Summary of the lesson on obzh "international peacekeeping activities of the armed forces of the Russian Federation." International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - Knowledge Hypermarket International peacekeeping activities of the armed forces of the Russian Federation

International peacekeeping Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Peacemaking - unusual

a task for the military, but only the military can handle it.

Former Gen. UN secretary

Doug Hammerskjöld.

Educational - to reveal the essence and knowledge of the peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Developing - to arouse interest in the life and activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, to form a sense of friendship and camaraderie. Educational - to cultivate love for the Motherland, to form a sense of pride in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and for their country.

During the classes:

Organizing time.

Checking homework.

Exploring a new topic.

First, it is the maintenance of peace and order. Do you agree?

Secondly, it is deterring the conflicting parties from

senseless bloodshed and destruction.

“Deserve the gratitude of foreign peoples and make Europe exclaim with a sense of surprise: “The Russian army is invincible in battles and inimitable in the generosity and virtue of the peaceful! Here is a grateful goal, worthy of heroes!”

The special status, and indeed the very concept of peacekeeping, was formed under the impression of the grave consequences and horrors of the Second World War. The world community comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to save the next generation from the scourge of war. For this purpose, the UN was established in 1945, which received the authority to take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace and suppress acts of aggression. Three years later, in 1948. Owls-Without. For the first time, the UN decided to establish a UN mission to monitor the fulfillment of the terms of a truce in the Middle East and to attract military personnel from several countries of the world to its composition. This is how new form international military-political cooperation, which received the generalized name "peacekeeping".

At present, Russia is in friendly treaty relations with many states of the world, and participates in various international organizations. To prevent inevitable conflicts, Russia primarily tries to use political, economic and other peaceful means. However, sometimes the use of military force is often more effective than blandishments and negotiations.

In addition, the need for a military presence in some strategically important regions of the world is in the interests of ensuring Russia's national security.

On May 26, 1996, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security."

On the basis of these documents, a special contingent was formed consisting of 17 motorized rifle and 4 airborne battalions with a total number of 22 thousand people.

Geography of participation peacekeeping forces Russia is:

Until 2000 - Transnistria and Abkhazia

Since 1993 - Tajikistan

Since 1999 - the autonomous province of Kosovo (Yugoslavia)

The recruitment of MS takes place on a voluntary basis through competitive selection from among persons undergoing military service under a contract.

During the period of service, military personnel enjoy the status, privileges and immunities that are granted to UN personnel in peacekeeping operations.

The personnel of the MS are equipped with light small arms.

MILITARY THOUGHT No. 6 (11-12)/1998, pp. 11-18

Peacekeeping activities of the Russian Armed Forces

Colonel GeneralV.M. BARYNKIN ,

doctor of military sciences

UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF the cardinal changes that have taken place in the international arena in recent years, a qualitatively new geopolitical situation has developed, characterized by a significant reduction in the threat of unleashing large-scale wars. At the same time, it is impossible not to notice the increased tension in certain regions of the world. The likelihood of crisis situations escalating into open armed conflicts in the African continent, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, including in the CIS. The events in Georgia, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and in the Russian Federation itself (Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya) testify to this rather eloquently.

Experiencing a period of complex socio-economic transformations, Russia is vitally interested in maintaining international, regional and domestic stability. Armed conflicts both within the country and near its borders cause significant damage to national-state interests, and therefore Russia's participation in all forms of peacekeeping is quite natural.

Peacekeeping activities for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are largely new, despite the fact that practical participation in UN peacekeeping operations (OPM) began in October 1973, when the first group of Russian military observers was sent to the Middle East. And at present, six groups of Russian military observers with a total number of 54 people are participating in peacekeeping operations conducted under the auspices of the UN: four in the Middle East (one person each in Syria, Egypt, Israel and Lebanon), 11 on the Iraqi-Kuwait border , 24 in Western Sahara, nine in the former Yugoslavia, and three each in Georgia and Angola.

It should be noted that the role of military observers in the PKO is very limited and comes down mainly to monitoring the implementation of the agreements reached on a truce or ceasefire between the warring parties, as well as preventing (without the right to use force) their possible violations.

Peacekeeping efforts require a completely different scale and forms of participation when it is necessary to put out the fire of an outbreak of armed conflict between states or within it and force the warring parties to cease hostilities and restore peace. These extraordinary tasks today have to be solved by the Russian Armed Forces in a number of regions of Europe and the CIS. Thus, in April 1992, for the first time in the history of Russia's peacekeeping activities, a Russian battalion of 900 men was sent to the former Yugoslavia (in January 1994, it was increased to 1,200 men). Stationed in Croatia, he performed the tasks of separating the conflicting parties (Serbs and Croats). In February 1994, part of the Russian contingent of UN forces was redeployed to Bosnia and Herzegovina to ensure the separation of the warring parties (Bosnian Serbs and Muslims) and to monitor compliance with the ceasefire agreement. The Russian military contingent (a separate airborne brigade of two battalions with combat and logistic support units), numbering 1,600 people, also took part in Operation Joint Effort, carried out by the multinational forces from December 1995 and aimed at implementing the General Framework Agreement for Peace in this region. During the operation, the military block of issues determined by the Dayton Accords was practically fulfilled, while some political issues remained unresolved (the problem of the return of refugees to their places of former residence, the lack of freedom of movement of citizens, the status of the city of Brcko has not been determined). The main outcome was that, thanks to the presence of peacekeeping forces, after almost four years civil war Peace has been restored in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Today, the military contingent of the peacekeeping forces (MS) of Russia participate in OPM and on the territory of the CIS: in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova (two battalions of about 500 people), in South Ossetia(one battalion - over 500 people), in Tajikistan (motorized rifle division - about 7000 people), in Abkhazia (three battalions - over 1600 people). Russian peacekeepers are represented by servicemen of two formations and separate units of the Ground and airborne troops. In total, since 1992, more than 70,000 Russian military personnel have become participants in the PKO (taking into account the rotation every six months).

At present, Russia, together with the representatives of the OSCE, is taking an active part in the settlement of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict. Much has already been done, the ceasefire agreement reached has been maintained for more than four years. But a lot of work still needs to be done before a full settlement is reached. And we are ready to bring in the military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to establish peace in this region, if the governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan so desire.

The initiative in solving major peacekeeping tasks is usually taken by a group of states under the auspices of the UN or an international organization that has the appropriate authority for this, and significant material and financial resources. Russia has never objected to such an interested participation in resolving conflicts on the territory of the CIS. However, as practice shows, the European states and the OSCE are in no hurry to participate on a large scale in the settlement of conflicts on the territory of the Commonwealth states, limiting themselves mainly to the functions of monitoring and assisting in establishing contacts between the conflicting parties. Russia cannot wait for them to reconsider their attitude to this problem, and therefore is forced to act independently, proceeding primarily from the interests of national security and the international obligations.

Russia's peacekeeping efforts in the CIS are natural and justified. Of course, the crisis processes in our country make it difficult for it to play the role of an authoritative arbiter capable of persuasion, and if necessary, economic power or military force to force the parties to resolve the conflict by peaceful means, to ensure calm and restore stability in the region. Nevertheless, Russia is actually the only state on the territory former USSR, which not only shows a political interest, but also has sufficient military and logistical resources to conduct operations to maintain and restore peace. Russia's non-participation in peacekeeping activities would deprive it of the opportunity to influence developments in the international arena, and in a broader sense would affect the authority of our country in the world community.

Already the first experience of peacekeeping activities of Russia and its Armed Forces in selected countries The CIS and other regions have produced tangible positive results. In a number of cases, it was possible to achieve an end to armed clashes between the opposing sides, prevent the death of the civilian population and the destruction of the economy, localize (isolate) the conflict zone and stabilize the situation. Russia's duty is to do everything possible so that, first of all, the former members of the same family cease to be at enmity with each other and restored good neighborly relations. The future of our country and its international prestige largely depends on how soon the bleeding wounds in the CIS states are healed.

The basis for the participation of the Russian Federation - a permanent member of the UN Security Council - in peacekeeping operations are the norms of international law: the UN Charter, decisions of the Security Council and its Military Staff Committee, resolutions of the UN General Assembly, the OSCE, as well as the Charter of the Commonwealth Independent States and the CIS Heads of State Agreement on Military Observer Groups and Collective Peacekeeping Forces. A number of regulations in this area contain the Basic Provisions military doctrine Russian Federation, where it is indicated that our state contributes to the efforts of the world community, various collective security agencies to prevent wars and armed conflicts, maintain or restore peace, and considers it possible to use the Armed Forces and other troops to conduct operations to maintain or restore peace in accordance with the decision UN Security Council or international obligations.

To date, the Commonwealth has adopted a number of documents defining in the aggregate general mechanism and the most importantspecific details of peacekeeping operationsiterations. They can be divided into three main groups.

To first include the provisions of the Charter of the CIS adopted in January 1993, which establishes fundamental approaches to resolving disputes and preventing conflicts between member states of the Commonwealth.

Second group documents is devoted to specific issues of the formation and activities of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the CIS. On March 20, 1992, in Kyiv, at a meeting of the top leaders of the CIS member states, an Agreement on Military Observer Groups and Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the CIS was signed, and on May 15 of the same year in Tashkent, three protocols were signed: on the status of Military Observer Groups and Collective Forces peacekeeping in the CIS; on the temporary procedure for the formation and use of groups of military observers and collective forces in conflict zones between the CIS states, as well as a protocol on staffing, structure, logistical and financial support these groups and forces. On September 24, 1993, the Agreement on Collective Peacekeeping Forces was signed, supplemented by documents on the status of their joint command and funding scheme. Despite the fact that these documents are not included in the list of official international legal acts on peacekeeping operations in the CIS, it was on their basis that the decision was made on the same day to form the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the Republic of Tajikistan. On January 19, 1996, at a meeting of the top leadership of the CIS countries, the Concept for the Prevention and Settlement of Conflicts on the Territory of the CIS and the Regulations on Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the CIS were adopted.

Third group establishes a mechanism for making decisions on the conduct of specific peacekeeping operations on the territory of the Commonwealth, and also includes documents that allow regular renewal of the mandates of peacekeeping operations (for example, in Abkhazia, Tajikistan).

Domestic legal acts regulating the participation of military contingents of the Armed Forces in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security are: Federal Law “On the procedure for the provision by the Russian Federation of military and civilian personnel to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security” (1995 d.), Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the formation of a special military contingent in composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities for the maintenance or restoration of international peace and security” (1996), Regulations on a special military contingent in composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security (1996) - In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Defense in June 1996 approved the List of formations and military units Armed Forces intended to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security. On December 7, 1996, the Minister of Defense signed an order “On measures to implement the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 19, 1996 No. 1251 “On approval of the Regulations on a special military contingent in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security ". By this order, the participation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in operations to maintain or restore international peace and security is recognized as one of the important areas of their activity. At the same time, the functions and principles of using the special military contingent of the Russian Federation comply with the legal standards for the use of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces of the CIS.

The decision to send military contingents of the Russian Armed Forces outside its borders to participate in peacekeeping activities is made by the President of the Russian Federation on the basis of the relevant resolution of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

The peacekeeping forces of Russia can be involved in resolving the armed conflict on the basis of interstate agreements: as a third neutral mediator (the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova, South Ossetia, Georgia); as part of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces of the CIS (Republic of Tajikistan); as part of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces (Abkhazia); under the auspices of the UN, OSCE, other regional organizations (the former Yugoslavia).

General management of PKOs conducted on the territory of the CIS with the participation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is carried out Council of Heads of State - Members of the CIS coupled with oversight by an internationally recognized, multinational political organization(UN or OSCE), and PKOs conducted on the basis of bilateral agreements - specially created joint (mixed) control commissions. A clear mandate should be developed in writing, setting out the objectives of the operation, its expected duration, those responsible for its implementation and their powers. For example, the Collective Peacekeeping Force in Abkhazia and the Collective Peacekeeping Force in Tajikistan have such a mandate.

However, the situation in local conflicts often develops in such a dangerous way that Russia has to act in essence without a carefully developed political mandate and a system of political control over the activities of peacekeeping forces. Nevertheless, even in such cases a positive effect is possible, as evidenced by the cessation of armed confrontation in South Ossetia and Transnistria, when the achieved ceasefire created the prerequisites for a political settlement of the conflict.

A necessary condition for conducting an OPM is consent of the parties. Russia proceeds from the fact that the LOs can be deployed and operate only after the preliminary signing of an appropriate agreement by the international body and the conflicting parties or receiving clear guarantees from the latter that they agree with the introduction of peacekeeping forces into the conflict zone and do not intend to oppose them. In other words, the deployment of these forces should take place, as a rule, after the stabilization of the situation and if the parties have the political will to resolve the conflict by political methods. This is all the more important because the ICJ often does not have all the means to enforce its mandate and is required to cooperate with the warring parties to this end.

The deployment of peacekeeping activities on the territory of the CIS countries also begins after political decision(issuance of a mandate for PKO) of the Council of Heads of State - Members of the CIS. The Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth informs the UN Security Council and the OSCE Chairman of the decision.

The immediate motive for Russia's involvement in the PKO on the territory of the CIS countries is the appeal to it by other states with a request for assistance in resolving conflicts.

There are some peculiarities in the deployment of peacekeeping activities when an armed conflict takes place within a state. As experience shows, in this case, it is necessary to seek the consent of all the forces involved in the conflict to conduct a PKO, even if some of them do not represent state power. An example of this is the Agreement on the principles of a peaceful settlement in Transnistria, signed by the presidents of Russia and Moldova on July 21, 1992. In accordance with it, a mixed peacekeeping force was created, which includes the military contingent of Pridnestrovie, Moldova and Russia. A similar agreement was also signed during the settlement of the conflict in South Ossetia.

In contrast to the practice of using the UN peacekeeping forces, the Russian Ministry of Defense, as well as observers, in a number of cases were brought to the line of contact of the parties when the ceasefire had not yet been achieved. They became, as it were, a buffer between the opposing sides and formed a demilitarized zone. The contingent of the MS is currently located in this zone, while each unit has its own area of ​​control. Units from the opposing sides are deployed together with the Russian ones, and the patrols, posts and outposts that are being assembled, as a rule, have a mixed composition.

In accordance with established international practice direct control of the OPM, conducted under the auspices of the UN, international peacekeeping forces are officially under the command of the UN Secretary-General, who acts on behalf of the Security Council. Russia, as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, takes an active part in the exercise by this body of its control functions. With the consent of the Security Council, the UN Secretary-General appoints his own special representative to directly supervise the operation, as well as a commander responsible for military unit ongoing action.

Management and control during the conduct of AARs on the territory of countries- CIS members are somewhat different from generally accepted international practice.

With the adoption of a political decision to conduct a specific peacekeeping operation and the conclusion of an appropriate interstate treaty (agreement), i.e. obtaining a mandate to carry it out, creates Mixed (Joint) Control Commission (JCC or JCC) on a multilateral basis. It organizes the entry of the MS into the conflict area, and in addition, it is endowed with the necessary powers of its governments to resolve political, economic, military and other issues in the areas of peacekeeping missions, determines the structure of the Joint Military Command and the Joint Staff of Peacekeeping Forces. They include representatives of the Russian MS and military formations of the conflicting parties. To ensure the security regime within the security zone, commandant's offices of the peacekeeping forces are being created. The direct management of each specific operation is entrusted to the commander, appointed by the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth. Military observers appointed by the parties, as well as observers from the UN, the OSCE and other regional international organizations. The management of the units of the MS is carried out by the decision of the Joint Staff and is not much different from the usual army scheme.

Concerning composition of the peacekeeping forces, then the interests of Russia correspond to the option when, on the basis of intergovernmental agreements, they include military contingents from various states. The established practice of non-participation in PKOs by contingents from particularly interested countries or countries bordering on the state (states) on whose territory (or between which) a military conflict broke out is no longer considered the norm in the new realities. At the same time, agreements on the composition of forces have their own specifics in comparison with UN practice. For example, the Agreement on Principles for the Settlement of the Conflict in South Ossetia, signed on June 24, 1992 by the Russian Federation and the Republic of Georgia, formed a Joint Control Commission consisting of representatives of North and South Ossetia, Georgia and Russia. Under it, with the consent of the parties, the Mixed Peacekeeping Forces were created, as well as the Mixed Groups of Observers stationed along the perimeter of the security zone. The development of a mechanism for the use of these forces was entrusted to the Joint Control Commission. As a result of the measures taken in South Ossetia, it was possible to separate the warring parties, stabilize the situation, and then move on to finding ways for its political settlement.

A few words must be said about the conflict in Tajikistan, since here the first attempt was made to put into practice the Agreement on Collective Peacekeeping Forces signed within the framework of the CIS. Adopted after a thorough study of trends in the development of the internal political situation in a number of republics of the former USSR, it reflects the desire of Russia and its neighbors, in parallel with practical measures to eliminate conflicts, to form stable mechanisms for peacekeeping activities within the Commonwealth to participate in possible PKOs. We do not rule out the possibility of bringing peacekeeping forces of other countries under the flag of the UN or the OSCE to peacekeeping operations in the CIS, if the need arises. The first example of such participation was Tajikistan, where in January 1993 a group of UN observers began to work.

International norms govern and use of force in PKOs. Russia believes that, henceforth, international peacekeeping forces will, as a rule, be armed only with small arms and light military equipment and will resort to the use of force only in self-defense (which is interpreted as countering armed attempts to obstruct the implementation of the mandate of the international forces).

An important principle in the use of international peacekeeping forces in PKOs is impartiality, those. refraining from actions that could harm the rights, position or interests of the parties to the conflict.

The norms of international law require maximum openness and publicity when conducting a peacekeeping operation (restrictions in this regard are possible only for security reasons). Unified (military and political) leadership of the operation and constant coordination of political and military actions must be ensured.

The implementation of these principles and requirements is considered by the international community to be very important condition both the success of the peacekeeping operation and the recognition of the legitimacy of certain actions that are carried out by groups of countries that have a mandate from the UN, the OSCE or other organizations.

The role of our country as an authoritative peacekeeping force is increasingly recognized in the world. In special decisions on Abkhazia and Tajikistan, the UN Security Council welcomed Russia's actions to resolve conflicts in these regions. UN circles note that Russian peacekeeping enriches international practice peacekeeping operations.

Russia actively participates in practical developments and consultations on peacekeeping activities with various international organizations (UN, OSCE, NATO and others), as well as with interested countries. So, in 1994, on the territory of the Totsk training ground and in 1995, on the territory of Fort Riley (Kansas, USA), joint Russian-American command and staff exercises of peacekeeping forces were held. They were preceded by the painstaking work of the leadership of the ministries of defense of Russia and the United States, experts, commanders of units assigned to the peacekeeping forces. A special "Russian-American guide to the tactics of peacekeeping forces during exercises" was developed and published in English and Russian. During the seminars and meetings, the parties came to a deeper understanding of the essence of peacekeeping operations, including such concepts as maintaining and restoring peace, logistics of operations, considered issues of joint decision-making and training of personnel, developed common conventional signs to designate troops during joint exercises.

The units of the RF Armed Forces took part in the multinational peacekeeping exercises "Peace Shield-96" in Ukraine, "Centrazbat-97" in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The participation of units of the RF Armed Forces in the peacekeeping exercises "Centrazbat-98" on the territory of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, within the framework of the "Partnership for Peace" program - on the territory of Albania and on the territory of Macedonia is planned. According to the author, the practice of conducting such exercises is fully justified. It contributes to the mutual enrichment of peacekeeping experience and makes an undoubted contribution to the development of international cooperation in resolving conflicts in hot spots, and also lays the foundation for planning and developing joint peacekeeping exercises with NATO and the CIS countries.

Continues to develop legal framework for peacekeeping. In June 1998, the Federal Law “On the procedure for the provision by the Russian Federation of military and civilian personnel for participation in peacekeeping activities to maintain international peace and security” came into force, which determines the status and functions of peacekeeping forces, the procedure for their recruitment, as well as the financing of peacekeeping operations. In connection with the adoption of this law, the priority task in modern conditions is to develop an effective mechanism for its implementation, capable of ensuring coordinated efforts in the peacekeeping field of all interested ministries and departments.

I would like to pay special attention to funding the training and equipment of military units, intended to participate in the maintenance or restoration of international peace. Allocation of funds for the maintenance of military personnel during the period of participation in peacekeeping activities in accordance with federal law must be done on a separate line federal budget. However, until now, these costs are also borne by the Ministry of Defense. At best, separate funding for peacekeeping activities can only begin in January 1999.

So, main positions and views of Russia on the issue of participation in international efforts to maintain peace are as follows:

firstly, Russia, being a permanent member of the UN Security Council, strives to take the most active and feasible part in peacekeeping activities;

Secondly, Russia gives priority to participation in peacekeeping activities within the framework of such organizations as the UN and the OSCE;

third, a military peacekeeping operation should only be conducted in addition to political settlement efforts, have a clear certain goals and political framework;

fourth, Russia is ready, on the basis of a UN mandate, to consider models and forms of participation of the Russian military in operations to maintain and restore peace conducted within the framework of other regional security structures.

In conclusion, let us emphasize that Russia's peacekeeping is in its vital interests. Armed conflicts create a tense situation in the immediate vicinity of Russia's borders, violate human rights, generate refugee flows, disrupt established transport communications and economic ties, lead to significant material losses, and can destabilize the political and economic situation in the country. Firmly pursuing a line on ensuring peace and security, fulfilling obligations under agreements with the CIS countries, Russia does not oppose its peacekeeping efforts to anyone, does not demand a special position and an exclusive role for itself, but stands for the widest participation in this activity of the UN, OSCE, others international institutions. The peoples of all the states of the Earth are interested in this. And our task is to contribute to the realization of their aspirations and hopes.

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Introduction

1. International activities of the RF Armed Forces

2. Peacekeeping operations

3. Operation in the former Yugoslavia

4. On the status of military personnel

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Character international relations depends on many different factors, one of which is the international activity of the Armed Forces. The main purpose of this activity is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state from military aggression from other states.

The protection of the country's national interests presupposes both reliable security of citizens and independent peacekeeping activities in order to avoid conflicts, if necessary, being present in strategically important parts of the world.

On the this moment The Armed Forces are the last resort used in cases where it was not possible to avoid a military threat by peaceful means, since there is constant tension in relations between the leading powers in the world.

1. International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

armed forces russian federation

The international activity of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation today is inextricably linked with the implementation of military reform in our country and the reform of the Armed Forces.

As you know, the starting point for the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 16, 1997 "On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure." On July 31, 1997, the President approved the Concept for the Construction of the Armed Forces for the period up to the year 2000.

The military reform is based on a solid theoretical base, the results of the calculations, taking into account the changes that took place in the early 1990s. in the geopolitical situation in the world, the nature of international relations and the changes that have taken place in Russia itself. The main goal of the military reform is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state from military aggression from other states.

Currently, to prevent war and armed conflicts in the Russian Federation, preference is given to political, economic and other non-military means. At the same time, it is taken into account that, while the non-use of force has not yet become the norm of international relations, the national interests of the Russian Federation require military power sufficient for its defense.

In this connection the most important task Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is to ensure nuclear deterrence in the interests of preventing both nuclear and conventional large-scale or regional war.

The protection of the national interests of the state assumes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. At the same time, the Armed Forces must ensure that the Russian Federation carries out peacekeeping activities both independently and as part of international organizations. The interests of ensuring Russia's national security predetermine the need for Russia's military presence in some strategically important regions of the world.

The long-term goals of ensuring Russia's national security also determine the need for Russia's broad participation in peacekeeping operations. The implementation of such operations is aimed at preventing or eliminating crisis situations at the stage of their inception.

Thus, at present, the leadership of the country considers the Armed Forces as a factor of deterrence, as a last resort used in cases where the use of peaceful means has not led to the elimination of a military threat to the interests of the country.

The main document that determined the creation of the Russian peacekeeping forces, the principles of their use and the procedure for using them, is the Law of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for providing the Russian Federation with military and civilian personnel to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security" (adopted State Duma May 26, 1995).

To implement this law, in May 1996 the President of the Russian Federation signed Decree No. 637 “On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security.”

2. Peacekeeping aboutoperations

In accordance with this decree, a special military contingent was formed in the Armed Forces of Russia with a total number of 22 thousand people, consisting of 17 motorized rifle and 4 airborne battalions.

In total, up to April 2002, one thousand servicemen from the peacekeeping units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation carried out tasks to maintain peace and security in two regions - the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova, Abkhazia.

The military contingent was brought into the conflict zone in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova on June 23, 1992 on the basis of the Agreement between the Republic of Moldova and the Russian Federation on the principles of peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova. Total population The peacekeeping contingent was about 500 people.

On March 20, 1998, negotiations were held in Odessa on the settlement of the Transnistrian conflict with the participation of Russian, Ukrainian, Moldovan and Transnistrian delegations.

The military contingent was brought into the conflict zone in South Ossetia (Georgia) on July 9, 1992 on the basis of the Dagomys agreement between the Russian Federation and Georgia on the settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict. The total number of this contingent was more than 500 people.

A military contingent was brought into the conflict zone in Abkhazia on June 23, 1994 on the basis of the Agreement on a ceasefire and separation of forces. The total number of this contingent was about 1600 people.

Since October 1993, the 201st motorized rifle division of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has been part of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the Republic of Tajikistan in accordance with the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The total number of this contingent was more than 6 thousand people.

Since June 11, 1999, Russian peacekeepers have been on the territory of the autonomous province of Kosovo (Yugoslavia), where in the late 90s. there was a serious armed confrontation between Serbs and Albanians. The number of the Russian contingent was 3600 people. A separate sector occupied by the Russians in Kosovo equalized the rights of the Russian Federation in solving this ethnic conflict with the five leading NATO countries (USA, UK, Germany, France, Italy).

The staffing of government bodies, military units and subdivisions of a special military contingent is carried out on a voluntary basis according to the preliminary (competitive) selection of military personnel undergoing military service under a contract. The training and equipment of the peacekeeping forces are carried out at the expense of the federal budget funds allocated for defense.

During the period of service as part of a special military contingent, servicemen enjoy status, privileges and immunity. Privileges are granted to UN personnel in the conduct of peacekeeping operations in accordance with the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations adopted by General Assembly United Nations on February 13, 1996 Also by the UN Security Convention of December 9, 1994, Protocol on the Status of Groups of Military Observers and Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the CIS of May 15, 1992

The personnel of the special military contingent is equipped with small arms. When performing tasks on the territory of the CIS countries, personnel are provided with all types of allowances in accordance with the standards established in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Training and education of the military personnel of the peacekeeping contingent is carried out at the bases of a number of formations of the Leningrad and Volga-Ural military districts, as well as at the Higher Officer Courses "Shot" in the city of Solnechnogorsk (Moscow Region).

The CIS member states have concluded an Agreement on the training and education of military and civilian personnel for participation in collective peacekeeping operations, determined the procedure for training and education, and approved training programs for all categories of military and civilian personnel assigned to collective peacekeeping forces.

The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include joint exercises, friendly visits and other activities aimed at strengthening common peace and mutual understanding.

On August 7-11, 2000, a joint Russian-Moldovan exercise of the peacekeeping forces "Blue Shield" was held.

3. Operation in the former Yugoslavia

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation have been participating in the operation of the multinational forces since April 1992 in accordance with UN Security Council Resolutions No. 743 of February 26, 1992 and June 10, 1999 No. 1244. Currently, the Russian military contingent is taking part in peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and in the autonomous province of Kosovo in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The main tasks of Russian peacekeepers:

Preventing the resumption of hostilities;

Creation of security conditions for the return of refugees and displaced persons;

Ensuring public safety;

Supervision of demining;

Support, where necessary, for an international civil presence;

Fulfillment, as necessary, of duties for the implementation of border control;

Ensuring the protection and freedom of movement of own forces, international civil presence and personnel of other international organizations.

4. On the status of military personnel

On the status of military personnel participating in peacekeeping operations.

The legal status of military personnel participating in peacekeeping operations is complex nature. It is governed by a set of legal principles and norms belonging to various legal systems and having different legal nature.

AT legal status servicemen reflects its specificity, primarily as an integral part of a functional interstate mechanism - an international organization. The main legal basis for regulating the activities of international organizations and their employees is the international legal basis, the form - international legal principles and norms. In this regard, the status of personnel is primarily international character and limited by functionality.

A feature of the legal status of military personnel participating in peacekeeping operations is that they do not enter the service of the United Nations, they do not become UN personnel as such. Military personnel are temporarily seconded to a UN peacekeeping mission.

After citizens of one state are seconded to serve in an organ of an international organization located on the territory of another state, legal relations between employees and these states accordingly remain and arise. Military personnel remain and become participants in legal relations that are governed by the norms of the respective national legal systems.

In addition, an international organization, whose activity is subject to the will of the member states, is endowed with a certain independence by the member states in order to achieve its goals. The independence of the organization is embodied in the functional law of subjectivity and is materialized through the functional competence, in particular, to create the rules of law, including those regulating the activities of personnel. These norms are unconditionally legally binding, however, they are not international legal, they have a special legal nature and sources.

It follows from the foregoing that all the norms and principles governing the legal status of personnel can be divided according to the nature of their sources and belong to:

1) to the norms of international law contained in the charters of the UN and its specialized agencies, in special agreements, in acts of organizations and other international legal acts;

2) to the norms that have a domestic nature of the sources contained in the acts of various domestic bodies of the country of residence, transit, business trip.

3) to the norms of the so-called internal law of the UN, created and applied within the organization;

4) to the norms that have a domestic nature of the sources contained in the acts of certain domestic bodies.

Heterogeneous character legal regulation the status of military personnel participating in UN peacekeeping operations reflects the specifics legal status such military personnel as a special category of participants in international legal relations. This specificity determined the definition of sources of norms on the legal status of personnel and, thus, the features of its regulation in various legal spheres.

At present, the active participation of Russian citizens in the peacekeeping efforts of the world community requires the development of a “Status of a participant in peacekeeping operations” that meets international legal standards, which would define legal rights and obligations and provide social guarantees for all participants in this process.

Conclusion

Summarizing the above, we can conclude that in modern conditions the greatest threat to international peace and security both at the regional level and on a global scale is posed by armed conflicts, which should be resolved primarily by political means and only, as a last resort, by conducting operations to peacekeeping. However, it should be noted that not a single peacekeeping action will bring the desired result if there is no political will and desire of the warring parties to resolve the contradictions that have arisen themselves.

As for the prospects for Russia's participation in peacekeeping, they are eloquently evidenced by the fact that if in the first 40 years of its existence the UN conducted 13 peacekeeping operations, then since 1988, 28 new operations have been initiated.

Special mention should be made of the organization of peacekeeping activities with the CIS member countries. Commonwealth as regional organization which has assumed the functions of ensuring international peace and security, opens up new horizons for the development of peacekeeping.

For the newly formed states that emerged from the former USSR, peacekeeping is becoming one of the main forms of conflict resolution policy in the post-Soviet space. Unresolved national, territorial and other problems, mutual claims, led to the development of well-known events in the Dnieper region, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Tajikistan, North Ossetia.

Bibliography

1. Smirnov A. T., Fundamentals of life safety: Proc. for students in grade 11 general education institutions / A. T. Smirnov, B. I. Mishin, V. A. Vasnev. - 3rd ed. - M.: Education, 2002. - 159 p. - ill.

2. Syunkova V. Ya., Fundamentals of life safety: Proc. For students in grades 10-11. general education Institutions / V. Ya. Syunkova. - M., 1998;

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>>International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

5.6. International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

The international activity of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation today is inextricably linked with the implementation of military reform in our country and the reform of the Armed Forces.

As you know, the starting point for the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 16, 1997 "On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure." On July 31, 1997, the President approved the Concept for the Construction of the Armed Forces for the period up to the year 2000.

The military reform is based on a solid theoretical base, the results of the calculations, taking into account the changes that took place in the early 1990s. in the geopolitical situation in the world, the nature of international relations and the changes that have taken place in Russia itself. The main goal of the military reform is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state from military aggression from other states.

Currently, to prevent war and armed conflicts in the Russian Federation, preference is given to political, economic and other non-military means. At the same time, it is taken into account that, while the non-use of force has not yet become the norm of international relations, the national interests of the Russian Federation require military power sufficient for its defense.

In this regard, the most important task of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is to ensure nuclear deterrence in the interests of preventing both nuclear and conventional large-scale or regional war.

The national interests of the state assumes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. At the same time, the Armed Forces must ensure that the Russian Federation carries out peacekeeping activities both independently and as part of international organizations. The interests of ensuring Russia's national security predetermine the need for Russia's military presence in some strategically important regions of the world.

The long-term goals of ensuring Russia's national security also determine the need for Russia's broad participation in peacekeeping operations. The implementation of such operations is aimed at preventing or eliminating crisis situations at the stage of their inception.

Thus, at present Armed forces the leadership of the country is regarded as a factor of deterrence, as a last resort used in cases where the use of peaceful means did not lead to the elimination of a military threat to the interests of the country. Fulfillment of Russia's international obligations to participate in peacekeeping operations is regarded as new task Armed Peacekeeping Forces.

The main document that determined the creation of the peacekeeping forces of Russia, the principles of their application and the procedure for using it, is the Law of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for providing the Russian Federation with military and civilian personnel to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security" (adopted by the State Duma on May 26, 1995 .).

To implement this law, in May 1996 the President of the Russian Federation signed Decree No. 637 “On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security.”

In accordance with this decree, a special military contingent was formed in the Armed Forces of Russia with a total number of 22 thousand people, consisting of 17 motorized rifle and 4 airborne battalions.

In total, up to April 2002, one thousand servicemen from the peacekeeping units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation carried out tasks to maintain peace and security in two regions - the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova, Abkhazia.

The military contingent was brought into the conflict zone in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova on June 23, 1992 on the basis of the Agreement between the Republic of Moldova and the Russian Federation on the principles of peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova. The total number of the peacekeeping contingent was about 500 people.

On March 20, 1998, negotiations were held in Odessa on the settlement of the Transnistrian conflict with the participation of Russian, Ukrainian, Moldovan and Transnistrian delegations.

The military contingent was brought into the conflict zone in South Ossetia (Georgia) on July 9, 1992 on the basis of the Dagomys agreement between the Russian Federation and Georgia on the settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict. The total number of this contingent was more than 500 people.

A military contingent was brought into the conflict zone in Abkhazia on June 23, 1994 on the basis of the Agreement on a ceasefire and separation of forces. The total number of this contingent was about 1600 people.

Since October 1993, the 201st motorized rifle division of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has been part of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the Republic of Tajikistan in accordance with the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The total number of this contingent was more than 6 thousand people (insert, photo 36).

Since June 11, 1999, Russian peacekeepers have been on the territory of the autonomous province of Kosovo (Yugoslavia), where in the late 90s. there was a serious armed confrontation between Serbs and Albanians. The number of the Russian contingent was 3600 people. A separate sector occupied by the Russians in Kosovo equalized the rights of the Russian Federation in resolving this interethnic conflict with the five leading NATO countries (USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy).

The staffing of government bodies, military units and subdivisions of a special military contingent is carried out on a voluntary basis according to the preliminary (competitive) selection of military personnel undergoing military service under the contract. The training and equipment of the peacekeeping forces are carried out at the expense of the federal budget funds allocated for defense.

During the period of service as part of a special military contingent, military personnel enjoy the status, privileges and immunities that are granted to UN personnel in peacekeeping operations in accordance with the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations adopted by the UN General Assembly on February 13, 1996, the Convention on UN Security Council of December 9, 1994, Protocol on the Status of Military Observer Groups and Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the CIS of May 15, 1992.

The personnel of the special military contingent is equipped with small arms. When performing tasks on the territory of the CIS countries, personnel are provided with all types of allowances in accordance with the standards established in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Preparation and education military personnel of the peacekeeping contingent are carried out at the bases of a number of formations of the Leningrad and Volga-Ural military districts, as well as at the Higher Officer Courses "Shot" in the city of Solnechnogorsk (Moscow Region).

The CIS member states have concluded an Agreement on the training and education of military and civilian personnel for participation in collective peacekeeping operations, determined the procedure for training and education, and approved training programs for all categories of military and civilian personnel assigned to collective peacekeeping forces.

The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include joint exercises, friendly visits and other activities aimed at strengthening common peace and mutual understanding.

On August 7-11, 2000, a joint Russian-Moldovan exercise of the peacekeeping forces "Blue Shield" was held.

Questions and tasks

1. Significance and role international activities Armed Forces of Russia in carrying out military reform.
2. Legal basis for conducting peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of Russia.
3. The status of a military contingent of the Russian peacekeeping forces.

Smirnov A. T., Fundamentals of life safety: Proc. for students in grade 11 general education institutions / A. T. Smirnov, B. I. Mishin, V. A. Vasnev. - 3rd ed. - M.: Education, 2002. - 159 p. - ill.

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