Counting from 1 to 100 in French. French numbers: what is unique about the counting system in France

In French, as in Russian, there is such a part of speech as the numeral. This part of speech is responsible for numbers, numbers, numbers.

French numerals, like numerals in Russian, can be divided into three groups:

• Cardinal numbers that the French use when counting something (one, two, three ...);
• ordinal, indicating the order in the count (first, second ...);
• fractional, indicating a part of a whole (one seventh, seven point eight hundredths).

Since the system of numerals in French is built by analogy with Russian numerals, it is not difficult to learn and remember it. Let's take a look at each of the three groups of numerals.

Friends, first things first, let's talk about Adjectifs numéraux cardinaux or quantitative numbers. These numbers French indicate the number of objects or persons and answer the question "how much?".

• Austore,j'aiachetesquare balloons. I bought four balls in the store.
• deux filles se promenent dans le parc. – Twogirlswalkinpark.
• combien d'amisas-tu? - How many friends do you have?
• combien de hô tes attends-tu aujourd'hui ? How many guests are you expecting today?

Cardinal numbers denote pages and chapters in books, for example: page numberhuit-page number eight; chapitre numéro trois chapter number three.

The French also use cardinal numbers to solve examples. For example: un et trois font quatre - 1+3=4; square moins trois font un - 4-3=1

Now let's do it in French:

• 2 deux
• 3-trois
• 4-quatre
• 5-cinq
• 6-six
• 7-sept
• 8-huit
• 9-neuf
• 10-dix
• 11-onze
• 12-douze
• 13-treize
• 14-quatorze
• 15-quinze
• 16 size
• 17-dix-sept
• 18- dix-huit
• 19-dix-neuf
• 20- vingt
• 21-vingt et un
• 22-vingt-deux
• 23-vingt-trois
• 30-trent
• 40-quarante
• 50-cinquante
• 60- soixante
• 70-soixante-dix
• 71- soixante-onze
• 72-soixante-douze
• 80-quatre-vingt
• 81-quatre-vingt-un
• 82-quatre-vingt-deux
• 90-quatre-vingt-dix
• 91-quatre-vingt-onze
• 92-quatre-vingt-douze
• 100 cent
• 101-cent un
• 200 deux cent
• 1000-mile
• 1000000-million

Quantitative French numerals are simple and complex. Simple numbers consist of one part (1,16, 20,30,40,50,60,70). Compound numerals consist of two or more parts. All these parts of a complex numeral are connected by a hyphen, for example: 98- quatre-vingt-dix-huit; 73-soixante-Treize

Note that the union et in some numerals it is used, and in some it is not. From the number 80 onwards, it is not used.

Not used before cardinal numbers definite article: les lits- beds, deux lits- two beds; les factories- factories, square factories- four factories. But, when we mean both beds or all factories, the article does not disappear, but remains: les deux lits- both beds les square fabrics all four factories.

Cardinal numbers do not change, except for 20-vingt and 100-cent, but they also do not always change their form. It depends on whether they are followed by another part of the numeral, for example:

• cent quatre-vingts tulipes - 180 tulips
• huit cents livres - 800 books
• cent quatre-vingt-deux tulipes - 182 tulips
• huit cent deux livres- 802 books

We pronounce cardinal numbers correctly

In the pronunciation of cardinal numbers, some numbers have their own characteristics. They need to be remembered in order to pronounce words correctly and beautifully.

• In the numeral 7-sept, letter R not pronounced.
• If after the numeral 9-neuf followed by a word beginning with a vowel or silent h an (year) or heure (hour), then a letter f pronounced like v .
• In numerals 6-six and 10-dix last letter reads like z , if this numeral is followed by a noun that begins with a vowel, otherwise it is pronounced as s .
• In numerals (complex and simple) that end in 6-six, 7-sept, 8-huit, the last letter of the dates is not pronounced.
• In the numeral 20-vingt letter t at the end it is not readable, except for the case when it is followed by another part of a complex number, for example: 120 cent vingt(not pronounced); 29-vingt-neuf(pronounced).

We count ordinal numbers in order!

We figured out the quantitative, let's move on to Adjectifsnumberraux ordinal number.

Ordinal numbers in French indicate order in counting and answer the question quel/quelle.

• Quel appartement habitait ton ami ? What apartment did your friend live in?
• Mon ami habitait dans le troisieme My friend lived in the third apartment.

Remember! Ordinal numbers are formed by adding the suffix - ieme to a quantitative number.

Now count with us in order:

• un-unième (rarely used, more often premièr(e))
• deux-deuxieme, second(aire)
• trois-troisieme
• quatre-quatrième
• cinq-cinquieme
• six-sixieme
• sept-septieme
• huit-huitieme
• neuf-neuvieme
• dix-dixieme
• onze-onzieme
• douze-douzieme
• dix-sept - dix-septieme
• dix-huit - dix-huitieme
• vingt-vingtieme
• vingt et un- vingt unième
• trente-trentieme
• quarante-quarantieme
• cinquante-cinquantieme
• soixante-soixantième
• soixante-dix - soixante-dixieme

If in a cardinal number at the end is the letter " e”, in the ordinal number it disappears. In ordinal number cinq-cinquieme, for correct pronunciation add the letter " u».

In Russian, to pronounce the date (December 2) or the name of the king (Louis the Fourteenth), ordinal numbers are used, while in French quantitative numbers are used for these purposes. For example:

• seventhDecember2015– Le sept decembre deux mille quinze
• Louis the Fourteenth -Louis Quatorze

French fractional numbers

Let's move on to fractions. In French, as in Russian, fractional numbers are divided into two types: decimal fractions (4.7; 5.3) and ordinary fractions (4/8; 5/9)

For education common fraction you need to take the numerator as a cardinal number, and the denominator as an ordinal. For example:

• three sevenths - trois septième
• seven eighths -sept huitieme

For education decimal fraction, we use only cardinal numbers, but pronounce virgule where the comma should be. For example: 5,9 — cinq, virgule, neuf .

But, please note:

• un demi- half
• un tiers-third
• un quart- quarter.

We wish you good luck with numbers!

Numbers in French sound very melodic and somewhat similar to other numbers. European countries: Spain, Italy and England. But at the same time, for example, there are significant differences in the sound of the numbers "four" and "five". Especially five and fifteen are hard to remember by Russian children who are starting to learn French numbers, and cumbersome numbers after eighty plunge into complete bewilderment.

French numbers from 1 to 20: transcription in Russian

Numbers in French are divided into simple and complex, consisting of one word and several.

From the above table it can be seen that, starting with the number seventeen, the numbers take on a double form, consisting of the designation of tens and units in the number. This feature of the account applies to all numbers.

At the same time, in the numbers “twenty-one”, “thirty-one”, and so on, a union is added between the number denoting ten and one for consonance et(e), which does not apply to subsequent figures.

Features of the numeral system of France

In the language of romance and love, counting does not lend itself to any logical direction and sometimes sounds like absurdity compared to Russian numerals: nineteen translated into our usual language sounds like “ten and nine”, thirty-seven like “thirty and seven”, that is, dozens are voiced and units separately.

The numbers "five" and "fifteen", despite the common five, sound completely different: "senk" and "kanz", which creates a significant problem in memorization. Among French teachers who teach Russians, there is even an unspoken rule that fifteen is not remembered by anyone even on the tenth attempt.

Numbers after seventy sound extremely unusual: in order to pronounce seventy-five, you must say "sixty and fifteen": soixante-quinze ( suasant canz), and for voicing the number seventy-eight: “sixty-ten-eight” (soixante-dix-huit - suasant diz whit). This creates a certain confusion when memorizing, and only by delving into the peculiarities of the French account, one can understand this unusual principle of calculus.

Four by twenty

The figure eighty (quatre-vingts - quart van) and then all subsequent numbers up to one hundred are based on this principle:

• eighty-two: four times twenty and two;
• ninety: four times twenty and ten;
• ninety-two: four times twenty and twelve ( quatre-van-duz);
• ninety eight: Quatre Van Dies Neuf.

The French owe such an unusual counting system to the Celts and Normans, who had big influence on the formation of language in ancient times: trade transactions were made often and everywhere, and the twenty-digit account was very useful in long-term accounting calculations. By the way, the Aztecs and Mayans, famous for their mighty civilization and wisdom, also used the twenty-decimal counting system.

Numbers over a hundred

After a hundred (cent - dignity) and two hundred (deux cents - do san- two in a hundred) everything becomes even more interesting, because with the pronunciation of French numbers a few words long, you will have to work hard to make them sound natural and at ease. For example: two hundred ninety-seven would sound like do-san-quatre-van-dis-set and 1999 - yon-mill-neuf-quatre-van-diz-nave. To as well as automatism, you need to bring the specifics of constructing French numbers in order to pronounce this without hesitation!

Teachers recommend during the day, on a bus or a traffic jam, while walking around the city, to say out loud (or to yourself) in French the numbers of houses, cars - any numbers that will catch your eye. This will make it possible to quickly assimilate this complex twenty-decimal counting system and freely navigate in unusual world French numerals.

§ 1 French numerals from 1 to 100

Knowing how numbers are called in French is just as important as knowing words like bonjour, merci, s'il te plaît, au revoir. Numbers or numerals surround us everywhere. Phone numbers, car numbers, TV channels, textbook pages, there are numbers everywhere. Cash equivalents, age, dates, times are all numbers. AT this lesson we will get acquainted with French numerals from 1 to 20 and find out what tens to one hundred are called. And the little girl Nina will help us get acquainted with French numerals from 1 to 20, who does exercises by counting, is naughty, runs, climbs objects and is very happy with everything. Votesyshok.

Un, deux, trois,

Une petite Nina.

Quatre, cinq, six,

Fait l'exercice.

Sept, huit, neuf, dix.

Elle a une caprice.

Onze, douze, treize,

Elle court à l'aise.

Quatorze, quinze, seize,

Elle monte sur la chaise.

Dix-sept, dix-huit, dix-neuf, vingt.

Nina est tres contente.

Please note that from 1 to 16, each French numeral has its own name, and the numbers 17, 18, and 19 are compound, that is, 17 consists of the numbers 10 + 7, it turns out dix-sept, 18 consists of 10 + 8 dix- huit, 19 is 10 + 9 in French dix-neuf. Now read the verse again, but only replace the letter designations of the numbers with the numbers themselves.

Knowing well the name of the numbers from 1 to 20 in French is very important. After all, they are regularly found in other French numerals. You can easily verify this by getting acquainted with the French names of dozens.

So, for example, from 10 to 60, all French tens have their own name:

If you want to say, for example, the number 33, you should go to 30 + 3 and say trente-trois, 46 = 40 + 6 quarante-six.

Please note that only numbers are called, the actions themselves remain in the mind.

From 70 to 99, French numerals have compound names.

So, the number 70 consists of the numbers 60 + 10 and is pronounced soixante-dix. Further, for example, if you want to say the number 73, you will have to use your knowledge of arithmetic and first write the example 73 = 60 + 13 in French soixante-treize. The number 80 consists of the numbers 4 20 quatre vingts, which are multiplied, and all subsequent units are added. So, to say the number 85, you need to make the following example 85=4 20+5 in French quatre-vingt-cinq.

Please note that only numbers are called out loud in French, all actions remain in the mind. One of the most difficult to remember and perceive is the number 90, which consists of the numbers 4 20 + 10 and is pronounced like quatre-vingt-dix. 95 in French is quatre-vingt-quinze, and, for example, 99 quatre-vingt-dix-neuf. The ninth ten of the numerals is closed by the number 100 in French as short as in Russian - cent. 200 deux cents, with an s at the end, 300 trois cents, and so on.

§ 2 Indication and determination of time in French

As you can see, French numerals will require you to have a good knowledge of arithmetic, as well as an excellent knowledge of the French numbers from 1 to 20. Knowing the numbers from 1 to 20 will also be required to get acquainted with the French notation of time, which will be discussed later.

Quelle heureest-il? You probably guessed

What time is it?

Literally, the French question is translated as - What time is it now? When the French answer a question like this, or just want to say what time it is, they always start their answer with Il est ... .

For example, Il est 3 heures. It's 3 o'clock now. Three o'clock in the afternoon is usually referred to as Il est 15 heures. It is now 15 o'clock. Although you can also find the designation Il est 3 heuresde l'après-midi. It's three o'clock now.

The word "hour" in French female- une heure. Therefore - It is now one o'clock - the French will say Il estuneheure.

In all other cases, an unreadable letter s at the end of the word, which denotes a plural person, will be added to the word "heure" "hour".

When the clock is noon, that is, exactly 12 noon, the French say Il estmidi. It's noon. The prefix mi means half. When midnight comes, the French say Il estminuit. It's midnight. Mi - half, nuit - night.

When the clock is half an hour, in Russian we say, for example, Half past five. The French say Il est 4 heureset demie. It is now 4 o'clock and half.

You can often hear the expression, for example, A quarter of the ninth, that is, 8.15.

The French word for quarter is quart. And a quarter past nine the French will say

Il est 8 heures et quart. It is now 8 o'clock and a quarter.

Note that in such phrases the word quarter quart is used without an article. But if the French want to say, for example, It's now a quarter to nine, they'll say Il est 9 heuresmoins lequart. The word quarter is already used with the article. That is, if you want to say how many hours and a quarter you say et quart, how many hours without a quarter moins le quart. Il est 10 et quart.

It's quarter past eleven. Il est 4 heures moins le quart. It's quarter to 4 now.

The easiest thing to do is in minutes.

For example, It is now 3 hours and 20 minutes, the French will say Il est 3 heures 20. Or It is now five to 10, the French will say Il est 10 heuresmoins 5.

Please note that in the French version the word minutes is not pronounced, only numbers.

Of course, it's easiest to just call the time in minutes, without using such words as half, a quarter, a quarter. Most likely, you will be understood. However, to enrich your vocabulary and understand the texts of the textbook and modern French speech, I advise you to remember these nuances, and also to learn the French names of numbers from 1 to 20, the names of tens, and do not forget about the French arithmetic of numbers.

List of used literature:

1. French. A large reference book for schoolchildren and applicants to universities / E.V. Ageeva, L.M. Belyaeva, V.G. Vladimirova and others - M .: Bustard, 2005.-349, p.- (Large reference books for schoolchildren and university applicants.)
2. Le petit Larousse illustration/HER2000
3. E. M. Beregovskaya, M. Toussaint. Blue bird. The book for the teacher to the textbook of the French language for the 5th grade of educational institutions.
4. Gak, V.G. new French-Russian dictionary / V.G. Gak, K.A. Ganshina. - 10th ed., stereotype. –M.: Rus.yaz.-Media, 2005.- XVI, 1160, p.
5. E. M. Beregovskaya. Blue bird. French. Grade 5 Textbook for educational institutions.

Used images:

Romantic French is the official language (the only one, like in France, or one of four - like in Switzerland) in almost three dozen countries. According to various estimates, more than 270 million people around the world can speak French fluently.

• Reference for comparison: worldwide on English language about 1.8 billion people speak Chinese, about 1.3 billion people have mastered Chinese at various levels, and more than 0.5 billion earthlings speak Russian.

IN THE FRENCH SIDE, ON ALIEN PLANET, I HAVE TO STUDY AT THE UNIVERSITY ...

Learning French is both challenging and exciting at the same time, as the student is constantly waiting for numerous surprises with foreign grammar and vocabulary.

One of the simplest, and therefore loved by the majority of students, are the lessons that cover the topic of numerals. It would seem that it can be complicated: 1, 2, 3 ... 8, 9, 10, 20 ... 70, 80 and so on. The main thing is to remember the names of units, tens, hundreds and combine them with each other.

But no, the system of French numerals has prepared a very peculiar approach for foreigners, which for some at first turns out to be quite difficult to understand. Most Russian-speaking students find the French calculus complicated and inconvenient, because they have to memorize and adapt to the combination of ten and vigesimal calculus.

But more to the point.

FRENCH COUNTER: WHAT'S WRONG?

With numerals from one to ten in French, everything is as clear as in Russian:

In a later account Slavic languages there is an addition of the ending -dtsat (that is, binding to the usual decimal reference system). For example: one - eleven, two - twelve, then - twenty-twenty, thirty-twenty, five-ten, eight-ten, etc. Agree, remembering this order is not difficult.

In French numerals, the same reference system is repeated up to the number 16 (the numerals here are simple one-syllable words obtained by simplifying the Latin names that became the "progenitors" French words):

But, starting with the number "17", a surprise awaits you. In theory, this number should look like this: septendecim(i.e. 7 + 10). But in practice, this and the next two numerals become two-syllable words, in which the usual ending, meaning -twenty, or just ten, is taken to the first place, so it looks like this:

With numbers from "20" to "60" inclusive, everything looks logical again. The names of dozens come from simplified Latin names:

All numbers in the range from 20 to 69 are formed according to the usual and extremely clear scheme: the desired unit number is added to the tens.

• Let's say if it's 33 (30 + 3), then the French call this number like this: trente-trios (hyphenated), or 45 (40 + 5) = quarante-cinq. A small exception is numbers with a unit, in which case it is customary to use the union “et” instead of a hyphen, for example, cinquanteetun(50 +1).

FRENCH MATH: WHY IS 80 FRENCH 20?

But, starting from the seventh decade, the French surprise us again. In their number system, the transition from ten to vigesimal system begins, so 70 is no longer 7 × 10, as one might assume, but (6 × 10 + 10). For clarity, we present the numbers in tabular form:

These three tens also apply their own rules for the formation of compound numbers.

For example, if you need to represent the number 72, then you can do this by adding the number 12 to 60, that is, in writing it will look like this: soixante-douze (60 + 12). In other words, the number 70 does not seem to exist in French - you have to get by with the number "60", adding the necessary numbers to it.

In the case of the numbers "80" and "90", the phrase "quatre-vingts" is used. If the number 81 is meant, then it will sound like “quatre-vingts-un” (4 × 20 + 1), if you need to say 91, then the French say “quatre-vingts-onze” (4 × 20 + 11).

• It should be noted that in a number of French-speaking countries (Switzerland, Belgium), and in some French regions, “controversial” dozens, namely, 70 - 80 - 90, are pronounced and used according to a simplified system, that is, as septante, huitante (octante) , nonante. These are "neo-formative" numerals, which are used along with the "classical" ones.

In subsequent numerals in French, generally accepted rules are repeated. For example, the number 100 is translated as "cent", and 200, in turn, will sound like deuxcents (2 hundreds), etc. Well, if you want to name (write in words) a large number, for example, 1975, then you will have to remember all the features and intricacies of the ten + vigesimal numeral French system, that is, it will look like this:

mille neuf cents soixante quinze(1000) + (900) + (6×10) + (15)

The two-decimal counting system was also reflected in the monetary system of France: for example, 1 franc was not 10, but 20 sous.

THE CELTICS, NORMANDS MIXED INTO A BUNDLE…

Perhaps, at first glance, such a system of calculation and formation of numerals really seems complicated and confusing, but in practice you get used to it quite quickly. The only question that arises is why did everything happen in French?

Discussions about unusual, some even say - "anomalous" French numerals are still ongoing, and consensus between experts yet.

The main hypothesis is the ancient historical roots. The fault, obviously, is the relationship with other nationalities that influenced the development of the French language.

In particular, although the basis of the French language, which belongs to the Romance group, is Latin, in which, as you know, decimal calculus is accepted, Celtic tribes once lived on the territory of Provence. This, as well as active trade with the Vikings from Normandy, who, like the Celts, used the vigesimal system, apparently, affected the French numerals.

• The two-decimal counting system was also used by the Maya and Aztec tribes.

Historians note that in the 17th century in France there was a "confrontation" between the decimal and vigesimal counting systems. In particular, famous writers Moliere and La Bruyere took part in it, who used (read - popularized) this or that system in their works.