Interesting facts about the sun. Lesson of the surrounding world on the topic "Why the sun shines during the day, and the stars - at night"
In order for the fire to burn for a long time, firewood must be constantly thrown into it. We all know about it. But the question is, why doesn't the sun go out? Why does the sun burn for many billions of years and still shine brightly and heat hot? What kind of fuel does not allow the sun to go out? And why is the sun always so hot? How many whys are asked by our little "whys". Well, let's try to answer their questions.
Once, a long time ago, scientists thought that coal was burning, but after calculating how many years this fuel could last for the sun, they were surprised that all the coal should have burned out long ago and then go out.
Time passed, and the sun did not even think to go out and seemed to laugh at the scientists: “Aha! Can't guess mine main secret! You don't need to know my deepest secrets, it's enough that I keep you warm." "What do you mean why?" - the scientists were even more surprised, “if you solve your secret, then on our earth you can create many small artificial suns! After all, your solar energy is very cheap compared to other types of energy.
For example, people have to mine coal from under the earth and load it onto huge railway platforms. Drive this unthinkable amount of coal to power plants so that they generate electricity. And then, the resources of the planet are not endless, every year, coal and gas on earth is becoming less and less. Their reserves are disappearing faster and faster because humanity needs more and more energy. And your solar energy reserves are endless. And to get solar energy no need to dig deep wells for oil or construct underground mines for coal. That's why we need to know what kind of magic firewood you, the sun, are burning on.
Indeed, if such "firewood" were found, then all the technology of the earth would begin to work, only on the energy of the sun. This energy would warm and illuminate our homes, would become an indispensable assistant in growing vegetables and fruits.
But still, our scientists managed to solve the riddle. They have learned to transform matter, I transform it into each other. For example, hydrogen gas, scientists turn helium into gas. Or helium is converted into solid carbon. And if you need to turn solid carbon into magnesium metal, they do that too. They can turn magnesium into silicon, and silicon itself into ordinary silicon, from which quite a lot of necessary things can be made.
Scientists, despite the difficulties, have achieved very good results and found that when one substance is converted into another, a very large amount is released! Scientists call this a reaction. And this is a huge breakthrough in terrestrial science. Imagine that instead of huge mountains of coal, a small pea - a substance - will be loaded onto the ship. When this pea-substance is transformed into another substance, it will release so much energy that it will be enough for a very long voyage.
But, unfortunately, so far all this is in theory, because in order for such transformations to become a reality, such special conditions are necessary, it is still impossible to create. But scientists are sure to come up with something. And they will create the same conditions as in the sun, in some small container. After all, similar reactions constantly occur in the sun: hydrogen is converted into helium, and helium is converted into carbon, ... therefore, the sun does not cool down very much. for a long time and is unlikely to cool off in the near future. He is destined to burn for many billions of years!
Why does the sun shine? Probably, every parent has come across the curiosity of their children, who are ready to ask a thousand and one questions a day. Teaching the child to observe environment, the kid had a question, why is the sun burning, and what would happen if it stopped illuminating. It seems that every adult knows simple questions and answers to them.
But we can not always accurately and correctly answer them. A lot of interesting stories, facts can be found in encyclopedias, expanses of the World Wide Web. Recall from school course astronomy, in terms of mass and size, the Sun is many times more earth. It consists of hydrogen (mainly) and helium.
Around the daytime celestial body there are many different legends and myths of every nation. In ancient times, they considered the God of light and worshiped him, dedicated songs, performed rituals. For example, they called him - Yarilo, in Ancient Egypt- Ra, Greece - Helios in a golden chariot, in Australia - the image of a girl sitting on a tree, the ancient Slavs called the four faces of God - Khorsu, Yarilo, Dzhadbog, Svarog.
One of the legends says that its light and heat is due to the constant burning of coal, but how much coal must be burned. According to the ancient myths of the Egyptian people, Ra sails daily in a boat along the Nile during the day, and fights in the underworld at night, returning in the morning as a winner. The Greeks painted Helios in a golden helmet, considered him an inhabitant of Olympus.
The peoples of Africa compared all phenomena of incomprehensible origin with different parts human body. In their view, with luminous armpits, he controlled time periods. He will let go of his hand, it will begin to get dark, he will go to bed, the night will come. Hindus, the inhabitants of India, deified Surya as a healer and guardian of the gates of heaven. Its main attribute is a carriage with seven horses. Along with myths, superstitious people came up with signs related specifically to the color of the sun.
A lot of time has passed and not a few discoveries have been made by scientists. For example, they proved that the Sun is a star, and not a satellite of our Earth. Day star - plays the most leading role On the Earth. The life of not only a person, but also all living things around depends on its rays and heat. Long ago, our ancestors noticed that in the morning the sun rises, it becomes warm, light.
Our planet is in the solar system, therefore, the sun is the center of this system. And each planet makes its revolution around it, following its own axis. If the planet of the solar system is a solid state, then a star called the Sun is a gaseous ball.
Like all stars, the sun is a combination of dust and gas, due to the constantly occurring reactions inside the core of the transformation of hydrogen into helium under very high temperature. This whole process is accompanied by the emission of light that we see. During the day, the sun's rays illuminate the entire earth, warming the population of different continents at different times.
Why does the sun shine during the day
The radiant sun smiles at us in the morning. When science was not developed, and astronomy as a science was not known, people simply observed the celestial bodies. And at one time they made the discovery that with the rising of one luminary, day comes, and with its setting, night. O daylight composed different legends, gave different names.
Attempts have been made to unravel why it happens only during the day. Explaining the movement of the deity Ra (personified the sun god), Egypt composed a beautiful legend. In the morning he sailed along the river, rushing with him peace, tranquility. At night he descended into the dungeon, fought and won, returning the next day, giving a new dawn.
After a long time, scientists have refuted, not a few facts. They proved that the Sun is a star and all the planets of its system revolve around it. It is the brightest and largest star in relation to the planets, which is closest to the blue planet.
So, why does the sun shine during the day and not at night, and if it is a star, then why do we not see it in the night sky. The answers to these questions are very simple. The planet revolves not only around the Sun, it turns revolutions around its own axis. Morning or night will come, depending on which side it is turned to the light source. Its rise depends on the rotation of the Earth.
Our morning comes and the day begins when the sun appears from behind the horizon line. During the day, we cannot observe the night stars in the sky, this is due to the fact that the sun's rays scatter, overshadowing their faded flicker.
Why does the sun shine brightly
For a person, the theme of the cosmos, celestial bodies, the universe, will always remain not fully understood. It captivates with its obscurity, the mystery of more than one millennium. Scientists from different time periods tried to unravel the mystery of day and night. came up with various ways observations of the movements of bodies in the sky, created observatories and a telescope, conquered space. All of the above actions did not help a person get closer to the main source of life. The surface of the moon has been studied, but it is not possible to fly up to the Sun.
From sunny days depends not only favorable weather, good mood, in general, all the life support of living organisms. It is proved that the Sun is gaseous. This is evidenced by the temperature inside the core. Its surface is covered with high temperature, due to which various transformation reactions occur. Thermonuclear reactions require costs a large number energy.
Therefore, we see a small circle in the daytime sky, warming everything around and giving life. To date, not a single metal, not a single substance, not a single matter is known to the world that can tolerate temperatures of several thousand Celsius.
How long it will be, shines, no one knows modern technologies it is assumed that hydrogen reserves should be enough for several billion years, no one knows for sure. In the combustion process, not only physical, but chemical substances are expanding. The minds of science put forward a version when the reserves of hydrogen and helium begin to run low, the core will shrink, the surface will expand, an explosion will occur, and the bright Star turned into fog. The vital activity of all living things will stop.
Back forward
Attention! The slide preview is for informational purposes only and may not represent the full extent of the presentation. If you are interested this work please download the full version.
Lesson Objectives:
- form an idea of the stars;
- develop ideas about the shape, size, color of objects;
- cultivate the ability to work in a team.
Equipment: textbook "The world around" grade 1 author A.A. Pleshakov, workbook, projector, presentation, plasticine.
DURING THE CLASSES
1. Organizational stage
2. Motivation to learning activities
- Guys, today the Ant came to say thank you. You have answered many of his questions, But he cannot guess the riddle. And having guessed the riddle, we will find out the topic of our lesson.
(2 slide)
Mystery
The grain crumbled by night,
Looked in the morning - there is nothing.
What's this? (Stars)
– Today we will look for the answer to the question “Why does the Sun shine during the day, and the stars at night?” And for this we will go on a space journey.
Children stand up and say the words:
"Waiting for us fast rockets
To distant planets
which one we want
Let's fly to this
Stars, wait for us to visit. (3 slide)"One two Three
Sit down carefully
So that the devices do not hurt.
Take a chair
Fasten your seatbelts."
3. Updating knowledge
- We fly in outer space and see a lot of luminous dots. (4 slide)
- What is it? (These are the stars)
- What are the stars?
The children make their guesses.
4. Presentation of new material
(5 slide)
Stars are huge flaming balls. They are far from the Earth and therefore appear small. They flicker in different colors: red, white, yellow, blue.
(6 slide)
White and blue stars are very hot. Yellow stars are colder than white ones, red ones are colder than yellow ones. Stars have different sizes.
Why do the stars shine at night and the sun during the day?
- What do you guys think?
(children's answers)
5. Simulation of stars
(7 slide)
– Now we will create models of stars. What is the biggest star? (Aldebaran)
- And the smallest one? (Sun)
Which star is colder? (Aldebaran)
What stars are very hot? (Regulus and Sirius)
Why do stars seem small?
Conclusion. The sun is a star, a yellow dwarf.
6. Physical education
7. Consolidation of new knowledge
(9 slide)
The sun is the star that we see during the day.
- Why do we see the Sun, but do not see such a large star Aldebaran? (This is the closest star to Earth)
The sun is a huge fireball. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is 20 million degrees. The Sun is 109 times larger than the Earth.
If we imagine that the ball is the Sun, then the pea is our Earth. The sun creates a day for us, its rays reach the surface of the Earth, warm it, illuminate it. Without the Sun, there would be no life on Earth. As long as the sun shines, the radiance of other stars is not visible.
8. Physical education
9. Work on page 89 of the textbook
Stars, stars, from a long time ago
you chained forever
Man's greedy gaze.
People have been watching the stars for a long time. They used to be called astrologers, but now scientists are astronomers. (10 slide)
People, watching the stars, noticed that they form different shapes: birds, animals, people. These figures were called constellations and gave them names.
Mystery
From which bucket
Don't drink, don't eat
And they just look at him. (Constellation Ursa Major)
Not far from this constellation, people have discovered another constellation of Leo. It consists of 70 stars.
10. Summary of the lesson
We returned from the flight
And they landed on the ground.
Questions. (12 slide)
11. Reflection
There are two suns on the board: cheerful and sad.
- Guys, if you worked actively in the lesson and learned something new about the stars, then add a ray to the cheerful sun, and if you were bored in the lesson and you didn’t learn anything new, then add a ray to the sad sun.
A growing man is interested in literally everything. He asks questions about everything he sees. Why does the sun shine during the day and the stars at night? And so on and so forth. Answering seemingly simple questions is not always easy. Because sometimes some special knowledge is not enough. And how to explain the complex in a simple way? Not everyone can do this.
What is a star?
Without this concept, it is impossible to clearly explain why the sun shines during the day, and the stars at night. Often, the stars appear to babies as small dots in the sky, which they compare to small light bulbs or flashlights. If we draw an analogy, then they can be compared with huge searchlights. Because the stars are unimaginably huge, incredibly hot and located at such a distance from us that they seem like crumbs.
What is the sun?
First you need to say that the Sun is a name, like a name. And this name is the closest star to our planet. But why isn't she a dot? And because of what the sun shines during the day, and the stars at night, if they are the same?
The sun does not appear to be a dot because it is much closer than the others. Although it is also far from it. If you measure the distance in kilometers, then the number will be equal to 150 million. A car will cover such a distance in 200 years if it moves without stopping at a constant speed equal to 80 km/h. Because of the incredibly large distance, the sun seems small, although it is such that it could easily contain a million planets like Earth.
By the way, the sun is far from the largest and not very bright star in our sky. It is simply located in one place with our planet, and the rest are scattered far in space.
Why is the sun visible during the day?
First you need to remember: when does the day begin? The answer is simple: when the sun begins to shine from behind the horizon. Without his light, this is impossible. Therefore, answering the question of why the sun shines during the day, we can say that the day itself will not come if the sun does not rise. After all, as soon as it goes beyond the horizon, evening comes, and then night. By the way, it is worth mentioning that it is not the star that moves, but the planet. And the change of day to night occurs due to the fact that the planet Earth rotates around its fixed axis without stopping.
Why, then, are the stars not visible during the day, if, like the sun, they always shine? This is due to the fact that our planet has an atmosphere. They scatter in the air and overshadow the faint glow of the stars. After its setting, the scattering stops, and nothing blocks their dim light.
Why the moon?
So, the sun shines during the day, and the stars at night. The reasons for this are in the air layer surrounding the earth. But why is the moon sometimes visible, sometimes not? Yes, and when it is, it can take different types- from a thin crescent to a bright circle. What does it depend on?
It turns out that the moon itself does not glow. It works like a mirror that reflects the sun's rays to the ground. And observers can see only that part of the satellite that is illuminated. If we consider the whole cycle, then it begins with a very thin month, which resembles an inverted letter "C" or an arc from the letter "P". Within a week, it grows and becomes like a half circle. For the next week, it continues to increase and every day it approaches a full circle more and more. The next two weeks, the drawing decreases. And at the end of the month, the moon completely disappears from the night sky. More precisely, it is simply not visible, because only that part of it that turned away from the Earth is illuminated.
What do people see in space?
Astronauts in orbit are not interested in the question of why the sun shines during the day and the stars at night. And this is due to the fact that both are visible there at the same time. This fact is explained by the absence of air, which prevents the light from the stars from passing through the scattered rays of the sun. You can call them lucky, because they can immediately see the nearest star, and those that are far away.
By the way, night lights differ in color. And it is clearly visible even from the Earth. The main thing is to look closely. The hottest of them shine white and blue. Those stars that are colder than the previous ones are yellow. Our sun is one of them. And the coldest emit red light.
Continuation of the conversation about the stars
If the question of why the sun shines during the day and the stars at night arises in older children, then you can continue the conversation by remembering the constellations. They combine groups of stars that are in one place on the celestial sphere. That is, they seem to us located nearby. In fact, there can be a huge distance between them. If we could fly far from solar system, they would not recognize the starry sky. Because the outlines of the constellations would change a lot.
In these groups of stars, the outlines of human figures, objects and animals were seen. In this regard, various names have appeared. Ursa Major and Minor, Orion, Cygnus, Southern Cross and many others. Today there are 88 constellations. Many of them are associated with myths and legends.
Because of the constellation, they change their position in the sky. And some are generally visible only in a certain season. There are constellations that cannot be seen in the Northern or Southern Hemisphere.
Over time, the constellations lost minor stars, and it became difficult to guess from their pattern how the name arose. The most famous constellation in the Northern Hemisphere - Ursa Major - has now turned into a "bucket". And modern children are tormented by the question: “Where is the bear here?”
- enough ordinary star for Milky Way- not the brightest, not the largest and has an age of only 4.5 billion years. At present, the Sun is the only star known to us whose light and heat support life on the only habitable planet known to us. Fortunately for us, the Sun was still shining at the time when the first people appeared several hundred thousand years ago. But how can the Sun have so much fuel? Why hasn't it gone out yet, like a candle or a fire? And when will our star finally burn out?
Why does the sun shine?
This question was raised by scientists already in the 19th century. At that time, scientists knew only two ways that the Sun could generate energy: either it created heat and light as a result of gravitational contraction - it contracted towards the center and radiated energy (in the form of heat that we feel on), so over time it would become decrease. Either the Sun burned literally like coal in a furnace - as a result chemical reaction, familiar to all of us, and arising when we kindle a fire. Taking as a basis the fact that any of the above hypotheses could support the explanation of the functioning of the Sun, scientists of those years accurately calculated how long our luminary could exist if a corresponding process took place on it. But none of the results matched the figure that the researchers knew about the age - 4.5 billion years. If the Sun were shrinking or burning, it would have been out of fuel long before we entered the evolutionary scene. It became obvious that something else was happening on the Sun.
Einstein's equation
Decades later, armed with Enschnein's famous equation E = mc2, which predicted that any mass must have an equivalent amount of energy, British astronomers in the 1920s suggested that the Sun was actually converting its mass into energy. However, instead of a furnace that turns wood and coal into ash and blackened carbon (radiating light and heat), the center of the Sun looks more like a giant nuclear power plant.
Fusion Fuel of the Sun
The sun contains great amount hydrogen atoms. Typically, a neutral hydrogen atom contains a positively charged proton and a negatively charged electron that orbits around it. When that atom meets another hydrogen atom, their respective outer electrons magnetically repel each other. This prevents one of the protons from meeting each other. But the core of the Sun is very hot and is under such pressure that the atoms move with great kinetic energy, which allows them to overcome the force that binds their structure, and the electrons begin to separate from their protons. This means that protons normally found inside the nucleus of a hydrogen atom can touch each other and combine into the nuclei of other elements in a process called thermonuclear fusion. This reaction takes place with the release of an enormous amount of energy.
Just like inside nuclear reactor, the atoms inside the Sun's core crash into each other every second. As a result of such collisions, what most often happens is that four hydrogen protons fuse with each other to create one helium atom. As a result of this fusion, some of the mass of these four microscopic protons is “lost”, since the helium atom weighs less than four protons in total. But because the universe retains matter, it can't just disappear forever, this mass is converted into an incredible amount of energy - every second the Sun radiates 3.9 × 10 to the power of 26 watts of power. (This is such a huge amount of energy that, frankly, there is no analogy with terrestrial processes. Perhaps this number can be estimated as follows: this number of watts is much more than all the electricity that the whole world will use current pace over several hundred thousand years).
How long will the sun burn?
The efficiency of a fusion reaction is the main reason why the sun constantly radiates heat - the energy released by converting just one kilogram of hydrogen into helium is equivalent to that released by burning 20,000 tons of coal. Since the Sun is quite massive and relatively young, it is believed that it has used only about half of its fuel - hydrogen.
Eventually, the Sun's core will convert all of its hydrogen into helium, and the star will die. But don't worry. This will not happen for about 5 billion years.
Loading...
