Resistance movement during the Second World War. European resistance movement: myth and reality

The population of the occupied countries of Europe and the Soviet Union did not support the political and military-economic plans of the invaders. On the contrary, anti-fascist resistance grew and spread every day, not only in the occupied countries, but also in the countries that were allies of Nazi Germany.

Spontaneous anti-fascist demonstrations began to flare up in many European countries from the first days of the war. The struggle against the Nazi invaders in the countries of Europe was called resistance movement.

The Resistance Movement is a set of armed, economic and ideological forms of the struggle of the population of the occupied countries against the German occupation regime for freedom and national-state independence.

The most effective forms of resistance to the fascist German aggressors were the partisan movement, underground struggle, agitation and propaganda activities, economic sabotage, failure to comply with the directives and orders of the military occupation authorities. Already in the autumn of 1939, pockets of anti-German resistance began to emerge in Poland. It represented a significant force and developed in the form of various illegal currents. The Polish resistance was supported by the government of Poland, which was in exile, first in France, since 1940 - in Great Britain and headed by V. Sikorsky.

The patriots of France did not submit either. The forces of the French resistance movement at the beginning of July 1941 united in the National Front, the purpose of which was to liberate France from the Nazi invaders. In May 1943, the National Council of Resistance was formed, bringing together all the anti-fascist forces in France. Armed detachments of the organization "Franteers and Partisans" joined the fight against the invaders. In the spring of 1944, organizations of French patriots united in the army of French internal forces, whose number reached almost 500 thousand people.

Anti-German resistance acquired the widest scope in Yugoslavia. Already in the autumn of 1941, there were about 70 thousand people in the detachments of the Yugoslav partisans. They liberated a number of regions of the country from the enemy. In November 1942, the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia was formed, which made a significant contribution to the struggle of the Yugoslav people against the Nazi aggressors. Over 1.7 million Yugoslav patriots died during the war.

The anti-fascist struggle unfolded in Albania, Belgium, Greece, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, and Czechoslovakia. The patriotic struggle unfolded even in those countries where pro-German governments operated: Italy, Austria, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Hungary. Thus, partisan Garibaldian brigades operated in the north and in the center of Italy. The association of Italian partisans, the Corps of Freedom Volunteers at the beginning of 1945, numbered 350 thousand people. The anti-fascist resistance movement took place in Germany and Austria, as well as in neutral Sweden and Switzerland.

The resistance movement involved people of different social strata and groups, political and religious views: intelligentsia and bourgeoisie, workers and peasants, communists and socialists, liberals, conservatives and non-partisans, Christians and Muslims. They were united common goal- resist the German occupation regime and restore national-state independence. About 40 thousand of our compatriots participated in the resistance movement.

The active and consistent struggle of the Comintern and the communist parties against fascism, for the freedom and national independence of the peoples was the most important factor that led to the emergence and development of the mass anti-fascist resistance movement of the peoples of occupied Europe.

In the countries of the fascist bloc, the resistance movement was a continuation of the battles between the forces of democracy and reaction, which had unfolded even before the start of the Second World War.

The anti-fascist resistance movement had a nationwide character, it was a struggle for independence and sovereignty, and in some countries - for the very existence of the nation. As a struggle for national liberation, the Resistance movement was rooted deep in the history of the peoples of Europe, relying on the traditions of the Hussite movement in Czechoslovakia, the Garibaldian movement in Italy, the Haiduk movement in the Balkans, the partisan struggle of 1870-1871 in France, etc.

The resistance movement was a struggle against fascist totalitarianism for the restoration and revival of democratic rights and freedoms, for the overthrow of both the fascist regimes themselves and puppet military dictatorships and "governments". Being consistently anti-fascist, the resistance movement thus acquired an anti-imperialist character, for an uncompromising struggle against fascism meant a struggle against those social forces that gave birth to it. And this gave the anti-fascist movement not only a democratic, but also a revolutionary-democratic character.

The resistance movement was international. The struggle against fascism, which threatened Europe and the whole world with enslavement, was the common cause of all freedom-loving peoples. Each national resistance detachment was an integral part of the international front of the struggle against fascism. The composition of its participants in each country was also international. Foreign fighters - internationalists who, by the will of fate, found themselves outside their homeland, rightly believed that they were fighting against a common enemy, "for your and our freedom." The Resistance Movement was the embodiment of the organic unity and interconnection of internationalism and patriotism, it developed the traditions of friendship and cooperation between peoples.

The anti-fascist resistance movement manifested itself in a wide variety of forms - peaceful and non-peaceful, legal and illegal, passive and active, individual and mass, spontaneous and organized. The use of various forms of struggle was determined by the specific situation in the country, the degree of organization and political maturity of the participants in the movement, and the situation on the fronts.

At first, when the population of many countries was shocked by the quick victories of the armed forces of the fascist states, the defeats of their armies and the betrayal of collaborators, resistance to the invaders was passive and expressed, for example, in ignoring the orders of the authorities, refusing to cooperate with them. Then other, more effective methods struggle: a decrease in the intensity and productivity of labor, an increase in defects in work, damage to machinery and equipment, strikes - in cities; refusal to surrender agricultural products, opposition to requisitions, concealment, and sometimes spoilage of products - in the villages. Found wide application and such a form of resistance as assistance to patriots who fled from captivity or were persecuted and wanted by the occupiers.

Of great importance for strengthening the morale of the enslaved peoples and mobilizing them to fight against the invaders was the illegal anti-fascist press (newspapers, magazines, leaflets and brochures), which contained truthful information about the international situation, the course of the world war and the resistance movement. The struggle against fascism was also expressed in opposition to its chauvinistic policy, in the defense of national culture, science and education. Patriots hid cultural property from fascist robbers national museums, libraries and archives. Members of the resistance movement organized underground schools and courses to prepare young people for the fight against the invaders.

Already in the first period of the war, various forms of people's armed struggle against the invaders began to develop.

Its striking manifestations were the participation of voluntary worker battalions in the defense of Warsaw, the struggle of the Greek communists who escaped from prisons against the aggression of the Italo-fascist troops, individual armed attacks on the enemy, the creation of the first underground armed organizations in France, Yugoslavia and other countries.

The resistance movement involved various classes and social groups- workers and peasants, who were the main driving force of the anti-fascist struggle, progressive intelligentsia, petty and partly middle bourgeoisie. They were people of different political and religious views - communists and socialists, liberals and conservatives, republicans and even sometimes monarchists, believers and atheists. The most active, leading role in the anti-fascist struggle belonged to the working class and its vanguard, the communist and workers' parties. The Resistance organizations they created made the greatest contribution to the struggle against fascism, for the freedom and independence of peoples. Their leading role was explained by the fact that they were the only parties politically and organizationally prepared for the fight against fascism. Bourgeois and social-democratic parties either disintegrated or went into cooperation with the fascist occupiers. The Socialist International (Socintern), according to its leadership, finally became an incapacitated organization and in the spring of 1940 disappeared from the political arena ( From the history of the Comintern. M., 1970, p. 239.).

As for the bourgeois organizations of the Resistance, they did not show noticeable activity for a long time. There were quite a few honest anti-fascist fighters in these organizations, but their leaders were afraid of the development of a nationwide armed struggle against the invaders and therefore hampered it in every possible way, calling on the people “to calm” and waiting for decisive events on the war fronts (the call to “keep guns at your feet”, etc.). P.). Some bourgeois organizations were only nominally part of the Resistance movement (People's Forces Zbroine in Poland, Chrissi Andistasi in Greece, Balli Kombetar in Albania, Chetniks of D. Mikhailovich in Yugoslavia and others). They were created not so much to fight the fascist invaders, but to stand guard over the class interests of the capitalists and landlords of their countries. Therefore, they often even entered into armed clashes with democratic forces and sometimes were allies of the occupiers.

Part of the bourgeoisie of the countries occupied by the Nazis joined the resistance movement in one form or another. The other part of the ruling class - these were, as a rule, large monopolists and landowners - betrayed the national interests of their peoples and went into direct collusion with the fascist invaders. It followed a kind of policy of "double guarantees", designed to preserve the class rule of the bourgeoisie in any outcome of the war. The Resistance movement developed in a fierce struggle with collaborators - direct accomplices of the fascist occupiers.

The first period of the war was the most difficult for the Resistance movement: they had to fight both against the aggressor and against his accomplices - the capitulators. Easy military victories fascist armies in Europe gave rise to confusion and passivity among the population, which hampered the development of the anti-fascist struggle. And yet, gradually, as with the expansion of aggression, more and more peoples were drawn into the orbit of the “new order”, and its misanthropic essence was more and more revealed, the resistance movement grew and expanded, new social forces were included in it, it became more and more active and popular.

The peoples of dismembered Czechoslovakia and Poland were among the first to take the path of resistance to the fascist invaders. The struggle of the Czechoslovak people at first was predominantly spontaneous in nature and manifested itself for the most part in the form of individual, hidden and passive resistance. But already in the autumn of 1939 and in 1940, in a number of industrial centers of the Czech Republic (Ostrava, Kladno, Prague), workers held strikes, which indicated that the movement was becoming more organized and mass. At the same time, the anti-fascist struggle intensified in many regions of Slovakia.

However, the reactionary bourgeoisie hindered the liberation struggle. She called for waiting for decisive events on the fronts, stating that "the people at home should not make any sacrifices", but only need to calmly "overwinter" ( German imperialism and the second World War, p. 783.). As can be seen from the directive of E. Benes, sent in December 1939 to the bourgeois underground organizations, the Czechoslovak bourgeoisie was afraid of the victory of the proletarian revolution after the fall of the fascist regime ( "Internationale Hefte der Widerstandsbewegung", 1961, No. 7, S. 22.).

In Poland, in the most difficult conditions of the occupation that had begun, underground organizations arose - only on the lands annexed to the Reich, they operated in 1939-1942. over 50 ( German Imperialism and the Second World War, pp. 769 - 770.). The main forms of struggle at that time were sabotage and sabotage in production and transport, the publication and distribution of underground newspapers of various directions, etc. The first partisan detachments, among them the detachment of Major X. Dobzhansky, who fought against the invaders in 1940 in the Kielce Voivodeship, was especially famous ( "Internationale Hefte der Widerstandsbewegung", 1963, No. 8 - 10, S. 113.).

Gradually, two main directions - right and left - consolidated in the Polish resistance movement. The right direction was represented by organizations operating under the leadership of the government in exile and its representation in Poland - the so-called delegation. He was characterized by anti-communism and anti-Sovietism; it saw its main task in restoring the pre-war regime in the future liberated Poland, that is, the power of the landowners and capitalists.

The left direction, represented by the communists and other progressive forces, developed under particularly difficult conditions, since until 1942 there was no organized revolutionary party of the working class in Poland. In 1939 - 1941. the leftist organizations of the Polish underground did not have a single leading center and acted in isolation. Fighting against the invaders, they sought to prevent the restoration of the old reactionary order in the future liberated Poland.

The Polish resistance movement developed in the struggle of the right and left directions, which sometimes reached extreme sharpness.

In a difficult situation, anti-fascist resistance was born in the countries of Western and Northern Europe, which found themselves under the heel of the Nazi invaders in the spring and summer of 1940. In Denmark, the capitulation of the Stauning government, approved by parliament and all bourgeois parties, as well as the demagogy of the German fascists, who declared that they had come to the country as friends, to protect it from the threat of invading Western powers, retarded the development of mass resistance. This movement here developed slowly and manifested itself mainly in the form of a passive protest against the policy of collaborationism and the hardships of the occupation regime. The most active role in its organization was played by the Communist Party of Denmark. While all bourgeois parties supported the policy of collaborationism, the Danish communists raised the masses to fight against the invaders, carried out anti-fascist propaganda, and sought to establish cooperation with representatives of other political parties.

In Norway, the resistance of the people to the invaders was also led by the communists. On August 10, 1940, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Norway appealed to the working class to launch a struggle for a future free Norway. In the autumn of 1940, anti-Nazi demonstrations took place in Bergen, Trondheim, Sarpsborg and other cities, and cases of sabotage and sabotage became more frequent. In the spring of 1941, the Nazis imposed a fine of 500 thousand crowns on the cities of Oslo, Stavanger, Haugesund and the Rogaland region for systematic damage to German communication lines ( "Die Welt", 1941, No. 19, S. 592.).

In Belgium, the anti-fascist struggle began shortly after the occupation. Under the leadership of the Communists, in the summer of 1940, the underground publication of newspapers and leaflets was carried out, illegal trade unions and the first partisan groups arose (in the Ardennes) ( Der deutsche Imperialismus und der zweite Weltkrieg. bd. 3. Berlin, 1960, S. 121 - 122.). The hunger strike in Liège and other protests of the working people in the autumn of 1940 showed that the resistance of the Belgian people to the occupiers was growing. In the summer of 1941, the "Wallon Front" was created, which became the embryo of the future broad front of independence. However, in Belgium, as well as in other countries, the passive position of the bourgeois organizations, which avoided coordinating their actions with the left wing of the anti-fascist movement, was a serious impediment to the development of the resistance movement.

In the Netherlands, the communist party, which had gone underground, set up the publication of illegal newspapers in the fall of 1940, and in February 1941 organized a 300,000-strong strike of workers and employees in Amsterdam and its suburbs in protest against the forced deportation of Dutch workers to Germany ( "Internationale Hefte der Widerstandsbewegung", 1961, No. 6, S. 74 - 75.).

The people of France did not bow their heads before the invaders. By his struggle he fully confirmed the proud declaration of the French Communists that the great French nation would never be a nation of slaves. The resistance movement in this country developed both in the fight against the German invaders and their Vichy accomplices. The working people, following the call of the communists, resorted to more and more active forms of liberation struggle. But the French bourgeoisie also claimed leadership of the resistance movement. General de Gaulle, the leader of the bourgeois wing of the movement, who had been sentenced to death in absentia by a Vichy court, twice spoke on London radio in June 1940, calling for unity around the Free French Committee he had created. However, he, in essence, oriented the French people to the expectation of their liberation from outside. Following this attitude, the bourgeois organizations of the French Resistance adhered to passive forms of struggle.

The working people of France, with the help of the communists, found effective forms and methods for the liberation struggle. People's committees set up in factories, residential areas and villages, as well as women's committees, fought to meet the immediate needs of the working people, achieved trade union unity, and led strikes. In December 1940, a major sabotage operation was organized at the Renault factories, as a result of which hundreds of motorcycles were scrapped. A great event was the 100,000th strike of miners in the departments of Nord and Pas de Calais in late May - early June 1941. Its significance was not only that the occupiers received almost a million tons less coal, the strike raised the morale of the working people demonstrating in practice that struggle is possible even under conditions of occupation. Following the workers, the peasants, the intelligentsia, and students rose up against the Nazis.

On May 15, 1941, the Central Committee of the PCF issued a statement about the party's readiness to create a National Front to fight for the independence of France. Soon this front was proclaimed and began to operate ( Ibid., S. 136.).

In the last months of 1940, the French Communist Party, having begun preparations for armed struggle, created the so-called Special Organization, which was "the embryo of a military organization adapted to the conditions of underground struggle and fascist terror" ( M. Thorez. Son of the people, p. 168.). Her battle groups organized the protection of meetings and demonstrations, collected weapons, committed separate acts of sabotage. Following their example, "youth battalions" were created, the first leader of which was the young communist worker Pierre Georges, later the famous Colonel Fabien. The actions of the PCF were guided by the party's executive leadership, which was deeply underground, consisting of the secretaries of the Central Committee M. Thorez, J. Duclos and the general secretary of the General Confederation of Labor B. Frachon.

With the development of fascist aggression in the southeast of Europe, a resistance movement front was formed in the Balkans.

Already in the first months of the occupation, the communists of Greece created underground organizations in different parts of the country (“National Solidarity”, “Freedom”, “Sacred Companies”, etc.), which raised the broad masses of the people to fight against the invaders. On May 31, 1941, the young communist Manolis Glezos and his friend Apostolos Santas tore down the fascist flag with a swastika from the Athenian Acropolis, calling on the people to resist the fascists with their feat. On the same day, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece, in a manifesto addressed to all the people, called for the creation of a powerful popular front and put forward the slogan of a national liberation war ( G. Kiryakndis. Greece in World War II, p. 118.).

The organizer of the mass liberation struggle of the Yugoslav people, like the Greek people, was the Communist Party. Even during the April catastrophe, it sought by all means to strengthen the combat capability of the army and the people. Thousands of communists voluntarily came to the military units to replenish the ranks of the army, but were refused. The Communist Party demanded weapons for the anti-fascists, but did not receive them under the pretext of "the senselessness of the struggle" ( "Internationale Hefte der Widerstandsbewegung", 1963, No. 8 - 10, S. 92.).

On April 10, 1941, the Central Committee of the CPY decided to begin organizational and political preparations for the armed struggle against the invaders. It was headed by the Military Committee under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito. In May - June, military committees are formed throughout the country, the collection of weapons and ammunition begins, shock groups are formed in cities and rural areas. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the first battles with the invaders unfolded.

The Communist Party led the course towards the creation of a united front of the broad masses of the people. Its ranks grew continuously. During May - June 1941, the number of communists increased from 8 to 12 thousand, and the number of Komsomol members reached 30 thousand people ( F. Trgo. Review of the development of the national liberation war. In the book: I. Tito. Selected military works. Belgrade, 1966, pp. 330 - 332.).

In Yugoslavia, the resistance movement took the form of an armed struggle from the very beginning. Yugoslav patriots fought not only against the invaders and numerous Yugoslav quislings (Pavelić in Croatia, Nedić in Serbia, etc.), but also against conservative forces, who, after the liberation of the country, counted on the restoration of the old bourgeois-landlord order. The royal government of Yugoslavia, which was in exile, considered the armed struggle to be premature, adventuristic and contrary to the interests of the people. In an address to the people on June 22, 1941, broadcast on London radio, it called for calmly awaiting the future victory of the Allies, who would "bring freedom" to Yugoslavia ( European Resistance Movements 1939 - 1945. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the History of the Resistance Movements held in Milan 26 - 29 March 1961. Oxford, 1964, p. 466.). Such, in fact, was the political line of the Chetniks of Mihailović, who invariably rejected all proposals of the Yugoslav partisans to establish contact with him, and then went into direct armed conflicts with them. But it was no longer possible to extinguish the fire of the partisan war in Yugoslavia, it flared up more and more.

The resistance movement in the countries of the fascist bloc was directed against the regimes that existed in them and the social forces on which they relied, for the restoration of democratic rights and freedoms. In the first period of the war, the anti-fascist struggle was waged here only by small groups of people, convinced revolutionaries, communists, genuine democrats. The instructors of the Central Committee of the KKE R. Halmeyer, G. Schmeer, J. Müller, G. Hanke and other comrades who arrived illegally in Germany worked to create a new central party leadership. Despite the fact that with the outbreak of war in Germany, repression intensified and propaganda of racism, chauvinism and militarism began to be carried out more widely, the struggle against fascism did not stop. Underground anti-fascist groups operated in the country: the "Inner Front" in the Berlin area ( German Imperialism and the Second World War, p. 599.), the W. Knöchel group in the Rhine-Westphalian region ( Ibid., p. 617.), the groups of R. Urich, X. Schulze-Boysen and A. Harnack, X. Günther, Eva and Fritz Schulze and others ( W. Schmidt. Damit Deutschlandlebe, S. 288-336.). These groups carried out anti-fascist propaganda, published leaflets and newspapers in small quantities, and committed acts of sabotage and sabotage. On the scope of propaganda activities anti-fascist underground in Germany, the archives of the Gestapo testify, according to which in January 1941 228 anti-fascist publications were recorded, and in May - 519 ( Ibid., S. 330.).

Under the leadership of the communist parties, the anti-fascist struggle unfolded in Italy, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary and Finland.

A special page in the European resistance movement is the struggle of prisoners in numerous Nazi concentration camps. And here, under the leadership of the communists, leaders of the labor movement, underground organizations were created that fought against unbearable living conditions, organized escapes.

The more the scale of the war expanded, the more people realized what fascist aggression brought to the peoples, the brighter the anti-fascist liberation struggle flared up, the role of the working masses in the struggle against the enslavers increased. Objectively, conditions were developing in which the fate of the war against the countries of the fascist bloc was increasingly determined by the struggle of the broad masses of the people, in the vanguard of which were the communist and workers' parties.

patriotic, liberation democratic movement against fascist occupiers and regimes during WW II. It developed in the territories occupied by the aggressors and in the countries of the fascist bloc. Its goals are liberation from fascism, the restoration of national independence, the establishment of a democratic system, and the implementation of progressive social transformations. Its forms are non-compliance with the orders of the occupying authorities, anti-fascist propaganda, assistance to persons persecuted by the Nazis, intelligence activities in favor of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition, strikes, sabotage, sabotage, mass actions and demonstrations, partisan struggle, armed uprisings. Various social forces participated in the Resistance Movement: the working class, the peasantry, the patriotic intelligentsia, part of the clergy, the petty and middle bourgeoisie, prisoners of war, escaped prisoners of concentration camps. In total, 2.2 million people participated in the movement. It made a significant contribution to the defeat of the bloc of fascist states

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RESISTANCE MOVEMENT

nat.-liberate., anti-fascist democratic. people's movement masses during the Second World War 1939-45 against German, Italian. and Japanese. occupiers and collaborating with them local reactions. elements. D.S. was one of the creatures. factors that led to the transformation of the 2nd World War into a just one, free., anti-fascist. war and contributed to the victory of anti-fascists. coalitions; in it the decisive role of the Nar was especially clearly manifested. masses in the life of society, their increased influence on the fate of state-in. With its roots, D.S. was closely connected with the struggle against fascism and the war waged by the Nar. masses in the prewar. years (armed battles in Austria, the People's Front in France, the struggle against foreign interventionists and Francoist rebels in Spain), and was a continuation of this struggle in the conditions of war and fascist. enslavement. D.S. was a natural and legitimate struggle against fascism and its "new order" as an undisguised form of nat. and social oppression of peoples by imperialism. Various classes and strata of the population, regardless of class, participated in the D.S. belongings, political and religious convictions: workers and peasants, mountains. small and partly cf. bourgeoisie, democratic minded intelligentsia and part of the clergy. In Asian countries in the fight against the Japanese. colonialists rallied even more heterogeneous sections of the population. In almost all countries occupied by the fascists, there were two currents in the D.S.: 1) people's democratic, led by the working class, headed by the communist. parties that put forward in their programs will liberate. struggle demands not only national, but also social liberation, and 2) right, conservative, led by the bourgeois. elements, which limited its tasks to the restoration of the power of the nat. bourgeoisie and the orders that existed before the occupation of the country. Ch. the working class and the peasantry, which were its active force, played a role in the D.S., especially the working class headed by the communist. and labor parties. The vast majority of bourgeois org-tions, which were part of the right wing of D.S., sought to keep the bunk. masses from the active struggle against the invaders. In their plans for the liberation of the occupied countries and the seizure of power, they focused on the victory of the West. powers, hence the characteristic feature of their tactics was the passive waiting for the arrival of the Allied troops, hesitation and inconsistency. She took the same position. part of the leaders of the Social-Democrats. and socialist. parties. In a number of countries (France, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, etc.) between the people's democratic and right-wing trends during the D. S. established cooperation against a common enemy. In some countries (Yugoslavia, Albania, Poland, Greece, etc.) who were in exile burzh. pr-va with the support of the ruling circles of Great Britain and the United States created fascism on the occupied states. bloc territories of their countries reaction. org-tion, to-rye, although formally advocated liberation from German-Fash. occupation, in fact, they fought against the people-liberate. movement, against the communist parties and other democratic. org-tions, often betraying them to the enemy. The Communists cooperated with those elements in the right current of the D.S. who were ready to lead the action. struggle against the occupiers and at the same time resolutely opposed the treacherous activities of antinar. bourgeois org-tions and those bourgeois. representatives in the D.S., who destroyed the unity of action in the fight against the invaders, tried to seize the leadership of the national liberation. struggle to weaken D.S., to strike at the communist parties and democratic. org-tions supporting the communist parties. By its nature, D.S. in each individual country was deeply national, since it pursued the goals of nat. liberation, which met the fundamental interests of the peoples of the countries occupied by the Nazis. At the same time, it was international, because it had a common goal for all the struggling peoples - the defeat of the forces of fascism, the liberation of the territories of the occupied countries of Europe and Asia from invaders, and the creation of conditions for a lasting post-war. peace. The internationalism of D.S. was manifested in the interaction and mutual assistance of national D.S. and in the wide participation of anti-fascists various countries in every national D.S. In many countries of Europe, owls fought courageously in D.S. people who fled from fascism. concentration camps. Many owls. the patriots were the leaders of the anti-fascists. groups, partisan commanders. detachments. Ch. the goal that rallied the heterogeneous sections of the population in the D.S. was the liberation of the occupied countries from the oppression of the fascists. aggressors and the restoration of nat. independence. Thanks to Nar. the character of D.S. struggle for nat. liberation was closely intertwined with the struggle for democracy. transformation and social demands of the working people, and in the colonial and dependent countries and with the struggle for liberation from the imperialist. and colonial oppression. In a number of countries, in the course of D.S., Nar. began and won. revolutions (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia). In some countries Nar. the revolutions that developed during the D.S. period were successfully completed after the end of World War II (China, North Vietnam, North Korea). D.S. was distinguished by the variety of forms and tactics used by the patriots in the struggle against the invaders. The most common forms were: anti-fascist. propaganda and agitation, publication and distribution of underground literature, strikes, sabotage of work at enterprises that produced products for the occupiers, and in transport, armament. attacks to destroy traitors and representatives of the occupation. administration, partisan war. The highest and most effective form of D.S. was vsenar. armed uprising, in which the leading role belonged to the working class. Communist and workers' parties, which acted as the organizers and inspirers of D.S., developed programs for the nat.-liberate in relation to the conditions of each country. anti-fascist struggle. Proceeding from the fact that the fundamental problem in the life of the countries of Europe occupied by the Nazis was the destruction of the Nazis. occupation mode, software docks you nat.-free. movements oriented all the patriots of these countries to the deployment of a wide bunk. struggle for the overthrow of foreign domination, the restoration of nat. independence and the establishment of a democratic freedom. So, in the Communist Manifesto. Party of Czechoslovakia (KPC) dated March 15, 1939, stated that the communists "will selflessly and boldly fight in the vanguard of the national resistance for the restoration of complete freedom and independence of the Czech nation." The HRC called on the working people of the city and the countryside, all honest patriots of the country to unite in a broad nat. front and deploy will decide. fight against fascism. invaders and their accomplices. The same task of consolidating patriotic. forces was put forward in the proposals of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of France to the government of June 6, 1940 and in its Manifesto to the French people, published on July 10, 1940 in the newspaper. "Humanite", in the Appeal of the Communist Party of Greece dated 2 Nov. 1939, in the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Indochina (June 1940), in the Directive of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China of March 6, 1940, in the Appeal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Romania of July 8, 1941, in the Appeal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia of April 15. 1941 and in the software documents of the communist. parties of other countries that have undergone fascist. occupation. The progressive forces of the fascist countries headed by the communists. block its chapter. the task was seen in being selfless. fight against fascism and reaction to promote the victory of freedom-loving peoples in their just war for the nat. independence, overthrow the fascist. regime and establish democratic. orders. So, already in the first days of the war (Sept. 1939), the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Germany, which was in the deep underground, turned to the members of the party, all of them. patriots with an appeal to join forces in the fight against fascism and the war unleashed by it. adventures. With a similar appeal addressed to the Italian. to the people of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Italy (June 1940). The process of emergence and development of D. S. in different countries did not take place simultaneously, its scope and forms of struggle were determined by a number of internal. and ext. factors, ratio class. forces, natural geographic. conditions, etc. In Slovakia and in some of the countries where the partisan movement became widespread. movement (Yugoslavia, Poland, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Albania, Vietnam, Malaya, Philippines), it grew into a national liberation. war against fascism. invaders. Moreover, this outgrowth took place at different stages of the war, over several years, up to and including 1944. In Yugoslavia and Albania, the national liberation the war against the invaders merged with the civil. war against internal reaction opposed to liberate. movements of their peoples. Due to a number of military and internal politics. reasons in countries such as the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, armed. the struggle was not widely developed. The main and most massive and effective form of D.S. in these countries was the strike movement, anti-fascist. demonstrations. In Germany Ch. the form of struggle was the carefully concealed activity of the underground anti-fascists. groups to involve workers in the active struggle against fascism, the dissemination of propaganda. materials among the population and in the army, providing assistance to foreign. workers and prisoners of war, etc. D.S. in its development (Ch. arr. in the countries of Western Europe) passed the following main periods due to the turning points of the 2nd World War and, above all, the position on its decisive Sov.-German. front. (For an insert card on D.S., see between pp. 688-689). The first period (the beginning of the war - June 1941) was a period of accumulation of forces, organizational. and propagandistic preparation of the mass struggle, when illegal anti-fascists were created and strengthened. org-tion. Communist parties in enemy-occupied countries developed anti-fascist programs. free. struggle, rallied the patriotic. force, spent will explain. work among the masses, seeking to overcome the confusion and feelings of hopelessness that gripped the meaning. part of the population of the occupied countries who fell under the yoke of the fascist enslavers. Already from the first days of the 2nd World War, antifascist began in the occupied districts. speeches. In Poland in Sept.-Oct. 1939 in the fight against German-fascist. occupation troops involved separate military units and small partisans. detachments created by soldiers who escaped captivity and the local population. Main core of the first partisans. groups and detachments were workers, and the Polish communists acted as their vanguard, to-rye, despite the dissolution of the checkpoint (1938), continued to lead the revolution. work. During the autumn of 1939 - summer 1940 D.S. part of Polish Silesia. Since 1940, sabotage has spontaneously arisen at enterprises and railways. transport, which soon became widespread. Main Polish form of wrestling. peasants during this period was the sabotage of supplies, non-payment of numerous. taxes. Gradually, the non-proletarian sections of the population and the progressive Polish were drawn into the struggle. intelligentsia. However, what has begun will set you free. the movement was still heterogeneous and unorganized, since in Poland in the first years of the occupation there was no political. a party capable of uniting and leading the patriotic struggle. forces. In Czechoslovakia, in the initial period of German-Fash. Occupation an important form of struggle were political. manifestations, the boycott of fascism. the press, there was also a strike movement (in 1939 there were a total of 25 strikes at 31 factories). At the call of the underground Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Czech and Slovak patriots set about creating groups to fight against the invaders, who began in the fall of 1939 to carry out acts of sabotage and sabotage at factories, transport, etc. In Yugoslavia, the first partisans. detachments that arose immediately after the occupation of the country (April 1941) Ch. arr. on the initiative of the communists, they consisted of small groups of patriotic soldiers and officers, who did not lay down their arms, but went to the mountains to continue the fight. Partiz. the struggle in Yugoslavia by the summer of 1941 intensified, but was not yet of a mass character. In France, the first participants in the DC were the workers of the Paris region and the departments of Nord and Pas de Calais, as well as other industrial workers. centers. The most common forms of resistance during this period were sabotage at enterprises and railways. -d. transport, patriotic workers' demonstrations and strikes. One of the first major protests organized by the communists against the occupiers was a demonstration of many thousands of students and working youth in Paris on November 11. 1940, on the anniversary of the end of the 1st World War. In May 1941 there was a powerful strike that swept St. 100 thousand miners of the departments of Nord and Pas de Calais. At the call of the PCF, thousands of representatives of the French. The intelligentsia joined with the working class in the struggle for the liberation of France. In May 1941, on the initiative of the PCF, a mass patriotic movement was created. Association - National front that united the French. patriots of various social strata and views. Simultaneously with the creation of the National front of the PCF prepared the conditions for the widespread deployment of weapons. struggle against the invaders. Already in con. 1940 Communists created the germ of the military. org-tion, which received the name. The "Special Organization", which was soon renamed the "Frantieres and Partisans" (FTP) organization. The peoples of other European countries also rose to fight against the invaders. state-in - Albania (occupied by the Italian army in April 1939), Belgium and the Netherlands (occupied by the German-fascist army in May 1940), Greece (April 1941), etc. However, a characteristic feature of D. S. in the first period was the predominance of elements of spontaneity in it and its still insufficient organization. Attacks on invaders and traitors were carried out by individuals or small groups of patriots. During this period, the national liberation movement, which began before the 2nd World War, reached a large scale. wrestling whale. people defending their independence from the Japanese. imperialists. After the July 1937 attack on China by the Japanese. the invaders, encouraged by the ruling circles of the USA, Great Britain and France, opened a new streak in the implementation of their plans to seize all of China, D.S. people took on a mass character. Due to the fact that two camps were formed in China at that time - the democratic one, headed by the CPC, and the bourgeois-landlords, headed by the Kuomintang, each with its own territory and its own armed forces. forces, there actually existed two independent. front: Kuomintang and CCP-led democratic. front of the liberated districts, and the latter was the main. anti-Japanese front. D.S. Between Oct. 1938 to Aug. 1945 intense struggle in China was carried out Ch. arr. between Japanese. army and liberated districts. The leading force of the national-liberate. war was the CCP. In the course of the struggle, the forces of the 8th and New 4th armies and partisans led by the Communist Party grew. detachments in the rear of the Japanese. Aug 20 - Dec 5 1940 units of the 8th Army spent in the North. China attack on Japan. position, known as the battle of the "hundred regiments". In the liberated areas were democratic. transformation, through general elections were elected democratic. authorities, the leadership of which the people handed over to the communists. Democratic transformations strengthened the anti-Japanese base. struggle and prepared correspondingly. transformation throughout China. The second period (June 1941 - November 1942) is characterized by the strengthening of the D.S. in the countries of Europe and Asia in connection with the entry of the USSR into the war against fascists. Germany and its allies in Europe as a result of a treacherous attack on him by the Nazis. Germany and other European state-in fash. block. Under the influence of courage. struggle and the first victories of the Red Army over German-fascist. D.S. troops in almost all European countries began to acquire the character of a nationwide. struggle against the invaders and traitors, a major success was achieved in rallying the patriotic. forces. Free. the struggle of the peoples was led by mass patriotic. org-tion - Nat. front in Poland and France, Antifascist. People's Liberation Council in Yugoslavia, Nat.-liberate. front in Greece and Albania, front of independence in Belgium, Fatherlands. front in Bulgaria. In Yugoslavia, on June 27, 1941, the Communist Party formed Ch. Headquarters people-liberate. partisan detachments. On July 4, the Central Committee of the CPY decided to arm. uprising. July 7, 1941 began arming. uprising in Serbia, July 13 - in Montenegro, armed at the end of July. the struggle began in Slovenia, in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Despite the terror and undertaken in Sept. and Oct. 1941 carats. expeditions to eliminate the partisans. forces and suppress the uprising, the invaders were unable to strangle the liberates. struggle of the peoples of Yugoslavia. By the end of 1941, 44 partisans were active in the country. detachment, 14 separate battalions and 1 proletarian brigade (up to 80 tons in total). Heading their struggle, the main headquarters of the people-liberate. squads on Sept. 1941 was transformed into the supreme headquarters of the people-liberate. partisan detachments of Yugoslavia. By the end of 1942, the patriots had liberated 1/5 of the territory. Yugoslavia. Nov 26-27 In 1942, the Anti-Fascist Council for the People's Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOYU) was formed, which elected the Executive. to-t, which actually performed the functions of a pr-va, which included, along with the communists, representatives of all anti-fascists. groups. An important role in the further deployment of the increased in 1941 struggle of the Polish. people played created, in Jan. 1942 The Polish Workers' Party (PPR), which acted as the organizer of the partisans. detachments and the leader of their armament. fight against the invaders. Partiz. detachments in May 1942 united in the Guard of Lyudov. Following the example of the Guard of Ludova on the way to arm. struggles became many. detachments of the "Battalions of Cotton" and the Home Army, created by the emigrant government of Poland and intended not to fight the invaders, but to disrupt this struggle and seize power in the country at the time of its liberation. Soldiers and b. hours of junior officers of the Home Army were honest patriots and eager to fight the invaders. The first partisans were created in Czechoslovakia in the summer of 1942. groups. In Bulgaria, on the initiative of the Communist Party (BKP), in 1942 the Fatherland Front was created underground, uniting all anti-fascists headed by the Communists. forces and started a broad partisan. anti-fascist. war. For the leadership of the armed The Center was created by the struggle against the occupiers. military commission, transformed in the spring of 1943 into Ch. Headquarters people-liberate. partisan army. In Romania, the Communist Party (CPR) in 1941 developed an anti-fascist program. wrestling rum. people. Under her arms. in the beginning. 1943 in the underground was created Patriotich. front, in which, in addition to the CPR, included democratic. cross. org-tion "Front of farmers", democratic. org-tion hung. nat. minorities "Mados" and others. The partisans expanded. wrestling alb. people, led by the established in November. 1941 by the Communist Party (CPA). Released in Greece. the fight was led by created in Sept. 1941 on the initiative of the Greek. Communist Party (KKE) Nat.-liberate. front (EAM), the core of which were workers and peasants. Arising in the early 1941 partisans. The units were merged in Dec. 1941 in Nar.-liberate. army (ELAS). The leading role in EAM and ELAS belonged to the KKE. The fight against German-Fash. Invaders also intensified in other European countries: Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands. In the 2nd floor. 1941 increased antifascist. and anti-war. speeches of workers in Italy, protesting against Italy's participation in the war on the side of the Nazis. Germany. At the initiative of the IKP in Sept. In 1941, the "K-t of action to unite the Italian people" was created in the country, the task of which was to organize the people. fight against war. As a result of the persistent activity of the Communists in order to unite the efforts of the nation in November. 1942 in Turin was formed Kt nat. front, which consisted of representatives of the antifascist. parties. The same k-you were created in other cities. Antifascist, which did not stop during the war years, became more active. struggle against the Nazis in fascist. Germany. It was carried out in difficult conditions by the communists of Germany jointly. with the best representatives of the Social Democracy and the Bespart. workers. Despite the repression of the Gestapo, in con. 1941 - beginning. In 1942, the production of underground antiwars increased significantly in the country. and antifascist. printed materials. Antifascist organizers. struggle were underground communist. groups of Urich, Schulze-Boysen, Bestlein-Jakob-Abshagen, Neubauer-Poser and others. Under the influence of the heroic. struggle of the Red Army expanded D. S. peoples of the countries of the East. and South East. Asia exposed to Japanese. occupation. The greatest scope in Asian countries took nat.-liberate. wrestling whale. people. In 1941-42 Japanese. the army launched a "general offensive" against the liberated districts, but at the cost of heavy losses, it was only able to capture part of the territory. liberated districts Sev. China, and the territory of the liberated districts of the Central and South. China continued to expand during this period as well. Inspired by the heroes owl resistance. the people of German-Fash. the invaders launched an active struggle for the liberation of their countries from the oppression of the Japanese. invaders patriots of Vietnam, Korea, Burma, Malaya, Indonesia, Philippines. In Vietnam in 1941, the Communists created the core of the partisans. army. In May 1941, on the initiative of the Indochinese Communist Party, the Viet Minh League for the Independence of Vietnam was founded. Partisans formed and fought in the provinces of Vietnam. squads. D.S. also unfolded in other regions of Indochina - Laos and Cambodia. In Malaya, the first partisans. detachments began to be created by the communists in Dec. 1941. In the end. In 1942, an anti-Japanese was created on their basis. army of the peoples of Malaya. Among the citizens The population was organized anti-Japanese. union. In these organizations, the Communist Party rallied the workers and peasants of the three main national. groups of Malaya - Malays, Chinese and Indians. In the spring of 1942, immediately after the Japanese. occupation of Indonesia, began to deploy will liberate. indonesian wrestling. people directed against the Japanese. invaders, against all colonial oppression. Acts of sabotage and sabotage were organized at enterprises and transport, the cross was raised. uprisings (in Singaparna, Indramayu, in the Karo region), there was an uprising of troops in Blitar. All these anti-Japanese. performances were brutally suppressed by the invaders. In 1942, the struggle against the Japanese began. occupiers in Burma. In the north and in some center. In the regions of the country, the communists who were in the underground created partisans. detachments and groups that fought against the invaders and the local military who collaborated with them. administration. The anti-Japanese got a big swing. wrestling in the Philippines. The Communist Party of the Philippines united and led the working class, the working peasantry and part of the national. bourgeoisie into a single anti-Japanese. patriotic front. forces. In March 1942, in addition to other anti-Japanese. org-tions, headed by representatives of nat. bourgeoisie, on the initiative of the Communist Party was created Nar. the Hukbalahap army, which, relying on the support of the population, led the fight against the invaders. The D.S., deployed in Europe and Asia against the invaders, contributed to the strengthening of the anti-fascist coalition and significantly weakened the forces of the countries of the fascist bloc. The third period (November 1942 - the end of 1943) is associated with a radical turning point in the war, caused by East. the victories of the Red Army on the Volga and near Kursk; D.S. in all occupied countries and even in some countries that are part of the fascist. the bloc (including in Germany itself) sharply intensified; ended in the main nat. patriotic association. forces and created a single obschenats. fronts. D.S. became more and more widespread. Communists of their courage. by struggle they won the confidence of the people and became the leading force of the D.S. The partisans reached enormous proportions. movement and began to play a decisive role in antifascist. fight. On the basis of the partisans. detachments were created nar.-liberate. armies in Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria. In Poland, the Guards of Ludov acted, enticing the detachments of the Home Army with their example, which was prevented in every possible way by its reactionaries. leaders. 19 Apr. 1943 an uprising began in the Warsaw ghetto in response to an attempt by the German-fascist. troops to take out for destruction another batch of Heb. population. Brutally suppressed after several weeks of heroic. struggle, the uprising contributed to the intensification of the struggle of the Polish. people against the invaders. New partisans emerged. detachments in Czechoslovakia, Romania. Has reached a wide scope will free. wrestling in France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands. In Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia and North. In Italy, entire regions were liberated from the invaders, on the territory of which the narcotics bodies created by the patriots operated. authorities. In some countries partisans. the struggle grew into a national-liberate. war against fascism. invaders and merged with civilians. war against internal reactions. In a number of countries, preparations for the implementation of the general armed uprisings; against invaders and traitors. An example of the struggle against fascism for the peoples of the world was the Soviet partisans (see. Partisan movement in the Great Patriotic War 1941-45). The victory of the Red Army, the struggle of owls. people on temporarily captured by the Nazis owls. territories - in Belarus, in Ukraine, in Karelia, the Baltic states, the Bryansk region, Leningrad and other regions of the RSFSR, where compounds of owls. The partisans actively assisted the regular troops of the Red Army and had a tremendous impact on the entire further course of the development of D.S. not only in Europe but also in Asia. Armed on a large scale. struggle in China, especially in those regions where it was led by the CCP. 8th and New 4th Armies of China, along with partisans. detachments and nar. The militia of the liberated regions not only successfully repelled Japanese attacks. troops, but they themselves went on the offensive. In the battles of 1943, the national-revolutionary. army and other forces of the whale. people destroyed more than 250 thousand invaders and their accomplices - the so-called. troops of the puppet "pr-va" Wang Jing-wei, returned the territories of the liberated districts, lost in battles with the Japanese. troops in 1941-42. In Korea in 1943, despite persecution and police terror, the number of strikes and cases of sabotage sharply increased. Numerous in Vietnam partisan detachments by the end of 1943 expelled the Japanese. invaders from many districts in the north of the country. In the liberated districts, instead of the colonial authorities, the patriots created their own committees, which became the embryo of a new, democratic. building. In Burma, the center of the patriotic. forces of the country was formed in 1944 Antifash. League of People's Freedom, which included the Communist Party, trade unions, and other patriotic. the strength of the country. The struggle of the patriots of Malaya, Indonesia and the Philippines intensified. Fourth period (late 1943 - May-September 1945). During this period, the Red Army inflicted fascism. crush the invaders. blows, drove them from the owls. land, moved the military. actions on the territory of the Eastern countries. and South East. Europe, she played a decisive role in the liberation of these countries from the fascist invaders. In the context of a successful offensive by owls. troops nationwide antifascist. the struggle in many occupied countries resulted in armed forces. uprisings that led to the establishment of the People's Democratic. building. After the start of the Iasi-Chisinau operation of the Red Army on August 23. 1944 antifascist happened. nar. uprising in Romania, which marked the beginning of a radical turn in the history of this country. With the introduction of owls. troops on the territory Bulgaria began (September 9, 1944) armed. Bulgarian uprising. people (see the September people's armed uprising of 1944), which opened the era of socialism for Bulgaria. Aug 1 1944 began lasting 63 days and ended tragically antifascist. Warsaw Uprising 1944. 29 Aug. 1944 began the Slovak uprising of 1944, which played a huge role in the development of the struggle of the peoples of Czechoslovakia against the Nazis. invaders. Great assistance to the uprising was provided by the command of the Red Army and the Soviets. partisans. The final event in the liberation of Czechoslovakia was the Czech uprising. people in May 1945, the center of which was in Prague. The formations of the Red Army, which made a rapid transition in a short time (see the Prague operation of 1945), came to the aid of the Czechs. people. Having expelled the invaders and the traitors who collaborated with them from among the monopolistic. the bourgeoisie and landlords, the working masses of Czechoslovakia, headed by the working class, took the fate of the state into their own hands and established a People's Democratic Party in Czechoslovakia. system that ensured the development of the country on the path to socialism. As the combat successes of the Red Army in the fight against fascism grew, the liberation expanded. wrestling in Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Albania. Patriotic The forces of these countries, under the leadership of the working class, created organs of revolution. authorities who solved the problems of the People's Democrats. revolution. Dec. 1943, when the victories of the Red Army brought the liberation of Poland closer, in Poland, on the initiative of the PPR, the Craiova Rada Narodova (KRN) was created, then local councils of the peoples began to be created, and in July 1944 the Polish Committee of the National. liberation, to-ry took over the functions of the time. pr-va. In Hungary, in the conditions of the beginning of the liberation of the country of owls. troops 2 Dec. 1944 Weng was created at the initiative of the Communist Party. nat. front of independence, and on 22 Dec. 1944 Temp. nat. assembly in Debrecen formed Provisional. nat. pr-in. November 29 in Yugoslavia 1943 was created Nat. Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia, who served as the Provisional. revolutionary pr-va, and on March 7, 1945, after the liberation of the country of owls. and Yugoslav armed forces, - democratic. pr-in. A legislature was created in Albania. organ - Antifash. nat.-liberate. council of Albania, which formed the Anti-fascist nat.-liberate. to-t, endowed with the functions of time. pr-va. In Greece, the patriots took advantage of the favorable situation caused by the rapid advance of the Red Army in the Balkans, and achieved the liberation of the entire territory by the end of October 1944. continental Greece from German-Fash. invaders. However, the Greek the people failed to consolidate the won independence and establish a bunk. power. German-Fash. occupiers in Oct. 1944 changed to English. troops, to-rye, with the support of the United States, restored reaction in Greece. monarchic. mode. D.S. achieved great success in France. Established in May 1943 Nat. On March 15, 1944, the Resistance Council (NSS) adopted the D.S. program, which outlined the urgent tasks of the struggle for the liberation of France and provided for the prospects for economic development. and democratic. development of France after its liberation. In the spring of 1944, the fighting organizations of the Resistance united and created a single army of the French. internal forces (FFI) numbering up to 500 thousand people, in which the leading role belonged to the communists. Under the influence of the victories of the Red Army and the landing of the Allied troops in Normandy (June 6, 1944), the struggle against the invaders grew into a general. uprising, the highest point of which was the victorious Parisian uprising of August 19-25. 1944. Franz. patriots liberated most terr. France, including Paris, Lyon, Grenoble and a number of others. major cities. In Italy, in the summer of 1944, a united partisan was created. the patriotic army of the Corps of Freedom Volunteers, numbering St. 100 thousand fighters. Partiz. the army liberated vast areas in northern Italy from invaders. Patriotic groups arose and fought in cities and villages. actions. Along with partisan struggle in the winter of 1944-45 in a number of industrial. centers of the North. Italy went on massive strikes. In Apr. In 1945, a general strike began in the north of the country, which developed into a general strike. an uprising that ended with the liberation from the invaders of the North. and Center. Italy before the arrival of the Anglo-Amer. troops. By the summer of 1944, up to 50,000 partisans were active in Belgium. Armed. partisan and patriotic struggle. militia thanks to the efforts of the communists ended nationwide. uprising that swept in Sept. 1944 the whole country and contributed to the liberation of many. towns and villages in Belgium. In Germany, despite the cruel mass repressions and executions, the leader of the Germans became the victims. communists Ernst Thalmann, most of the participants and leaders of the anti-fascists. groups, the Nazis could not completely suppress the country's DS Surviving communist. groups continued to fight against fascists. mode. Outside of Germany, in July 1943, on the initiative of the Central Committee of the KKE, a nat. the leading center of the struggle against Hitler's domination was the National Committee "Free Germany" (NKSG), in which representatives of various political parties united. views and beliefs. The creation of the NKSG had great importance for the activities of it. anti-fascists who were in Germany itself, in it.-fascist. troops, as well as in the countries occupied by Germany. France in Nov. 1943 The Free Germany Committee for the West was formed. German the communists in France, Belgium and the Netherlands, with the help of local communists, led the anti-fascist. work among him. occupation troops and actively participated in the organizations and detachments of D.S. in these countries. The program of the NKSG and its activities provided significant assistance to anti-fascists in Germany itself. Antifash. German fight. Democrats under the leadership of the Communist Party contributed to the fight against fascism in Germany and played an important role in the formation after the war of the first in the history of it. people of the workers' and peasants' state-va - German Democratic. Republic. D.S. achieved great success in Asia. In the Philippines, The Hukbalahap army in 1944, with the active participation of the population, cleared the Japanese. invaders a number of areas about. Luzon, where the democratic transformations. However, the progressive forces of the Philippine people failed to consolidate the gains made. In Indochina in con. 1944 on the basis of partisans organized in 1941. detachments formed the Vietnam Liberation Army. D.S. received a particularly large scope immediately after the USSR entered the war against Japan, which led to the defeat of the owls. troops of the Kwantung Army (Aug. 1945) and to the liberation of the North-East. China and Korea. Owl victories. troops allowed the 8th and New 4th armies to go on a general offensive. They freed from the Japanese. occupiers almost all of northern and part of central China. Free. wrestling whale. people contributed to the defeat of the imperialistic. Japan and laid the foundation for the further victorious deployment of nar. revolution in China. In Aug. 1945 there was a victorious Nar. uprising in Vietnam (see the August Revolution of 1945 in Vietnam), which led to the creation of an independent Democratic. Republic of Vietnam. In Indonesia on 17 Aug. 1945 the people proclaimed the formation of a republic. Malaya is anti-Japanese. nar. the army in 1944-45 liberated a number of districts of the country, and in August. 1945 disarmed the Japanese. troops even before landing there. armed forces. In March 1945, the general public began. uprising in Burma, which completed the liberation of the country from the Japanese. occupiers. D. S., who made a great contribution to the defeat of the fascist bloc, influenced further development national liberation struggle of the peoples of Asia and Africa. In the course of the D.S., the peoples of the whole world were again convinced by the facts of the truly international character of the policy of the Soviets. socialist. state-va. The Soviet Union gave the peoples of all countries fighting against fascists. domination, a huge political, economic. and military help. The ruling circles of the United States and Great Britain treated D.S. in a completely different way. Despite some differences, determined by the imperialist. the goals of their policy, pr-va app. The powers in their attitude towards D.S. agreed on the main thing. They feared the rise of the political. people's activity masses and outgrowing nat.-liberate. movements in the revolution. fight against the bourgeoisie. regimes, and in the occupied countries of the East and South-East - against the imperialist. and colonial oppression. Throughout the war, formally recognizing put. the role of D.S. and using its results to achieve victory over the fascist troops. coalitions, the United States and Great Britain focused on the bourgeoisie. and moderate-liberal elements in the D.S. and, together with the émigré representatives of the occupied European countries, were supported only by the D.S. organizations under the influence of representatives of the bourgeoisie, which were not intended to drive out the fascists. invaders, but to fight for the restoration of pre-war. conservative modes. Based on the reaction forces in the occupied countries, the governments of the USA and Great Britain, tried in every possible way to subjugate D.S. in order to narrow its goals and scope, limiting the participation of the people. masses passive forms struggle: collection of intelligence. information and the implementation of sabotage in the rear of it. invaders under the strict control of the Anglo-Amer. intelligence services. In order to limit the scope of the truly popular D.S., the governments of the United States and Great Britain sent their agents into its ranks, sought to oppose the working class and the communists to other social groups and political groups. the currents that participated in the D.S. created and armed the reactionaries. antinar. formations supported the traitors who masqueraded as members of the D.S. (“Bali Kombetar” in Albania, Drazh Mikhailovich in Yugoslavia, etc.), and at the same time refused to support the democratic and especially the proletarian elements and, together with the reactionaries. the forces of the occupied countries tried to prevent the nat there. armed uprisings; they used the presence of their troops in countries liberated from fascists. invaders (Italy, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway), and in the West. Germany against the democratic forces to restore monopoly power. bourgeoisie; disarmed the participants of the D.S., without stopping at the use of military. forces (in Greece, Indonesia, Malaya, the Philippines); tried to send their troops to Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia in order to establish an antinar there. regimes, which was prevented by the Red Army and democratic. the strength of these countries. Many heroes of D.S. died in the fight against the invaders. The largest number the victims were the communists who were in the front ranks of the D.S.D.S. played the creatures. role in the defeat

RESISTANCE MOVEMENT 1939-45, national liberation, anti-fascist movement in the territories occupied by Germany and its allies and in the countries of the fascist bloc themselves.

It acquired the greatest scope in Yugoslavia, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Greece, China, Albania. The resistance movement was attended by patriotic representatives of all segments of the population, as well as prisoners of war, people forcibly driven to work, prisoners of concentration camps. Significant role in the organization resistance movement and the mobilization of its forces for the struggle was played by the exiled governments of the occupied states, patriotic organizations and political parties and movements.

common goal resistance movement was liberation from fascism. occupation, the restoration of national independence and the post-war state structure on the basis of democracy. Forces resistance movement used various forms and methods of struggle: anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, assistance to persons persecuted by the invaders, intelligence activities in favor of the allies in anti-Hitler coalition, strikes, sabotage, sabotage, mass actions and demonstrations, partisan movement, armed uprisings, which developed into a national liberation war in a number of countries.

the USSR provided resistance movement many countries direct assistance in the training and transfer of national personnel for the deployment of guerrilla warfare, in the supply of weapons, ammunition, medicines, the evacuation of the wounded, etc.

Scope and activity resistance movement largely depended on the course of the armed struggle on the fronts of World War II. In Sept. – Oct. 1939 in Poland, small partisan detachments began to fight against the German occupation troops, sabotage was carried out at enterprises and railway transport. In Czechoslovakia, political demonstrations, strikes, sabotage at factories were held. In Yugoslavia, immediately after the occupation of the country (April 1941), the first partisan detachments began to be created.

After the defeat of the Germans near Moscow resistance movement began to take on the character of national movements led by the National Fronts in Poland, France, the Anti-Fascist People's Liberation Council in Yugoslavia, the National Liberation Fronts in Greece, Albania, the Independence Front in Belgium, and the Fatherland Front in Bulgaria. On June 27, 1941, in Yugoslavia, the Main (from Sept. - Supreme) headquarters of the people's liberation partisan detachments was created. By the end of 1942, the patriots had liberated 1/5 of the territory of Yugoslavia. In the summer of 1942, the first partisan groups launched combat activities in Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria. Dec. 1941 Greek partisan detachments united in the People's Liberation Army.

The time from the end of 1942 to the spring of 1944 was marked by the development of the most active forms of struggle. On August 1, the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 began in Poland. In China, the people's army liberated a number of regions of the country in battles with Japanese troops. From the spring of 1944 forces resistance movement directly participated in the liberation of countries from fascist occupation: the Slovak national uprising of 1944, the anti-fascist armed uprising in Romania, the September people's armed uprising in Bulgaria in 1944, the popular uprising in northern Italy, the May uprising of the Czech people in 1945. troops formed the Hungarian National Independence Front. The struggle against the invaders in France developed into a nationwide uprising, which culminated in the Paris uprising of 1944. French patriots liberated most of the country's territory on their own. In Aug. 1945 The People's Uprising in Vietnam won.

Resistance movement was international. People of different nationalities fought in its ranks. In European countries, an active struggle against fascism were led by thousands of owls. people who escaped from captivity, concentration camps, places of forced labor. In Poland total strength owls. citizens who fought in partisan formations reached 12 thousand people, in Yugoslavia - 6 thousand, in Czechoslovakia - about 13 thousand. Several thousand owls operated in France. citizens, more than 5 thousand fought in Italy. In cooperation with German, Romanian patriots, owls. people actively fought against the Nazis in Germany, Romania.

Thousands of owls people involved in resistance movement abroad, awarded owls. orders and medals, as well as signs of military prowess of those countries where they fought. The heroes of the anti-fascist struggle were: in Italy - F.A. Poletaev, M. Dashtoyan, in France - V.V. Porik, S.E. Sapozhnikov, in Belgium - B.I. Tyagunov, K.D. Shukshin, in Norway - N.V. Sadovnikov.

Research Institute ( military history) VAGSH RF Armed Forces

Resistance movement

nationally - liberation, anti-fascist movement during the Second World War of 1939-45 (See World War II 1939-1945) against the German, Italian and Japanese occupiers and local reactionary elements collaborating with them. Workers and peasants, the patriotic urban petty and partly middle bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia, and part of the clergy took part in the D.S. In Asian countries, some groups of landowners also joined the struggle against the Japanese colonialists to one degree or another. In almost all the countries occupied by the fascists and in the D.S., there were two main currents: 1) democratic, led by the working class, headed by the communist parties, and putting forward the demand not only for national, but also for social liberation; 2) right-wing, conservative, led by bourgeois elements, which limited its tasks to restoring the power of the national bourgeoisie and the order that existed before the occupation. The Communists cooperated with those right-wing elements in the ranks of the D.S. who were ready to wage an active struggle against the invaders. S. established cooperation against a common enemy. In some countries (Yugoslavia, Albania, Poland, Greece, etc.), the bourgeois governments in exile, with the support of the ruling circles of Great Britain and the United States, created their own organizations on the territories of their countries occupied by the states of the fascist bloc, which, formally advocating liberation from German-fascist occupations, in fact, waged primarily a struggle against the communist parties and other democratic organizations that participated in the DC. Being deeply national in character in each individual country, DC was at the same time an international movement, because had a common goal for all the fighting peoples - the defeat of the forces of fascism, the liberation of the territories of the occupied countries from the invaders. The internationalism of D.S. was manifested in the interaction and mutual assistance of national D.S. and in the broad participation of anti-fascists from various countries in the national D.S. In many European countries, Soviet people who had fled from fascist concentration camps fought in D.S. Many Soviet patriots were leaders of anti-fascist groups, commanders of partisan detachments. In the D.S., the struggle against fascism and for national liberation was, as a rule, closely intertwined with the struggle for democratic transformation and the social demands of the working people, and in colonial and dependent countries, with the struggle against imperialist and colonial oppression. People's democratic revolutions unfolded in a number of countries that entered D. S. (See People's Democratic Revolution). In some countries, the popular revolutions that began during the D.S. period were successfully completed after the end of World War II.

D. S. was distinguished by the variety of forms of struggle against the invaders. The most common forms were: anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, publication and distribution of underground literature, strikes, sabotage and sabotage at enterprises that produced products for the invaders and on transport, armed attacks to destroy traitors and representatives of the occupation administration, the collection of intelligence information for the armies of the anti-fascist coalitions, guerrilla warfare. The highest form of D.S. was a nationwide armed uprising in which the leading role belonged to the working class.

In some countries (Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Albania, Vietnam, Malaya, and the Philippines) D.S. developed into a national liberation war against the fascist invaders. In Yugoslavia and Albania, the national liberation war against the invaders merged with civil war against the internal reaction that opposed the liberation struggle of their peoples. In countries such as the Netherlands, Denmark, and Norway, the main forms of D.S. were the strike movement and anti-fascist demonstrations. In Germany, the main forms of D.S. were the carefully concealed activities of underground anti-fascist groups to involve workers in the struggle against fascism, the distribution of propaganda materials among the population and the army, the provision of assistance to foreign workers and prisoners of war driven to Germany, etc.

The first period of the D.S. (the beginning of the war - June 1941) was a period of accumulation of forces, organizational and propaganda preparations for the mass struggle, the creation and strengthening of illegal anti-fascist organizations with the leading participation of the Communist Parties. In Poland in September-October 1939, small partisan detachments formed by soldiers who had escaped captivity and the local population took part in the struggle against the Nazi occupying troops. The main core of the first partisan groups were workers, and their vanguard was the Polish communists, who, despite the dissolution of the Communist Party of Poland (KPP) (1938), continued to carry out revolutionary work. During the autumn of 1939 - the summer of 1940, the D.S. covered a significant part of Silesia. Since 1940, sabotage has been spontaneously carried out at enterprises and railways. transport. Polish peasants sabotaged food supplies and refused to pay numerous taxes. The progressive Polish intelligentsia was drawn into the struggle. In Czechoslovakia, during the initial period of German fascist occupation, political demonstrations, the boycott of the fascist press, and strikes also took place (in 1939 there were 25 strikes at 31 factories in total). At the call of the underground Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CPC), Czech and Slovak patriots set about creating groups that began in the fall of 1939 to carry out acts of sabotage and sabotage at factories, transport, etc. In Yugoslavia, the first partisan detachments, which arose mainly on the initiative of the Communists immediately occupation of the country (April 1941), consisted of small groups of patriotic soldiers and officers who did not lay down their arms, but went to the mountains to continue the fight. In France, the first participants in the D.S. were the workers of the Paris region, the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais, as well as other industrial centers. One of the first major actions organized by the communists against the occupiers was a demonstration of many thousands of students and working youth in Paris on November 11, 1940, on the anniversary of the end of World War I 1914-18. In May 1941, a powerful strike took place, involving over 100,000 miners in the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais. At the call of the French Communist Party (PCF), thousands of representatives of the French intelligentsia entered, together with the working class, in the struggle for the liberation of France. In May 1941, on the initiative of the PCF, a mass patriotic association was created - the National Front, which rallied French patriots of various social strata and various political views. The germ of a military organization - the "Special Organization" was created by the communists at the end of 1940; in 1941 she joined the Frantieres and Partisans (FTP) organization. The peoples of other European states also rose to fight against the invaders - Albania (occupied the italian army in April 1939), Belgium and the Netherlands (occupied by the fascist German army in May 1940), Greece (occupied in April - early June 1941), etc. During this period, the liberation struggle of the Chinese people against Japanese imperialists. In the course of the struggle, the forces of the 8th and New 4th armies and partisan detachments led by the Communist Party grew in the rear of the Japanese. August 20 - December 5, 1940 units of the 8th Army carried out an offensive against the Japanese position in North China. Democratic transformations were carried out in the liberated regions, and democratic bodies of power led by communists were elected.

The second period of D.S. (June 1941 - November 1942) is characterized by its strengthening in the countries of Europe and Asia in connection with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union of 1941-45 (See. The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union of 1941-45) . Under the influence of the courageous struggle and the first victories of the Red Army over the Nazi troops, especially historical battle near Moscow, D. S. in almost all European countries began to acquire the character of a nationwide movement. The peoples' liberation struggle was led by mass patriotic organizations - the National Fronts in Poland and France, the Anti-Fascist People's Liberation Council in Yugoslavia, the National Liberation Fronts in Greece and Albania, the Independence Front in Belgium, and the Fatherland Front in Bulgaria. In Yugoslavia, on June 27, 1941, the Communist Party formed the Main Headquarters of the People's Liberation Partisan Detachments (since September 1941 - the Supreme Headquarters of the People's Liberation Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia). On July 7, 1941, under the leadership of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY), an armed uprising began in Serbia, on July 13 - in Montenegro, at the end of July, an armed struggle began in Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. By the end of 1941, 44 partisan detachments, 14 separate battalions, and 1 proletarian brigade (up to 80,000 people in total) were operating in the country. By the end of 1942, the patriots had liberated the entire territory of Yugoslavia. On November 26-27, 1942, the Anti-Fascist Council for the People's Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOYU) was formed, which elected an Executive Committee; it included, along with the communists, representatives of all anti-fascist groups. In Poland, the Polish Workers' Party (PPR), founded in January 1942, played an important role in the further development of the liberation struggle. Following the example of the People’s Guards, many detachments of the “Clap’s Battalions” and the Home Army, created by the Polish government in exile, took the path of armed struggle, essentially not to fight the invaders, but to disrupt this struggle and seize power in the country at the time of its liberation. In Czechoslovakia, the first partisan groups were formed in the summer of 1942. In Bulgaria, on the initiative of the Communist Party, the Fatherland Front was created underground in 1942, uniting all anti-fascist forces led by the Communists and launching a broad partisan anti-fascist war. To direct the armed struggle against fascism, the Central Military Commission was created, which in the spring of 1943 was transformed into the Main Headquarters of the People's Liberation Partisan Army. The guerrilla struggle of the Albanian people, led by the Communist Party (CPA), founded in November 1941, expanded. In Greece, the liberation struggle was led by the National Liberation Front (EAM), created in September 1941 on the initiative of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), the core of which were workers and peasants. The partisan detachments that arose in early 1941 were merged in December 1941 into the People's Liberation Army (ELAS). The leading role in EAM and ELAS belonged to the KKE.

The struggle against the Nazi invaders also intensified in other European countries: France, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands. In the second half of 1941, anti-fascist and anti-war actions of the working people in Italy took on a broader scale. On the initiative of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), in October 1941, an Action Committee for the unification of the Italian people was created in the country, and in November 1942 in Turin, a Committee of the National Front, consisting of representatives of anti-fascist parties. Similar committees were also set up in other cities. In Germany, despite the repressions of the Gestapo, in late 1941 and early 1942, much more underground anti-war and anti-fascist printed materials were distributed than in the first days of the war. The organizers of the anti-fascist struggle were underground communist groups.

The D.S. of the peoples of the countries of East and Southeast Asia, subjected to Japanese occupation, was expanding, especially in China. In 1941-1942, the Japanese army launched a "general offensive" against the liberated regions, but was able to capture only part of their territory in Northern China at the cost of heavy losses; the territory of the liberated regions of Central and South China continued to expand during this period as well.

In May 1941, on the initiative of the Indochinese Communist Party, the League for the Struggle for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Minh) was founded. Partisan detachments were formed and fought in the provinces of Vietnam. D.S. also unfolded in other regions of Indochina - Laos and Cambodia.

In Malaya, at the end of 1942, on the basis of the first partisan detachments formed by the communists, an anti-Japanese army of the peoples of Malaya was created. An anti-Japanese alliance was organized among the civilian population.

In the spring of 1942, immediately after the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, the liberation struggle of the Indonesian people began to unfold. Acts of sabotage and sabotage were organized at enterprises and transport, peasant uprisings were raised. All these anti-Japanese speeches were brutally suppressed by the occupiers. In 1942, a struggle began against the Japanese occupiers in Burma, especially in the west and in the central regions, where the underground communists created partisan detachments and groups. The anti-Japanese struggle in the Philippines acquired a large scale, where a united anti-Japanese front of patriotic forces was created. In March 1942, in addition to anti-Japanese organizations headed by representatives of the national bourgeoisie, the Hukbalahap People's Army was created on the initiative of the Communist Party.

The third period of D.S. (November 1942 - late 1943) is associated with a radical turning point in the war, caused by the historic victories of the Red Army at Stalingrad and Kursk; D.S. in all the occupied countries and even in some countries that are members of the fascist bloc (including Germany itself) has sharply increased. At this time, in a number of countries, the national unification of patriotic forces was basically completed and united national fronts were strengthened. On the basis of partisan detachments, people's liberation armies were created in Yugoslavia, Albania, and Bulgaria. The Guards of Ludov were active in Poland, enticing the detachments of the Home Army with their example, which was prevented in every possible way by the reactionary leaders of the latter. On April 19, 1943, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising began (see Warsaw Uprising of 1943) , brutally suppressed after several weeks of heroic struggle. New partisan detachments arose in Czechoslovakia. In Romania, in June 1943, the Patriotic Anti-Hitler Front was founded. The liberation struggle expanded in France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands. In Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia and Northern Italy, entire regions were liberated from the invaders, on the territory of which the organs of people's power created by the patriots operated. An inspiring example of the struggle against fascism for the peoples of the world was the actions of Soviet partisans (see Partisan Movement in the Great Patriotic War 1941-45). In China, the people's revolutionary army, partisans, and people's militia units not only regained the territories of the liberated regions lost in battles with the Japanese troops in 1941-42, but also expanded them. In Korea in 1943 the number of strikes and acts of sabotage increased sharply. In Vietnam, by the end of 1943, numerous partisan detachments had expelled the Japanese invaders from many areas in the north of the country. Committees were created here, which became the embryo of a new, democratic system. In Burma, the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League, which was formed in 1944 and included the Communist Party, trade unions, and other patriotic forces of the country, became the center of the country's patriotic forces. The struggle of the patriots of Malaya, Indonesia and the Philippines intensified.

The fourth period of D.S. (late 1943 - May - September 1945). During this period, the Red Army inflicted crushing blows on the fascist invaders, expelled them from Soviet soil, liberated the peoples of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, completed the defeat of Nazi Germany together with the armed forces of the Allies (on May 8, representatives of the German command signed an act of surrender) and, speaking on May 9 August 1945 against Japan, played a decisive role in the victory over Japanese militarism.

In the context of the successful offensive of the Soviet troops, the nationwide anti-fascist struggle in a number of occupied countries resulted in armed uprisings, which became important milestones in the struggle of democratic forces, which led to the establishment of a people's democratic system in the course of people's democratic revolutions (People's armed uprising on August 23, 1944 (See. People's armed uprising in Romania in 1944) in Romania, the September people's armed uprising of 1944 in Bulgaria, the Slovak national uprising of 1944, the People's uprising of 1945 in the Czech lands). The liberation struggle expanded in Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Albania, where, just as in other countries of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, patriotic forces under the leadership of the working class created organs of revolutionary power that solved the problems of the people's democratic revolution. In December 1943, when the victories of the Red Army brought the liberation of Poland closer, the Craiova Rada Narodova (KRN) was created in the country on the initiative of the PPR, then local Rada Narodova began to be created, and in July 1944 the Polish Committee of National Liberation was formed, which took over the functions of the interim government . The reaction's attempt to use the heroic Warsaw Uprising of 1944 to seize political power was unsuccessful. The people's democratic power was strengthened in the country.

In Hungary, under the conditions of the beginning of the liberation of the country by Soviet troops, on December 2, 1944, on the initiative of the Communist Party, the Hungarian National Independence Front was created, and on December 22, 1944, the Provisional National Assembly in Debrecen formed the Provisional National Government.

In Yugoslavia, as early as November 29, 1943, the National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia was created, which performed the functions of the Provisional Revolutionary Government, and on March 7, 1945, after the country was liberated by the Soviet and Yugoslav armed forces, a democratic government was formed. In Albania, a legislative body was created - the Anti-Fascist National Liberation Council of Albania, which formed the Anti-Fascist National Liberation Committee, endowed with the functions of a provisional government.

In Greece, the patriots took advantage of the favorable situation caused by the rapid advance of the Red Army in the Balkans, and by the end of October 1944 achieved the liberation of the entire territory of continental Greece from the Nazi invaders. However, the forces of Greek reaction, with the help of British troops that entered the country in October 1944, succeeded in restoring the reactionary monarchical regime in Greece.

D.S. achieved great success in France. On March 15, 1944, the National Council of Resistance (NCR), created in May 1943, adopted the program of the D.S., which outlined the urgent tasks of the struggle for the liberation of France and envisaged the prospects for the economic and democratic development of the country after its liberation. In the spring of 1944, the combat organizations of the Resistance united and created a single army of French internal forces, numbering up to 500,000 people, in which the communists played the leading role. Under the influence of the victories of the Red Army and the landing of Allied troops in Normandy (June 6, 1944), the struggle against the invaders developed into a nationwide uprising, the culmination of which was the victorious Paris Uprising of 1944 (See Paris Uprising of 1944). French patriots on their own liberated most of the territory of France, including Paris, Lyon, Grenoble and a number of other large cities.

In Italy, in the summer of 1944, a united partisan army of patriots of the Corps of Freedom Volunteers was created, numbering over 100,000 fighters. The guerrilla army liberated vast areas in northern Italy from the invaders. Patriotic action groups sprang up in towns and villages. In the winter of 1944-45, mass strikes took place in a number of industrial centers in northern Italy. In April 1945, a general strike began in the north of the country, which grew into a nationwide uprising, which ended with the liberation of Northern and Central Italy from the invaders even before the arrival of Anglo-American troops there (see the April Uprising of 1945).

By the summer of 1944, up to 50,000 partisans were active in Belgium. The armed struggle between the partisans and the patriotic militia, thanks to the efforts of the communists, ended in a nationwide uprising that engulfed the entire country in September 1944.

In Germany, despite the brutal mass repressions and executions that killed most of the members and leaders of anti-fascist groups, the surviving communist groups continued to fight against the fascist regime. Resistance groups were created among prisoners in Nazi concentration camps. In July 1943, on the initiative of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), a national leading center for the anti-fascist struggle was created in the USSR - the National Committee "Free Germany" (NKSG), which brought together representatives of various political views and beliefs. In France, in November 1943, the Free Germany Committee for the West was formed, which led German anti-fascist work in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands with the help of local communists. communists among the occupying troops.

D.S. achieved great success in Asia. In the Philippines, the people's army of Hukbalahap in 1944, with the active participation of the population, cleared a number of areas of the island of Japanese invaders. Luzon, where democratic reforms were carried out. However, the progressive forces of the Philippine people failed to consolidate the gains made. In Indochina in May 1945, all the liberation armed forces united into a single liberation army of Vietnam (the Vietnamese People's Army). D.S. their liberation of Northeast China and Korea. The victories of the Soviet troops allowed the 8th and New 4th National Liberation Armies to clear almost all of Northern and part of Central China from the Japanese invaders. The liberation struggle of the Chinese people laid the foundation for the further development of the people's revolution in China. In August 1945 there was a Popular Uprising in Vietnam (see August Revolution of 1945 in Vietnam) , which led to the creation of the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In Indonesia, where D.S. embraced various social strata, a republic was proclaimed on August 17, 1945. In Malaya, in 1944-45, the anti-Japanese people's army liberated a number of regions of the country, and in August 1945 disarmed the Japanese troops even before the British armed forces landed there. In March 1945, a nationwide uprising began in Burma, which completed the liberation of the country from the Japanese occupiers. D.S. was one of the essential factors that contributed to the victory of the anti-Hitler coalition. glorious traditions D.S. are used by the peoples in their struggle against imperialist reaction and for world peace.

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N. G. Tsyrulnikov.

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