Reflexivity of a verb in Russian is a rule. What are significant parts and how to determine a reflexive or non-reflexive verb

Irrevocable verbs are called verbs without the postfix -sya; returnable- verbs with the postfix -sya. Historically, the formation of reflexive verbs is associated with the pronoun Xia, which was originally attached only to transitive verbs ( wash + sya ("yourself") = to wash).

All verbs in Russian can be divided into several groups:

irrevocable verbs,

from which returnable

irrevocable

returnable

a) wash

build + xia education return

forms

meet + xia

b) turn white + sya

darken + sya - morphological synonyms

c) look - look at verbs

work - work out SD

d) write - impersonal is not written

sleep - can't sleep verbs

reply

lunch

fight

laugh

balk

Thus, we can conclude that the postfix –sya in Russian can perform several functions:

Form reflexive forms of verbs ( wash, bleach);

Form reflexive verbs that differ from producing non-reflexive verbs in lexical meaning ( to forgive - to say goodbye, to finish off - to achieve).

It should be noted that some -sya verbs have a synonymous reflexive combination ( to lose - to deprive oneself, to cover - to cover oneself).

The division of verbs into irrevocable and reflexive was established in the Russian language, regardless of the division of verbs into transitive and intransitive, voice and non-voice. It does not completely coincide with either one or the other, although it is associated with the categories of transitivity and voice: the affix -sya is an indicator of the intransitivity of the verb, and only reflexive forms of the verb give voice correlation.

Collateral category

The category of voice is one of the most difficult problems of Russian grammar. Linguistic scholars define the content of this category in different ways, and therefore solve the issue of the number of collaterals in different ways: some count up to 17 collaterals, others generally deny the existence of collaterals.

In Russian linguistics, there are the following definitions of voice:

1) pledge means “an act that passes from one thing to another, and an act that does not pass from one thing to another” (Lomonosov);

2) voices are such verb forms that denote a difference in relation to the verbal action to its subject. On this basis, it is possible to allocate a refundable deposit ( the book is being read) and non-refundable deposit ( read a book) - Aksakov, Fortunatov;

3) pledge is the relation of the action to the object (Buslaev, Shapiro);

4) pledge is an expression of the asset and liability of the subject (Isachenko, AG-70);

5) pledge - is the relation of action to subject and object(Vinogradov, Golovin, Gvozdev, Shansky).

In all these definitions of voice, there is a common criterion - the relation of the action to the subject and object. This feature is indeed important in the voice content, since the voice, like other verbal categories, manifests itself primarily as a certain grammatical relation - the relation of the action to its source and to the object. The category of pledge reflects objectively ongoing processes, the implementation of which is possible in the presence of an actor and an object of application of the action.

The mother (subject) washes (action) of the child (object).

The child (subject, object) washes (action).

But in Russian there are verbs that name such actions, for the implementation of which only the doer, the subject of the action is needed:

Clouds (subject) float silently across the sky.

Thus, all verbs in Russian can be divided into two groups:

1) verbs capable of conveying voice relations (voice verbs);

2) verbs that do not convey voice relations (non-voice verbs).

A verb is a significant part of speech that names an action or state as a process and expresses this meaning in the MC of aspect, voice, mood, tense and person. Also by the categories of number and gender (in past tense forms singular and in the forms of the subjunctive mood of the singular) and the case of participles.

LGR is a category that combines words that show similarities in LZ and, as a result, have common grammatical features.

LGR of verbs: transitive - intransitive, reflexive - irrevocable, personal - impersonal.

The division of verbs into categories of transitive and intransitive is closely related to the category of voice. The category of transitivity - intransitivity expresses the relation of an action to a direct object.

Transitive verbs name an action that is directed to a direct object, expressed by a dependent name in the form of wines. n. (if there is a negation in the sentence of such a wine. n., the gen. n. is regularly replaced: read a book - did not read a book).

There are transitive verbs that govern a noun into gender. n. outside the negation conditions.

Some result achievement verbs + meaning. quantity: pick flowers, make mistakes, buy books;

Verbs in which both gender and wine can be used. p .: wait for a letter and wait for a letter; want gingerbread and gingerbread; ask for alms and alms.

Majority transitive verbs form the form of suffering. communion.

Intransitive verbs name an action that does not imply a direct object expressed in the form of wines. n. and closed in the sphere of the subject or goes over to an indirect object.

As a rule, they do not have the form of suffering in their paradigm. communion.

Some intransitive verbs have an intransitive formant - postfix -sya: to gather, quarrel; other intransitive verbs do not have this formant: turn white, run, stand.

Meanings of transitive verbs:

Action directed at an object; created (build a house), changeable (whitewash the ceiling, chop wood), destroy (burn letters, break dishes);

An impact on an object that does not produce any changes in it: read a book, thank your father, congratulate your sister, praise a student, approve an idea.

Sensory perceptions (seeing a picture, listening to music, feeling pain),

Attitude (love the person, hate the enemy).

Among them there are no verbs of existential semantics and movement

An object with such verbs means an object that is perceived, to which the relation is directed.

Meanings of intransitive verbs:

State - physical (sick, sleep) and mental (sad, grieve, rejoice);

Movement (run, run, walk, walk, swim, ride, fly, race);

Existence (live, be, exist);

Position in space (standing, sitting, lying down);

Identification and formation of a sign (turn white, blush, grow, melt, dry);

Identification of properties or abilities (to be lazy); skill (to speak French).

Professional or non-professional occupation (locksmithing, teaching, cooking).

Also, a verb can be transitive and intransitive in its different meanings.

Read - transient and manages wines. n. in value perceive what is written: read a book, a letter; the same verb is intransitive in meaning. be able to perceive what is written: The kid is already reading, reading: The kid is sitting and reading. - absolute use.

RETURNABILITY - NON-RETURNABILITY

Reflexive verbs - * intransitive verbs with a formally expressed intransitivity (postfix -sya). In some cases, they carry the meaning of suffering and then they are used in the construction of a passive: The house is built by workers. In other cases, there is no such value - active construction: The lesson will end at 10.

* Verbs with the meaning of alienation (to be afraid, to fear ...) are transitive and reflexive.

Types of reflexive verbs: (depending on which verb is motivating):

Motivated by transitive verbs:

In verbs of proper reflexive meaning, the subject and object of the action coincide, these are verbs of physical action: to wash, wash, dress, undress, put on shoes, take off shoes, comb your hair, shave, whiten, blush, wrap up, make up; a number of verbs with the meaning of the state: restrain, tune in, get excited, humiliate (compare: restrain yourself, set yourself up, excite yourself, humiliate yourself).

Verbs of reciprocal meaning express the mutual (joint, directed at each other) action of several subjects: kiss, hug (kiss, hug each other), meet, see, know (colloquial), put up, quarrel, whisper.

Verbs of indirect reflexive meaning call an action performed by the subject in his own interests (for himself): tidy up, pack up, build up, build up, stock up, settle down.

Verbs of active-objectless meaning with the potentially-qualitative use of NSV verbs call the action as constant and characteristic property subject, his distinguishing feature: the nettle burns, the cow butts, the dog bites, the cats scratch.

Verbs of a characterizing-qualitative meaning name an action as a propensity characteristic of the subject or the ability to be exposed to some kind of influence: the threads are bad, they break; the car starts well; porcelain breaks easily; coffee doesn't dissolve well.

Verbs of general reflexive meaning call an action closed in the sphere of the subject as his state: to be angry, to worry, to be surprised, to rejoice, to languish, to be frightened, to worry, to have fun, to be sad, to be embarrassed;

Side-reflexive verbs call an action as contact with an object, and the object by its presence, as it were, stimulates, generates this action itself, makes it possible: hold on to the railing, grab the door handle, cling to the hand, knock, hit, bruise on the corner, rub about the fence.

Motivated by intransitive verbs. They are not organized into more or less distinct FGRs.

Non-overlapping Ch. with a postfix -sya very often forms a verb lexically close to a verb without a postfix -sya: threaten and threaten, knock and knock, call and ring;

In some contexts, in such verbs with the postfix -sya, a shade of intensity or persistence in the implementation of the action is revealed: I began to knock on the door. The owner came out (Pushk.); We called for a long time, but in vain (Veres.).

Postfix -sya, joining intransitive verbs with meaning. (to be seen in some color), can bring into the meaning of the verb a shade of uncertainty, weakness in identifying a feature; cf .: turn white and whiten, blush and blush, blacken and blacken.

That. Irreversible verbs are both transitive and intransitive verbs without the postfix -sya.

This article is a system of questions and answers that help children to independently get acquainted with such a concept as the reflexivity of the VERB, as well as to identify the features of reflexive verbs.

Read an excerpt from K. Chukovsky's poem "Moidodyr":

Let's wash, splash,
Swim, dive, tumble
In a tub, in a trough, in a tub,
In the river, in the stream, in the ocean, -
And in the bath, and in the bath,
Anytime and anywhere -
Eternal glory to water!

Let's write down the verbs that we met in this passage. We write out: Wash, splash, Swim, dive, somersault. Pay attention to the verbs - Wash, splash, somersault - in Russian, verbs with the particle -sya (-s) are called RETURNABLE.

What are reflexive verbs

Question: why do you think it was called returnable? what does this word mean? Let's look up the meaning of this word in the explanatory dictionary!

Are looking for: “Returnable - denoting the direction of the action on its subject, for example: to wash, dress.”

Question: How are these verbs formed?

The particle -СЯ, which is called the POSTFIX, is attached to the verb forms, which is from Latin means post after + fixus attached". Example: wash-wash.

Let's turn to the particle. What pronoun does she look like? On the pronouns "myself".

So, reflexive verbs are verbs that are formed using the postfix -sya (-s) and denote the direction of the action on the subject, that is, on oneself.

Features of reflexive verbs

Let's look at the main features of reflexive verbs:

1. Reflexive verbs are formed from

transitional: dress - dress;
intransitive: knock - knock.

however, when the postfix -sya (-s) is added, the verbs become intransitive (even if they were formed from transitive verbs), let's make sure of this:

dress (whom? what?) - dress

2. Postfix added:

-sya after consonants : wash, wash, wash;
-s after vowels: dressed, dressed.

But note that in participles the postfix -sya is always written: washing, dressing.

3. Reflexive verbs can be formed in different ways:

suffix-postfixal method, that is, by adding a suffix and a postfix to the stem: frolic = frisky + and (t) + sya (as a rule, such verbs without -sya are not used)
Attachmentary - postfixal: get drunk = to + drink_sya
Postfixal: wash = wash + wash

Generalization on the topic

Let's summarize and conclude what a reflexive verb is:

So, a reflexive verb is a verb that denotes an action directed at oneself, formed with the help of the particle -sya (-s), which, in turn, is called a postfix (already based on the translation of the term, one can understand that the postfix is “attached after" particle).

Reflexive verbs are called -sya. They can be non-derivative, reflexiva tantum (to be afraid, to laugh), and formed from both intransitive and transitive verbs (trade - bargain, wash - wash).

Some intransitive and reflexive verbs formed from them can denote the same situation (Something blackens in the distance and Something blackens in the distance). But in most cases, the reflexive and irrevocable verbs refer to different situations, for example, to trade means “to sell something”, and to bargain means “to try to buy cheaper”, to wash refers to a situation with two participants (Mother washes the girl), and to wash - a situation with one participant (the Girl washes her face); in the sentences Misha hit Kolya and Misha and Kolya hit a tree, we are talking about two boys, but the situations in which they are participants are not the same. In this regard, the components of meaning (except for the meaning of the passive voice), introduced into the word by the postfix -sya, are considered word-forming. -Xia is a multi-valued affix (A. A. Shakhmatov counted 12 meanings for him). The most common grammars are:

1) self-return meaning: wash, dress, put on shoes, take off shoes, comb your hair, powder, blush;

2) reciprocal meaning: hug, swear, quarrel, kiss, put up, correspond, meet;

3) mean return value: to admire, to be angry, to be angry, to have fun, to rejoice, to be horrified, to be frightened;

4) indirectly recurrent meaning: to fit, collect, pack, build, stock up;

5) active-objectless meaning: to butt, spit, swear (pronounce obscene words), bite;

6) passive-qualitative meaning: bend, tear, heat up, cool down, expand, narrow, erase;

7) passive-reflexive meaning: to remember, to remember, to appear (= to seem).

A reflexive verb can be formed with the help of -sya in combination with other morphemes (to run, to get tired, to wink).

Reflexivity is associated with voice (when voice is determined at the morphemic level, reflexive verbs formed from transitive verbs are combined into the so-called return-average deposit). Affix -sya is a sign of intransitivity. The combinations encountered in the colloquial language, such as I'm afraid of my mother, I obey my grandmother, are non-normative and not numerous.

What is a verb

The verb in is one of the significant parts of speech, denoting the action or state of an object. Verb can change in tenses, persons and numbers, that is, conjugate. Also, verbs can be defined recurrence, transitivity, pledge, gender (in the past tense). In a sentence, the verb is connected to the subject and acts as a predicate.

What are verbs made of?

Let's figure out what are the significant parts of verbs? It's simple, these are all its constituent morphemes. One of such important particles of any verb will be suffixes: XYA, XY, TH, CH, L; as well as the basics:, present tense. (Splashing - toiling, SITTING - CROWDED, DRINK - CRY, LIE - FLOW, Podudel - licked; speak - speak, spit - spit - - the basis of the infinitive; carry - carried, draw - drawing - the basis of the present tense).

Based on this, you should understand what reflexive verbs are. These are those that include the postfix SA. Absence of this morpheme speaks of irreversibility.

Important! It is easy to determine a reflexive or irrevocable verb, it is enough to disassemble it by composition and trace the presence of the above element. This rule makes it possible to distinguish this feature this part of speech.

How to determine in practice recurrence and non-returnability

Two words are given: run and walk. We produce breakdown by composition. 1st chapter: beige - root; -at - ending, suffixes СЬ and СЯ out of stock. 2nd ch.: pro- - prefix; hum-root; -yat - ending; -sya - postfix (which speaks of recurrence). Also, all irrevocable are both transitive and intransitive, and their “brothers” are only intransitive.

Conclusion: 1st - irrevocable, 2nd - returnable.

All return suffixes have certain shades of meaning:

To wash, shave, dress, wipe, admire, be ashamed - the action is turned to oneself.
Fighting, calling names, hugging - several subjects perform relative to each other.
Get upset, rejoice, pout, laugh - a psycho-emotional state.
The nettle stings, the cat scratches, the flower blossoms - a constant action.
Tidy up, get hold of - actions taken in your favor.
The door swung open, water spilled - an event that happens by itself.

Most often reflexive verb- derived from the irrevocable (wash - wash).

Important! It is necessary to distinguish from reflexive verbs verb forms with passive (Wallpaper is chosen by the buyer. Doors are closed with a key.) and impersonal meaning (It is getting dark. Frowning. It will clear up.).

Features of the use of the key morpheme:

SA- is added to the stem of the verb, which ends in a consonant (washed, scratched, caught fire, hoped, ate, crap, drank, nailed, dressed up);
CL- joins the stem ending in a vowel (unraveled, stomped, itched, became familiar, vanished, put on makeup, cheered up, feathered, lingered).

Variants of use within a literary text

Let's look at sentences with reflexive verbs with specific examples.

Evening (non-returnable). The reeds on the pond are earing (return), the ducks started a roll call, anticipating twilight. The river surface lays down (return) like a smooth glass canopy over the entire visible space, closely approaches (return) to the banks.

Slowly, a (non-returning) small boat approaches a wooden bridge, knocks (returns) barely audibly on its nose, barely protruding from the water.

The bittern begins to hoarsely (irrevocability) scream (irrevocability) in the distant swamp, as if he is unwell today (impersonal form). The bloody streak of the departing sun has already turned red (non-return) in the sky, which is about to hide (return) from the human world and will bask all night (return) in the coolness of curly clouds.

Between the boughs, roots, swaying blades of grass seeps (return.) Fog, enveloping everything and everything that touches (return.) His shy hand, a veil of coolness and bewitching smoky bliss.

A herd of horses is driven (passive form) from pastures before dawn. In the tangled manes of free animals, bluebells and daisies live (unreturned) the last seconds of their lives, inadvertently finding themselves (returning) under their hooves.

The last cry of a rooster interrupts (non-return.) the reign of the past day, and the first star lights up (return.) in the sky, the cries of an owl, the chirping of grasshoppers and the quiet purr of a cat that sleeps (non-return.) near the stove are seen. And with the arrival of the first glare of the sun in this world, everything is covered (irrevocable) awe, in every living being, an irresistible desire for life lights up (return).

And there is (non-return.) In all this mess there is a special charm that you are also a direct participant in all this action.

Definition of a verb. Reflexive / non-reflexive verbs. grammatical meaning verb

Russian lessons Reflexive form of the verb

Conclusion

Often, having a theory, a person cannot easily apply it in practical purposes. Now you know how to determine the recurrence and irreversibility of verbs. It is for this purpose that the article gives a number of examples of both single words and entire syntactic constructions related to the topic of study “Reflexive and non-reflexive verb”. Offers from reflexive verbs, taken out as a separate block, can be a great option practical task one of the thematic works in high school, as well as in the middle.