of soap, potash fertilizers, electrolytes for batteries and accumulators, synthetic rubber. Also - as a dietary supplement; for professional cleaning of stainless steel products.

aluminum hydroxide

Demanded in medicine as an excellent adsorbent, antacid, enveloping agent; ingredient in pharmaceutical vaccines. In addition, the substance is used in sewage treatment plants and in the processes for obtaining pure aluminum.

calcium hydroxide

Popular lye with very a wide range application, which in everyday life is known as "slaked lime". It is used for disinfection, water softening, in the production of fertilizers, caustic soda, bleach, building materials. It is used to protect trees and wooden structures from pests and fire; in the food industry as food supplement and a reagent in the production of sugar.

(caustic soda), KOH (caustic potassium), Ba (OH) 2 (caustic barium). As an exception, monovalent thallium hydroxide TlOH can be attributed to alkalis, which is highly soluble in water and is a strong base. Caustic alkalis are the trivial name for lithium hydroxides LiOH, sodium NaOH, potassium KOH, rubidium RbOH, and cesium CsOH.

Physical Properties

Alkali metal hydroxides (caustic alkalis) are solid, white, very hygroscopic substances. Alkalis are strong bases, very soluble in water, and the reaction is accompanied by significant heat release. Base strength and water solubility increase with increasing cation radius in each group periodic system. The strongest alkalis are cesium hydroxide (since, due to the very short half-life, francium hydroxide is not produced in macroscopic quantities) in group Ia and radium hydroxide in group IIa. In addition, caustics are soluble in ethanol and methanol.

Chemical properties

Alkalis exhibit basic properties. In the solid state, all alkalis absorb H 2 O from the air, as well as CO 2 (also in the state of solution) from the air, gradually turning into carbonates. Alkalis are widely used in industry.

Qualitative reactions to alkalis

Aqueous alkali solutions change the color of indicators.

Interaction with acids

Alkalis, like bases, react with acids to form salt and water (neutralization reaction). This is one of the most important chemical properties of alkalis.

Alkali + Acid → Salt + Water

$\backslash mathsf(NaOH\; +\; HCl\; \backslash longrightarrow\; NaCl\; +\; H\_2O)$; $\backslash mathsf(NaOH\; +\; HNO\_3\; \backslash longrightarrow\; NaNO\_3\; +\; H\_2O)$.

Interaction with acid oxides

Alkalis interact with acidic oxides to form salt and water:

Alkali + Acid oxide → Salt + Water

$\backslash mathsf(Ca(OH)\_2\; +\; CO\_2\; \backslash longrightarrow\; CaCO\_3\; \backslash downarrow\; +\; H\_2O)$;

Interaction with amphoteric oxides

Interaction with transition metals

Alkali solutions react with metals, which form amphoteric oxides and hydroxides ( $\backslash mathsf\; (Zn,\; Al)$ and etc). The equations of these reactions in a simplified form can be written as follows:

$\backslash mathsf(Zn\; +\; 2NaOH\; \backslash longrightarrow\; Na\_2ZnO\_2\; +\; H\_2\; \backslash uparrow)$; $\backslash mathsf(2Al\; +\; 2KOH\; +\; 2H\_2O\; \backslash longrightarrow\; 2KAlO\_2\; +\; 3H\_2\; \backslash uparrow)$.

In reality, in the course of these reactions, hydroxo complexes are formed in solutions (hydration products of the above salts):

$\backslash mathsf(Zn\; +\; 2NaOH\; +\; 2H\_2O\; \backslash longrightarrow\; Na\_2\; +\; H\_2\; \backslash uparrow)$; $\backslash mathsf(2Al\; +\; 2KOH\; +\; 6H\_2O\; \backslash longrightarrow\; 2K\; +\; 3H\_2\; \backslash uparrow)$;

Interaction with salt solutions

Alkali solutions interact with salt solutions if an insoluble base or insoluble salt is formed:

Alkali solution + Salt solution → New base + New salt

$\backslash mathsf(2NaOH\; +\; CuSO\_4\; \backslash longrightarrow\; Cu(OH)\_2\; \backslash downarrow\; +\; Na\_2SO\_4)$; $\backslash mathsf(Ba(OH)\_2\; +\; Na\_2SO\_4\; \backslash longrightarrow\; 2NaOH\; +\; BaSO\_4\; \backslash downarrow)$;

Receipt

Soluble bases are obtained in various ways.

Hydrolysis of alkali/alkaline earth metals

Obtained by electrolysis of alkali metal chlorides or by the action of water on alkali metal oxides.

Application

Alkalis are widely used in various industries and medicine; also for disinfection of ponds in fish farming and as a fertilizer, as an electrolyte for alkaline batteries.

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Notes

Literature

• Kolotov S.S.,.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Glossary of terms in chemistry // J. Opeida, O. Schweika. Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry im. L.M. Litvinenka National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Donetsk National University - Donetsk: "Weber", 2008. - 758 p. - ISBN 978-966-335-206-0

An excerpt characterizing alkalis

In the abandoned tavern, in front of which stood the doctor's wagon, there were already about five officers. Marya Genrikhovna, a plump blond German woman in a blouse and nightcap, was sitting in the front corner on a wide bench. Her husband, the doctor, slept behind her. Rostov and Ilyin, greeted with cheerful exclamations and laughter, entered the room.
- AND! what fun you have, ”said Rostov, laughing.
- And what are you yawning?
- Good! So it flows from them! Don't wet our living room.
“Don’t get Marya Genrikhovna’s dress dirty,” the voices answered.
Rostov and Ilyin hurried to find a corner where, without violating the modesty of Marya Genrikhovna, they could change their wet clothes. They went behind the partition to change their clothes; but in a small closet, filling it all up, with one candle on an empty box, three officers were sitting, playing cards, and would not give up their place for anything. Marya Genrikhovna gave up her skirt for a while in order to use it instead of a curtain, and behind this curtain, Rostov and Ilyin, with the help of Lavrushka, who brought packs, took off their wet and put on a dry dress.
A fire was kindled in the broken stove. They took out a board and, having fixed it on two saddles, covered it with a blanket, took out a samovar, a cellar and half a bottle of rum, and, asking Marya Genrikhovna to be the hostess, everyone crowded around her. Who offered her a clean handkerchief to wipe her lovely hands, who put a Hungarian coat under her legs so that it would not be damp, who curtained the window with a raincoat so that it would not blow, who fanned the flies from her husband’s face so that he would not wake up.
“Leave him alone,” said Marya Genrikhovna, smiling timidly and happily, “he sleeps well after a sleepless night.
“It’s impossible, Marya Genrikhovna,” answered the officer, “you must serve the doctor.” Everything, maybe, and he will take pity on me when he cuts his leg or arm.
There were only three glasses; the water was so dirty that it was impossible to decide when the tea was strong or weak, and there was only six glasses of water in the samovar, but it was all the more pleasant, in turn and seniority, to receive your glass from Marya Genrikhovna’s plump hands with short, not quite clean nails . All the officers really seemed to be in love with Marya Genrikhovna that evening. Even those officers who were playing cards behind the partition soon gave up the game and went over to the samovar, obeying the general mood of wooing Marya Genrikhovna. Marya Genrikhovna, seeing herself surrounded by such brilliant and courteous youth, beamed with happiness, no matter how hard she tried to hide it and no matter how obviously shy at every sleepy movement of her husband sleeping behind her.
There was only one spoon, there was most of the sugar, but they did not have time to stir it, and therefore it was decided that she would stir the sugar in turn for everyone. Rostov, having received his glass and poured rum into it, asked Marya Genrikhovna to stir it.
- Are you without sugar? she said, smiling all the time, as if everything she said, and everything others said, was very funny and had another meaning.
- Yes, I don’t need sugar, I just want you to stir with your pen.
Marya Genrikhovna agreed and began to look for the spoon, which someone had already seized.
- You're a finger, Marya Genrikhovna, - said Rostov, - it will be even more pleasant.
- Hot! said Marya Genrikhovna, blushing with pleasure.
Ilyin took a bucket of water and, dropping rum into it, came to Marya Genrikhovna, asking her to stir it with her finger.
“This is my cup,” he said. - Just put your finger in, I'll drink it all.
When the samovar was all drunk, Rostov took the cards and offered to play kings with Marya Genrikhovna. A lot was cast as to who should form the party of Marya Genrikhovna. The rules of the game, at the suggestion of Rostov, were that the one who would be the king had the right to kiss the hand of Marya Genrikhovna, and that the one who remained a scoundrel would go to put a new samovar for the doctor when he wakes up.
“Well, what if Marya Genrikhovna becomes king?” Ilyin asked.
- She's a queen! And her orders are the law.
The game had just begun, when the doctor's confused head suddenly rose from behind Marya Genrikhovna. He had not slept for a long time and listened to what was said, and apparently did not find anything cheerful, funny or amusing in everything that was said and done. His face was sad and dejected. He did not greet the officers, scratched himself and asked for permission to leave, as he was blocked from the road. As soon as he left, all the officers burst into loud laughter, and Marya Genrikhovna blushed to tears, and thus became even more attractive to the eyes of all the officers. Returning from the courtyard, the doctor told his wife (who had already ceased to smile so happily and, fearfully awaiting the verdict, looked at him) that the rain had passed and that we had to go to spend the night in a wagon, otherwise they would all be dragged away.
- Yes, I'll send a messenger ... two! Rostov said. - Come on, doctor.
"I'll be on my own!" Ilyin said.
“No, gentlemen, you slept well, but I haven’t slept for two nights,” said the doctor, and sat down gloomily beside his wife, waiting for the game to be over.
Looking at the gloomy face of the doctor, looking askance at his wife, the officers became even more cheerful, and many could not help laughing, for which they hastily tried to find plausible pretexts. When the doctor left, taking his wife away, and got into the wagon with her, the officers lay down in the tavern, covering themselves with wet overcoats; but they didn’t sleep for a long time, now talking, remembering the doctor’s fright and the doctor’s merriment, now running out onto the porch and reporting what was happening in the wagon. Several times Rostov, wrapping himself up, wanted to fall asleep; but again someone's remark amused him, again the conversation began, and again there was heard the causeless, cheerful, childish laughter.

At three o'clock, no one had yet fallen asleep, when the sergeant-major appeared with the order to march to the town of Ostrovna.
All with the same accent and laughter, the officers hurriedly began to gather; again put the samovar on the dirty water. But Rostov, without waiting for tea, went to the squadron. It was already light; The rain stopped, the clouds dispersed. It was damp and cold, especially in a damp dress. Leaving the tavern, Rostov and Ilyin both at dusk looked into the doctor's leather kibitka, glossy from the rain, from under the apron of which the doctor's legs stuck out and in the middle of which the doctor's bonnet was visible on the pillow and sleepy breathing was heard.
"Really, she's very nice!" Rostov said to Ilyin, who was leaving with him.
- What a lovely woman! Ilyin replied with sixteen-year-old seriousness.
Half an hour later, the lined up squadron stood on the road. The command was heard: “Sit down! The soldiers crossed themselves and began to sit down. Rostov, riding forward, commanded: “March! - and, stretching out in four people, the hussars, sounding with the slapping of hooves on the wet road, the strumming of sabers and in a low voice, set off along the large road lined with birches, following the infantry and the battery walking ahead.
Broken blue-lilac clouds, reddening at sunrise, were quickly driven by the wind. It got brighter and brighter. One could clearly see that curly grass that always sits along country roads, still wet from yesterday's rain; the hanging branches of the birch trees, also wet, swayed in the wind and dropped light drops to the side. The faces of the soldiers became clearer and clearer. Rostov rode with Ilyin, who did not lag behind him, along the side of the road, between a double row of birches.
Rostov in the campaign allowed himself the freedom to ride not on a front-line horse, but on a Cossack. Both a connoisseur and a hunter, he recently got himself a dashing Don, large and kind playful horse, on which no one jumped him. Riding this horse was a pleasure for Rostov. He thought of the horse, of the morning, of the doctor's wife, and never once thought of the impending danger.

Acid-alkaline food table will help you with the preparation of the optimal diet. The acid-base balance should consist of 70-80% alkaline foods and 20-30% acid-forming foods. There are good and bad acid-forming foods out there, it's necessary to know the difference. Because bad acids should be avoided consistently. It is not always easy to correctly correlate the basic and acid-forming implementation of food products in everyday life.

Content:

Acid-base balance

The blood needs the right balance of acidic and basic (alkaline) compounds to correct operation. This is called acid-base balance. Your kidneys and lungs work to maintain an acid-base balance. Even small deviations from the normal range can have a significant impact on your vitals.

Acid and alkaline levels are measured on a pH scale. An increase in acidity leads to a drop in pH. An increase in alkalinity causes an increase in pH.

When the level of acid in the blood is too high, it is called acidosis. When your blood is too alkaline, it is called alkalosis.

And alkalosis is caused by a lung problem. Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by a kidney problem.

Each of these acid-base disorders is caused by an underlying disease or disorder. Treatment depends on the cause.

How to check the acid-base balance of the body

It is not easy to tell what state the acid-base balance is in at any given time. The only real external signs that can be are weak bones, receding gums, weak or broken teeth, and muscle loss, and even these signs are not necessarily indicative.

This is why checking the acid-base balance is so important for health. Testing your body's pH will give you an idea of ​​how your body tends to be metabolically acidic or in the balanced, slightly alkaline state it needs. This test is relatively simple and can be done in your own home.

Acid-base balance of urine

It is better to test the second urine of the day. Your first urine will be overly acidic as it flushes out waste from last night. When you're ready, simply tear off a small piece of litmus paper and place it in your urine stream for a few seconds. Or, you can urinate into a small cup and dip paper into your urine this way.

Look at the color of your paper and compare it to the color chart on litmus paper. You want to aim for a urine pH of 6.0-6.5. While many alkalizing diets and websites will claim 7.0-7.5 is needed, I don't think this is perfect option based on science and my research. If you check later in the day and your urine is more like 6.5-7.0, that's fine as we become more alkaline during the day.

First, our kidneys need to eliminate acids, which is why we want our urine to be at an acidic job. If the urine is too alkaline, it may mean that the kidneys are not working properly or something is going on in the metabolic state. Keep in mind that some supplements like vitamin D, calcium and magnesium can throw your pH balance off a bit in some cases. If you want to know your "true" pH, go without supplements for a few days and then test again.

Acid-base balance of saliva

This measures your body's enzyme stores and the function of digestive organs such as the stomach, pancreas, and liver. Must be checked first in the morning before brushing your teeth or even drinking water. The ideal range is 6.5-7.0. This shows that you have a good supply of minerals, but it also shows that you are digesting your food well. If greater than 7.0, your digestive system can be a little lethargic and you may have problems with gas, constipation and fungus/mold.

Our Acid-Alkaline Chart lists virtually all alkaline and all acid-forming foods.

You may wonder why we are constantly talking about an alkaline and not a basic diet. This is simply because we do not recommend the alkaline diet as a permanent diet:

A pure staple diet is excellent for detoxification and also accompanies a colon cleanse. Thus, the main diet is more for short-term action.
-Basic nutrition consists not only of alkaline foods, but also acidic foods. After all, not all acid-forming foods are bad and unhealthy.

What does alkaline mean?

Do not think that the designation alkaline is similar to alkaline soap.
Rather, it is about how food works in the body and what substances are produced during its metabolism in the body.
Please note that in this moment there are many different acid-base tables on the net or in the literature - and they all differ more or less from each other.

Table of alkaline fruits

Apples Mango
A pineapple
Apricots Nectarines
Avocado Olives (green, black) Grapefruit
Bananas Oranges
clementine papaya
fresh dates Peaches
Strawberry Prunes
Fig Cowberry
Grapefruit Quince
Blueberry Currant (red, white, black)
Raspberry Gooseberry
Melons Dried fruits
Cherries (sour, sweet;) Watermelons
Kiwi Grapes (white, red)
Limes Lemons
Tangerines Prunes

Table of alkaline vegetables

Algae (Nori, Wakame, Hijiki, Chlorella, Spirulina) Okroy
Artichokes Peppers
Eggplant Parsnip
Whitening Celery Parsley Root
Cauliflower Radishes
Green beans Radishes (white, black)
Broccoli Romanesco (Flowers)
Chicory Brussels sprouts
Chinese cabbage Beetroot
Peas, fresh Cabbage leaf
fennel shallot
Green onion Black root
cabbage asparagus
Cucumbers Cabbage Spitz (Sugarloaf)
Carrot
Potato Tomato (raw)
Garlic white cabbage
Kohlrabi Savoy
Pumpkin types Zucchini
Leek (Leek) Onion
chard celery
(white turnips)

Tables of alkali mushrooms

Oyster mushrooms Shiitake
Champignons White mushrooms
Truffles
Chanterelles ... and many others

Table of alkaline herbs and alkaline salads

Basil
Batavia Salad Lollo Salads (Biondo/Rosso)
Savory Marjoram
Borage horseradish
Spanish Salad
Kress Melissa
Chinese cabbage Nutmeg
Chicory Cloves
Pepper oregano
Dill Parsley
Watercress salad Pepper (all kinds)
Iceberg lettuce
Chicory Allspice
Field lettuce Rosemary
Fennel Seeds Rucola (Arugula)
Friseesalat Saffron
garden cress
Ginger Sorrel
Capers Green onions
Cardamom Black cumin
chervil celery leaves
Coriander Thyme
Salad Vanilla
Watercress Wild Herbs
Cumin Hyssop
Cumin Cinnamon
Melissa
Pan di Azucar Bitter Winter Salad
Lovage ... and many others

Table of alkaline seedlings

Alfalfa-Sprouts Radishes-Cabbage
Fenugreek Sprouts Radish Sprouts
Brown Millet Sprouts Rye Seedlings
Broccoli-Cabbage Cabbage-Cabbage
Spelled shoots Arugula Sprouts
Barley sprouts Mustard sprouts
Millet-Sprouts Seeds-Sprouts
Flax seed Wheat sprouts seedlings
Sprouted Lentils…and many more

Table of Alkali Nuts and Seeds

Forest Almond
Walnut Maroni (Chestnuts)

alkaline protein

Lupine Protein Tablets Lupine flour

Alkaline Drinks

fruit smoothie
Green Smoothie
herbal teas
Protein Shake with Lupine Protein
Water
Water from 1 tsp. apple cider vinegar
Lemon water (200 ml of water with the juice of half a lemon)

Acidifying Products

Acidic or acid-forming foods should be combined with the main food as much as possible.
Acid-forming foods are not automatically bad or unhealthy in any way. On the contrary, there are foods that can act acid-forming, but at the same time, are very healthy, such as nuts or legumes.
Unlike the bad ones, they only work at a few levels of acid production.
The so-called good sour foods must be included in the diet, while you refrain from bad ones.

Good acid-forming foods

• Organic grains (such as spelt, kamut, or barley in small amounts - much like wheat germ or sprouts)
• Cereal products such as bulgur and couscous, but spelled, wheat
• Oats/oat flakes (BIO quality)
• Millet rice and whole grains (brown rice)
• Legumes (e.g. bean kernels, lentils, chickpeas, peas, etc.)
• High quality cocoa powder as well as homemade chocolate
• Corn (e.g. polenta, corn paste)
• nuts (eg. walnuts, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, brazil nuts, coconut hoarfrost flakes (also coconut), etc.)
• Oilseeds (such as sesame, hempseed, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, poppy, chia seeds, etc.; seeds germinate, they become more alkaline depending on the sprout)
• Vegetable protein powders (if protein deficient), such as hemp protein, rice protein, and pea protein
• Pseudo-cereals (eg quinoa, amaranth, buckwheat)
• Animal products from organic Agriculture in moderation (such as organic eggs or fish from organic aquaculture)
• Tofu (bio only) and quality fermented organic soy products such as miso and tempeh

Good acid-forming drinks

• Green tea (properly prepared - under conditions low temperatures and short brew)
• Lupine coffee
• Drinkable chocolate (homemade, such as almond milk and raw cocoa powder)
• High-quality herbal drinks: rice drink, oatmeal drink, soy drink - respectively without Süssungsmittel, flavors, thickeners, etc.

Bad acid-forming foods (animals)

• Eggs from traditional farming
• Fish and seafood from conventional aquaculture or from contaminated regions
• Meat from traditional farming
• Meat Broth, Sausages, Ham
• Dairy products (for example, cottage cheese, yogurt, kefir, whey and all cheeses, also sheep and goat; and low-fat dairy products)

Exception: butter, ghee and cream (bio quality) that can be classified as neutral

Bad acid-forming foods (plant-based)

• Vinegar (wine vinegar, exception: unclarified apple cider vinegar)
• Finished products of all kinds
• Cereal flour products (Bakery and pasta such as bread, buns, pretzels, cakes, cookies, sweet particles, pasta, etc., some breakfasts, such as corn flakes, cooked corn flakes, crunches, etc. )
• Gluten-containing foods (e.g. seitan products like veggie sausages, sausages, Bolognese, etc.)
• Ketchup (exception: homemade such as tomato and date ketchup)
• sour canned food
• Mustard (exception: high quality bio-mustard)
• Soy products (if heavily processed, in particular textured soy proteins
• Ice cream (water, soy and frozen yogurt - exception: Alkaline ice)
• Sugar (all foods that contain sugar) - coconut sugar.

Bad Acid Beverages

Alcohol and caffeinated drinks

Carbonated drinks (e.g. lemonade, cola, etc.), soft drinks such as concentrate juice, protein drinks, sweetened milkshakes, slimming drinks.
Coffee, grain, instant and decaffeinated coffee
Milk
Mineral water and carbonated drinks in general
Tea (black tea, fruit tea, iced tea, etc., only herbal tea is alkaline)

Don't forget to drink clean water!

Before distinguishing acids from alkalis, you need to understand the concepts of acid, alkali and base, after which we move on to the so-called indicators, with which you can easily distinguish between these substances.

What is an acid?

Acid- this is chemical compound. Usually solutions of acids taste (those that can be tasted) are sour, examples include acetic, malic, ascorbic and citric acids. The composition of the acid includes hydrogen and oxygen, as well as additional elements (or a complex of elements), which usually give the name to the acid - nitric, sulfuric, carbonic, ethyl-sulfuric, etc.

Acid- This is a complex substance in the molecule of which there are one or more hydrogen atoms and an acid residue.

Features of acids

characteristic chemical properties acids are:

• sour taste
• the ability to convert blue plant matter - litmus to red
• the presence in the acid molecule of one or more hydrogen atoms that can be exchanged for a metal to form a salt.

The properties of acids are determined by the fact that they are able to replace hydrogen atoms in their molecules with metal atoms. For example:

Basic properties of acids

The effect of acid solutions on indicators. Almost all acids (except silicic acid) are highly soluble in water. Solutions of acids in water change the color of special substances - indicators. It is by the color of the indicators that the presence of acid is determined. The litmus indicator turns red with acid solutions, the methyl orange indicator also turns red.

Reaction of acids with bases. This reaction is called a neutralization reaction. An acid reacts with a base to form a salt, in which the acid residue is always found unchanged. The second product of the neutralization reaction is necessarily water.

The interaction of acids with basic oxides. Since basic oxides are the closest relatives of bases, acids also enter into neutralization reactions with them. As in the case of reactions with bases, acids form salt and water with basic oxides. The salt contains the acid residue of the acid used in the neutralization reaction. In reaction with basic oxides, acids form salt and water. The salt contains the acid residue of the acid used in the neutralization reaction.

For example, phosphoric acid is used to clean iron from rust (iron oxides). Phosphoric acid, removing its oxide from the metal surface, reacts very slowly with iron itself. The iron oxide is converted into a soluble FePO4 salt, which is washed off with water along with acid residues.

The interaction of acids with metals. The metal must be sufficiently active (reactive) with respect to acids. For example, gold, silver, copper, mercury and some other metals do not react with acids with the release of hydrogen. Metals such as sodium, calcium, zinc - on the contrary - react very actively with the release of hydrogen gas and a large number heat.

What is alkali?

alkalis Water-soluble strong bases are called. If a substance contains hydroxy groups (OH) that can be cleaved off (like a single "atom") in reactions with other substances, then such a substance is a base.

grounds substances are called in which metal atoms are bonded to hydroxy groups. That is, alkali is a substance consisting of a metal and an OH group (hydroxo group). Alkali will neutralize the cystol with the production of water and salt.

Physical properties: alkali solutions in water are soapy to the touch, they corrode skin, fabrics, paper - caustic alkalis(caustic soda NaOH, caustic potash KOH). On the skin, they cause long non-healing wounds. Very hygroscopic.

How to distinguish acid from alkali?

You can distinguish an acid from an alkali by using indicators. Now there are quite a lot of indicators - substances that help determine the composition of the environment. The indicators change color depending on the composition of the medium. This happens because in an acidic and alkaline environment, the indicator molecules have a different structure.

For example indicator phenolphthalein in acidic environment is in the form of undissociated molecules, and the solution is colorless, and in alkaline - in the form of singly charged anions, and the solution has a crimson color. Litmus turns red in an acidic environment and blue in an alkaline environment.

Tea it is also an indicator. Probably many have noticed that if you put lemon in strong black tea and even drop a few drops (add acid), then the tea will brighten. And if you dissolve baking soda (alkali) in it, it will darken.
The color of the indicator will change in acid and alkali solutions.

No wonder there is a common expression "litmus test". For the litmus indicator, they even came up with mnemonics with which you can remember the relationship between the color of the indicator and the substance being determined:

• Red litmus indicator - acid point out clearly
• Blue litmus indicator. Lye is here - don't be open!