The standard of beauty for a woman of the 21st century is appearance. How did the standards of beauty change in different eras?

Rehabilitation after breast augmentation with modern plastic methods does not take much time. It begins immediately after the woman returns home. But during this period, it is imperative to follow all the recommendations of the doctor so that there are no complications. Otherwise, return to ordinary life will not be soon.

The breast after mammoplasty needs to be restored. At first, it is hard to the touch, and when the breast becomes soft, it depends on the individual. Average plastic surgery requires waiting for recovery from one to three months. Since the implant is located under the muscles, they swell, become inflamed and tense. To quickly get rid of these unpleasant symptoms, a woman's life must proceed according to special rules.

How many days it takes to recover from breast augmentation surgery primarily depends on the size of the implant, the technique of implantation and the quality of the operation. Not the last role is played by the state of immunity of the woman herself, the presence of allergic reactions.

The entire recovery period must follow the special recommendations of the doctor. Rehabilitation after mammoplasty by day looks something like this.

• The initial stage is considered the first day after a breast lift, when you need to observe bed rest. In the first days after mammoplasty, in order to reduce the risk of bleeding, doctors recommend applying cold to the breast as often as possible. It reduces swelling and reduces pain.
• On the third day after the operation, pain intensifies and increased swelling is observed. Be sure to control body temperature and, if necessary, take antipyretics and painkillers. It is important to take care of the bust and postoperative sutures. It is recommended to tighten the chest with special elastic bandages and from this period it is necessary to wear compression underwear.

• You can wash after mammoplasty in the shower from the 5th day. The seam must be sealed with a plaster. Those who washed the seam with water risk infection. You can not wash your hair yourself, because during this period you can not raise your hands. When can you raise your arms above your shoulders? The restriction will last approximately until the end of the first month. You can’t bathe in the bathroom for 1.5 months. After water procedures, all seams should be thoroughly dried, you can use a hairdryer. The patient’s review noted: “It was problematic to wash my hair for the first 10 days, as soon as I raised my hands, there was a sharp pain, so I needed help. But already from the 10th day I washed my hair myself.
• Rehabilitation after mammoplasty in the first week should be done with special care. These days, there is a high risk of developing an infection and opening bleeding. Women who have had breast augmentation through surgery may experience swelling and bruising. But they should pass soon. After 7-10 days, stop taking medications. Until that time, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial or pain medications could be prescribed. Exercise is still prohibited.
• After 11 days of mammoplasty, the risk of complications is minimal. At this stage, you can begin to perform light gymnastics. Swelling subsides, and slight chest pain can only bother you at night. A month later, when the stitches are removed, you can raise your arms. In this case, the load in the hands should not be more than 1.5 kg.
• After 1.5 months rehabilitation period comes to an end after mammoplasty. By this time, the swelling has already passed, and the pain occurs less frequently. Feeling better. There may be a feeling of numbness in the nipples, but this should pass soon.

The final result after mammoplasty can be judged only after 3-4 months. By this time, the normal life to which the woman is accustomed should gradually return.

If the recovery period has passed without complications and severe pain, and the scars heal quickly, then the removal of the stitches will be painless. After how many days are stitches removed? The stitches are removed on the 7-10th day. Breast plastic surgery is performed with internal and external sutures. You should not settle for external seams that resolve themselves. This process takes about two months. During this time, various infections and dirt can stick to the threads, provoking inflammation.

From the reviews: “Girlfriend, the recovery was successful. The result is excellent. Definitely, after suffering a few days.

Forbidden Moments

Many women are interested in the question of when it is possible to have sex after augmentation surgery. mammary glands. In most cases, doctors do not allow sex after mammoplasty for the first 1.5-2 months.

Why you can not have sex, first of all, is associated with a large physical load on the body and hormonal changes. If you do not follow the recommendations, then complications may arise in the form of displacement of implants, divergence of sutures. During sex, you can accidentally injure the chest and this causes bruising, bruising, bruising. In these situations, sometimes you have to do the operation again. During arousal, hormone production will increase, blood flow to the incision area increases swelling and pain.

Sex after mammoplasty at the allowed time should be careful. During sexual intercourse, a woman should not remove compression underwear.

Breast plastic surgery is accompanied by serious changes in the body. Therefore, there are other restrictions after mammoplasty.

Alcohol is forbidden to drink both before the operation and the entire postoperative period. Drinking alcohol is prohibited for several reasons:

• medicines that are prescribed in the first days after surgery can cause the development of adverse reactions (antibiotics and alcohol can lead to serious disorders in the nervous system);
• the process of recovery, wound healing slows down significantly;
• after anesthesia, the substances contained in alcohol are slowly excreted from the body, so the risk of poisoning is high;
• Against the background of a decrease in immunity, alcohol can exacerbate chronic diseases.

Alcohol after mammoplasty in small doses can be consumed only after two months. In addition to alcohol, carbonated drinks, juices, and milk are prohibited.

Do not smoke after mammoplasty. In order to prevent complications, it is advisable to give up nicotine at least in the first 20 days of rehabilitation after mammoplasty. Stagnation of blood in the vessels can cause thrombosis or even tissue necrosis. Smoking negatively affects blood circulation and wound healing.

There are prohibitions on postures during sleep. It will depend on the state of health when you can sleep on your side after mammoplasty. The first 2.5 weeks you can not lie on your stomach and on your side. After this period, you can try to sleep on your side, but only in special underwear to reduce muscle tension and prevent displacement of the implants. It is allowed to sleep on the stomach after mammoplasty only after a month. Sometimes the doctor does not allow sleeping on the stomach even for two months, it all depends on how the scars heal and on the general well-being of the patient.

Speed ​​up recovery with massage

Recovery after mammoplasty is not complete without massage. Breast massage after mammoplasty is prescribed for several reasons:

• implants take a natural position;
• prevents fusion connective tissue around the prosthesis;
• relieves swelling after mammoplasty faster and reduces pain;
• helps the muscles of the back and spine to quickly relieve tension from the increased size of the chest;
• sessions increase the elasticity and firmness of the skin;
• preserves the sensitivity of the breast.

Massage after mammoplasty begins to be done at different times. It all depends on the condition of the seams and general health women, but not earlier than after 14 days. In some cases, you can not massage the entire first month.

The very first exercise allowed after mammoplasty is to gently move the arms around each breast up and down, repeating five times. After a month, when the stitches have healed, more intense exercises can be applied. Compress the chest at the base and stretch it in different directions. Similar movements should be done daily for six months in the morning and afternoon.

Only the attending surgeon should prescribe massage during the rehabilitation period, it is he who shows how to do certain movements correctly. If you can’t do massage yourself, you can contact a professional massage therapist. After the sessions, the breast will become soft and will take natural forms much faster.

Sports introduction

Women involved in sports, for the period of scar healing after surgery, should exclude sports and physical activity. If you do not follow this rule, complications often develop. Physical activity increases gradually, and they should not bring pain or discomfort.

Sport after mammoplasty is contraindicated. The load on the muscles increases, the risk that the seams will open, the implants will shift and there will be breast asymmetry increases. The most serious complication is the discovery of severe bleeding.

The period when you can play sports after mammoplasty is affected by the type of sport, the technique of the operation, the size and shape of the prosthesis. In the first 6 months after mammoplasty, it is forbidden to do strength exercises do not recommend running or dancing.

2.5 months after breast augmentation, classes can be gradually continued athletics or easy running, but only after the permission of the surgeon. For example, if the implant was implanted under the muscle, then any load on the shoulder girdle can be started no earlier than after 1.5 months. Tip: "Do sports only in compression underwear, and from the second month in a special sports bra."

Fitness after mammoplasty can positively affect the course of rehabilitation. Some exercises can be started already 15 days after mammoplasty. Just can't do it right away. a large number of exercises and several approaches. The intensity of training should be minimal. As soon as pain or discomfort occurs, it is better to stop exercising. Reviews: “I have been doing fitness since the third week after mammoplasty. Special exercises helped me recover faster, I didn’t feel any pain. ”

What does the breast look like at different times after mammoplasty? These questions are often asked by patients during consultations. On this page I will answer in detail how recovery occurs after mammoplasty.azu after and the next day, after 3 and 5 days, after 1 and 2 weeks, after 10 days, after 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 months and after 1 year, and how patients feel on these terms.

Immediately after mammoplasty

Upon completion of the operation, special drainages are installed after mammoplasty, through which in the early postoperative period wound discharge will depart. For the first day, an average of 50-80 ml is separated from each side. Therefore, the question “to install drainages or not” disappears by itself, be sure to put it, otherwise this liquid will remain, and this will lead to the formation of seroma.

Immediately on the operating table, the patient is put on a special compression bra, which the patient is recommended to wear for an average of 2 months. Why such a period? Because during this time a capsule is formed around the implant, and it acquires primary strength precisely by this time, and in the future it itself “fixes” the implant from displacement.

After the patient is wearing a bra, she is transferred to the ward, where she will be under the close supervision of medical personnel. A few hours after the operation, an early activation of the patient is carried out (prevention of thrombosis). Painkillers are administered intramuscularly to prevent pain.

The day after mammoplasty

The general condition of the patient is assessed. In 90 percent of cases, patients note soreness in the chest area, which is well eliminated by NSAIDs (ketanol, ketonal, etc.)

The wound discharge per day is assessed, and if it is within the above figures, then a decision is made to remove the drains.

When dressing, the sutures are treated with special antiseptics (chlorhexedine alcohol solution, betadine, etc.), and sterile dressings are applied to the suture area.

As a rule, patients are discharged from the hospital on the first day after surgery. If there are any deviations from the optimal course, hospitalization can be extended for the required period.

3 days after mammoplasty

As a rule, at this time, patients come to the clinic for the first planned dressing. At home, up to this point, they do not do dressing on their own. When dressing, the condition of the chest, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bsutures is assessed. On the 3rd day the edema is maximal. Patients often report swelling. Pain is greatly reduced. If necessary, in individually scheduled dressings are performed for a period of 1 week, 10 days and 2 weeks.

Any strenuous physical activity should be avoided.

On the 5th day, you can completely take a shower.

At least a week, and if necessary, then more, you can not have sex. This is because arousal causes a lot of tension in the chest, which can lead to inflammation and rupture of the sutures..

One month after mammoplasty

At this time, the first control examination is performed. The swelling subsides, but is still noticeable. Pain, as a rule, is no longer experienced by anyone. Compression bras are still recommended to be worn at all times, only removed when showering.

Starting from the 1st month, you can sleep on your side.

At this time, driving restrictions are lifted. You can give light physical activity that does not affect the upper shoulder girdle.

2 months after mammoplasty

At this time, a second control examination is performed. Maximum swelling subsides, tension from the chest goes away. The scars at this time are reddish.

The compression bra is replaced by a bra without wires or a sports top. Restrictions on physical activity are removed, now you can safely go to fitness. The load should be given gradually, since the muscles have “weaned” from the load in 2 months.

4 and 6 months after mammoplasty

At this time, the third and fourth control examinations are performed. The breast, starting from 4 months, becomes softer, and patients begin to perceive it as their own part of the body. At this time, there are no more restrictions. Scars from 6 months begin to turn white.

One year after mammoplasty

By the age of one, the chest completely “heals”, the wound process is completed. There are no edemas at this time, the chest is already perceived as own part body.

Rehabilitation after mammoplasty is an important and obligatory component of treatment, yes, it is quite long, but you won’t do anything for the sake of beauty.
– surgery to correct the shape and size of the mammary glands.
A beautiful breast for a woman is a matter of pride. Nature does not always endow with ideal forms, which is why many women resort to plastic surgery.

In this article we will tell you how to go through a rehabilitation course correctly, how not to make mistakes.

Rehabilitation after mammoplasty takes on average about two months. And in order for the capsule around the implants to fully form, it will take at least six months. The entire rehabilitation period can be divided into two stages:

1. Postoperative- strict, many restrictions, last about a month.
2. Restorative- the stage is slightly softer than the postoperative one. At this stage, the strength of the patient should be aimed at restoring the chest and muscles. At this stage, small physical activity is already allowed.

Rehabilitation after mammoplasty in the first days:

Restrictions in the first week after mammoplasty:

1. It is absolutely impossible to lie and sleep on your stomach, it is permissible to sleep on your side, without leaning on the chest itself.
2. You can not sharply raise your arms above your shoulders.
3. It is forbidden to lift weights of more than 1 kg, to carry out sudden movements (jerks).
4. Sharp and deep inclinations of the torso down are not desirable.

Further rehabilitation after mammoplasty and prohibitions

A week or two after mammoplasty, you can do household chores. Sports are acceptable from a month after the operation, again, you need to start with a gentle load, gradually adding exercises.

To avoid the risks of complications as much as possible, the patient must follow all the recommendations of the plastic surgeon.

1. The first three days it is forbidden to take a bath or shower.
2. Do not rub your chest after a shower with a towel, gently blot.
3. It is not advisable to drive a car for the first week.
4. You should not drink alcohol in the first weeks after mammoplasty.
5. It is not recommended to have intimate relationships for about 2-3 weeks.
6. Avoid sudden and significant fluctuations in weight after mammoplasty.
7. Saunas and baths are banned for 3 months.
8. Hot baths are also banned for 3 months.
9. Direct sunlight should not be allowed to hit postoperative scars for up to a year, UV rays on the chest itself are prohibited for 1-1.5 months.
10. It is forbidden to neglect the wearing of compression underwear (they are strictly worn for 3-4 weeks, taking off only for taking a shower).
11. As already mentioned above, sports are not earlier than 4 weeks after mammoplasty, excluding enhanced exercises on pectoral muscles(up to 7-8 months, until the capsule around the breast implant is completely formed). Classes with dumbbells weighing up to 2 kg can be done from 1.5 - 2 months.
12. Sports must be practiced strictly in a sports top.

Throughout the rehabilitation, the patient should be attentive to her health and monitor her well-being.
The photo shows the result of mammoplasty from Dr. Golovatinsky a month later. Rehabilitation in this case was uneventful.

Symptoms of a possible complication after mammoplasty:

1. Discharge from the nipples (bloody, yellow, purulent).
2. The chest suddenly became harder to the touch and burns.
3. The seams began to look different (they became denser, reddened more strongly, became convex, etc.).
4. Prolonged soreness in the chest, which may increase every day more.
5. Elevated body temperature, over 38 degrees, without signs of SARS and colds.
6. Changes in the size of the mammary glands or the occurrence of a sharp asymmetry during the rehabilitation period.
7. Bleeding and the appearance of severe hematomas.

If you notice any of these symptoms, you should immediately see your surgeon.

There are a lot of recommendations and restrictions for the rehabilitation period after mammoplasty, but all these measures are aimed at the good, for the successful recovery of the body. If you carefully follow all the recommendations of a plastic surgeon, you will soon be able to return to your usual way of life.

There is a lot to be said about beauty. That this is a queen who rules for a very short time. The fact that it is rarely combined with the mind, and is above the genius, because it does not require understanding. And of course - "Beauty will save the world." Beauty has been in fashion always and everywhere. People of all nationalities and social strata strove to look beautiful - this contributed to success. This was especially important for women, because a beautiful girl had more chances to marry successfully than an ugly girl. And marriage until the twentieth century was the main goal of every girl: it was precisely this that was the key to financial well-being and respect in society. Therefore, women, to some extent deprived of nature, made titanic efforts to meet the standard of beauty.

And what is this standard? What beauty will save the world? Many believe that slender long legs, tall height, standard 90-60-90 serve as a symbol of female beauty and sex appeal. Besides, beautiful woman necessarily has the correct oval and flawless complexion, sensual lips, large expressive eyes, thick shiny hair. It's all right for modern society, no one argues with this. However, such an obvious, it would seem, idea of ​​\u200b\u200bfemale beauty would be false for many times and peoples.

AT various parts light existed and still exist various criteria for the sexual attractiveness of a person and the idea of ​​​​beauty in general. For example, in most Eastern countries and in the Renaissance, (remember the paintings of Rubens or Titian), fullness was among the signs of beauty.

Yes, and in Russia, girls with lush, good advanced forms, large, ruddy, “blood with milk”, take a look at the paintings of Russian artists, for example, at the young ladies from the paintings of Kustodiev.

Therefore, a modern supermodel would seem completely unattractive there, if not asexual.

However, this is far from the only difference in the understanding of beauty by many nations.

Evaluate differently, for example, the beauty of the neck. The Europeans appreciated the high slender neck, figuratively called the "swan". And some nations understand the compliment “swan neck” almost literally. So the women of Myama, Thailand and representatives of the Maasai tribe (Sahara) artificially increase the length of the neck with the help of metal hoops. The Padaung (or Kareni) tribe, which lives in the highlands of Eastern Burma, was especially successful in this.

This tradition is rooted in antiquity and is associated with a peculiar understanding of beauty and established local fashion. The first brass ring is put on a girl at the age of five. As they grow older, rings are added. As a result, the neck is stretched by an average of 25-30 centimeters, and the weight of brass jewelry reaches 9 kg. The most beautiful girl of the tribe was considered the one whose neck was longer. By the way, the most Long neck, listed in the Guinness Book of Records, is 40 cm.

This custom helps to preserve the tribal identity, and in addition, it indicates a high social status and wealth, because brass rings are not cheap. Thus, the longest-necked representative of the tribe is also the wife of the richest man. In women who constantly wear such a necklace, the cervical muscles completely atrophy, and if all the rings are removed at once, then a sharp fall of the head can cause suffocation. In the past, in this way, men punished their wives for infidelity. Nowadays, when civilization has touched even this corner lost in the mountains, some of its representatives dare to reject this ancient custom, but there are very few of them.

Other peoples of the world also have the custom to deform the body given by nature. Moreover, this is almost always associated with peculiar ideas about beauty.

In China, for example, the owners of miniature legs were considered the most beautiful. The standard of beauty for adult woman there was a foot measuring 7-9 cm. There is a legend that one of the Chinese empresses introduced the fashion for small feet, with a strikingly small foot, who made the feature of her body a standard. But, it is clear that such a leg size does not occur in nature, so the Chinese women had to go through a very painful procedure for bandaging their legs. This started in the 10th century BC. A one-year-old girl's leg was tightened in such a way that the bones and muscles could not develop normally, and the fingers were bent. By adulthood, the legs were disfigured so that the woman was not able to walk quickly and travel long distances. The foot took on a curved shape, which the Chinese called the lotus shape and considered very erotic.

Footbinding was at first fashionable only among the upper strata of society. This is understandable, because it was very problematic to move around on such mutilated legs, so the owners of small feet wore maids - on a stretcher or on backs. But over time, the requirement to bandage girls' legs spread to all sectors of society, turning into fashion. The fact that Chinese women almost did not engage in agricultural labor played a role here, so this procedure was carried out even in poor peasant families. Over time, footbinding became so obligatory that girls who did not undergo this procedure had practically no chance of getting married. A woman with "big legs", that is, a normal foot, could not even count on the place of a concubine or a servant in a decent house.

The Chinese believed that the gait of a woman with lotus feet, as well as thin eyebrows, a gentle voice and a slender figure, had a special sexuality. Li Yutang wrote that "large unbandaged legs can completely destroy the harmony of a woman's lines." However, the painful procedure also performed a certain social function: tiny legs limited the woman's freedom of movement and, accordingly, her public freedom.
The sacrifice thrown on the altar of beauty was really great: the bandaging of the feet seriously affected health. First, it was very painful. Secondly, a violation of the normal blood circulation often led to gangrene. Thirdly, sedentary image contributed to the development of many diseases. And a Chinese woman had to go through this only in order to remain a woman: beautiful, desirable, fashionable and sexually attractive.

This tradition proved to be so persistent that the attempt of the Manchu conquerors to ban bandaging by decree of 1664 failed, causing an uproar. Only the Xinhai Revolution put an end to this barbaric custom.

But the legs are still half the trouble. They even changed the shape of the skull, although it was not only painful, but also deadly. Many nations knew the custom of artificial deformation of skulls. For example, the ancient Maya considered such a forehead as the ideal of beauty, which forms an almost right (!) Angle with the line of the nose. However, nature rarely met their desires, and then people themselves figured out how to adjust themselves to the standard of beauty: they invented a special “press”. It consisted of two folded straight boards fastened with ropes at one end; from the other, the boards were parted, and the head of the newborn was squeezed into the top of the formed corner. Gradually, the divorced ends were pulled together, bringing the flattening of the head to the desired shape, which was dictated by the standard of beauty.

It was a very painful process, which could well have ended in the death of the child. Judging by what the Maya achieved in the sciences, art, architecture and other fields of activity, such a deformation of the skull in infancy did not affect mental abilities later. Unless, of course, the newborns survived after this torture.

There is an assumption that the rite of changing the shape of the skull among the Maya was associated not only with the idea of ​​​​beauty, but also with the veneration rattlesnake. The “royal snake” was for them the same religious symbol like a cross for Christians. The Maya showed loyalty to him at every opportunity - in architecture, sculpture, decorative arts. Perhaps this rite was performed to give the child's skull a resemblance to a snake's head.

Other tribes of the New World had their own ideas about the ideal head shape. AT South America(Peru) the dressing was applied circumferentially, and longitudinally, along the sagittal line. Due to this, two bulges with a constriction in the middle were formed on the head. In the northwest of America lived tribes who were called "flatheads". Their representatives artificially flattened their skulls, ensuring that the face became wide and the forehead low.

Among the American Indians, a deformed skull was considered the prerogative of the tribal nobility. Therefore, if the operation failed, that is, the head retained its normal shape, the child lost his rights and privileged position.

The custom of deforming the skull was also known by the Sumerians, Sarmatians, Huns and many other peoples. The offspring of famous houses gave an elongated shape, thus emphasizing their exclusivity. The skull of Attila, found in his tomb, had a pronounced conical shape, inherent in all the leaders of the Huns. The skull of the Sarmatian queen was deformed in the same way. There are known cases of a similar change in the shape of the head in some children of the Egyptian pharaohs. For example, the images of the daughters of Pharaoh Akhenaten in the painting from Amarna indicate that they went through this procedure.

Within the territory of Western Europe Apparently, this custom was not widely adopted. There is a well-known find of an artificially deformed skull dating back to 500-600 years in one of the burial grounds in England. Single skulls with a modified skull shape found in France and Poland date back to the 11th-13th centuries. This indicates a long-term preservation of the practice of changing the shape of the head in some areas, possibly as a family tradition.
Apparently, with the same local archaic tradition, there are references in the literature that in France, for example, in the 18th century, cases of skull deformation were recorded, which were subjected to children by representatives of the middle classes. In this way, they wanted to give the appearance of aristocracy, since a similar custom allegedly existed among some part of the nobility. In order to stop this, it took the intervention of the authorities.

Even in the last century, artificial deformation of the skull was common in Brazil, Bolivia and even in France - in several communities in the province of Gascony, in particular in Sainte-Foy near Bordeaux.

Many Turkmens still change the shape of the skull in children, and they are sure that this procedure is good for health. And among some peoples of the Malay Archipelago and Central Africa the “tower head” was considered beautiful. So in the history of mankind there was a fashion for both eggheads and flatheads, and they were all beautiful for their peoples.

After all these terrible examples of skull deformation, the custom of many peoples to stretch their ears and lips looks much more harmless. Having pierced the ears and lips, “mods” and “fashionistas” insert pegs or disks made of wood or ivory into them. The Alaskan Indians wore such discs, or "sleeves," in the middle of their lower lip. In West Africa, especially around Lake Chad, this custom is still widespread. The wooden discs that women insert into their lips there reach the size of a saucer. It must be assumed that the ladies of those places do not know the taste of a kiss. The holes in the ears can also reach huge size when they wear such heavy "decorations" as, for example, wooden cylinders.

Many Indians considered white missionaries to be completely ugly. In their view, beauty was associated with the obligatory coloring of the body, so they argued: “To become a man, you need to paint yourself. Whoever does not do this is no different from an animal.” It is quite possible that some girls who abuse makeup follow the same principles. Very close to these ideas about beauty are the peoples who adorn themselves with tattoos and scarring.

The eyes of most peoples are considered the mirror of the soul. Poets describe them with rapture, artists depict them on canvases, lovers peer at them. In different nations, the “fashion” for the eyes was very different.
AT Ancient Egypt Green almond-shaped eyes were considered the most beautiful, so they were boldly summed up with copper sulfate, and later with black soot paint. Arabs, Hindus, Jews, residents of Southeast Asia considered “oily” eyes to be the most expressive. Men from Germanic and Slavic tribes admired blue, gray and blue eyes.. But in China, on the contrary, blue eyes were categorically not recognized. They were considered completely ugly, and women with blue eyes looked like monkeys.

But, probably, the ancient Maya had the most extravagant idea of ​​​​beautiful eyes. They considered beautiful ... strabismus! Children born cross-eyed were revered as especially noted by the gods, so these most often became priests. Their duties included observing the stars in the observatories of the temples. The Maya believed that it was more convenient to observe the sky by narrowing the field of view. In addition, the priest squinted his eyes in order to better look into the distance, so it was believed that, having a squint, he would successfully cope with his duties.

Since the priesthood was considered an elite, the fashion for strabismus soon swept all the Maya. Well, since mother nature did not know anything about this exotic hobby, oblique children were still born rarely. And then the Maya began to develop strabismus artificially. Mothers tied a ball or a bead to their hair, the child always squinted his eyes at this swinging object and by the age of 5-6 became cross-eyed, which means beautiful. By the way, the same Mayans, in their more than original idea of ​​​​beauty, also included black pointed teeth, like those of a shark.

Black teeth also seemed beautiful to some other people, in particular to the Disuns from the island of Borneo. Russian girls also blackened their teeth in order to appear desirable brides. Since sugar was expensive, which means that only wealthy families could afford it, the girls painted their teeth with charcoal to show that they eat sugar all day long. fragile japanese girls they covered their teeth with black varnish and looked very fashionable at the same time. It's easy to imagine what a Japanese Hollywood smile would look like.

Changes in the concept of beauty have evolved in this way:

AT Ancient Greece there was a cult of the trained body. Standard beautiful body the Greeks had a sculpture of Aphrodite: height - 164 cm, chest circumference - 86 cm, waist - 69 cm, hips 93 cm. According to the canons of Greek beauty, a beautiful face combined a straight nose and large eyes.

AT Ancient Rome cult dominated fair skin and blond hair. It was the Romans who first mastered the secret of bleaching hair. They were rubbed with a sponge soaked in goat's milk oil and beech wood ash, and then bleached in the sun.

In the Middle Ages, earthly beauty was considered sinful, and the enjoyment of it was unlawful. Hair blonding has been hailed as an unholy activity. The figure was hidden under a layer of heavy fabrics, and the hair was hidden under a bonnet. Now the ideal of a medieval woman was holy virgin Maria - an elongated oval face, huge eyes and a small mouth.

At the beginning of the 13th century, a cult of worship began " beautiful lady". A woman is now compared to a rose - she is tender, fragile and graceful. By the way, for this reason, small breasts are in fashion.

In the Renaissance, a pale complexion, a slender "swan neck" and a high clean forehead were considered beautiful. To lengthen the oval of the face, the ladies shaved their hair in front and plucked their eyebrows, and in order to make the neck seem as long as possible, they shaved the back of their heads.

During the Rococo era, the emphasis was on the hairstyle. The higher, bigger and more original the better.

XX century. Life has changed. Intelligence, energy and the ability to earn money are most valued, and freedom is considered the main asset of a woman. However, fashion historians agree that in the future it will be possible to define the twentieth century as the century of short female hairstyles and the cult of dystrophy.

And finally, the 21st century. Gradually, too thin models are shifting from the catwalks. Fashion is changing rapidly, alternately returning the 70s, then the 90s, then the 20s. Often, designers turn to antiquity and medieval motifs. Perhaps someday we, as it has happened more than once, will again plunge headlong (in every sense) into the fashion of some past era. But for now, the standard of beauty looks something like this, at least in my opinion.

In the past, everything was extremely simple: certain canons of beauty existed for centuries and changed very slowly. Antiquity glorified the harmony and athleticism of bodies, the Middle Ages - painful thinness and pallor, the Renaissance - lush physicality, the Victorian era - miniature and grace.

Left: Anna Pavlova On right: Marilyn Monroe

But the 20th century began to proclaim new fashion icons almost every decade.: slender ballerina Anna Pavlova, appetizing Marilyn Monroe, asthenic Audrey Hepburn, teenage Twiggy, athletic Jane Fonda, aggressively sexy Madonna, perfectly proportioned Claudia Schiffer, androgynous Kate Moss, strong and athletic Angelina Jolie ...

Left: Audrey Hepburn On right: Claudia Slate

Reference parameters of fashion models“90-60-90” has been globally transformed over the course of a century:

And what do we have today? What body is now considered perfect, beautiful and fashionable? There is no unequivocal answer to this question, because “checking harmony with algebra” is very difficult. Although the rules of the "golden section", the divine measure of beauty, of course, no one cancels.

The distance from the crown to the floor refers to the distance from the crown to the navel as 1,618:1. This is the famous golden ratio.

We will get the same result by relating the distance from the top of the thigh to the floor and the distance from the knee to the floor, or the distance from the shoulder to the fingertips and from the elbow to the fingertips, the length of the finger to the length of the phalanx from the tip of the pad to the fold.

But there is an easier way to determine the correspondence of body proportions to the golden ratio. The female body is conventionally divided into eight parts. The measure is the head - so first measure it from the crown of the head to the chin.

The head itself will be the first measure.

Between the chin and the armpit is the second measure.

From the armpit to the waist line - the third.

From the waist line to the line of the base of the body - the fourth.

From the line of the base of the body to the middle of the thigh - the fifth.

From the middle of the thigh to the popliteal cavity - the sixth.

The seventh measure is placed between the popliteal cavity and the base of the gastrocnemius muscle.

From the base of the calf muscle to the heel - the eighth.

So now you can check yourself for compliance with the “golden” ideal and carefully look around - what if the standard of beauty is sitting somewhere next to you?

As a result of dividing the waist by the hips, you should get a coefficient of 0.7. Deviations from the ideal are allowed in the range from 0.60 to 0.72. That is: the volume of a beautiful waist should be approximately 70% of the volume of the hips.

British actress and model Kelly Brook

It is clear that the cherished and so attractive waist-to-hip ratio for men has been haunting them for many years. Here, scientists at the University of Texas, for example, decided to find a beauty with an ideal body using this formula. And they did find it! She turned out to be the British actress and model Kelly Brook - a visual visualization of that same proportion. She has this coefficient equal to 0.70588253. Lush forms and parameters that are far from the notorious 90-60-90, Kelly does not interfere at all. Still - after all, the main thing is not the numbers of volumes, but the harmony of the figure.

“I like my body,” she says. - The more I weigh, the more I like my breasts and ass. I'm getting happier!"

And in general, fashion today is not set by ideal beauty, but on the contrary - all sorts of deviations from standards.

But how do you stand out from the crowd? The 21st century answers this question unequivocally - to modify your body! "Modify" in the broadest sense. I'm not talking about radical measures, when a person turns himself into a cyborg - "modify" means to improve, decorate, make it different from others. This is the main trend of modern fashion, which gives rise to the appearance in the fashion sphere of people who dictate new standards of beauty. Let's get to know them and their most fashionable bodies to date closer!

Not a "blank slate"

Left: Australian top model Katherine McNeil. On right: American top model Erin Wasson

- so much so that they ceased to be a sign of unsuitability for professional models. On the contrary, many top models even made tattoos their “competitive advantage”. Previously, “body drawings” were heavily hidden under a layer of foundation or retouched - now they are proud of them and turn their body into a kind of art object with their help.

Is it a girl or...?

Left: successful Dutch model Saskia de Brau. On right:"Androgynous Princess" Dane Freya Beha Eriksen

An androgynous body, as if sexless and equally easy to embody female and male images, is another modern trend. I don’t know how much he is in demand in ordinary life, but in modeling business androgynes became stars.

Shadow girls

Left: successful model from Australia Cassie Van Den Dangen, who claims to be perfectly healthy and does not deny herself food. On right: Ukrainian Snezhana Onopka, who was officially proclaimed the thinnest of the catwalk models (her height: 175 cm, weight: 45 kg.)

They are so thin that they look like shadows or ghosts. A few years ago, the fashion world was shaken up by a whole series of deaths of models from anorexia. In response, many designers left the "transparent" models out of work. In Israel, a law against anorexic models has recently come into force. However, for some girls, their painful thinness does not interfere at all, on the contrary. Now, when there are fewer models of this type, they have become even more in demand. As sad as it may be, painful thinness is still in trend.

hourglass girls

Left: Ukrainian model Valeria Lukyanova (waist 47 cm). On right: Romanian model from Germany Joana Spangenberg (waist 38 cm).

What women don’t do to make their waist thinner: they wear corsets, slimming underwear, or even remove ribs ... But some are lucky - they claim that nature has given them a thin waist. Is it any wonder that they immediately became fashion stars. Wasp waist is always in fashion!

Girls-"donuts"

Left: Ashley Graham at the lingerie show. On right: model and actress Tara Lynn

There should be a lot of a good person, and even more so a beautiful girl! This began to be understood in the modeling business - it is no coincidence that today models of size are becoming more and more in demand. plus size. Briton Ashley Graham is one of the most successful heavyweight models in the world.

In no way inferior to a colleague in beauty american model and actress Tara Lynn. In an interview, she admitted that she was fighting to change fashion trends towards women with more realistic sizes.