Jigoro Kano. Biography of the creator of judo

It makes no sense for an ordinary Japanese to explain what judo is, since in the Land of the Rising Sun this type of martial art goes beyond the scope of an ordinary sport, it is a whole cultural phenomenon and a full-fledged philosophy of life. However, outside of Japan, judo is very popular and is one of the four most popular types of wrestling.

soft way

When defining what judo is, one must take into account its special position in the world of sports. This is a Japanese martial art founded at the end of the century before last by Jigoro Kano, who formulated the basic principles, rules for training and competitions. In Japan itself, this type of martial arts is referred to as modern martial arts.

The very name judo is translated from Japanese language as "soft way". Unlike boxing, taekwondo, karate, there are no strikes here, the basis is throws, wrestling, sweeps, painful holds, and holds.

However, judo also differs from classical and freestyle wrestling - when conducting techniques, the emphasis is not on the athlete's physical strength, but on his dexterity and coordination. The range of permitted technical actions in judo is more broad. The very essence of this type of martial arts is to turn a rough physical opponent against him and win with minimal cost.

Creation

Until the early twentieth century, no one outside of Japan knew what judo was. The founder of this type of martial arts was the legendary Jigoro Kano, who studied traditional jujutsu (jiu-jitsu). At the end of the nineteenth century, the old martial arts in the Land of the Rising Sun were in crisis, there was a process of actively borrowing culture from the West, and old traditions were forgotten.

Jigoro Kano developed a new martial art based on jujutsu, filled it with new meaning and content. main foundation he declared judo "The Way", placing first of all the self-improvement of the individual and emphasizing its humanistic essence, since traditional jujutsu was associated with a rough occupation intended exclusively for killing a person.

He did not include the most traumatic techniques from jiu-jitsu in the new martial art, leaving them exclusively for study in the form of kata.

Spreading

The birth of judo begins in 1882 on the day when the first Kodokan school was opened. It was quite small and consisted of only 12 tatami, but thanks to the energy of Jigoro Kano, the popularity of judo began to spread throughout the country with the speed of a steppe fire. By 1887, a technical base was developed and documented, in which detailed explanation what is judo.

The old martial art, filled with new content, began to be studied in the military academies of Japan as the most effective means of defense without weapons in battle. By 1900, Jigoro Kano had developed clear rules for judging competitions.

At the same time, people from Europe who got acquainted with this new word in the world of martial arts brought judo to their countries and popularized it in their homeland. So the brainchild of Jigoro Kano began to spread throughout the world. The venerable sensei until his death in 1938 was engaged in the development of judo, no longer forcing the inclusion of Japanese martial art in the program of the Olympic Games in 1964.

Technique

To understand what kind of sport it is - judo, you need to familiarize yourself with its main content. The popular Japanese martial art consists of three main sections. Kata is a set of exercises performed by a pair of fighters. It is in the kata section that the most dangerous techniques are studied that are not allowed for use in sports judo competitions.

randori - wrestling certain rules set in advance. The purpose of randori is to study and consolidate specific techniques. Shiai is actually the competition itself.

The technical arsenal of techniques that show what judo is in action is very diverse and is divided into three large groups. Nage waza - throwing technique. Katame waza is a technique of immobilization. Atemi waza is a percussion technique.

In turn, immobilizing techniques are divided into suffocating, painful and holding. Atemi waza, as well as the most dangerous techniques from the first two sections, are studied exclusively in the form of kata and are not allowed to be used in competitions.

In total, the first section includes 67 techniques, the second - 29. In turn, the number of combinations of all these techniques is countless and depends solely on the imagination and creative capabilities of the athlete and coach, who have long discovered what kind of sport is judo.

Throws and chokes

One of the fundamental differences between judo and classical types of wrestling is a kind of defensive stance. After watching just a couple of minutes of any fight, you can already get an idea of ​​what kind of sport judo is.

It is forbidden to meet an opponent using a low defensive stance, the fighter must defend with a straight back. This opens up wide scope for a large number various throws. One of the ways to achieve victory is to roll over the opponent on his back, for which they carry out throws.

They are carried out in judo through the back, thigh, shoulder. It is possible to make steps, undercuts, pickups. They overturn the opponent both from the stand and with a fall.

Another way to end a duel early is to surrender the opponent. To do this, there is a whole arsenal of painful and suffocating techniques. The most common among painful techniques are various levers and knots. The levers include techniques that bend the limb in the joint above the pain limit, and the knots include twisting the arm in the joint.

For the sake of reducing the risk of injury in sports judo, only painful holds of the elbow joint are allowed.

As a means of self-defense

Judo formed the basis of many popular types of martial arts, including Brazilian jiu-jitsu and sambo, created in the USSR in the thirties of the last century. This is due to the high efficiency of this martial art in self-defense.

Thanks to thoughtful training with a sparring partner, speed, strength, endurance and coordination of movements develop.

The very essence of judo lies in constant falls, so one of the fundamental principles of this sport is the training of safe falls, which sharply reduces the possibility of injury.

The rules of judo encourage a quick transition to choke and submission techniques after throws, which gives the necessary self-defense skills.

Judoists, who have ideally perfected their throwing technique, are able to perfectly control the position of the opponent during the technique, which allows them to choose the necessary degree of influence in relation to him in self-defense.

Rules

The sport of judo is an Olympic sport, which makes it widespread throughout the world. World and European championships, prestigious commercial tournaments are held. True, the rules of sports judo have undergone a noticeable transformation since the time of Jigoro Kano.

Fights of wrestlers are held on tatami mats measuring 14x14 meters. In turn, within this zone, the limits of a smaller square measuring 8x8 or 10x10 meters are outlined. Any technical actions are allowed to be carried out exclusively inside this combat zone.

During competitions held under the auspices of International Federation, athletes are dressed in judogi white and blue flowers. The fight continues for five minutes. In case of a draw, an unlimited extra time is assigned until the first successful technical action or warning.

Athletes can carry out throws from the rack, suffocating and painful holds in the event that the fight goes to the ground. In sports judo, it is forbidden to carry out holding techniques in the stance. The scope of application of painful techniques is also limited. You can only manipulate the limbs in the elbow joint, in contrast to Sambo, where it is allowed to work with the opponent's knees.

Judo in the Olympic Movement

Men's judo competitions were included in the program for the first time Olympic Games in 1964 in Tokyo. Only 4 sets of awards were played, including competitions in the absolute weight category. Then the Japanese did not know their equals and won 3 gold. However, a fly in the ointment for them was the victory of the great Dutch wrestler Anton Gessink in the most prestigious weight category - absolute.

Judo - what kind of sport is it for children

The venerable Japanese martial art has a deservedly high reputation all over the world. For children, this is one of the best views for sports. Judo training can kill several birds with one stone. First of all, these are excellent exercises for the development of strength, endurance, agility. In addition, judo is one of the most effective martial arts for self-defense, which will help the child feel confident in everyday life.

Unlike traditional martial arts, there are no dangerous strikes in judo, which contributes to its inclusion in the list of the safest contact sports. Even football and hockey, according to statistics, are more traumatic.

What is judo for kids? This is one of the most recommended types of martial arts.

V.V. Putin at judo training

Judo(translated from Japanese " soft way«) - Japanese martial art, which combines self-defense without weapons philosophy, view sports martial arts.

Judo originated in 1882 in Japan, thanks to a Japanese martial artist Jigoro Kano. Judo is based on jujutsu, which is a variety of styles of martial arts common in the Japanese islands.

Judo, by Japanese classification, refers to modern martial arts (i.e. non-traditional), and at the same time stands out among many of its counterparts.

1. Firstly, it is the only martial art of the East accepted into the family of Olympic sports.
2. Secondly, the judo technique, unlike the same karate, is not shock, but wrestling - throws, painful holds, strangulations and deductions.

V.V. Putin holds a throw technique in Judo

The founder of judo, Jigoro Kano, initially emphasized the exclusion of all traumatic techniques in order to create a public art of wrestling, as adapted as possible to competitions.

Surprisingly, the recognition of judo as a popular sport did not belittle its spiritual and philosophical component, as well as its educational role. Those who practice this style of martial arts acquire such character traits as discipline, perseverance, respect. Big role in spiritual development, it has a training system, for example, working in pairs contributes to the development of psychological flexibility, communication skills and mutual assistance. It is important that these qualities are fixed in the course of bodily practices. Judo classes have a positive effect on mental abilities - it is necessary to memorize complex techniques, think tactically during the fight, generate creative non-standard ideas, etc.

Jingoro Kano formulates the spiritual value of judo as follows:“I believe that whoever learns judo from a good teacher will appreciate his homeland, love its deeds and things, elevate his spirit and be able to cultivate a courageous, active character.”

In practice, he expressed these ideas in a series of instructions:

• Correlation of their capabilities with the capabilities of the enemy;
• Mastering the initiative in a duel;
• Careful consideration and then decisive action;
• Ability to stop in time;
• “Having won - do not skid; having been defeated - do not bend; prosperous, do not lose vigilance; If you find yourself in a dangerous situation, do not be afraid and go forward in the chosen way.

As you can see, these teachings are relevant not only in judo, but also in everyday life.

A short history in the USSR

In the 20th century, thanks to Kano and his students, judo went a long way from national martial arts to worldwide recognition: 28 million people practice this martial art in 198 countries, incl. 200 thousand - in Russia. It should be noted that the history of the formation of judo in Russia has many dramatic pages. V.S. Oshchepkov - was the first Russian and the fourth European who passed the exam for a master's degree (dan) at the Japanese Kodokan judo school. This was in 1917.

After the revolution, Oshchepkov successfully popularized judo in the USSR, and also enriched it with a variety of effective techniques, which he drew from the national types of wrestling, studying them during his travels. After the arrest and death of Oshchepkov in 1937, a ban on judo was introduced in the USSR. But his students, continuing the work of the Russian master, developed on the basis of judo the new kind wrestling - sambo, which is generally recognized as one of the most effective in the world. Judo in the USSR revived only in the 60s, when the country began to take an active part in the world Olympic movement.

Judo training includes the study of basic stances, movements, self-insurance, grips and resuscitation techniques. The mat for wrestling is called tatami, judokas train barefoot, clothing for classes is judogi (jacket, pants, belt). The basis of judo technique is a variety of throws, performed both from a standing position and with a fall. Painful techniques are also used: extension and twisting of the limbs.

Unlike other common types of wrestling- freestyle, Greco-Roman - in judo, the emphasis is on the maximum use of the opponent's strength, which brings this style closer to aikido. In judo, as in wushu and karate, in addition to fights, there are complexes of formal exercises - kata. Kata are practiced in pairs and allow you to master the physical and spiritual principles of judo, as well as safely learn techniques that are prohibited in competitions for reasons of injury.

Along with sports judo, there are various applied varieties aimed at effective self-defense. Judo techniques formed the basis of many systems hand-to-hand combat, including the already mentioned Soviet sambo, American combat judo, etc.

For more than half a century, judo has remained practically the only oriental martial art that is widely represented in the world and has gained recognition in many countries. But in recent decades there is an active spread of such types of martial arts as wushu, karate, Thai boxing, aikido and many others. It remains to be wished that the increased competition between judo and other martial arts will contribute to their enrichment, as well as popularize physical and spiritual development.

Video: What is judo

Immediately after the appearance in judo, two directions stood out. The first is sports. Everything is extremely simple here. If a fighter, first of all, is attracted by competition, titles, specific martial arts, this is for him. But there is a second direction - the traditional one. Unlike the first, the philosophical component of the teachings of Jigoro Kano is at the forefront, and the martial arts are also taught to those who wish, but, first of all, as self-defense. Of course, the directions have certain differences both in the rules and in the techniques, and yet it was judo that became the first non-barbarian martial art compared to many traditional ones that were available in Japan.

Basic rules, equipment, equipment

The rules of judo were invented and systematized by Jigoro Kano. He deliberately eliminated the most brutal jiu-jitsu techniques, creating a "peaceful" technique. Although they are studied during training, they are prohibited for use during competitions. Wrestling, created in the 19th century, is still the least traumatic among other martial arts.

Of great importance is the preparation of the student, which involves a wide variety of exercises that develop muscle strength, as well as joint mobility, careful practice of techniques during sparring with a partner to achieve their correct assimilation. Judo is not traumatic also because in training, fighters pay maximum attention to various insurances.

For a long time, back in the days of Jigoro Kano, fights took place on the floor, which was covered with straw mats, which later became known as “tatami”. Today, more modern and durable coatings are used for flooring. For the battle, as before, the opponents come out in special suits. "Judogi" consist of wide cotton trousers and a spacious jacket of the same material. Since during the fight fighters often make grips on clothing, you should pay attention to its strength. The jacket of the judoist, in accordance with the rules, is tied with a cloth belt.

The path that a warrior must go through, even young fans of this type of martial arts, know thoroughly. According to the rules of judo, the best pupil has the right to increase the degree, which will allow him to become the owner white belt(6-4 degree), brown (3-1 degree). A judoist can further improve his skills, subsequently receiving the 1st dan (the first degree of a master), and with it the right to wear a black belt.

Once upon a time, the creator of judo Jigoro Kano had only 9 students in a small practice room, today judo has 28 million admirers around the world.

Judo- one of the types of wrestling. As in any other martial art judo has its own translation: ju - softness, do-way. The main thing in judo is not strength, but dexterity. The basic principle is the use of the opponent's strength. The athlete tries to put the opponent on the shoulder blades, thereby winning.

Judo wrestling originates in Japan in the 19th century, as one of the modernizations of jiu-jitsu. In the 20th century, this sport spread outside of Japan, and in 1964 it was included in the program of the Olympic Games. In any sport, constant training is required, requiring one hundred percent return. Same with judo. The athlete must be not so much strong as dexterous and be able to fall. There are various fall techniques in judo.

Basic Laws of Judo

The founder of this martial art is Jigoro Kano, who began to create his own system of laws through judo. This system was aimed at educating a person. In addition, he viewed this struggle as a means of education, and not as a pastime. He developed five basic principles which read as follows:

1. Since I decided to devote myself to judo wrestling, I will not give up training without serious reasons.

2. By my behavior I will try not to lower my dignity and the dignity of a teacher.

3. I will never give out the secrets of the school to the uninitiated and only as a last resort will I take lessons elsewhere.

4. I promise not to give lessons without my teacher's permission.

5. I swear throughout my life to respect the rules of the Kodokan, now as a student, and later as a teacher, if I become one.

Judo technique

Judo is based on the study of the technique of throws, painful holds, holds and chokes both in the stance and on the floor. But strikes are studied in the kata system. Kata- a formalized sequence of movements associated with the principles of conducting a duel with an imaginary opponent or a group of opponents. The principle of studying kata is simple: by repeating movements many times, a martial art practitioner accustoms his body to a certain kind of movements, bringing them to an unconscious level. Thus, getting into extreme situation, the body itself applies these movements already on the basis of developed reflexes. It is kata that is one of the three constituent parts judo. The other two principles are randori and shiai. Randori- fighting according to pre-set rules with the object of learning some technical techniques. shiai- competition.

Judo is an art for self-defense

Let's figure out what qualities judo develops. First, training with an opponent who resists in full force, serves to develop speed, endurance, strength and reaction. Secondly, the development of the throw technique develops control over the position of the opponent during the throw, which allows you to choose the desired severity of the impact in self-defense situations. Thirdly, mental and physical readiness for falls and blows is developed.

Judo is a path to self-improvement, unlike other types of martial arts such as karate and boxing, the basis is not strikes, but the fighting technique in the stance. Judo differs from other types of wrestling (Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling) with less use of physical force and a greater variety of technical actions that are allowed. Therefore, judo is suitable for both adults and children.

Or wrestling, in which the main thing is dexterity, not strength. It is important to use the strength of the opponent.
Modern judo owes its origin to the Japanese teacher and trainer, Professor Jigoro Kano.

Creation of a new type of martial arts

While still young, he thought about the harmony of body and spirit. Jigaro was ordinary person, not distinguished by special physical abilities, however, who managed in a short time to perfectly master the most complex technique of jiu-jitsu techniques, which arose back in the fifteenth century. Comprehending this art, he realized that not everything in it is perfect. This started the emergence of a new

Kano, taking the best of jiu-jitsu, removing dangerous blows and adding some of his techniques, created a new system of spiritual and physical perfection - judo. "Ju" - "flexible, soft", "do" - "knowledge, point of view, a certain mindset." Now you understand what judo is?

The appearance of the first section of judo

After graduating from university in 1882, Kano opened the first judo school at the Eise Shrine in Tokyo. Funds for the equipment of the premises were sorely lacking. In the year of opening, only nine students attended the school. In 1883, a system of ranks appears, and later, in 1900, refereeing rules for competitions. In 1909, Jigaro was the first in Japan to become a member of the IOC, and a little later, in 1911, the founder of the sports association. Professor Kano finally formed the technique of judo in 1887. The system itself was completed by 1922, the anniversary of the 40th anniversary of the Kodokan school. The professor was then 62 years old. The first world-class judo championship was held in Tokyo in 1956. After that, such competitions began to take place regularly and in different countries.

The first Russian judoka

In Russia, the question of what judo is became interested thanks to Vasily Oshchepkov. Being at a young age in Japan, he studied at the theological seminary in Kyoto, where he became involved in the judo section. In 1911, Oshchepkov endures entrance tests and enters the Kodokan school, without stopping studying at a school with in-depth study of languages. In 1913 he was awarded the first dan, later - the second dan. The gifted and hardworking Oshchepkov at that time was the only foreigner who graduated from the Kodokan, and became the fourth foreigner in the history of judo to be so honored.

The beginning of training in wrestling on the territory of Russia

Returning to Russia in 1917, he began to develop judo on Far East, having organized his school for the study of martial arts, in which about fifty people were involved. Later, judo was also developed in Siberia. This happened in 1928. The first section appeared in Moscow in 1930. In the capital, Oshchepkov teaches the basics of judo to policemen and security officers. He even open a judo department in State Institute physical education, where future coaches in this sport were trained. However, by the end of the thirties, dark times came: judo was banned as an "alien the Soviet people occupation". The founder of judo in Russia was repressed on a denunciation and declared an "enemy of the people" in 1937.

A lot of work was not done in vain

During his lifetime, Oshchepkov did a lot, glorifying judo and popularizing it. The basis of his studies was practical martial arts: Oshchepkov had many theoretical developments in manuscripts, which mysteriously disappeared on the day of his arrest. After the death of the teacher, the students and associates of Vasily Sergeevich (tireless and passionate people who promote judo) were forced to develop another type of wrestling based on their knowledge - sambo.

The beginning of the development of judo in Russia

In the process of alteration, various techniques from others were introduced into the wrestling technique. The rules have also changed. Over time, this struggle began to develop, acquiring character traits and gaining more and more popularity in the Soviet Union. And only after judo was included in the world program of the Olympic Games as an independent sport in 1964, did martial arts in the USSR rise again from its knees. In the 1970s, the All-Union Judo Federation was created in Russia. This led to regular competitions. Thus, the sport was popularized. Shota Chochishvili took the first gold at the Olympics for our country in 1972 in Munich, and later judokas from Soviet Union repeatedly occupied the prize-winning steps of the world and Olympic podiums. The World Judo Championship, which was held later, was also remembered for the performances Russian athletes.

Leading sport despite setbacks

In the early 90s, due to the current economic situation, the development of sports in Russia, including judo, almost came to naught. The result of this was the failure of Russian athletes in world-class competitions. Only at the beginning of the new century, thanks to successful work Russian Federation of Martial Arts, as well as financial support from a number of large companies, it is again becoming one of the leading sports. The World Judo Championship was again subdued by our athletes. A significant role in this was played by the personal example of the President of the country, V.V. Putin, who has been practicing judo since childhood. On the present stage we can safely say that this martial art in Russian Federation develops and prospers, bringing the country well-deserved victories in international competitions.

What can you get by doing this type of martial arts?

Judo is a fight designed mainly for self-defense. What qualities does this type of martial arts develop? First of all, enhanced training with a partner helps to strengthen endurance, speed, acquisition of reaction and strength. It is also important that, in addition to physical strength, the athlete must also think through his every step on the tatami, because you can win the fight by catching your opponent on his most banal mistake. It is not for nothing that they say that a smart man can defeat a strong one if, instead of resisting a superior force, he directs it in the right direction for himself.

At the moment, even children have at least the slightest idea about this martial art. Coaches advise choosing judo for children and adults as a sport with which you can maintain physical form both adults and children due to the presence in this type of martial arts of many technical elements that require considerable preparedness and certain thinking, which will be developed in the process of training.

Judo will help improve yourself, your body and mind. But the main thing that a child will gain by doing judo is self-confidence, elementary self-defense skills (parents can be calm for their child in the dark) and discipline, which, in turn, develops strong character, which means it builds a strong, unbending personality.

Conclusion

In this review, we tried to reveal the meaning of the word "judo", as well as to talk about the facts that accompanied the formation of this type of martial arts. We hope that this review will help you make a choice in favor of this type of struggle. And if you decide to start practicing such a martial art, then you should wish you good luck. Good luck in sporting achievements!