Griboyedov - a short biography. The creative and life path of Griboedov Alexander Sergeevich A s Griboedov short biography

Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov. Born January 4 (15), 1795 in Moscow - died January 30 (February 11), 1829 in Tehran. Russian diplomat, poet, playwright, pianist and composer, nobleman. State Councilor (1828).

Griboyedov is known as homo unius libri - the writer of one book, the brilliantly rhymed play "Woe from Wit", which is still very often staged in Russian theaters. It served as a source of numerous catchphrases.

Griboyedov was born in Moscow into a well-to-do, well-born family. His ancestor, Jan Grzybowski (Polish Jan Grzybowski), moved from Poland to Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. The author's surname Griboedov is nothing more than a kind of translation of the surname Grzhibovsky. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, he was a discharge clerk and one of the five compilers Cathedral Code 1649 Fedor Akimovich Griboyedov.

The writer's father is a retired second major Sergei Ivanovich Griboyedov (1761-1814). Mother - Anastasia Fedorovna (1768-1839), nee also Griboedova.

According to relatives, in childhood Alexander was very concentrated and unusually developed. There is evidence that he was the great-nephew of Alexander Radishchev (this was carefully concealed by the playwright himself). At the age of 6 he was fluent in three foreign languages, in his youth already six, in particular in perfection English, French, German and Italian. He understood Latin and Greek very well.

In 1803 he was sent to the Moscow University Noble Boarding School; three years later, Griboedov entered the verbal department of Moscow University. In 1808 he received the title of candidate of verbal sciences, but did not leave his studies, but entered the moral and political department, and then the physics and mathematics department.

On September 8, 1812, cornet Griboedov fell ill and stayed in Vladimir, and, presumably, until November 1, 1812, due to illness, did not appear at the regiment's location. In the winter, during the Patriotic War of 1812, when the enemy appeared on the territory of Russia, he joined the Moscow Hussar Regiment (volunteer irregular unit) of Count Pyotr Ivanovich Saltykov, who received permission to form it. Arriving at the duty station, he fell into the company of "young cornets from the best noble families"- Prince Golitsyn, Count Efimovsky, Count Tolstoy, Alyabyev, Sheremetev, Lansky, the Shatilov brothers. Griboyedov was related to some of them. Subsequently, he wrote in a letter to S. N. Begichev: “I spent only 4 months in this squad, and now I have not been able to get on the right path for the 4th year.”

Until 1815, Griboyedov served in the rank of cornet under the command of General of the Cavalry A. S. Kologrivov. First literary experiments Griboedov - “Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher”, essay “On Cavalry Reserves” and comedy “Young Spouses” (translation of the French comedy “Le secre”) - date back to 1814. In the article “On Cavalry Reserves”, Griboyedov acted as historical publicist.

In 1815, Griboedov arrived in St. Petersburg, where he met N. I. Grech, the publisher of the Son of the Fatherland magazine, and N. I. Khmelnitsky, the famous playwright.

In the spring of 1816, the novice writer left military service, and already in the summer he published an article “On the analysis of a free translation of the Burgher ballad "Lenora"" - a review of N. I. Gnedich's critical remarks about P. A. Katenin's ballad "Olga". At the same time, Griboedov's name appears in the lists of full members of the Masonic lodge "Les Amis Reunis" ("United Friends").

In early 1817, Griboyedov became one of the founders of the Du Bien Masonic lodge. In the summer he entered the diplomatic service, taking the post of provincial secretary (from winter - translator) of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. This period of the life of the writer also includes his acquaintance with A. S. Pushkin and V. K. Kuchelbecker, work on the poem "Lubochny Theater" (a response to M. N. Zagoskin's criticism of "Young Spouses"), comedies "Student" (together with P. A. Katenin), “Feigned infidelity” (together with A. A. Gendre), “Own family, or a married bride” (in collaboration with A. A. Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky).

In 1817, the famous “quadruple duel” between Zavadovsky-Sheremetev and Griboyedov-Yakubovich took place in St. Petersburg. It was Griboedov who gave the reason for the duel, bringing the ballerina Istomina to the apartment of his friend Count Zavadovsky (Griboedov was 22 at the time). The cavalry guard Sheremetev, Istomina's lover, summoned Zavadovsky. Griboedov became Zavadovsky's second, Sheremeteva - the cornet of the Life Lancers regiment Yakubovich.

Griboyedov lived with Zavadovsky and, being a friend of Istomina, after the performance brought her to his place, naturally, to Zavadovsky's house, where she lived for two days. Sheremetev was in a quarrel with Istomina and was away, but when he returned, instigated by A.I. Yakubovich, he challenged Zavadovsky to a duel. Yakubovich and Griboyedov also promised to fight.

Zavadovsky and Sheremetev were the first to reach the barrier. Zavadovsky, an excellent shooter, mortally wounded Sheremetev in the stomach. Since Sheremetev had to be immediately taken to the city, Yakubovich and Griboedov postponed their duel. It took place the following year, 1818, in Georgia. Yakubovich was transferred to Tiflis for service, and Griboyedov also happened to be passing through there, heading on a diplomatic mission to Persia.

Griboedov was wounded in the left hand. It was by this wound that the disfigured corpse of Griboyedov, who was killed by religious fanatics during the destruction of the Russian embassy in Tehran, was subsequently identified.

In 1818, Griboedov, refusing the position of an official of the Russian mission in the United States, was appointed to the post of secretary to the tsar's chargé d'affaires of Persia. Before leaving for Tehran, he completed work on Intermedia Samples. He left for his duty station at the end of August, two months later (with short stops in Novgorod, Moscow, Tula and Voronezh) he arrived in Mozdok, on the way to Tiflis he compiled a detailed diary describing his journeys.

At the beginning of 1819, Griboedov completed work on the ironic "Letter to the publisher from Tiflis on January 21" and, probably, the poem "Forgive me, Fatherland!" At the same time he went on his first business trip to the shah's court. On the way to the appointed place through Tabriz (January - March), he continued to write travel notes that he started last year. In August, he returned back, where he began to fuss about the fate of Russian soldiers who were in Iranian captivity. In September, at the head of a detachment of prisoners and fugitives, he set out from Tabriz to Tiflis, where he arrived already in next month. Some events of this journey are described on the pages of Griboyedov's diaries (for July and August/September), as well as in the narrative fragments "Vagin's Story" and "Ananur Quarantine".

In January 1820, Griboyedov went there again, adding new entries to his travel diaries. Here, burdened with official chores, he spent more than a year and a half. Staying in Persia was incredibly burdensome for the writer-diplomat, and in the fall of the following year, 1821, for health reasons (due to a broken arm), he finally managed to transfer closer to his homeland - to Georgia. There he became close with Küchelbecker, who had arrived here for the service, and began work on draft manuscripts of the first edition of Woe from Wit.

From February 1822, Griboyedov was secretary for the diplomatic unit under General A.P. Yermolov, who commanded the Russian troops in Tiflis. The author's work on the drama "1812" is often dated to the same year (apparently, timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of Russia's victory in the war with Napoleonic France).

At the beginning of 1823, Griboedov left the service for a while and returned to his homeland, for more than two years he lived in Moscow, in the village. Dmitrovsky (Lakotsy) of the Tula province, in St. Petersburg. Here the author continued the work begun in the Caucasus with the text “Woe from Wit”, by the end of the year he wrote the poem “David”, a dramatic scene in verse “The Youth of the Prophet”, a vaudeville “Who is brother, who is sister, or Deception after deception” (in cooperation with P. A. Vyazemsky) and the first edition of the famous e-moll waltz. It is customary to attribute the appearance of the first recordings of his Desiderata, a journal of notes on debatable issues of Russian history, geography and literature, to the same period of Griboedov's life.

The following year, 1824, dates the writers' epigrams to M. A. Dmitriev and A. I. Pisarev (“They compose - they lie! And they translate - they lie! ..”, “How the magazine fights spread! ..”), the narrative fragment “Character my uncle”, essay “Special cases of the St. Petersburg flood” and the poem “Teleshova”. At the end of the same year (December 15), Griboedov became a full member of the Free Society of Russian Literature Lovers.

At the end of May 1825, due to the urgent need to return to his duty station, the writer abandoned his intention to visit Europe and left for the Caucasus.

Subsequently, he will learn Arabic, Turkish, Georgian and Persian. The first teacher who taught Griboyedov the Persian language was Mirza Jafar Topchibashev. On the eve of this trip, he completed work on a free translation of the “Prologue in the Theater” from the tragedy “Faust”, at the request of F.V. archive" for 1825. On the way to Georgia, he visited Kyiv, where he met prominent figures of the revolutionary underground (M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, A. Z. Muravyov, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol and S. P. Trubetskoy), lived for some time in the Crimea, visiting the estate of his old friend A.P. Zavadovsky. On the peninsula, Griboyedov developed a plan for the majestic tragedy of the Baptism of the ancient Russians and kept a detailed diary of travel notes, published only three decades after the death of the author. According to the opinion established in science, it was under the influence of the southern trip that he wrote the scene “Dialogue of the Polovtsian husbands”.

Upon his return to the Caucasus, Griboyedov, inspired by the participation in the expedition of General A. A. Velyaminov, wrote the famous poem "Predators on Chegem". In January 1826 he was arrested in the fortress of Groznaya on suspicion of belonging to the Decembrists; Griboyedov was brought to St. Petersburg, but the investigation could not find evidence of Griboyedov's belonging to a secret society. With the exception of A. F. Brigen, E. P. Obolensky, N. N. Orzhitsky and S. P. Trubetskoy, none of the suspects testified to the detriment of Griboyedov. He was under investigation until June 2, 1826, but since it was not possible to prove his participation in the conspiracy, and he himself categorically denied his involvement in the conspiracy, he was released from arrest with a “cleansing certificate”. Despite this, for some time Griboedov was placed under tacit supervision.

In September 1826 he returned to the service in Tiflis and continued his diplomatic activities; took part in the conclusion of the Turkmanchay peace treaty (1828), which was beneficial for Russia, and delivered its text to St. Petersburg. Appointed as Resident Minister (Ambassador) to Iran; on the way to his destination, he again spent several months in Tiflis and married there on August 22 (September 3), 1828, Princess Nina Chavchavadze, with whom he happened to live only a few weeks.

Foreign embassies were located not in the capital, but in Tabriz, at the court of Prince Abbas-Mirza, but soon after arriving in Persia, the mission went to introduce itself to Feth Ali Shah in Tehran. During this visit, Griboedov died: on January 30, 1829 (6 Shaaban 1244 AH), a crowd of thousands of rebellious Persians killed everyone in the embassy, ​​except for the secretary Ivan Sergeevich Maltsov.

The circumstances of the defeat of the Russian mission are described in different ways, but Maltsov was an eyewitness to the events, and he does not mention the death of Griboyedov, he only writes that 15 people defended themselves at the door of the envoy's room. Returning to Russia, he wrote that 37 people in the embassy were killed (all except him alone) and 19 Tehran residents. He himself hid in another room and, in fact, could only describe what he heard. All the defenders died, and there were no direct witnesses left.

Riza-Kuli writes that Griboyedov was killed with 37 comrades, and 80 people from the crowd were killed. His body was so mutilated that he was identified only by a mark on his left hand obtained in famous duel with Yakubovich.

Griboyedov's body was taken to Tiflis and buried on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David.

The Shah of Persia sent his grandson to Petersburg to settle the diplomatic scandal. In compensation for the spilled blood, he brought rich gifts to Nicholas I, among them was the Shah diamond. Once this magnificent diamond, framed by many rubies and emeralds, adorned the throne of the Great Mughals. Now it shines in the collection of the Moscow Kremlin Diamond Fund.

On the grave, Griboyedov's widow Nina Chavchavadze erected a monument to him with the inscription: "Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you!"

recent years Yury Tynyanov dedicated the life of A. S. Griboyedov to the novel “The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar” (1928).

The famous Russian poet, playwright, composer and diplomat Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was born in Moscow on January 15 (4), 1795 in a wealthy noble family of Sergei Ivanovich and Anastasia Fedorovna Griboyedov.

There were two more children in the family. Brother Pavel died in infancy, and sister Maria became a famous pianist.

Childhood and youth

White spots. There were many of them in the biography of Griboyedov, summary which includes a number of events that still need further research.

Despite his fame and belonging to a noble noble family, some facts from the life and work of Griboedov do not have strict documentary evidence. Not only are the details of the death of the poet unknown, but even the year of his birth is not exactly determined. According to some versions, A.S. Griboyedov was not born in 1795 at all. In various documents, the dates of birth do not match and are in the range between 1790 and 1795.

FROM early childhood Alexander showed extraordinary talent and versatile abilities. Thanks to his mother, he first received an excellent education at home, and then spent several years at the Noble Boarding School of Moscow University. In 1806, Griboyedov entered the verbal department of Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1808.

Classes at the university were completed in the summer of 1812. By this time he was already one of the most educated people in the country. According to some reports, Alexander also graduated from the moral and political, and also studied for some time at the physics and mathematics department of the university. In addition, he spoke several foreign languages ​​​​and played the piano perfectly. By the age of 33, he will speak ten foreign languages:

Service in the cavalry

After the outbreak of the Patriotic War of 1812, Griboedov volunteered for the cavalry and served for several years as a cornet in a hussar regiment. He did not have to participate in hostilities, and the service took place in a pleasant company, consisting of young hussar officers of noble birth. The regiment was in reserve, the youth was bored and looking for entertainment, including a very dubious one.

The beginning of literary activity

Over time, this began to weigh Griboyedov. The war is over, the military career has lost its appeal. In 1816, he retired and moved to St. Petersburg, where he began serving in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. Around the same time, the first works of Griboyedov were published. Basically, these were critical and. A little later, several comedies were written in collaboration with other writers.

At the same time, acquaintances with Pushkin and Kuchelbecker took place. Soon Alexander is already a full member of two Masonic lodges, but an active public life in the capital ends for him after participating in the well-known "quadruple duel". The reason was a quarrel over the famous ballerina Avdotya Istomina. One of the duelists died, the rest, including Griboedov, who was a second, received new appointments outside St. Petersburg as punishment.

in the diplomatic service

In 1818, Griboyedov received the post of secretary at the Russian mission in Persia and departed for Tehran in the fall. On the way to Persia, he makes a stop in Tiflis, where he meets with another participant in the "quadruple duel" - an officer, writer and future Decembrist A. I. Yakubovich. The postponed duel took place, Alexander was injured on the left hand. On this basis, he was identified after the murder.

In Persia, Griboedov works in Tabriz and Tehran, performing his official diplomatic duties. He keeps detailed travel diaries throughout his journey from St. Petersburg to Tiflis, Tabriz, Tehran. At the end of 1821, Alexander Sergeevich sought a transfer to Tiflis and for a year served as secretary for diplomatic affairs under General A.P. Yermolov, commander of Russian troops in the Caucasus.

Fulfilling the numerous duties of a diplomat, Griboedov continues his literary activities. It was at this time that he began work on the comedy Woe from Wit. So far, these are just rough sketches of the first edition. Years will pass. and this main work of his life will be included in the curriculum for study in the 9th grade.

Life in Russia

At the beginning of 1823, Griboyedov temporarily left the Caucasus and returned to his native places. Lives in Moscow, St. Petersburg, the estate of S. N. Begichev in the Tula province. Here he not only continues to work on the text of "Woe from Wit", but also writes articles, poems, epigrams, vaudeville. His interests are multifaceted. It is not only literature, but also music. His waltzes, which later became famous.

In 1824, Griboedov finished Woe from Wit. All attempts to obtain permission to publish fail, no connections and petitions helped. The censorship was relentless. Readers, however, accepted the comedy with delight. The text of the play quickly spread in the lists, the success was complete. The work has become a real phenomenon of Russian culture.

The author never managed to see his work printed. First full publication plays in Russia took place only in 1862. By this time, as A. S. Pushkin predicted, the comedy "dispersed into quotes", which have long become proverbs.

Here are just a few of them.

In May 1825, Alexander Sergeevich returned to the Caucasus, but did not stay there for long. In January 1826, he was arrested on suspicion of belonging to the Decembrists and brought to the capital. Griboyedov was indeed familiar with many participants in the uprising, many of the arrested Decembrists were found to have a handwritten text of the comedy, but the investigation failed to find any evidence of his participation in the conspiracy.

Return to the Caucasus

As a result, he was fully acquitted, in June he returned to the diplomatic service, and in September of the same year he returned to the Caucasus, to Tiflis.

In February 1828, the Turkmanchay peace treaty was signed. between Russia and Persia, which ended the Russian-Persian war that lasted almost two years. A. S. Griboyedov participated in the work on the treaty and achieved exceptionally favorable conditions for Russia.

In Russia, Griboyedov's diplomatic activity was highly appreciated. He was appointed ambassador to Persia, but the high position did not please Alexander Sergeevich. The brilliant diplomat perceived this appointment as a link, he had completely different creative ideas.

In June 1828, his last journey to the Caucasus began. On the way to Persia, Griboedov, as always, made a stop in Tiflis. A few years earlier he had already met this young girl, Nina Chavchavadze, the daughter of his friend, the poet Alexander Chavchavadze. Then she was still a girl, now her beauty shocked Alexander Sergeevich. He made an offer to Nina and received consent. They got married.

Tragic death

Happiness did not last long. Soon the Russian diplomatic mission went to Tehran. On January 30 (February 11), 1829, a large angry mob of religious fanatics killed almost the entire mission, only one person accidentally escaped. Griboyedov's body was mutilated beyond recognition, he was identified only by the hand that had been injured during the duel.

There are several versions this sad event, but true reason tragedy is unknown. There were no witnesses to how Griboyedov died, and the Persian authorities did not conduct a serious investigation.

The brilliant playwright and diplomat is buried in Tbilisi, in the Pantheon on Mount Mtatsminda. His creations are brilliant, his memory is immortal.

The talent of this man was truly phenomenal. His knowledge was vast and versatile, he learned many languages, was a good officer, a capable musician, an outstanding diplomat with the makings of a major politician. The comedy "Woe from Wit" put him on a par with the greatest Russian writers. Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov...

He belonged to a noble family, received a serious home education. Already in early age Griboedov's many-sided talent was revealed. Two of his waltzes for piano gained fame in calm, merchant-like quiet Moscow. Griboyedov studied at the Moscow University Noble Boarding School, then entered Moscow University. After graduating in 1808 from the verbal department with the title of candidate, he continued to study at the ethical and political department. One of the most educated people of his time, Griboyedov spoke French, English, German, Italian, Greek, Latin, later mastered Arabic, Persian, Turkish. Until now, the widespread version has not been confirmed by documents, according to which Griboedov graduated from three faculties of Moscow University and only because of the war of 1812 did not receive a doctoral degree.

With the beginning of the Patriotic War, Griboyedov left his academic studies and joined the Moscow hussar regiment as a cornet. But he never got to participate in the battles: the regiment stood in the rear. After the war, the future writer served as an adjutant in Belarus. Griboyedov spent his youth stormily. He called himself and his fellow soldiers, the Begichev brothers, "stepchildren of common sense" - their pranks were so unbridled. There is a known case when Griboyedov somehow sat down at the organ during a service in a Catholic church. At first, he played sacred music for a long time and with inspiration, and then suddenly switched to Russian dance music.

After retiring at the beginning of 1816, Griboedov settled in St. Petersburg, determined to serve in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. Leads a secular lifestyle, rotates in the theatrical and literary circles of St. Petersburg. He begins to attend Shakhovsky's circle, he writes and translates for the comedy theater "Young Spouses", "His Family, or a Married Bride". The consequence of "ardent passions and powerful circumstances" were drastic changes in his fate - in 1818 Griboyedov was appointed secretary of the Russian diplomatic mission to Persia. On July 16, Count Nesselrode informed in writing the Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasian Army, General Yermolov, that "The clerk Mazarovich is appointed charge d'affaires of Persia, Griboedov is his secretary, Amburger is an office worker." Nesselrode loved brevity. Not the last role in this kind of exile was played by Griboyedov's participation in the duel.

Griboedov's two friends, the boobies Sheremetev and Zavadovsky, competed over the ballerina Istomina. A well-known duelist in the city, the future Decembrist Alexander Yakubovich fanned a quarrel, and accused Griboyedov of ignoble behavior. Sheremetev was supposed to shoot with Zavadovsky, Yakubovich - with Griboyedov. Both duels were supposed to take place on the same day. But while they were assisting the mortally wounded Sheremetev, time was running out. The next day, Yakubovich was arrested as an instigator and exiled to the Caucasus. Griboedov was not punished for the duel, but public opinion found him guilty of Sheremetev's death.

In February 1822, after three years of service in Tavriz, Griboedov transferred to Tiflis to the head of Georgia Yermolov. There the postponed duel with Yakubovich took place. Griboyedov was wounded in the arm - for him, as a musician, this was very sensitive.

It was him that General Yermolov made his secretary "for the foreign part." Loving Griboyedov like a son, according to Denis Davydov, he tried not to load young man daily work. And even to high authorities, he boldly said that "poets are the pride of the nation." And in general, he had a paternal attitude towards smart and courageous youth, not at all embarrassed that the young people working for him, such as, for example, Yakubovich, Kuchelbecker, Kakhovskiy, the Raevsky brothers, were considered "unreliable" at that time. Griboyedov, in his own words, stuck to Yermolov "like a shadow." In seclusion, sometimes even at night, they talked - for hours Griboyedov could listen to how the "proconsul of the Caucasus" described Napoleon, the carnivals of Venice, his meeting with Lady Hamilton.

It was in Tiflis that the 1st and 2nd acts of "Woe from Wit" were written, their first listener was the author's colleague and close friend of Pushkin, Wilhelm Kuchelbecker. In the spring of 1823, Griboedov went on vacation. In Moscow, as well as in the estate of S. Begichev near Tula, where he spends the summer, the 3rd and 4th acts of the immortal comedy are being created. By the autumn of 1824, the comedy was completed. Griboedov travels to St. Petersburg, intending to use his connections in the capital to obtain permission for its publication and theatrical production. However, he soon becomes convinced that the comedy is "no pass". Only excerpts published in 1825 by Bulgarin in the almanac Russian Thalia were able to get through the censorship. The first complete publication in Russia appeared only in 1862; the first production on the professional stage - in 1831. Meanwhile, the comedy immediately became an event in Russian culture, spreading among the reading public in handwritten lists, the number of which approached the book circulations of that time. The distribution of the lists was facilitated by the Decembrists, who regarded comedy as a mouthpiece for their ideas; Already in January 1825, Ivan Pushchin brought Pushkin to Mikhailovskoye Woe from Wit. As Pushkin predicted, many lines of "Woe from Wit" became proverbs and sayings.

In the autumn of 1825, Griboedov returned to the Caucasus, but already in February 1826 he again found himself in St. Petersburg - as a suspect in the case of the Decembrists. There were many reasons for the arrest: during interrogations, four Decembrists, including Trubetskoy and Obolensky, named Griboyedov among the members of a secret society, and in the papers of many of those arrested they found lists of "Woe from Wit". Warned by Yermolov about his impending arrest, Griboedov managed to destroy part of his archive. It was especially easy for him. He was surprisingly indifferent to the fate of his creations. He could forget the manuscript of "Woe from Wit" with a friend or leave it on the piano in some salon. During his many travels, chests of papers disappeared somewhere, and he took care of the piano, which he always carried with him. And after his death, traces of Griboedov's work continued to disappear, and all his papers, letters, and things were destroyed in Persia. A fire in the house of his nephew Smirnov, who for many years had been searching for the archive of his famous uncle, had already completely destroyed all Griboyedov's papers.

During the investigation, he will categorically deny any involvement in the conspiracy. In early June, Griboyedov was released from arrest with a "cleansing certificate". There really was no serious evidence against him, and even now there is no documentary evidence that the writer somehow participated in the activities secret societies. On the contrary, he is credited with a disparaging characterization of the conspiracy: "One hundred ensigns want to turn Russia over!". But, perhaps, Griboyedov owes such a complete justification to the intercession of a relative - General Paskevich, a favorite of Nicholas I.

Upon returning to the Caucasus in the autumn of 1826, Griboedov took part in several battles of the Russian-Persian war that had begun. He achieves significant success in the diplomatic field. As Muravyov-Karsky later wrote, Griboedov "replaced a twenty-thousand-strong army with his single face." He will prepare a Turkmenchay peace that is beneficial for Russia. Having brought the documents of the peace treaty to St. Petersburg in March 1828, he received awards and a new appointment - minister plenipotentiary to Persia. Instead of literary pursuits, to which he dreamed of devoting himself, Griboyedov is forced to accept a high position.

Griboyedov's last departure from the capital in June 1828 was tinged with gloomy forebodings. On the way to Persia, he stopped for a while in Tiflis. There he hatches plans for the economic transformation of Transcaucasia. In August, he marries 16-year-old Nina Chavchavadze. When the young people went out into the street, it seemed that the whole city greeted them. In front of them was a solid sea of ​​flowers, from all the windows roses flew under Nina's feet. White, red. Two days later - a dinner for a hundred invited people, and already on September 9, the Griboyedovs mounted horses. Their huge caravan stretched for a mile. We spent the night under tents in the mountains, breathing in the frosty air. In Tabriz, the newlyweds parted: Griboedov was to follow to Tehran, to transfer his "high appointment" to the Shah of Iran.

Among other things, the Russian envoy is engaged in sending captive Russian subjects home. Appeal to him for help by two Armenian women, who fell into the harem of a noble Persian, was the reason for the reprisal against an active and successful diplomat. On January 30, 1829, a crowd, incited by Muslim fanatics, defeated the Russian mission in Tehran. The Russian envoy was killed. Together with him, the entire composition of the Russian mission was destroyed, only the senior secretary Maltsov, an unusually cautious and cunning man, survived. He offered salvation to Griboedov as well, all he had to do was hide. Alexander Sergeevich's answer was the answer of a man of honor: "The Russian nobleman does not play hide and seek."

Griboyedov was buried in Tiflis on Mount St. David. The whole city mourned him. The inhabitants of Tiflis dressed in black clothes; the balconies were covered with a black veil falling on the black earth. In their hands were lit torches. The whole city, like a black cameo, was in darkness and tears. There was complete silence...

The inscription made by Nina Chavchavadze on the grave of Alexander Sergeevich is like a cry of the soul, embedded in a stone: "Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?"

Biography and episodes of life Alexandra Griboyedov. When born and died Alexander Griboyedov, memorable places and dates important events his life. playwright quotes, images and videos.

Years of life of Alexander Griboyedov:

born January 4, 1795, died January 30, 1829

Epitaph

“Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?”
The inscription made by the wife of A. Griboyedov on his tombstone

Biography

Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov left a mark in Russian literature as the author of one work - the famous play "Woe from Wit". Everything he wrote before this thing was still youthfully immature, and the author did not have time to finish what he wrote after. Meanwhile, Griboyedov was a man of brilliant mind and versatile talents: he composed music, played the piano beautifully, wrote critical articles and essays, and advanced in the diplomatic service. Perhaps, if his life had not ended so tragically, today Griboyedov's descendants would have inherited a much more extensive legacy.

Griboyedov was born in Moscow, in rich family and from childhood he was distinguished by a lively and sharp mind and ability to learn. At the age of 6, Griboyedov was fluent in three foreign languages, later learned three more.

There, in Tiflis, Griboyedov married a beautiful and noble girl, Princess Nina Chavchavadze. Alas, the young managed to live together for only a few months.

Griboedov's death in the prime of his life was sudden and tragic. A mob of religious fanatics destroyed the Russian embassy in Tehran and killed everyone who was there. Griboyedov's body was so mutilated that he could only be identified by the trace of a duel wound on his arm.

Griboyedov was buried in Tiflis, near the Church of St. David on the slope of Mount Mtatsminda. On the centenary of his death in 1929, a pantheon was opened at the burial site of the playwright and his wife, where the remains of many prominent public figures Georgia.

life line

January 4, 1795 Date of birth of Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov.
1803 Admission to the Moscow University noble boarding school.
1805 Work on the first poems.
1806 Admission to the verbal department of Moscow University.
1808 Obtaining the title of candidate of verbal sciences, continuing education in the moral and political, and then in the physics and mathematics departments.
1812 Entry into the Volunteer Moscow Hussar Regiment of Count Saltykov.
1814 The first literary experiences (articles, essays, translations) while serving as a cornet.
1815 Moving to Petersburg. Publication of the comedy "The Young Spouses".
1816 Care with military service. Entry into the Masonic lodge. The appearance of the idea of ​​comedy in the verses "Woe from Wit".
1817 Entering the diplomatic service (provincial secretary, later - translator of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs).
1818 Appointment to the position of secretary in Tehran (in Persia).
1821 Transfer to Georgia.
1822 Appointment to the post of secretary under General Yermolov, commander of the Russian army in Tiflis.
1823 Return to the homeland, life in St. Petersburg and Moscow.
1824 Completion of the comedy "Woe from Wit".
1825 Return to the Caucasus.
1826 Arrest on suspicion of belonging to the Decembrists, investigation in St. Petersburg, release and return to Tiflis.
1828 Appointment as resident minister in Iran, marriage to Princess Nina Chavchavadze.
January 30, 1829 Date of death of Alexander Griboyedov.
June 18, 1829 The funeral of Griboyedov in Tiflis, near the church of St. David.

Memorable places

1. House number 17 on Novinsky Boulevard in Moscow, where Griboyedov was born and raised (a replica of the original building).
2. Moscow University, where Griboyedov studied.
3. House No. 104 (Valkha apartment building) on ​​nab. Griboyedov Canal (formerly the Catherine Canal) in St. Petersburg, where the playwright lived in 1816-1818.
4. House number 25 on Kirov Ave. (former hotel "Afinskaya") in Simferopol, where Griboedov lived in 1825.
5. House number 22 on the street. Chubinashvili in Tbilisi (formerly Tiflis), now the house-museum of Ilya Chavchavadze, where the wedding of his granddaughter Nina and Griboyedov took place.
6. Pantheon Mtatsminda in Tbilisi, where Griboyedov is buried.

Episodes of life

In 1817, the famous quadruple duel took place with the participation of Griboyedov, the cause of which was the famous ballerina Istomina. Griboyedov and his opponent Yakubovich fired a year later than the first pair of duelists, and in this duel Griboedov was wounded in the arm.

The famous E-minor waltz written by Griboedov is considered the first Russian waltz whose score has survived to this day.

By the time of her wedding with Griboyedov, Nina Chavchavadze was only 15 years old, but after the death of her husband, she remained faithful to him and mourned him until her own death at the age of 45, rejecting all courtship. Loyalty to her deceased husband earned his widow respect and fame among the people of Tiflis.

Testaments

"Blessed is he who believes, he is warm in the world."

"Happy hours are not observed."

"The pleasure of life is not the goal,
Our life is not a consolation."

Two waltzes by A. Griboyedov

condolences

“I never happened in my life to see in any nation a person who would so ardently, so passionately love his fatherland, as Griboyedov loved Russia.”
Faddey Bulgarin, writer and critic

“The blood of the heart always played on his face. No one will boast of his flattery; no one dares to say that he heard a lie from him. He could deceive himself, but never deceive.
Alexander Bestuzhev, writer and critic

“There is something wild in Griboedov, de farouche, de sauvage, in self-esteem: it rears up at the slightest irritation, but he is smart, fiery, it is always fun to be with him”
Pyotr Vyazemsky, poet and critic

Based on "To Kill a Mockingbird", and Patrick Suskind - based on the novel "Perfumer". The listed authors and works are foreign, so everything can be attributed to the lack of translations. But how then to be with domestic authors - with Alexander Griboyedov, for example?

Childhood and youth

The future writer and diplomat was born in Moscow. In literature textbooks they write that this happened in January 1785, but experts doubt this - then some facts from his biography become too surprising. There is an assumption that Alexander was born five years earlier, and the date in the document was written differently, since at the time of birth his parents were not married, which was negatively perceived in those years.

By the way, in 1795, Alexander Griboedov's brother Pavel was born, who, unfortunately, died in infancy. Most likely, it was his birth certificate that later served the writer. Sasha was born into a noble family, which descended from a Pole who moved to Russia, Jan Grzybowski. The surname Griboedovs is a literal translation of the surname of a Pole.

The boy grew curious, but at the same time sedate. He received his first education at home, reading books - some researchers suspect that this is due to the concealment of the date of birth. Sasha's teacher was the encyclopedist Ivan Petrozalius, who was popular in those years.

Despite the sedateness, Griboedov also had hooligan antics: once, while visiting a Catholic church, the boy performed the folk dance song “Kamarinskaya” on the organ, which shocked the clergy and church visitors. Later, already being a student of the Moscow state university, Sasha will write a caustic parody called "Dmitry Dryanskoy", which will also put him in a bad light.

Even before studying at Moscow State University, Griboyedov entered the Moscow University Noble Boarding School in 1803. In 1806 he entered the verbal department of the Moscow State University, which he graduated in 2 years.

After Griboyedov decides to unlearn at two more departments - physics and mathematics and moral and political. Alexander receives a Ph.D. He plans to continue his education further, but the plans are destroyed by the Napoleonic invasion.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, the future writer joined the ranks of the volunteer Moscow hussar regiment, led by Count Peter Ivanovich Saltykov. He was enrolled in cornets along with other people from noble families - Tolstoy, Golitsyn, Efimovsky and others.

Literature

In 1814, Griboedov began to write his first serious works, which were the essay "On the Cavalry Reserves" and the comedy "The Young Spouses", which is a parody of French family dramas.

The following year, Alexander moves to St. Petersburg, where he ends his service. In St. Petersburg, the aspiring writer meets the publicist and publisher Nikolai Ivanovich Grech, in whose literary magazine Son of the Fatherland he would later publish some of his works.

In 1816 he became a member of the United Friends Masonic lodge, and a year later he organized his own lodge, Blago, which would differ from classical Masonic organizations by focusing on Russian culture. At the same time, the writer begins work on "Woe from Wit" - the first ideas and sketches appear.

In the summer of 1817, Griboedov entered the public service to the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, first as a provincial secretary, and later as an interpreter. In the same year, Griboyedov met Wilhelm Küchelbecker.

With both he will become friends and will cross paths more than once in his short life. While still working as a provincial secretary, the writer writes and publishes the poem "Lubochny Theater", as well as the comedies "Student", "Feigned Infidelity" and "Married Bride". The year 1817 was marked in the life of Griboedov by another event - the legendary quadruple duel, the reason for which was the ballerina Avdotya Istomina (as always, cherchez la femme).

However, to be precise, only Zavadovsky and Sheremetev fought in 1817, and the duel between Griboedov and Yakubovich took place a year later, when the writer, having abandoned the position of an official in the Russian mission in America, became the secretary of the tsar's attorney Simon Mazarovich in Persia. On the way to the duty station, the writer kept a diary in which he recorded his journey.

In 1819, Griboyedov completed work on a "Letter to a publisher from Tiflis" and the poem "Forgive, Fatherland." Autobiographical moments associated with the period of service in Persia will also appear in Vagin's Tale and Ananur Quarantine. In the same year he received the Order of the Lion and the Sun of the first degree.

The work in Persia was not to the liking of the writer, so he was even glad to have a broken arm in 1821, because thanks to the injury, the writer was able to achieve a transfer to Georgia - closer to his homeland. In 1822 he became secretary for the diplomatic part under General Alexei Petrovich Ermolaev. Then he writes and publishes the drama "1812", dedicated to Patriotic War.

In 1823 he left the service for three years to return to his homeland and rest. During these years he lives in St. Petersburg, Moscow and in the estate of an old comrade in the village of Dmitrovsky. Finishes work on the first edition of the comedy in verse "Woe from Wit", which he gives for a review to an already elderly fabulist. Ivan Andreevich appreciated the work, but warned that the censors would not let it through.

In 1824, Griboedov wrote the poem "David", the vaudeville "Deception after Deception", the essay "Special Cases of the St. Petersburg Flood" and the critical article "They compose - they lie, and they translate - they lie." The following year, he began work on the translation of Faust, but managed to finish only the Prologue in the Theater. At the end of 1825, due to the need to return to the service, he was forced to refuse a trip to Europe, instead leaving for the Caucasus.

After participating in the expedition of General Alexei Aleksandrovich Velyaminov, he writes the poem "Predators over Chegel". In 1826 he was arrested and sent to the capital on suspicion of Decembrist activities, but six months later he was released and reinstated in the service due to lack of direct evidence. Nevertheless, the surveillance of the writer was established.

In 1828, Griboyedov took part in the signing of the Turkmanchay peace treaty. In the same year he received the Order of St. Anne of the second degree and got married. The writer is no longer successful in writing and publishing anything, although his plans included many works, among which the researchers of creativity especially highlight the tragedies about and. According to them, Griboyedov had a potential no less than that of.

Personal life

There is a theory that the quadruple duel of 1817 took place due to a short intrigue between Griboedov and the ballerina Istomina, but there are no facts proving this hypothesis. On August 22, 1828, the writer married the Georgian aristocrat Nina Chavchavadze, whom Alexander Sergeevich himself called Madonna Bartalome Murillo. They married a couple in the Zion Cathedral, located in Tiflis (now Tbilisi).

By the end of 1828, Alexander and Nina realized that they were expecting a child. That is why the writer insisted that his wife stay at home during his next embassy mission the following year, from which he never returned. The news of her husband's death shook young girl in shock. There was a premature birth, the child was born dead.

Death

At the beginning of 1829, Griboedov was forced to work as part of an embassy mission to Feth Ali Shah in Tehran. On January 30, a large group of Muslim fanatics (more than a thousand people) attacked the building, which temporarily housed the embassy.

Only one person managed to escape, by pure chance he ended up in another building. Alexander Griboyedov was found among the dead. His disfigured body was recognized by an injury to his left hand received during a duel with cornet Alexander Yakubovich in 1818.

Posthumously, Griboyedov was awarded the Order of the Lion and the Sun, second degree. The writer was buried, as he bequeathed - in Tiflis, on Mount Mtatsminda, located next to the Church of St. David.

• Griboyedov's parents were distant relatives: Anastasia Fedorovna was Sergei Ivanovich's second cousin's niece.
• Sergei Ivanovich - Griboyedov's father - was a noble gambler. It is believed that it was from him that the writer inherited good memory, thanks to which he was able to become a polyglot. In his arsenal were French, English, Italian, German, Arabic, Turkish, Georgian, Persian and ancient Greek, as well as Latin.

• Griboyedov's sister, Maria Sergeevna, was once a popular harpist and pianist. The writer himself, by the way, also played music well and even managed to write several piano pieces.
• Griboedov and some of his relatives were depicted by the artists on the canvas. The writer's wife is the only one who was captured in the photo.

Bibliography

• 1814 - "Young spouses"
• 1814 - "On the cavalry reserves"
• 1817 - "Lubochny Theater"
• 1817 - "Pretending infidelity"
• 1819 - "Letter to the publisher from Tiflis"
• 1819 - "Forgive, Fatherland"
• 1822 - "1812"
• 1823 - "David"
• 1823 - "Who is the brother, who is the sister"
• 1824 - Teleshova
• 1824 - "And they compose - they lie, and they translate - they lie"
• 1824 - "Woe from Wit"
• 1825 - "Predators on Chegem"