Why did the upper leaves of the tomato become bright green. What to do if tomato seedlings have become thin and long

Weed control is never easy. At the same time, among the many weeds there are biological groups, the work with which requires a particularly careful approach. No wonder they are called intractable. This is especially true for perennial weeds, the root system of which goes deep into the subsoil horizons.

In one of the previous issues of the journal, we published an article by our Russian readers and authors from the Altai Research Institute of Agriculture - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Grigory Stetsov and junior researcher at the Plant Protection Laboratory Natalya Sadovnikova. The material was devoted to the fight against Euphorbia vine - a weed that today feels at ease on millions of hectares of arable land in Kazakhstan and neighboring regions of Russia. The article aroused great interest among our farmers and, we hope, helped many to choose the right strategy and tactics for dealing with this weed. Today we publish new article authors, dedicated to the fight against another no less malicious weed - field bindweed. Questions of how to effectively deal with this weed were often heard in letters and calls from our readers.

Field bindweed (povitel, povoi, birch) Convolvulus arvensis L.- a perennial root-spring plant, comes from the Mediterranean, where it is used as an ornamental and for medicinal purposes. With the same goals in the 18th century, it began to be imported to other regions, where it quickly acclimatized and became a weed. AT Western Siberia and the region of Northern Kazakhstan, the field bindweed penetrated with the settlers into late XIX century.

The main damage from the bindweed is usually associated with the fact that it wraps around the stems of the crop and causes lodging of bread, reduces the yield and makes harvesting difficult. Bindweed vegetates until late autumn, and the green mass gets into the grain heap, additional cleaning costs are required. It consumes the same nutrients as cultivated plants. In addition, the green mass of bindweed causes poisoning in horses.

We believe that in arid conditions the main harm of bindweed lies elsewhere. With such a powerful root system, he is not afraid of drought. And while the roots of annual cultivated plants reach (if they reach) moistened horizons, bindweed roots are already there, consume moisture, dry up the soil and increase the effect of drought.

In 2010, a severe drought occurred in the European part of Russia. Figure 1 is a photograph taken by us in Kazan on August 6th. It is clearly seen that all other plants have long dried up. And bindweed both blooms and produces seeds. In general, it feels good.

The bindweed root system consists of the main root, penetrating to a depth of six meters or more, and root suckers extending at a depth of 25–40 cm from the main root. Of these, above-ground climbing stems up to two meters long are formed. On the roots, below the cut line, a large number of buds are formed, from which more shoots are formed than before. Therefore, pruning bindweed does not lead to its destruction, but enhances shoot formation.

A large amount of reserve nutrients in the root system makes it possible for the bindweed to grow from great depths, and after repeated pruning. S. A. Kott (1948) describes an experiment carried out in the USA. Scientists tried to find out how long it would take for the complete depletion of the root system. Immediately after regrowth, the bindweed was pruned to a depth of 7 cm. It took two years and 48 to 60 prunings to completely deplete. Therefore, one should not hope that, having processed the pairs 2-3 times over the summer, we will destroy the field bindweed. It remains only to cite the words of T. S. Maltsev, who noted that he could cope with any weed, except birch, using the agrotechnical method. And then he added: “Apparently, chemistry is needed here.”

Since spring, the growth of field bindweed is extended, its shoots may appear after chemical weeding of cereals. Due to the supply of nutrients in the root system, bindweed easily enters the upper tier and grows successfully. With a late appearance, if there is not enough time for seed formation, bindweed does not bloom, but focuses on increasing reserves in the root system.

Field bindweed seeds can germinate profusely all summer and autumn, especially in wet years. Cotyledon leaves do not look like real ones (Figure 2). With early germination in favorable conditions, it can form a full-fledged plant with a horizontal root system already in the first year (Figure 3). In the first year of life, bindweed usually does not bloom - at this stage, its task is to deposit the right amount of reserve nutrients in the root system. Plants of the first year of life are less viable than rooted perennials. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct an autumn survey of the fields for the presence of plants of the first year of life and take measures to destroy them before they become perennial. In the traditional farming system, mechanical tillage is used ( better in autumn than in spring), and in a direct seeding system, herbicides. To destroy the bindweed of the first year of life, 1.2–1.5 liters of Roundup, BP, is enough.

Due to the powerful root system, field bindweed is resistant to many herbicides. The following is often observed: after treatment with herbicides, the vegetative aerial part of the field bindweed dies off. But then re-growth occurs, and by harvesting the crops are clogged with bindweed more than before: herbicides bring dormant buds out of dormancy, which give a large number of additional shoots (Figure 4). At the same time, bindweed seeds often do not form this year - there is an intensive accumulation of nutrients in the root system.

In crops of various crops field bindweed is suppressed by maximum doses of derivatives of aryloxyacetic acids (2.4D, MCPA), benzoic acid (dicamba), imidazolinones (imazamox, imazethapyr), nitriles (bromoxynil); mixtures of different herbicides (Dialen, Dialen Super) are often more effective. However, secondary regrowth is possible, especially when processed on early stages. When using 2,4D, the use of C7-C8 heavy esters is more efficient. Currently, sulfonylurea derivatives are widely used. These herbicides have little control over field bindweed, especially if applied early. With late application, their effectiveness against field bindweed is significantly increased.

When crops are treated with herbicides, even if the bindweed does not grow back, it does not completely die and grows back the next year. Naturally, it will be weakened. An agronomist, choosing fields for processing, first of all begins to work on the most weedy fields, and the field with a weakened bindweed remains uncultivated. During the season, bindweed is restored, and as a result, the field will be more clogged in the future than before. In fact, a weakened bindweed needs to be finished off. For the complete destruction of bindweed, the field must be treated with herbicides for several years in a row. This applies not only to bindweed, but to all perennial weeds.

The most successful bindweed is destroyed by non-selective systemic herbicides. They are used on a field free from cultivated plants, as well as for desiccation of crops.

In the steam field much more possibilities to control perennial weeds. Here it is possible to apply higher application rates of herbicides and optimize the period of their application, taking into account the stage of development of weeds. Once perennials are killed in a fallow field, the herbicide load on subsequent crops can be significantly reduced: underage species tend to be less resistant, and lower herbicide rates are usually required to control them.

Taking into account the upward trend in the cost of energy carriers, the cost of mechanical steam treatment approaches that of chemical treatment. It is most rational to use glyphosate in a steam field. There are many glyphosate-based products on the market today. We will consider Roundup BP, 360 g/l.

When using glyphosate in a fallow field, it is possible to completely destroy all types of perennial weeds growing on the field in one treatment. The control of perennial weeds becomes many times easier than that of minors. The task becomes different - after the application of glyphosate, it is important to prevent the shoots of perennial weeds from turning into a perennial form.

The effectiveness of glyphosate on field bindweed depends on many factors. In this article, we will consider only one - the state of the weed at the time of processing.

In bindweed, as in other root shoot weeds, in the annual life cycle there are several periods, differing in the direction of movement of reserve nutrients, which should be considered when applying herbicides.

1. Growth period. At the beginning of this period, the emerging shoot exists at the expense of reserve nutrients accumulated in previous seasons in the root system. During this period, the length of the bindweed shoot reaches 15–20 cm. Then, the shoot gradually passes from heterotrophic to autotrophic nutrition. Subsequently, for some time, all photosynthesis products are spent on increasing biomass: there is neither ascending nor descending movement of photosynthesis products (shoot length up to 40 cm).

2. The period of accumulation of reserve nutrients due to the products of photosynthesis. This period lasts until flowering. There is an intensive accumulation of reserve nutrients in the root system. The downward flow of movement of photosynthesis products predominates.

3. The period of fruit formation - lasts from flowering to ripening. During this period, part of the reserve nutrients in the root system is consumed by the reproductive organs, and therefore the upward flow of metabolites increases.

4. The period from seeding to wintering. After the formation of seeds before going into dormancy, the plant continues photosynthetic activity, directing the products of photosynthesis to the root system. During the transition to a dormant state, all usable metabolic products flow into the root system.

Thus, during the summer, the bindweed has two periods of an ascending flow of nutrients (spring regrowth and seed formation) and two descending ones (before flowering and after seed maturation). Glyphosate has a systemic effect and moves through the plant along with metabolic products. The most effective bindweed suppression occurs in the second and fourth periods, when the downdraft predominates. The disadvantage of processing in the fourth period is only that the perennial has already formed seeds.

To suppress field bindweed, spraying is carried out at the beginning of its flowering. The length of the shoot is 40–60 cm. During this period, 4.0 l/ha of Roundup is enough. After spraying, you need to wait until the herbicide penetrates the root system. Glyphosate moves slowly inside the plant, so the longer you wait, the better. Since the herbicide destroys all vegetative weeds, further mechanical treatment of fallows is carried out at the usual time, when new wave annual weeds from seeds, usually not earlier than 4-6 weeks.

When processing in the early stages of bindweed growth with an increase in the rate of consumption of Roundup, the desired result was not always achieved. We called this the “lizard tail effect”: a large consumption rate of the drug causes a rapid death of the shoot. The aerial part dries up, the drug does not enter the root system, a lot of new buds wake up (as in Figure 4).

On the contrary, when applying a low rate of consumption of Roundup during the period of supply of reserve nutrients to the root system, there is no rapid death of the above-ground mass. The herbicide penetrates deeper and effectively suppresses the root system of the weed. And the longer the period before mechanical tillage, the higher the effect of perennial suppression. Although visually complete death of the above-ground weed mass from the herbicide does not occur.

In the chemical treatment of a fallow field, one spraying and usually two mechanical treatments are required. If the main target weed is field bindweed, spraying can be carried out both at the beginning, and in the middle or at the end of fallow. The term of spraying is chosen based on economic considerations.

If the field was well leveled prior to fallowing, a chemical treatment can be done first. Usually after the end of the chemical weeding of cereals, at the end of June.

If the field was in a fallow or leveling of the field surface is required, first one or two mechanical tillage is carried out at the usual time, and after the growth of the bindweed, at the beginning of its flowering (after about 30–45 days), chemical.

During autumn processing, it is only important that the field bindweed at the time of spraying reaches the desired condition, and there is enough time left before leaving for the winter - at least a month before a steady cold snap. Further renewal of infestation by this weed occurs by seeds.

To reduce the cost of processing Roundup in steam can be replaced with 2,4D derivatives or dicamba, and mixtures of them can also be used. To do this, take 2.5–3 times the rate of these herbicides recommended for use in crops of grain crops.

Steam herbicidal treatment allows you to completely destroy perennial weeds. In crops in pairs, only annual weeds should be controlled. To suppress them, you can use more low rates consumption or less dangerous herbicides for the crop.

In addition to the cultivation of crops and the fallow field there are other places where you can effectively deal with field bindweed.

In regions with a longer growing season, Roundup is often used prior to planting. In this case, 4-6 liters of Roundup are consumed. In the traditional farming system, pre-sowing tillage and sowing is carried out no earlier than 10–14 days after spraying. With zero technology, spraying can be carried out after sowing. In conditions short summer this technique can only be used when cultivating late-sown crops - buckwheat, millet, summer sowing of annual and perennial grasses. When sowing a crop at the usual time, this technique is ineffective - the weeds have either not sprouted yet, or are spare nutrients did not enter the root system.

Desiccation of crops is very effective in the fight against bindweed. It is carried out at 30% grain moisture, 2-3 weeks before harvesting. Apply 3.0 l/ha Roundup. In our experiments, during the desiccation of wheat and peas, the death of bindweed reached 90–95%. Figures 5 and 6 show pictures of fields before desiccation. After desiccation, harvesting was carried out directly, clean and dry grain was obtained.

If, after early harvested crops (peas, annual grasses, etc.), field bindweed grows back, herbicide treatment can also be carried out. However, the effectiveness of this technique is lower than desiccation: in late autumn, not all bindweed grows, and there is also a risk of early cooling. At the same time, cheaper herbicides such as 2,4D derivatives and dicamba can be used for such treatment.

If, in addition to field bindweed, there are other root shoot weeds on the field (and this usually happens), it is better to destroy them all with one chemical treatment. When solving this problem, it is necessary to take into account the species composition of weeds. Sow thistle and thistle are more sensitive to herbicides than field bindweed. Bindweed remains the main target, and usually no additional measures are required against thistle and thistle.

The protection system is built differently if there is still Euphorbia vine on the field. It grows much earlier than bindweed, so the development of weeds needs to be synchronized. First, mechanical processing is carried out at the end of May. After that, bindweed and euphorbia begin to grow together. However, Euphorbia vine develops faster and is more resistant to herbicides. Therefore, in the future, when processing vapors, they are guided by it, as was the previous article. Autumn processing is also not suitable, since by this time the euphorbia vine falls into a dormant state.

In conclusion, we note different approach to the use of herbicides against annual and perennial weeds. The effectiveness of herbicides against annual weeds is higher, the younger the plant. A perennial plant has a strong root system, and a higher dose of herbicide is needed to kill it. And the weed can pump the herbicide into the roots only through the leaves. Therefore, a certain ratio between the aboveground and underground parts of the weed is needed. Too early chemical treatment against perennial weeds may be ineffective. That is why there are different results with chemical weeding of crops.

Loach, bindweed, birch or dodder - this is the whole name of one weed plant, which, in the absence of proper control, can flood the entire area.

Bindweed Description

Bindweed propagates by seeds that can germinate even from a depth of 20 cm. The plant has a very branched root system that goes deep underground.

If the bindweed appeared on the beds, then it should be immediately destroyed, otherwise in the hot summer it will simply fill all the land allotted for cultivated plants. The loach actively wraps around all the plants surrounding it and adversely affects their development. Because of such a weed, garden crops give a poor harvest, lie on the ground and may die completely. In addition, it dries and depletes the soil, serves as an excellent environment for garden pests.

Weed loach (bindweed, birch, dodder)

Getting rid of the loach on the site

This is a very tenacious weed that is difficult to remove in the garden the first time. Agronomists recommend using several methods to deal with it at the same time in order to speed up the process of its destruction:

chemical;
mechanical destruction;
the use of special agricultural practices;
biological;
folk methods of struggle.

Only an integrated approach to the fight against this weed is able to clear the land of such a plant for a long time.

Chemical processing

At in large numbers weed on the site, you must first treat the weed with herbicides. This should be done during the flowering period of the plant. The best way to deal with bindweed is to help special chemicals for weed control:

Tornado;
Roundup;
Lintur.

They are commonly used in the cultivation of abandoned areas. It should be remembered that a single cultivation of the land will not be enough. This is a very tenacious weed, so you will have to apply herbicides several times. Preparations are applied to each bindweed bush after harvesting in autumn.

mechanical destruction

For those who do not wish to use herbicides on their land, environmental disposal methods such as weeding can be used. It should be noted that the plant has a very long root, from which sprouts can appear. The length of the bindweed root can reach several meters.

The dug out roots and the upper part of the birch must be removed from the site, otherwise it will sprout again. Digging a garden is best done in spring or autumn, carefully removing all the rhizomes of the plant. It will be necessary to use this method of struggle repeatedly in order to minimize the number of dodder in the garden.

It is better to burn the removed roots and the upper part of the bindweed to prevent new shoots.

Agricultural practices

With the help of special agrotechnical methods, it is also possible to effectively deal with this weed without great physical effort. To do this, cover the most clogged areas of the earth with dense material:

ruberoid;
geotextile;
old boards;
film.

Absence sunlight will not allow bindweed to develop, and even the most clogged piece of land can be quickly cleared of weeds in this way.

Biological control methods

You can fight birch with the help of other plants with which it cannot coexist. Mustard, fescue or bluegrass are suitable for this. It is possible to sow mustard in the beds not only to destroy the dodder, but also to control the pests that live in it.

Folk methods of struggle

This weed grows best in acidic soils. Therefore, to combat it, it is possible to alkalize the earth by treating it with ashes in autumn and spring. Liming is also carried out for this. But lime can only be used on soil on which there are no plantings yet.

Another effective method control can be the use of saline, which cultivates the soil. For 10 liters of water, 1 kg of salt is taken. The resulting solution cultivates the soil in places of active weed growth. When using this method of struggle, care must be taken not to spoil the earth with too much salt.

In general, for the successful fight against bindweed, a set of measures should be used that will prevent new growth this plant. It should be remembered that such a weed will not grow only on constantly cultivated land. As soon as the work to combat it stops, it again begins to fill the entire territory of the site.

In contact with

Field bindweed came to our fields and gardens from the Mediterranean. There it was used for decorative purposes and as medicinal plant. It was from there that he began his victorious march across the expanses of the former Soviet Union and other countries. Quickly acclimatizing to new conditions garden plant gradually turned into a weed. And now it is a real scourge for gardeners and gardeners.

With a well-developed deep root system, this weed is able to fill vast spaces. That's why effective fight with field bindweed is a difficult but necessary job. Especially for those who want to see their lawns or flower beds clean and well-groomed, and the beds with a good harvest.

But before starting a war, one should get to know the enemy better, study him strengths and weak points.

Field bindweed, popularly known as dodder, birch or bindweed, is a herbaceous climbing plant belonging to the bindweed family. Its stems are bare, creeping, more than a meter long. They usually extend directly from the root collar, forming dense rosettes. The leaves are entire, with long petioles and lanceolate bases. The flowers are quite large, similar to bells or funnels. Their color varies from white to pink. The fruits are ovoid capsules. Seeds tuberculate, brown or gray.

Bindweed is a very prolific plant. One copy is able to produce up to six hundred seeds that remain viable for at least three years. Its long stems tightly braid both wild and cultivated plants, turning them into a kind of hanging flower beds. Sometimes it looks very nice. But it is one thing when the bindweed is located somewhere on the fence, and quite another - on currants or tomatoes. In addition to purely physical harm, this weed contributes to the reproduction of a huge number of pests, being a convenient "incubator" for their eggs.

Bindweed blooms all summer - from June to late autumn. The fruits begin to ripen already in August, and the plant reproduces them very quickly. But no less effective vegetative propagation- root offspring or simply scraps resulting from careless digging of the soil.

In the CIS countries, this weed is ubiquitous - from Central Asia to the coast White Sea. He especially loves loamy and sandy soils, agricultural crops, forest glades and neglected vegetable gardens.

All parts of the field bindweed are poisonous - this must be borne in mind when weeding. When poisoned, poisons act on the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines, causing vomiting, diarrhea and pain. By provoking hyperemia of the kidneys, they can lead to hematuria and polyuria. Even domestic animals, especially horses and sheep, are susceptible to poisoning.

To get noticeable results, the fight against field bindweed must be carried out by all available ways: mechanical, biological and chemical.

Mechanical control measures

The most simple mechanically is timely weeding. In the case of bindweed, it can be quite effective. The most important thing is not to let the weed grow, flooding the entire garden. The second task is not to allow its seeds to ripen. We must try to remove this plant as early as possible, at the first appearance.

The field bindweed and deep tillage have a detrimental effect on the bindweed. But only in those cases when, during digging, all the roots are carefully selected, without leaving even small scraps. Moreover, digging should not be done with a shovel, but with a pitchfork, which allows you to extract rhizomes from the ground without cutting them into pieces. When performing such an operation, one must remember that even the smallest pruning left deep in the ground can give life to a new plant.

If the area captured by the dodder is not large, a black film or roofing material used as a covering material can give a good result. You can just pour a bunch of straw on this place or put old boards. The main thing is to exclude the ingress of light, without which no green plant can exist.

Ideally, such a shelter should be kept throughout the season, then next year the land will be completely cleared of this weed. But some gardeners cut holes in the film and plant seedlings of any large plants, for example, or . Their roots are strong enough to compete with bindweed for nutrients, and the substances released into the surrounding soil accelerate the “processing” of dying parts by soil bacteria.

Biological control measures

To biological methods the fight against field bindweed includes sowing or perennial meadow grasses - bluegrass, fescue, forming a dense turf. This weed is not strong enough to break through. A good result is also obtained after rye or, which are convenient to use after harvesting early potatoes.

Surface composting, and even a simple thick layer of organic matter, helps limit the spread of bindweed. Suitable for this, chaff, chopped - any bulk material, which is firmly attached to the ground.

Chemical control measures

The oldest chemical reagent for combating bindweed is ordinary table salt. It is simply dissolved in water at the rate of 1.2 kilograms per bucket and sprayed on places where the weed has grown especially densely. But you should not get carried away in this way - it will be much more difficult to remove excess salt from the soil than weeds. And very little grows on salt marshes.

You can treat the area overgrown with dodder with any herbicides intended for, for example, Tornado or Roundup. These drugs are absorbed into the leaves and other green parts of the bindweed, destroying it entirely, along with the roots, in about two weeks. True, next year the treatment will most likely have to be repeated due to the highly developed and deep root system of this plant. And how clean the soil will be after such an operation is a moot point, although manufacturers claim that after a month the drugs completely decompose in it.

field bindweed(Convolvulus arvensis L.) or birch- a perennial climbing plant, belongs to the bindweed family.

This perennial loach is one of the most difficult weeds and if he settled in your area, then the fight against him will be very laborious and rather long.
Despite all negative qualities this weed, you can also benefit from it. The healing qualities of birch have been known since ancient times by the healer Avicenna. This plant was used in the treatment of diseases of organs such as the spleen, liver, lungs and asthma.

Field bindweed can be found in almost all regions of our planet: from Central Asia to the White Sea.
It has a root system, which consists of the main root, penetrating to a depth of 6 meters. The stem is curly, creeping along the ground and its length can reach up to 3 meters. The leaves are narrow, oblong in shape, rich green in color.
Flowers white or pink shade, shaped like a gramophone trumpet.

Birch gives abundant self-sowing and in just one year can produce up to 10,000 seeds that can germinate from a depth of 15-20 cm. favorite places for its growth and development, these are garbage, uncultivated areas, forest glades and shrubs.
The soil prefers loamy or sandy loam. The warmer they are summer months, the more birches will grow in the garden.

Some gardeners, noticing one single bush of this weed, do not imagine how many problems it will bring if it is not started in time. fight him. But it is necessary to start destroying it immediately, until the birch has captured the entire territory of the garden. The harmful effect of birch is that its young stems grow very rapidly and in a short time wrap around plants, slow down their growth and interfere with development.

For starters, you can just try uproot the bindweed. For this, a rake may be needed, because due to the long root system it is very difficult to do this and the root may simply break off. After removing the root, all parts of the weed must be removed.

If the case is completely neglected, you can use herbicides, which are very effective on weeds, but to get positive result, they need to be applied several times. These tools include: Tornado, Lintur, Roundup.
They need to be applied dotted on each weed bush during the flowering period, because it is then that the strongest flow of nutrients enters the root system of the bindweed.
But this is an extreme measure - it is still better to choose environmentally friendly methods of struggle.

In the event that the bindweed captured the entire garden, it is necessary to dig up the entire earth. This should be done in early spring, while nothing has been planted on the site yet. After that, it is necessary to collect all the small parts of the dug out roots with a rake, because even a small piece of the root is able to sprout into the ground again.

Then, the area must be covered with any material that will not let light through. It can be any black film or roofing material. Under such conditions, green plants simply cannot survive, and bindweed will die.
After such procedures in this area, it is not recommended to plant any vegetables until the next spring.
But plant mustard in this area vice versa is desirable. Mustard, due to its active growth, will not allow bindweed to break through it and at the same time destroy many other pests. Instead of mustard, you can plant bluegrass or fescue. These perennials are able to create a fairly dense growth that will help limit the growth of a birch.

Bindweed loves soil with acidic environment, so you can till the earth with ashes which alkalizes the soil.
If there are no planted plants on the site, then with the onset of autumn, liming the soil can be carried out, but in moderate doses.

An effective method for combating bindweed is also considered saline weed treatment. To do this, for 10 liters of water, you need to take 1-1.5 kg of salt and spray the resulting solution on the places where the birch grows.
But you need to know that this way can worsen the condition of the soil.

What should be done if a weed has sprouted in an already planted garden? In this case, every day weed soil collecting all parts of the birch, and even the smallest pieces.
Roots and stems with seeds must be burned to prevent their re-growth. And the stems without seeds are used for mulch in the garden, but care must be taken to ensure that the bindweed does not germinate again.
It is noticed that trees with birch mulch are less likely to be exposed to various diseases. It is better not to use herbicides and apply them only after the entire crop has been harvested.

In autumn, when the entire crop is harvested, you should dig deep all over the earth and collect all the roots of this weed.
Fighting bindweed in the garden is a very troublesome and rather difficult task that requires a lot of effort and expense. Having got rid of the birch tree once, it is recommended to carefully monitor your garden and immediately try to get rid of it.