Topics of projects in physics 9 fgos. Physics project on the topic "Sounds" (9th grade)
Topics for research projects in physics grade 9
Car of the future.
Car and human health.
Automobile and ecology.
Aggregate states of matter.
Adaptation of plants to high temperatures.
Acoustic noise and its effects on the human body.
Albert Einstein is a paradoxical genius and an “eternal child.”
Alternative types of energy.
Alternative sources of electricity.
Antique mechanics.
Archimedes' power.
Archimedes' power and man on the water.
Aspects of the influence of music and sounds on the human body.
Asteroid danger.
Astrophysics.
Atmosphere.
Atmospheric pressure in human life.
Atmospheric phenomena.
Nuclear power. Ecology.
Nuclear energy: pros and cons.
Aerodynamics at the service of humanity.
Wind tunnels.
Ballistic movement.
Wireless energy transfer.
Human biomechanics.
Biomechanical principles in technology.
Bionics. A technical view of living nature.
Human biophysics.
Biophysics. Vibrations and sounds.
Large Hadron Collider - Back to the creation of the world.
Boomerang.
In the skies, on the earth and on the sea. (Physics of amazing natural phenomena).
What is the secret of the thermos?
Vacuum at the service of man.
Vacuum. Energy of physical vacuum.
Wind as an example of convection in nature.
The wind is at the service of man.
Perpetual motion machine.
Mutual transformations of liquids and gases. Phase transitions.
Relationship polar lights and human health.
Weighing air.
Types of water pollution and purification methods based on physical phenomena.
Types of heating and their efficiency.
Types of fuel for cars.
Types of noise pollution and their effect on living organisms.
The contribution of physicists to the Great Patriotic War.
Air humidity and its influence on human life.
Air humidity and its effect on human health.
Humidity. Determination of oxygen content in air.
The influence of external sound stimuli on the structure of water.
The effect of loud sound and noise on the human body.
The influence of sound on living organisms.
The effect of radiation emanating from a cell phone on the human body.
The influence of infrasound on the human body.
The effect of headphones on human hearing.
The effect of density on human health.
The impact of radioactivity on the environment. Lighthouse.
The impact of radioactivity on the environment. Chernobyl and Fukushima.
The influence of solar activity on humans.
The influence of temperature on liquids, gases and solids.
Effect of temperature environment to change the snow patterns on the window glass.
The influence of the electromagnetic field on plant growth and human health.
Water in three states of aggregation.
Water is inside us.
Water and magnifying glass.
Water is the source of life on Earth.
Aeronautics.
Air Transport.
Possibility of obtaining drinking water using the simplest means.
War of currents. Invention of the electric chair.
Magic snowflakes.
Rotational movement solids.
The harm of high heels from a physics point of view.
Time and its measurement.
Can you always trust your eyes, or what is an illusion?
Growing a salt crystal.
Is global warming a threat to humanity?
Global warming: who is to blame and what to do?
Pressure in liquids and gases.
Pressure of solids.
Internal combustion engine.
Movement in a gravity field.
Air movement.
The effect of sound, infrasound and ultrasound on living organisms.
Action ultraviolet radiation on the human body.
Diffusion in home experiments.
Diffusion in nature and human life.
Diffusion in nature.
Microwave food: good or bad?
Units of measurement of physical quantities.
Women are Nobel laureates in physics and chemistry.
Sunset as a physical phenomenon.
Archimedes' law. Swimming tel.
From the history of aircraft.
Measuring long distances. Triangulation.
Measurement of air humidity and devices for its measurement and correction.
Measuring height using a stopwatch.
Measuring the speed of sound in air and gases.
Acceleration measurement free fall.
Study of the R-L-C contour.
Study of the influence of electromagnetic fields on the human environment.
Study of gas laws. Isoprocesses.
Studying the characteristics of different types of lamps (incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp, energy-saving lamp).
Study of the influence of noise on living organisms.
Study of earth's electrical currents.
Study of changes in semiconductor resistance as a function of temperature.
Study of a model of a gravitational light source using the Archimedes digital laboratory.
Study of the resonant behavior of a non-Newtonian fluid.
Study of the characteristics of sound waves.
Construction of a device for recording cosmic rays.
The water cycle in nature.
Smoking from a physics point of view.
Simulation of the movement of a charged particle in a magnetic field.
Modeling the motion of a charged body in electric and magnetic fields.
Modeling and study of the dependence of the parameters of oscillatory motion on the characteristics of the system.
Modeling the conditions for hitting a target when moving at an angle to the horizontal in spreadsheets.
Modeling of physical processes.
My research in physics.
A soap bubble is a fragile miracle.
Finding your height using a mathematical pendulum.
Unusual properties of ordinary water.
Determination of the dependence of the optimal time for heat treatment of potatoes on various factors.
Determination of the mechanical characteristics of your own body.
Determination of the moment of inertia of a solid cylinder.
Features of the human body from the point of view of physics.
What causes thunderstorms?
A planet called Water.
Finding the location of the short circuit in the communication cable between the signal core and the shielding braid.
Obtaining fresh and clean water.
Polar Lights.
Why are prohibitory signals red?
Development of radio communications.
Calculation and experimental testing of electrical circuits.
Calculation of the trajectory of a spacecraft during a flight to Mars.
Is resonance good or evil?
Light fiber in the service of humans.
Connection of astronomy with other sciences. Calendar.
Modern energy and prospects for its development.
Modern ideas about the origin of the solar system.
The solar system is a complex of bodies of common origin.
Solar energy.
Comparison of incandescent lamps and energy-saving lamps.
A comparative study of the operating modes of energy-saving and conventional light sources using the Archimedes digital laboratory.
Average temperature and heat content of the human body.
We are building our own home. Your home is in the future.
Heat engines.
Physics in toys.
Physics is all around us.
Ball lightning. Why is ball lightning dangerous?
Noise pollution of the environment.
Extreme waves.
Electricity in everyday life and technology.
Electric cars today and tomorrow.
Energy of water.
Energy saving lamps: pros and cons.
MKOU "Lyceum No. 2"
TOPIC: “Earth-Planet of Sounds! »
Completed:
9th grade students
Kalashnikova Olga
Goryainova Kristina
Supervisor:
Shalaeva V.V.
Mikhailovsk, 2014
What impact does the noise of big cities have on human health?
Fundamental Question
: What is sound?
Target
: Find out the harmful effects of noise on human health.
Tasks
:
1.Collect information on the impact of noise on human health.
2. Consider the information, analyze, draw conclusions.
3. Present the results of the work in a computer presentation
Hypothesis: Harmful effects of noise on human health.
Noise is random vibrations of sounds of varying intensity and frequency. In everyday life, noise is an unwanted sound that disturbs a person.
1. NOISE FROM THE FAN.
The fan is the main one source of noise in ventilation systems. Its noise consists of aerodynamic and mechanical components.
Aerodynamic fan noise is caused by pulsations of pressure and air flow speed in the flow part of the fan and in adjacent air ducts. The fundamental (critical) frequency of this noise (fs) depends on the rotating speed of the impeller:
where n is the fan speed, rpm; s – number of fan blades.
Mechanical noise arises from the operation of an electric motor, bearings, etc. This noise has wide range, which has both frequencies that are multiples of the fan rotation speed and frequencies of shock excitation of mechanical vibrations of structural parts.
2. AERODYNAMIC NOISE ARISING IN AIR DUCTS.
Aerodynamic noise in air ducts is primarily generated when the air flow passes through sharp edges, dampers, narrow areas, guide vanes in rectangular outlets, etc. Any sharp edge or obstruction in the path of air flow creates flow turbulence and noise.
3. STRUCTURAL NOISE.
Structural noise is called noise when it is emitted by building structures that are rigidly connected to some vibrating mechanism, for example, a fan housing. To reduce it, it is necessary to use rubber or spring vibration-isolating shock absorbers under the supports of vibrating units, flexible inserts in air ducts, etc.
Noise regulation
To assess noise levels in rooms, the entire frequency range was divided into separate bands - octaves. The geometric mean frequencies of the octave bands at which noise is normalized are strictly standardized: 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 Hz. Noise is considered acceptable if the sound pressure levels (L) measured using a sound level meter or theoretically determined in all octave bands of the standardized frequency range (31.5 - 8000 Hz) do not exceed the standard
values.
Another noise standardization method is also used, based on an integral assessment of the entire frequency range “in one number” when measuring noise using the “A” characteristic of a sound level meter. In this case, the noise spectrum decreases components at low and medium frequencies (up to 1000 Hz), which approximately corresponds to the nature of human perception of noise at various frequencies. The level determined is called sound level (LA) and is characterized by one number in dBA.
Noise regulation is carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 23-03-2003 “Noise Protection”. Maximum permissible noise levels for living rooms of apartments, hotel rooms, office premises and cafes depend not only on the time of day, but also on the comfort category of the building: A - high comfortable conditions, B – comfortable conditions, C – maximum permissible conditions. In addition, the maximum permissible noise levels from equipment of ventilation and air conditioning systems should be taken 5 dB (or 5 dBA) lower than those specified in SNiP. The maximum permissible sound pressure levels in octave frequency bands and sound levels in dBA from the operation of ventilation and air conditioning systems are presented in Table 1 in accordance with SNiP 23-03-2003, taking into account an amendment of –5 dB (dBA).
4. Tinnitus
The word "tinnitus" (tinnitus) comes from the Latin tinnire, which means "to ring." The phenomenon is described as a sound sensation that occurs in the head and is not associated with any external source.
About one-third of Americans (32%) have experienced tinnitus at least once. These data are confirmed by similar studies in Europe. Even 13% of school-age children with normal hearing experience at least occasional tinnitus. Approximately 18 million Americans seek medical care Due to tinnitus, 9 million complain of serious manifestations of the disease, and 2 million are disabled due to the painful sounds that haunt them.
Traditionally, the classification of tinnitus, which is also used in modern medical literature, is based on the concepts of objective and subjective noise. Objective tinnitus is characteristic of those rare diseases in which noise appears that is audible to an outside observer. Subjective tinnitus occurs in all patients who perceive a sound that cannot be assessed from the outside. A classification that is closer to practice and popular among otorhinolaryngologists classifies tinnitus according to its etiology: vascular, external and middle ear, muscular, peripheral and central neurosensory.
5. Digital noise- deviations of color and brightness characteristics of pixels from the values perceived by the CCD matrix. Those. random multi-colored pixels in the photo are written onto the matrix incorrectly.
In terms of its visual nature, digital noise can be compared to grain in the analog photography method, especially since it behaves the same way: the higher the sensitivity of the element (be it a matrix or film), the more noise. Visually it is perceived as graininess, spots, blurred boundaries.
Noise is most often caused by technical features camera design and disadvantages of digital photography technology. In most cases, multi-colored pixels appear due to the fact that some of them are written to the file differently than they should be perceived by the matrix. The noise level directly depends on the sensitivity. As sensitivity increases, the voltage on the sensor also increases, and as the voltage increases, the number of incorrectly recorded pixels also increases. This happens because the sensor gets hot. The higher the temperature of the sensor due to increased voltage, the more noise.
From an article by Sergei Lopatin.
Another definition of digital noise:
Noise (Digital noise) is an uneven (nonlinear) image structure consisting of small elements that have differences in brightness or color shade. Digital noise initially occurs when reading data from the camera sensor due to uneven charging of the photosensitive elements. The appearance of digital noise is directly influenced by factors such as sensor characteristics, sensor temperature, exposure time, and indirectly by the algorithm for processing the image received from the sensor. The noise can be either luminance noise or chromatic noise. Typically, photographs with excess noise look unnatural and are of low quality. Digital noise is often confused with grain. The concept of grain applies only to photographic film.
How to deal with the appearance of noise, as well as its elimination
First of all, you need to try to prevent noise. To do this, you need to shoot at a low ISO value (with low light sensitivity of the matrix). The higher the value, the greater the likelihood of noise occurring. In low light, you should not increase the light sensitivity, but use a tripod, leaving the ISO setting as low as possible.
If noise is already present in the image, it can be removed using specialized programs or filters.
What is noise?
A calm atmosphere in the house is the key to comfort and good rest for the whole family. Noise has a negative effect on the human body. Fatigue increases, sleep deteriorates, perception acuity and performance decrease. This is why it is so important to protect your home from noise - both from the street (external noise) and from the neighboring room (internal noise).
What is noise?
Noise is various sounds that disturb us in Everyday life: elevator movement in the house, restless neighbors, car alarms, dog barking, doors slamming, loud music. The strength of each sound can be measured in decibels (dB).
The higher the decibels, the stronger the sound affects the human body!
You need to plan to isolate the room from noise at the design stage of the house. Unfortunately, most of us begin to think about the problem of sound insulation after building a house or carrying out renovations. But then reliably protecting the room from noise becomes technically more difficult and more expensive.
Noise control methods
1. Remove the source of noise
Easy to do
But it's not always possible
2. Increase the thickness of the walls
Use massive walls that prevent the passage of noise (for example, reinforced concrete)
Uneconomical
High consumption of materials and money.
High construction and transportation costs.
3. Insulate with sound-absorbing materials
Use lightweight frame partitions: a frame lined on both sides with plasterboard and filled with glass wool insulation.
Profitable
A lightweight partition provides the same noise protection as a solid concrete wall weighing 10 times more.
Noise volume
Human sensitivity to sounds of different frequencies varies. It is maximum for sounds with a frequency of about 4 kHz, stable in the range from 200 to 2000 Hz, and decreases at frequencies less than 200 Hz (low-frequency sounds).
The volume of noise depends on the strength of the sound and its frequency. The loudness of a sound is assessed by comparing it with the loudness of a simple sound signal with a frequency of 1000 Hz. The intensity level of a sound with a frequency of 1000 Hz that is as loud as the noise being measured is called the loudness level of that noise. The diagram below shows sound intensity versus frequency at constant volume.
At low volume levels, a person is less sensitive to sounds of very low and high frequencies. With high sound pressure, the sensation of sound develops into a painful sensation. At a frequency of 1 kHz, the pain threshold corresponds to a pressure of 20 Pa and a sound intensity of 10 W/sq.m.
Impact of noise on human health
Modern noise discomfort causes painful reactions in living organisms. The noise from a flying jet plane, for example, has a depressing effect on a bee; it loses its ability to navigate. The same noise kills bee larvae and breaks openly lying bird eggs in the nest. Transport or industrial noise has a depressing effect on a person - it tires, irritates, and interferes with concentration. As soon as such noise stops, a person experiences a feeling of relief and peace.
A noise level of 20-30 decibels (dB) is practically harmless to humans. This is a natural background noise, without which human life is impossible. For “loud sounds” the permissible limit is approximately 80 decibels. A sound of 130 decibels already causes pain in a person, and at 150 it becomes unbearable for him. A sound of 180 decibels causes metal fatigue, and at 190, rivets are pulled out of structures. It is not for nothing that in the Middle Ages there was execution “under the bell”. The ringing of the bell was slowly killing the man. Any noise of sufficient intensity and duration can lead to varying degrees of hearing loss. In addition to the frequency and volume level of noise, the development of hearing loss is influenced by age, hearing sensitivity, duration, nature of the noise, and a number of other reasons. The disease develops gradually, so it is especially important to take appropriate noise protection measures in advance. Under the influence of strong noise, especially high-frequency noise, irreversible changes occur in the organ of hearing. At high noise levels, a decrease in hearing sensitivity occurs after 1-2 years of work; at average levels it is detected much later, after 5-10 years.
Noise interferes with normal rest and recuperation, and disrupts sleep. Systematic lack of sleep and insomnia lead to severe nervous disorders. Therefore, great attention should be paid to protecting sleep - this “balm of the soul” - from all kinds of irritants.
Noise has a harmful effect on the visual and vestibular analyzers, reduces the stability of clear vision and reflex activity. Noise contributes to an increase in the number of various diseases also because it has a depressing effect on the psyche, contributes to a significant expenditure of nervous energy, and causes mental dissatisfaction and protest.
Research has shown that inaudible sounds are also dangerous. Ultrasound, which occupies a prominent place in the range of industrial noise, has an adverse effect on the body, although the ear does not perceive it. Airplane passengers often feel a state of malaise and anxiety, one of the reasons for which is infrasound. Infrasounds cause seizures in some people seasickness. Even weak infrasounds can have a significant impact on humans if they are prolonged. Some nervous diseases characteristic of residents of industrial cities are caused precisely by infrasounds penetrating through the thickest walls.
Noise is a complex of sounds that causes an unpleasant sensation or painful reactions. Noise is one of the forms of the physical environment of life. Noise interferes with normal rest, causes hearing diseases, contributes to an increase in the number of other diseases, and has a depressing effect on the human psyche.
A person “burns out” from constant noise
“Noise is one of those factors that you can’t get used to,” says Associate Professor of the Department practical psychology Zaporozhye National University Anzhelika Poplavskaya. “It only seems to a person that he is accustomed to noise, but acoustic pollution, acting constantly, destroys human health. The noise is so harmful production factor, is responsible for many occupational diseases. And first of all, it is the nervous system that suffers, which already entails other health problems. Noise has a negative impact on mental abilities, reduces memory, distracts attention, and leads to insomnia.”
The most common consequence of the negative impact of noise on human health is weakening and loss of hearing. Those of us who, on duty, are constantly in noisy places are at especially great risk: workers in workshops, large offices and factories, states the psychologist.
“There is quite a big problem with the harmful effects of noise at the city’s industrial facilities, but we, psychologists, are not allowed into the factories,” states Anzhelika Poplavskaya.
According to the specialist, noise effects and vibrations become the main factor in rapid fatigue.
The body of a person simply cannot rest due to the fact that most of the time it is exposed to noise. In psychology, there is a name for this process - “professional burnout syndrome.” In this state of affairs, a person practically does not experience positive emotions; he cannot perform his functions normally. All this leads to the fact that the body is no longer able to recover on its own, even if it is given the opportunity to rest normally. At the same time, it is quite difficult to establish the effect of noise on the human body, since negative changes in the health status of those under the influence of acoustic pollution begin to appear only after several years. At this stage, only a psychologist can help him, otherwise everything could end in a nervous breakdown, says Anzhelika Poplavskaya.
And here another problem arises - how to help such people? There is still no single center for providing psychological assistance in Zaporozhye. Existing helplines do not solve the issue.
According to Anzhelika Poplavskaya, about 5 years ago someone tried to bring this project to life, but nothing worked. But it’s not that difficult. So to speak, graduates of our universities can provide the first basic psychological assistance. At the same time, prices for services will be low, people will have the opportunity to learn about their problems, and the guys will receive normal practice. Today many people are already turning to our department for help. So there is someone to help.
City noise can be attributed to the causes of hypertension and coronary heart disease. Constant exposure to noise (more than 80 dB) leads to gastritis and gastric ulcers. The negative impact of noise affects not only the cardiovascular system, but also intestinal motility, various metabolic processes and, most importantly, the immune system (in particular, the production of antibodies to fight various types of infections). It is especially dangerous that noise, by reducing the threshold of sensitivity of nerve cells in the daytime, leads to sleep disturbance, and at night it causes irreparable damage to human health.
The effect of noise on the human body
In conditions of strong city noise, the auditory analyzer is constantly stressed. This causes the hearing threshold (10 dB for most people with normal hearing) to increase by 10-25 dB. Noise makes it difficult to understand speech, especially at levels greater than 70 dB.
The damage that loud noise causes to hearing depends on the spectrum of sound vibrations and the nature of their changes. The risk of possible noise-induced hearing loss largely depends on the individual. Some people lose their hearing after even a short period of exposure to noise of relatively moderate intensity; others can work in loud noise for almost their entire lives without any noticeable hearing loss. Constant exposure to loud noise can not only negatively affect hearing, but also cause other harmful effects - ringing in the ears, dizziness, headache, increased fatigue.
Noise in big cities shortens human life expectancy. According to Austrian researchers, this reduction ranges from 8-12 years. Excessive noise can cause nervous exhaustion, mental depression, autonomic neurosis, peptic ulcers, disorders of the endocrine and cardiovascular systems. Noise interferes with people's ability to work and relax and reduces productivity.
Older people are most sensitive to the effects of noise. Thus, 46% of people under the age of 27 react to noise, at the age of 28-37 years - 57%, at the age of 38-57 years - 62%, and at the age of 58 years and older - 72%. The large number of noise complaints in older people is obviously associated with age and the state of the central nervous system of this population group.
There is a relationship between the number of complaints and the nature of the work performed. Survey data show that noise disturbance affects people doing mental work more than people doing physical work (60% and 55%, respectively). The more frequent complaints of people with mental work are apparently associated with greater fatigue of the nervous system.
Mass physiological and hygienic examinations of the population exposed to traffic noise in living conditions and labor activity, revealed certain changes in people's health. At the same time, changes in the functional state of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, and auditory sensitivity depended on the level of exposure to sound energy, on the gender and age of the subjects. The most pronounced changes were found in persons experiencing noise exposure in both work and everyday conditions, compared with persons living and working in conditions without noise.
High noise levels in the urban environment, which are one of the aggressive irritants of the central nervous system, can cause overstrain. City noise also has an adverse effect on the cardiovascular system. Coronary heart disease, hypertension, and high blood cholesterol are more common in people living in noisy areas.
Noise greatly disrupts sleep. Intermittent, sudden noises, especially in the evening and at night, have an extremely unfavorable effect on a person who has just fallen asleep. A sudden noise during sleep (for example, the rumble of a truck) often causes severe fright, especially in sick people and children. Noise reduces the duration and depth of sleep. Under the influence of noise level of 50 dB, the time it takes to fall asleep increases by an hour or more, sleep becomes shallow, and after waking up people feel tired, headache, and often palpitations.
The lack of normal rest after a working day leads to the fact that the fatigue that naturally develops during work does not disappear, but gradually turns into chronic fatigue, which contributes to the development of a number of diseases, such as a disorder of the central nervous system, hypertension.
Measures to protect against vehicle noise
Reducing urban noise can be achieved primarily by reducing vehicle noise.
Urban planning measures to protect the population from noise include: increasing the distance between the noise source and the protected object; the use of acoustically opaque screens (slopes, walls and screen buildings), special noise protection strips for landscaping; the use of various planning techniques, rational placement of microdistricts. In addition, urban planning measures include rational development of main streets, maximum landscaping of microdistricts and dividing strips, use of terrain, etc.
A significant protective effect is achieved if residential buildings are located at a distance of at least 25-30 m from highways and the rupture zones are landscaped. With a closed type of development, only the spaces within the block are protected, and the external facades of houses are subject to unfavorable conditions, therefore such development of highways is undesirable. The most appropriate is free development, protected from the street side by green spaces and screening buildings for temporary residence of people (shops, canteens, restaurants, studios, etc.). The location of the main in the excavation also reduces noise in the nearby area.
The impact of motor transport on the environment using the example of the cities of Volgograd and Petrozavodsk
One of the most pressing problems associated with environmental pollution natural environment major cities Russia is road transport.
The influence of transport on the environmental problems of the city is caused not only by air pollution from exhaust gases, but also by pollution of the water basin (runoff from car washes, parking lots, garages, gas stations, etc.) and soil (waste contaminated with petroleum products, soot particles of tires from abrasion on the roads and etc.).
The problems of reducing the negative impact of motor transport on the environment can only be solved with large-scale construction of underground-ground transport interchanges in the most stressful places, better organization traffic, with optimal placement of garages and parking lots for storing vehicles, gas stations, and car washes in the city.
The most pressing problem of pollution of the environment by motor vehicles is emissions into the atmospheric air. In recent years, there has been a growing trend in the share of emissions into the atmosphere in the total gross emissions of pollutants. In 2000, in the city of Volgograd, emissions from motor vehicles accounted for more than 50% of the total gross emissions of pollutants into the air.
This process is due to a sharp increase in the number of vehicles in the city, mainly due to the cars of individual owners.
With the growth of the car fleet in the city, there is a need to develop the vehicle service infrastructure (gas stations, stations and car maintenance and repair points, car washes, garages, parking lots, etc.).
In 2000 alone, specialists from the city environmental service took part in state acceptance commissions for 18 newly built or reconstructed stationary gas stations.
Diagram of changes in the number of gas stations
Diagram of changes in the number of maintenance departments of cars and car washes
One of the indispensable conditions for reducing the harmful impact of transport on the environment is maintaining it in technically sound condition. For these purposes, Volgograd currently operates over 400 car service stations and points and more than 20 car washes.
Over the decade, the number of car service points has increased more than 30 times, and car washes - almost 5 times
These facilities also have a negative impact on the environment. Thus, in private auto repair shops there are no containers for collecting waste contaminated with petroleum products (filters, rubber products, oily rags, etc.), the issue of disposal has not been resolved
waste motor oils and other technical fluids, resulting in the formation of unorganized landfills within the city.
Most car washes operate without circulating water supply systems, so a significant portion of liquid waste contaminated with petroleum products is disposed of at a landfill.
Currently, there are over 150 garage societies in the city with the number of boxes for storing cars of individual owners from 100 to 2000. Many garage cooperatives, usually located far from residential areas, have an unsightly appearance and undeveloped territory.
Some were built without a design, do not have a positive conclusion from the state environmental assessment, and the facilities were not accepted for operation by the state acceptance commission. Garage cooperative No. 18 was built and operated in violation of the conditions of the environmental assessment, namely: landscaping and landscaping of the territory were not carried out, the number of boxes exceeds that specified in the project.
Thus, in garage societies No. 38, car storage boxes are built of the same type and are located in the right of way railway; The territory of the cooperatives is landscaped and landscaped, equipped with containers for collecting generated waste.
Despite the fact that almost every individual car has a place in garage cooperatives, the city is actively constructing parking lots.
This is due to the fact that parking lots are located near residential areas. Car owners use transport all year round, so the problem of everyday storage of cars near their places of residence has arisen.
Various types of sites and vacant lots are adapted for parking lots. However, the construction and operation of parking lots are often accompanied by violations of environmental requirements. Thus, the territory of some parking lots does not have a hard surface, there are no storm drainage systems, and the surrounding areas are not landscaped.
The environmental situation in the city of Petrozavodsk is worsening year after year. Most of the emissions into the atmosphere, especially now that many factories are closed, come from motor vehicles. In order to find out the impact of vehicles on the environment, information is needed on the load of vehicle exhaust gases.
In various areas of the city, the number of passing cars was counted for an hour in order to determine the most polluted areas. The calculation method is unconventional, but these data give an idea of the load of exhaust gases on the environment. This technique consisted in the fact that the number of cars was counted for an hour in the morning, afternoon and evening at the same place, repeated three times, and the cars were divided into motorcycles, Cars, buses, minibuses and trucks, which are divided into diesel and carburetor.
Knowing how much harmful substances one car emits, you can determine the impact of exhaust gases on the environment throughout the year. Cars with exhaust gases emit up to 200 different gases into the environment. chemical substances and their connections. The annual exhaust of one car is 800 kg of carbon monoxide, 40 kg of nitrogen oxide, more than 200 different hydrocarbons and heavy metals. In 1997, emissions from motor vehicles amounted to 56.5 thousand tons of pollutants, including carbon monoxide - 45.1, hydrocarbons - 7.2, nitrogen oxide - 5.1. Based on the data obtained, it was found that the districts of Perevalka, Drevlyanka, and Central are the most polluted, and the districts of Kukovka and the Northern part of the city are moderately polluted. Relatively clean areas of the Poultry Farm and Verkhnyaya Klyuchevaya.
Ecological situation in the city of Moscow.
In the city center, the main impact on the environment is caused by motor transport (80% of pollution within the Garden Ring). Also, heavy pollution from vehicles is felt along major highways (50-250 meters, depending on the development and green spaces). Industrial enterprises are located mainly in the southeast (along the Moscow River) and in the east of the city. The cleanest areas are Yasenevo, Krylatskoye, Strogino, the Yugo-Zapadnaya metro area, as well as outside the ring road - Mitino, Solntsevo. The dirtiest are Maryino, Brateevo, Lyublino, areas inside the Garden Ring.
On the territory of the eastern district there are several large industrial zones that significantly affect the ecology of the surrounding areas. The cleanest areas are those adjacent to the forest park" Losiny Island" and Izmailovsky Park, as well as those located behind ring road- Novokosino, Kosino, Zhulebino. The dirtiest areas are those adjacent to the central and southeastern districts.
The South-Eastern district is one of the most polluted in Moscow. Air quality is mainly affected by the Kapotnensky oil refinery and the Lublin steel mill, as well as many enterprises located along the Moscow River. There are polluting enterprises throughout almost the entire territory of the district. In this district, almost all areas are heavily polluted, especially Maryino, Lyublino, Kapotnya.
In the southern district, air quality is mainly affected by the Kapotnensky oil refinery and the Lublin steel plant. The least polluted municipal districts (in order of increasing pollution): Chertanovo (excluding Varshavskoye Highway), Biryulyovo. Attention should be paid to the Brateevo and Orekhovo-Borisovo microdistricts, in which, despite a small amount of emissions, the terrain contributes to the accumulation of harmful substances in the air, which makes these microdistricts one of the most polluted in Moscow on those days when weather conditions contribute to the accumulation of harmful impurities in atmosphere. It is from these areas that the largest number of complaints from the population come.
The South-Western district is one of the cleanest in Moscow. The cleanest municipal districts are Yasenevo, Teply Stan, Severnoe Butovo. There are no particularly large sources of air pollution on the territory of the district, but large sources of pollution located in the Southern District influence eastern part Southwestern district.
In the western district, the cleanest areas are Solntsevo and Novoperedelkino, located outside the Moscow Ring Road. There are no very large sources of air pollution on the territory of the district, but there are several industrial zones (along the Mozhaisk highway, Kutuzovsky Prospekt), which significantly affect the ecology of this area.
The North-Western district is the cleanest in Moscow. The cleanest municipal districts are Mitino, Strogino, Krylatskoye. There are no major sources of air pollution on the territory of the district. Motor transport does not have a strong impact on the environment, with the exception of areas along major highways passing through this district.
In general, the Northern District is not very polluted. There is a large industrial zone in the Voykovskaya metro area. The southern part is more polluted than the northern part.
In the northeastern district, the northern part of the district is much cleaner than the southern part. There are no industrial zones to the north of the VDNKh metro station that significantly affect the environment, however, there are individual enterprises that affect the ecology of nearby areas, while to the south there are several not very large industrial zones and a large number of vehicles.
The Central District is one of the most polluted districts of the capital. The main source of air pollution is motor transport. The main pollutants are carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, the sanitary standards of the latter are exceeded on average by 2-3 times. There are no large industrial sources of pollution.
Impact of motor transport on the environment in the city of Kaliningrad
Today, the most significant source of air pollution in the city of Kaliningrad is motor transport (table). The contribution of motor transport to the total emission of pollutants was 84.7% (in 1997 - 82.4%). Emissions from vehicles exceed emissions from stationary sources by 5 times.
Currently, motor transport is still a poorly controlled source of air pollution in the region.
The main reasons for this situation, in our opinion, are the following:
1. Environmentally unsafe designs of engines and fuel equipment of domestic cars, which, when using leaded gasoline and high-sulfur diesel fuel, does not allow the use of exhaust gas neutralization and catalytic afterburning systems.
2. High growth rates of the car fleet. In 1992-1998 alone, it increased in the region by 2.5 times and totals more than 255 thousand units. The region ranks first in Russia in terms of the number of cars per 1000 residents - more than 300 units. (in Moscow - 1.5 times less).
3. An even more rapid increase in the fleet of used cars of foreign brands with low operational, technical and environmental data. According to the traffic police, of the total number of foreign cars, more than 90% are cars that have been in use for more than 5 years, including more than 70% for over 10 years. In addition, taking into account the “age” of foreign cars (15-20 years), the issue of recycling bodies, batteries, rubber, etc. becomes relevant.
4. Unsatisfactory condition of the road surface of most streets in the regional center.
5. Lack of a unified transport scheme for Kaliningrad.
6. There is no legislation on collecting fees for environmental pollution from individual and private vehicle owners. And today they are more than 80%.
Of the 3,815 vehicles subjected to instrumental control in 1998, 718 (18.2%) were operated in violation of GOST requirements for toxicity and opacity of exhaust gases (19.1% in 1997).
Unfortunately, it has not yet been possible to achieve any noticeable progress in reducing emissions from motor vehicles. At the same time, regularly carried out operations “Clean Air”, “Bus”, joint raids on highways with the traffic police allow us to keep the situation under control.
Wastewater discharged by transport and road complex enterprises into surface water bodies contains various pollutants, mainly petroleum products and suspended solids.
In 1998, there was a slight increase in the total volume of wastewater from 0.18 million cubic meters. m up to 0.2 million cubic meters. m due to the registration of new road transport facilities.
The improvement in the qualitative composition of discharged wastewater is explained by the new construction of vehicle washes with recycled water supply, equipment and the installation of modern structures.
The actual flow of stormwater runoff from highways cannot be taken into account, since it depends on the intensity of precipitation atmospheric precipitation, snow melting, flooding, etc.
Conclusion:
At low volume levels, a person is less sensitive to sounds of very low and high frequencies. With high sound pressure, the sensation of sound develops into a painful sensation.
Informational resources:
Electronic encyclopedia “Cyril and Methodius”
Encyclopedia for children. Volume 16. Physics.
Part 2. Electricity and magnetism. Thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. Physics of the nucleus and elementary particles. – second edition., revised/Editorial board: M. Aksenova, V. Volodin, A. Eliovich. Avanta, 2005.-432.
1. Introduction.
2. Mechanics in the life of a cat
a) Measuring the average and maximum speed of the cat.
b) Measurement of mass.
c) Volume measurement. p.
d) Density measurement. p.
e) Measuring the cat's pressure on the floor. p.
e)Measurement of mechanical work and power of the cat during lifting
On the stairs. p.
g) Measuring the cat's traction force. p.
h) Measuring power during cat movements. 16 pages
3. Thermal phenomena in the life of a cat
4.Electricity and the cat
5. How a cat sees
6. Creature with a sixth sense
7.How cats are treated
8. Conclusion. page
9.List of sources and literature. p.
10. Applications.
Introduction.
The animal world is an incredibly fabulous country. A country of great discoveries and shocks, a country of love and devotion. A cat is an amazing, very proud and independent animal. Among scientists, there are very different opinions regarding the beginning of the domestication of cats. One work in Sanskrit, published two thousand years ago, speaks of a cat as a pet. In the Sahara, near Memphis, in a burial estimated to be two and a half thousand years old, frescoes were discovered depicting a cat resembling a dun cat. The transverse stripes on the animal's neck, which looked like a necklace, led scientists to the bold conclusion that this cat was domesticated. Plutarch in the 1st century AD speaks of this animal as exotic. The thinker has no doubt about its origin - from Egypt! Before him, apart from the cursory mentions of Herodotus and Aristotle, no one had written about the cat. But they also speak about cats only with great respect, without mentioning at all their utilitarian role as guard mousers. There was even a huge bronze statue in Corinth depicting a cat sitting on its hind legs. Most likely, it came from Egypt to Greece. Frescoes depicting cats devouring quails were discovered there. These frescoes are believed to date back to 1600 BC! When the Romans conquered Britain, the cat appeared here too. First in Scotland. Until now, the Scots often use the words “cat” and “brave man” as synonyms. The coats of arms and standards of the ancient inhabitants of the Scottish Highlands were decorated with images of cats. There was a County of Caithness "Cat". So gradually the cat became an integral part of rural and urban life.
Movement Animals have long attracted human attention. He wanted to move through water, air, and land just as easily and gracefully. However, several thousand years passed before people created the science of movement - mechanics - and were able to create structures that were superior in speed and range of movement to any representatives of the animal world. But scientists continuously continue to study the features of living nature that allow machines and mechanisms not only to set records, but also to work and move as gracefully and silently as, for example, a cat.
Relevance : physics is the science of nature. We, like “our smaller brothers,” are domestic animals, particles of this nature, therefore, all the laws of physical science must find their manifestation both in us and in them.
Object My research was a domestic cat.
Goal of the work : to identify which laws of physics help a cat to exist safely in our world and also serve a person - treat him, create a positive atmosphere, save him from depression, illness and loneliness.
Tasks :
1. discover known physical phenomena, objects and patterns in cat behavior, and thereby deepen, expand and strengthen your knowledge of physics;
2.Practically explore the mechanical characteristics of the cat: speed, mass, temperature, volume, density of the cat’s body, weight, pressure of the cat on the support, mechanical work and power.
3.Create a “Biomechanical passport of the cat Pie.”
Research methods:
Literature review. Review of information on the Internet. Study.
Object of study: Cat Pie - age 7 years.
Practical significance: this material can be used in physics lessons as home laboratory work, as well as for creating a cat passport. All measurements were tested on our cat Pirozhok. The work consists of an introduction, a theoretical part - the doctrine of animal physics, a practical part - the mechanical characteristics of a cat and a conclusion.
Main part.
The origins of biomechanics were the works of Aristotle and Archimedes. The first scientific works were written by Aristotle (384-322 BC), who was interested in the patterns of movement of land animals and humans. And the foundations of our knowledge about movements in water were laid by Archimedes (287-212 BC). But only thanks to the work of one of the brilliant people of the Middle Ages, Leonardo do Vinci (1452-1519), biomechanics took its next step. This great artist, mathematician, physicist and engineer was the first to express the most important idea for biomechanics: “The science of mechanics is so noble and useful more than all other sciences because all living bodies that have the ability to move act according to its laws.”
R. Descartes (1596-1650) created the basis of the reflex theory, imagining that the basis of movements could be a specific factor external environment, affecting the senses. Explanation this fact is the origin of involuntary movements.
Further big influence The development of biomechanics was influenced by the Italian D. Borelli (1608-1679) - doctor, mathematician, physicist. In his book “On the Movement of Animals,” he essentially laid the foundation for biomechanics as a branch of science. He viewed the human body as a machine and sought to explain breathing, blood movement and muscle function from a mechanical perspective. A great theoretical contribution was made by the founder of the Russian biomechanical school N.A. Bernstein (1896 - 1966) - the creator of the doctrine of the motor activity of humans and animals
Mechanics in a cat's life
cat walk. The cat walks on tiptoes. The bases of her paws are round, and she leaves a rounded footprint. As she runs, she retracts her claws and steps on thick, soft pads of her toes. When running, a cat uses a swinging amble: it takes a step alternately with both right and then with both left paws. This is an unusual gait. Walking and running of a cat can be considered as an oscillatory movement, during which the balance of the body is either disturbed or restored.
What allows her to achieve this?
The cat moves, pushing off from the support. Wherein external forces– the force of gravity, the force of friction, the force of resistance of the environment, enter into “interaction” with the internal forces of the body (muscle tension). The movement occurs thanks to joint activities muscles and resting friction force. When an animal runs, a special rhythm arises: each next swing of the limbs consists of alternating accelerations and decelerations. It has been established that only 1/5 of the 40 muscles of a cat's paw work for advancement, while others remain at rest as if in reserve, in case of extreme overload. When running, a cat can reach speeds of up to 50 km/h.
When jumping, when a cat tries to cover a long distance, its back seems to expand, which allows it to glide. The cat resembles a small parachute. When jumping, all the cat's muscles behave like a complex system of shock absorbers; when landing, they are not activated simultaneously, but one after another, until they completely absorb all the energy of the jump.
Cat in fall.
Before space flights, scientists were looking for ways to properly orient astronauts in space. They were worried about the question of how the astronaut would move outside the ship? While searching for an answer to this question, they paid attention to the amazing abilities of a falling cat, from whatever position the fall begins - it lands on all four paws. We watched film footage of this. Many times all phases of the movement of a falling cat were captured on film; the cat’s masterly ability to turn over in the air around its own axis was amazing; it is explained by the excellent functional qualities of its spine, which easily and strongly bends and stretches - the cat perfectly controls its deformations.
The fact that a falling cat corrects its body position with the help of its tail was not a discovery; however, quantitative characteristics have now been obtained. During the fall, the tail rotates, causing the animal's entire body to turn in the opposite direction, and this continues until the cat's balance organs note that its head has taken the correct position relative to the gravitational field. Then the animal’s body is aligned relative to the longitudinal axis. The end of a cat's rotation is to bring its paws together, while it arches its back, the tail acts as a shock absorber
When the cat landing technique was studied, they tried to adapt this technique for humans. Since nature did not endow man with a tail, the astronaut was offered appropriate rotational movements of the legs. The fall of a cat obeys the law of conservation of angular momentum.
Simple mechanisms.
In the skeleton of this animal you can find bones - levers: these are the skull, jaw, paws. There is also such a simple mechanism as a wedge - these are sharp teeth and claws. With their help, a cat can create very high pressure, which serves as a good defense or helps in an attack, because with its claws and teeth it can literally rip open the enemy’s skin. Another wedge is the bumps on the tongue. The cat's rough, ridged tongue acts like a brush, so the cat deftly cleans the fur with it, removing dust and remaining dirt.
Mechanical characteristics of a cat.
The mechanical characteristics of the cat were measured using the following algorithm: Subject of the experiment. Purpose of the experiment. Instruments and materials used during the experiment. Progress of the experiment. Results table. Conclusion of experience.
A) Measuring the average and maximum speed of a cat .
Purpose of the experiment: To measure the average and maximum speed of the cat.
Equipment and materials: stopwatch, tape measure, toys (ball, mouse, bow).
Progress of the experiment:
Using a tape measure, measure the distance traveled by the cat.
Using a stopwatch, we measure the time of movement.
We calculate the speed using the formula V=S*t.
The measurement result is entered into the table.
We calculate the average speed using the formula: V=S all /t all.
Speed calculation:
V 1 =S 2 /t 1 =1:1=1m/s;
V 2 =S 2 /t 2 =2:3=0.7m/s;
V 3 =S 3 /t 3 =3:5=0.6m/s.
Average speed calculation:
V av =S all /t all = (1+2+3) / (1+3+5) = 6/9 = 2/3 = 0.66 m/s = 0.66 * 0.001 * 3600 = 2.376 km /h = 2.4 km/h.
Conclusion of the experiment. As a result of the study, the average speed of a cat is 2.4 km/h, the maximum is 3.6 km/h.
According to research, while running, a domestic cat can make jerks at speeds of up to 50 km/h. The speed of the cat Pie is only 7.2% of the maximum possible speed that the cat can develop.
B) Measuring a cat's mass .
Purpose of the experiment: To measure the mass of the cat Pie
Equipment and materials: floor scales.
Progress of the experiment:
Determining the price of dividing the scales
C. d. =(10-5)/10=0.5 kg.
We measure the cat's mass using a floor scale. We count the number of divisions and multiply by the division price.
Mass of the Pie = 0.5 * 6 = 3 kg.
The measurement results are entered into the table.
Conclusion: A cat weighs on average 3-5 kg. The mass of the Pie corresponds to the average statistical data. According to the Guinness Book of Records, the largest cat weighs 21 kg. The mass of the Pie is 13% of this mass.
Measuring the volume of a cat.
Purpose of the experiment: To measure the volume of the cat.
Equipment and materials: round basin with water, measuring tape, pencil, ruler.
Progress of the experiment:
Measuring the volume of a cat will consist of 2 stages. Measuring the volume of a body as an irregularly shaped body. Measuring the volume of the head, taking into account that the shape of the head is close to a circle.
Let's measure the diameter of the pelvis d = 34 cm.
Let's pour water into the basin. Let us mark the water level on the side wall of the pelvis with a dash h 1 = 11 cm.
Let's lower the cat into the water up to head level. The water in the basin rose. Let's mark with a dash new level water h 2 =13.5 cm.
Let's calculate the height of the water rise h=h 2 -h 1 =13.5-11=2.5 cm.
Let's find the volume of displaced water, and therefore the volume of the cat's body V 1, excluding the head. V 1 = S* h (base to height). Since the base of the pelvis is a circle, we get V 1 = πR 2 * h = π(d/2) 2 * h= 3.14 * (34/2) 2 * 2.5 = 2268.65 cm 3 = 0.002270 m 3
Let's measure the circumference of the head using a measuring tape l=30 cm.
Let's calculate the volume of the cat's head using the formula V 2 = 4/3 π R 3. We find the radius of the circumference of the cat's head from the formula for the circumference l=2πR, it follows that R=l/2π. The final formula will take the form V 2 = 4/3 π (l/2π) 3 =451 cm 3 =0.000451 m 3.
We find the volume of Mochi the cat by adding the volume of the body and the volume of the head V = V 1 +V 2 =2268+451=2719 cm 3 =0.002719 m 3.
We enter the data into a table.
Conclusion of the experiment. The volume of the cat Pie is 0.002719 m 3.Measuring the density of a cat.
Purpose of the experiment: To measure the density of the cat.
Instruments and materials: data from previous measurements.
Progress of the experiment.
Density is calculated using the formula p =m/V.
We enter the data into the table.
Using the table data, we calculate the density p = m/V = 3/0.0028 = 1071 kg/m 3.
Conclusion of the experiment. The density of the Pie is 1071 kg/m3. It is close to the density of water 1000 kg/m3.
Pressure measurement Pie on the support (floor).
Purpose of the experiment: To measure the cat's pressure on the support in a standing, sitting, lying position; find out whether it depends on the area of support, and if so, how.
Equipment and materials: checkered notebook paper, pencil.
Progress of the experiment.
Pressure is calculated using the formula: P =F/S=mg/S.
Let's calculate the force of gravity. To do this, multiply the mass of the cat by the acceleration of gravity.
F strand = gm=3*10=30 H, where F strand is gravity; g – gravitational acceleration equal to 9.8 N/kg; m is the mass of the cat. Let's take the cat's mass from study 2.
The cat's support area (S) is determined as follows. Let's put the cat on a sheet of checkered paper and trace the outline of the part on which the cat is leaning. Let's count the number of squares and multiply by the area of one square (1/4 cm 2). We will enter the data into a table.
| Number of squares | Support area, | Support area, m 2 |
|
| Standing position | |||
| Sitting position | |||
| Lying position |
S 1 = 47 * 0.25 cm 2 = 11.75 cm2 = 0.0012 m 2
S 2 = 1876 * 0.25 cm 2 = 469 cm 2 = 0.0469 m 2
S 3 = 8688*0.25 cm 2 = 2172 cm 2 = 0.2172 m 2
Let's calculate the pressure exerted by the cat on the floor and enter the data into the table.
| Floor pressure, Pa | Floor pressure, kPa |
|
| Standing position | ||
| Sitting position | ||
| Lying position |
P 1 = 3 N / 0.0012 m 2 = 2500 N / m 2 ≈ 2500 Pa = 2.5 kPa
P 2 = 3 N / 0.047 m 2 = 64 N / m 2 ≈ 64 Pa = 0.064 kPa
P 3 = 3 N / 0.22 m 2 = 13.6 N / m 2 ≈ 13.6 Pa = 0.0014 kPa
Conclusion of the experiment. The giraffe, camel and cat are the only animals that are pacers; when walking, their left legs walk first and then their right legs. This type of walking guarantees speed and silence. When walking, cats rely on their paws. The pressure exerted by the cat on the floor is maximum in a standing position. The cat applies minimal pressure when lying down. As the research results show, the smaller the area, the greater the pressure on the support.
Measuring the mechanical work and power of a cat when climbing stairs.
Purpose of the experiment: To measure the mechanical work and power of a cat when climbing stairs.
Equipment and materials: eraser, thread, stopwatch, tape measure.
Progress of the experiment.
Mechanical work is calculated by the formula - A= mgh, where h is the cat’s lifting height, g is the acceleration of free fall, equal to 9.8 N/kg; m is the mass of the cat. Power can be calculated according to the following law N=A/t, where A is work, t is time.
We know the value of the cat’s mass from experiment No. 2, let’s write it in the table.
To determine the height to which our cat climbed the stairs, let's lower the eraser tied to a thread into the flight of stairs. Let's tie a knot in the thread when the eraser touches the floor of the first floor. Let's measure the length of the thread, this will be the height of the cat's rise. We will enter the data into a table.
Using a stopwatch, we use a stopwatch to determine the time it takes for Pie to climb the stairs. We will enter the data into a table.
Let's calculate mechanical work and power using the formulas:
A= mgh= 3*10*3=90 J
N=A/t=90/5=18 W.
We will enter the data into a table.
| Cat's mass m, kg | ||||
Conclusion of the experiment. The work done by a cat when climbing stairs is 90 J, the power during this climb is 18 W. Human power at normal conditions work on average is 70-80 W. When jumping or running up stairs, a person can develop power up to 730 W. The power developed by Pie is ¼ of a person’s power.
Measuring the traction force of a cat.
Purpose of the experiment: To measure the average traction force of a cat.
Equipment and materials: school demonstration dynamometer, collar, leash.
Progress of the experiment.
We put a collar on the cat, attach a leash to it and attach a dynamometer.
Holding the dynamometer, we measure the maximum readings of the device when: a cat runs after a bait, after a bow, when the owner calls, or when a door knocks. We record the data in a table.
| Cat's traction force, N | Average traction force of a cat, N |
|
| Running for bait | ||
| Running for the bow | ||
| Running to the owner's call | ||
| Running to the knock on the door |
F average = (1, 2+1, 8+3, 2+1, 2) / 4 = 8, 4/4 = 2.1N.
Conclusion of the experiment. The cat develops the greatest traction force when the owner calls.
Measuring power during cat movements .
Purpose of the experiment: To measure mechanical work and power during cat movements.
Instruments and materials: data from previous experiments.
Progress of the experiment.
We will calculate the mechanical work of the cat during movements using the following formula N=A/t. Since A=FS, we get N=FS/t. Considering that S/t=v, we get N=F*v. That is, we will calculate power as the product of traction force and average speed.
We enter the values of the average traction force and average speed into the table.
| Average traction force, N | Average speed, m/s | Power of the cat when moving, W |
We calculate the power value using the table data.
N=F*v=2, 1*0, 66=1, 4 W.
Conclusion of the experiment. Comparing the results of experiments 6 and 8, we see that the cat’s power during movements is less than the cat’s power when climbing stairs, and amounts to 7%.
Cat body temperature .
In a normal state, it fluctuates between 38.0 - 39.5⁰ C, in kittens it is higher. Body temperature depends on the physical and mental activity of the cat. The breathing rate is on average 20 – 30 respiratory movements per minute. When the ambient temperature rises or they become very excited, cats begin to breathe with their mouths open, which increases heat transfer.
Heat transfer n.
In normal situations, the thermoregulatory function is performed by the phenomenon of heat exchange between the cat’s body and the environment. Thermal regulation is also provided by the cat's few sweat glands, located on the leathery ends of the paws. After all, it is known that when a liquid evaporates from the surface of a body, its temperature decreases, and the more active the evaporation process is, the more intense it is. This happens because the separation of liquid molecules, that is, the breaking of intermolecular and interatomic bonds and the transfer of the liquid into a gaseous state, requires energy, and it is taken from the body itself, from the surface of which evaporation occurs. There are no sweat glands on a cat’s body or head; nature did this so that the cat could not be “noticed” by its smell. But still, she also has to sweat. Her paws, or rather the ends of her paws, sweat, but at the same time her paws are pressed to the ground, and therefore the prey will not be prematurely frightened by the creeping cat and will not smell its scent.
A cat’s fur—its hair—plays a big role in heat exchange. When it’s cold, the fur “rises on end” through muscular effort - there is air between the fibers, and air is a poor conductor of heat - this is how the cat tries to maintain its warmth, its temperature. The undercoat also helps with this - small short fluffy hairs located between the longer ones; they also trap air, creating a dense air shell around the body.
Electricity and cat
When you stroke a cat's fur, in dry weather or in a dry room the fur quickly becomes electrified from friction. If you iron for a long time or vigorously, strong electrification can occur - a large charge will accumulate on the surface of the body, and as a result, a discharge - a spark - will occur. A cat does not always like to be stroked; in dry weather, its fur becomes so electrified that quite strong electric field, sparks that escape cause discomfort in the cat.
A cat can withstand much more stress than a human. And it was thanks to the cat that we managed to find out which big role The factor of attention plays a role in weakening the effect of electric current on a living organism.
How does a cat see?
Cat eye device similar to the structure of the human eye. But the cat’s pupil is not round, vertically – oval, elongated from top to bottom, slit-like. Nature made it so that the cat has sharp eyesight, is able to see in the twilight, and so that bright light does not blind the animal. The size of the pupil, just like in humans, can change depending on the lighting. The cat's eye, like the human eye, is capable of accommodation - adaptation to clear vision of objects located at different distances from it, by changing the refractive properties of its optical medium, concentrated mainly in the lens.
The eyes are the most important “tool” of a cat, because in its life it relies mainly on vision, while most mammals decisive role The sense of smell plays a role in identification, search for food and warning of danger. Due to this important function of vision, a cat's eyes are large compared to the size of its skull; they are positioned so that the field of view of both eyes overlaps one another (unlike other animals whose eyes are positioned so that they record two different images). The visual angle of each cat's eye is about 205⁰ , this helps her accurately assess the distance, shape and relative position of objects in space. Cats, like humans, have binocular vision.
Cats, unlike humans, have a third eyelid known as the nictitating membrane. It reduces the intensity of very bright light and slightly protects the eyes from injury.
A cat's eyes have an amazing property: they glow in the dark. This glow is physical phenomena, called photoluminescence. By absorbing external light, a cat's eyes emit photoluminescence light with a wavelength corresponding to the green part of the spectrum, so they become green, glowing green. A similar optical device is now known to anyone who has seen roadside traffic signs that glow in the dark when light falls on them.
A cat's eye color often changes. Eyes may appear greenish, yellow, turquoise, etc. This is due to the lighting and the internal state of the cat.
Why does a cat see in the dark?
Firstly, behind the light-sensitive retina she has a layer of reflective cells, in low light they reflect light back to the retina, and thus the sensitivity of her eye is doubled.
Secondly, the structure of the cat’s retina is dominated by rods that are sensitive to twilight light. Thirdly, at dusk and even when a person considers the darkness to be complete, the pupil opens entirely, thereby increasing its light transmission capacity, and this is one of the reasons that allows a cat to see in low light
Creature With sixth sense "Eye Hearing".
For a long time, people did not realize how complex the activity of a cat’s sense organs is. Everyone knows, for example, their legendary ability to find their way back, no matter how far they are taken from home. The experiments gave a completely unexpected result - the cat returns home along a shorter route than the one along which it was taken from home. How does she find the right direction? This became clearer after the American scientist Frank Morel studied the nervous system of a cat using electronic methods. It turned out that even in complete darkness, when the cat’s eyes did not receive any light signal, approximately half of the nerve cells in its brain, usually involved in vision, responded to ultrasonic signals with frequencies in the range of 20 - 50 kHz. Dr. Morel's experiments made it possible to draw an interesting conclusion - the cat, apparently, has, as it were, a second organ of hearing, but this hearing is provided by “ocular” nerve cells, that is, cells responsible for vision, so it can be called “ocular hearing.”
And so, a cat has increased acoustic sensitivity; when finding its way home, it uses an acoustic picture in which sounds characteristic of a given area are recorded in its brain. In general, a cat perceives sound signals in the range from 10 to 80,000 Hz, and freely determines the direction of the sound, its strength, and height
The cat's long-range orientation system is also curious..
From a distance, the animal will perceive an acoustic signal with the help of “eye hearing”, which gives it a rough orientation, just as an airplane on the distant approaches to the airfield is oriented by radio beacon signals. In close, familiar terrain, the cat's system of more subtle orientation in space is activated, based on the use of ordinary hearing; the cat's ears play in this case the same role as the aircraft's radar instruments, helping it to properly approach and complete its landing.
Hearing cats truly phenomenal. A cat awakens from its deepest sleep if a mouse starts scratching somewhere behind a stone wall, 15 meters from it. An awake cat hears a mouse 20 meters away. Here is one of amazing facts, confirming this. During World War II, an American military unit was located on one of the Solomon Islands. One of the soldiers brought a cat named Damenit to the island. When this cat showed concern, it would beat its tail displeasedly and go towards the bunker in which people usually hid during Japanese air raids. The soldiers already knew for sure that soon enemy planes would appear over the horizon. This happened long before the sound stations sounded the alarm. When an American plane flew in the sky, the cat calmly continued to sit in the sun.
The ability to detect ultrasound allows a cat to sense an approaching earthquake , since an earthquake is preceded by a weak shaking of the earth’s crust, generating ultrasounds, which the cat hears already two or three days before the event and clearly reacts to them: it worries, takes away its kittens, runs away from the house, presses its ears, ruffles its fur, screams loudly. Some scientists believe that the cat senses an increase in static electricity in the earth's crust, which also precedes an earthquake.
Backup orientation system. Even in absolute darkness and silence, when a cat can no longer use either its eyes or ears, it does not turn into a helpless creature, because it has a backup system of orientation in space. This system is formed by long elastic whiskers, eyebrows and small hairs growing on the back of the front paws. And the cats invariably found a way out, but only until three times before their whiskers were cut off. With whiskers that can move, the cat examines the object, using them to determine the size and movement of the prey, which it holds in its teeth out of its field of vision.. When about to make a jump, the cat tries to first “feel” the landing surface with its whiskers. She does the same thing if she needs to examine an unfamiliar place: the animal collects its mobile whiskers in a bun, the tip of each hair, barely perceptible to the human eye, “runs” along the surface, feeling it from different sides. Some scientists believe that a cat reaches its owner when it finds itself far from home precisely thanks to its wonderful whiskers. Maybe a cat's whiskers are a kind of antenna that detects different sound vibrations? There is no answer to this question yet.
A number of scientists believe that the cat is sensitive to the magnetic field of the earth and is able to respond to changes in the earth's magnetic field.
How cats are treated
Doctors have several observations about cats in their arsenal. They all boil down to one thing - cats can help a person improve their health.
This fact is scientifically substantiated and verified by modern medical practice (in the UK, by the way, white “medicinal” cats are sold in pharmacies). Those who have pets do not need scientific evidence: every “cat lover” has enough stories about miraculous recoveries for a multi-volume collection of works.
The easiest way to understand Do cats heal? - pet them. This activity is pleasant and calming. Under the peaceful purring of your furry pet, you restore your peace of mind and improve your mood. This has a beneficial effect on the psyche and nervous system.
In addition, many cats have the habit of jumping onto the owner’s chest and, lightly releasing and immediately hiding their claws, arrange a “massage like a cat.”According to doctors, it works the same way as acupuncture. Cat's claws, like neurologist's needles, act on human reflexogenic zones, which the animal “feels”. And it will never “massage” where your body does not need it.
During the research there was The ability of cats to stabilize blood pressure has been revealed. To do this, you first need to measure your blood pressure (by the way, it doesn’t matter at all whether you are hypertensive or hypotensive, the cat should normalize your blood pressure in any case). Then pick up your pet. Let her sit next to you. Stroke the fur. And then measure the pressure again. Such experiments show that the pressure, as a rule, returns to normal.
There have also been scientific studies proving that cats lift your mood, improve physical activity and even help...lose weight.
To those who suffers from insomnia and cannot relax, a cat will also come to the rescue. One of folk ways Treatment with the help of a cat for insomnia is as follows: first you need to close your eyes, press the cat to your forehead, and then to your neck. These 5-minute procedures should be performed every other day. After 7-20 such sessions, your sleep and wakefulness patterns should return to normal.
The cat somehow senses where the pathological process is taking place in the human body, finds this place and tries to lie down on it.
The simplest explanation for the therapeutic effect of a cat is heating pad effect . In warmth, the muscle fibers of both the skeleton and internal organs relax. Spasm of muscle fibers, both striated muscles and smooth muscles (in blood vessels, in the digestive tract) is a common cause of pain and other processes. At a minimum, by relieving muscle spasms, a cat’s warmth can relieve painful symptoms.
Sometimes the cat begins to massage the human body with its paws. Many people think that this is an atavism from the early period of life, when kittens massage the cat to get more milk. However, it is not. Cats apply massage when trying to treat another cat or person. But heat and massage- these are not all the healing factors due to which a cat is able to heal.
Have you noticed that when a cat lies down on a person’s sore spot, it begins to purr?
Scientists have found that the purring of a cat has a calming effect on a person’s emotional state, it relieves pain and activates the immune system.
The purring of an ordinary domestic cat is weak sound oscillations with a natural frequency from 22 to 44 Hz Full range A cat's purr ranges from 20 to 150 Hz. Scientists from the Fauna Institute in North Carolina concluded that weak mechanical vibrations in this frequency range can accelerate cell regeneration. Therefore, when cats are injured, they lie down and purr constantly. Sound waves generated at a specific frequency stimulate the healing process of wounds and fractures. Scientific research the influence of acoustic fields on human health showed that even weak acoustic fields with a frequency of 20-50 hertz can be used to prevent osteoporosis in older people. Professor David Purdy, from the Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases at the University of Hull (UK), has discovered that cat purring is a natural way to slow down the loss of calcium from the bones of older people and even restore the reproductive growth of bone cells. These findings support research by Dr. Clinton Rubin of the Department of Orthopedics at New York University School of Medicine. Dr. Rubin published a series of studies between 1999 and 2011 showing that exposure to weak acoustic fields at frequencies similar to those of cats purring has an anabolic effect and can increase density. bone tissue in elderly patients. Moreover, in experiments on animals, the effect was observed with daily exposure to weak low-frequency acoustic fields for 20 minutes. Weak acoustic fields with a frequency range similar to the purring of a cat increased bone density by 20% in experiments on rabbits and led to accelerated healing of bone fractures. Low-amplitude vibrations with frequencies of 50-150 hertz in 82% in clinical studies helped reduce the intensity of acute and chronic pain.
Biomechanical stimulation of the body with frequencies of 10-35 Hz is used in Russian sports medicine to improve sports performance and reduce recovery time after exercise.
Low-frequency acoustic impacts on the knee joint area increase mobility by up to 18%.
In her report, Dr. von Mugenthaler cited the specific frequency characteristics of therapeutic cat purring:
Frequency characteristics of cats purring
The healing effect of cats purring
Stimulate bone growth, heal fractures, reduce pain, reduce swelling, heal wounds, increase the rate of muscle growth and recovery, restore tendons, increase joint mobility, reduce shortness of breath
25 Hz, 50 Hz
Stimulation of bone tissue growth, healing of fractures -20-50 Hz
Anabolic effect - 18-35 Hz (purr frequency of most domestic cats)
Increased joint mobility -50-150 Hz
Pain relief -2-100 Hz
Increase muscle strength -100 Hz
Relief of shortness of breath
What diseases can cats treat?
Numerous experiments have confirmed the cat's ability to generate low-frequency healing currents.
How do they affect the human body?
It turns out that these currents affect foci of inflammation and simply kill microbes. And under the influence of currents, blood supply improves and tissue healing accelerates. Brain function improves, nervous disorders and mental illnesses are cured.
Do cats cure everything?
Probably not. But they relieve stress, treat diseases of internal organs, arthrosis, radiculitis, osteochondrosis and even alcoholism and drug addiction. As a result of observations, it was noticed that different cats help with different diseases.
This is most likely explained by the fact that low-frequency currents in cats are produced due to the friction of cat hairs against each other. And since cats’ fur is also different, the currents are generated at different strengths.
Cats with long hair (Siberian, Angora, Persian and other long-haired) are a kind of neurologists. They help a person cope with irritability, get out of depression and get rid of insomnia. Moreover, Persian cats (personally) also treat joint diseases.
Shorthaired cats and those with medium-length fur (British cats, shorthaired exotics, curls) are able to treat diseases of the cardiovascular system. They are beautiful cardiologists.
Smooth-haired and hairless cats (Sphynx, Cornish Rex, Siamese) help people, suffering from diseases of the liver, kidneys and digestive system. By the way, Siamese cats are wonderful "antiseptics" It has been noticed that their owners rarely suffer from colds (bronchitis, pneumonia, etc.).
All cats without exception, they can relieve headaches, reduce blood pressure, help cope with the consequences of myocardial infarction and speed up the healing of wounds and fractures.
Conclusion.
The cat is an interesting and little-studied animal that humans have managed to tame.
The fact that cats have a beneficial effect on our health is a proven fact, because a cat’s purring, stroking, and the warmth with which it warms us relieves stress and makes us less lonely, giving us a feeling of significance.
This is the daily influence of a cat, and when you get sick, the cat tries to help, with heart and stomach diseases, cats lie down on these places, taking away the pain and warming you up.
It is believed that the larger the cat, the stronger its energy, and, accordingly, its potential for treatment. It is the increased sensitivity to human energy that allows the cat to identify the sore spot and act on it.
Cats take away negative energy from a person, helping to get rid of diseases, thus they take care of the one they love. Cats process this energy, but it happens (and this is an officially registered case) that cats themselves become ill with the disease for which the owner was “treated.” This happened with a person hopelessly ill with cancer; the cat tried to “treat” the owner and ended up getting cancer herself and dying, while the owner recovered.
Sometimes the cat leaves the house or sudden death cats are evidence that the cat has removed disease or damage from the owners’ home.
The most strong breeds According to their energy, Siamese cats, Burmese cats and Abyssinians are considered.
It has also been scientifically proven that the life expectancy of cat owners is 4-5 years longer than that of people who do not have pets.
In addition to the psychotherapeutic effect, cats lower blood pressure, have a beneficial effect on the heart, relieve headaches, joint pain, treat internal inflammation and affect the rapid healing of injuries. The effect of the treatment occurs when you pet the cat or when the cat rubs or lies on you.
To summarize my work, I want to conclude that a cat is a unique specimen created by nature. It combines and embodies many laws of physics that serve both the cat itself and humans!
My work has a practical orientation. The measurements obtained during the work made it possible to create a cat passport (Appendix No. 1). During the course of my research, I created instructions for drawing up a pet passport. It can be used to create passports for cats, dogs, hamsters, rabbits, pet rats, etc.
The topic I chose turned out to be very exciting.
List of sources and literature.
Yavorsky B.M. Physics. Mechanics. M.: Bustard, 2002, 320 p.
Katz Ts.B. Biophysics in physics lessons. M.: Education, 1998, 128 p.
Kabardin O.F., Orlov V.A. Experimental tasks in physics. 9-11 grades: tutorial for students educational institutions. M.: Verbum - M, 2001, 208 p.
http://russtil1.narod.ru/utkin1.html.
http://i-fact.narod.ru/cats.html.
http://q99.it/8AmgU0p.
Gershun V.I. Pets. M.: Pedagogy. 1991
Ekhonovich A.S. Reference books on physics and technology. M.: Education. 1989
Kuklachev Yu.O. About cats./Science and life. Journal No. 10, 1990
Litinetsky I.V. Barometers of nature. M.: Det.lit. 1982
Birds and animals./Encyclopedia for children. M.: Avanta, 2004.
Physics at school. Zh. No. 3, 1997
http://kiskavasha.ru/forum/
http://onhotnews.com/science/105.html?news=full&utm_source=direct.ru
Appendix No. 1 Passport of the cat Pie
| Average cat speed | Work done by a cat when climbing a ladder 3 m high |
|||
| Mass of the cat Mochi | ||||
| The volume of Mochi cat is | Power exerted by a cat when climbing a 3 m high staircase |
|||
| The Mochi density is | ||||
| The cat's pressure on the support in a standing position | Average traction force of a cat |
|||
| The greatest traction force (to the owner’s cry) |
||||
| Cat's pressure on support while lying down | ||||
| Cat's pressure on support while sitting | Cat's power when moving |
|||
Study of the radiation background of the village of Novy Ropsk.
Authors: Sidorenko Irina Valerievna, 9th grade and Sukhoveva Natalia Andreevna, physics teacher.Educational institution: MBOU Novoropsk Secondary School, Novy Ropsk village, Klimovsky district, Bryansk region.
Abstract to the work: Environmental issues are always relevant. This research work was carried out in the 2013-14 academic year and is devoted to the study of the radiation background of the village of Novy Ropsk, the village in which we live. Having studied various sources of information, we conducted a study of background radiation in our residential buildings, cellars, on the streets of the village and in our forest, where we pick berries and mushrooms. And for good reason: now we know where in our forest we can pick berries and mushrooms, and where we shouldn’t.
This material will be useful not only for teachers, but also for students and their parents. It can be used as additional information in physics lessons, and in extracurricular activities dedicated to radiation safety.
Content
Introduction
1. Review of sources of information on the research problem
2. Research methodology
3. Conversation with the head of the Novoropsky settlement, Sivaevskaya Galina Fedorovna
4.Population survey
5. Study of background radiation in residential premises
6. Study of background radiation on the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk
7. Study of background radiation in the forest
Conclusion
List of used literature
Applications
Appendix 1: Certificate of Conformity
Appendix 2: Questionnaire
Appendix 3: Study of background radiation in residential premises
Appendix 4: Study of background radiation on the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk
Appendix 5: Study of background radiation in the forest
Appendix 6: Photo illustration of measurements
Appendix 7: Recommendations for removing radionuclides from the body
Appendix 8: Recommendations on how to reduce the intake of radionuclides into the body from agricultural and forestry products.
Appendix 9: Special rules to follow when preparing food
Appendix 10: Recommendations for cleaning the yard and house from radioactive substances
Introduction
Environmental issues are always relevant. Therefore, together with the physics teacher, we decided to conduct research work, dedicated to the study of the radiation background of the village of Novy Ropsk, the village in which we live.
We all know that the clouds are radioactive fallout, formed after the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, pouring contaminated rain over half of Europe, reached Ireland. As a result of the tragedy at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, almost 8.4 million residents of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia were exposed to radioactive radiation. The Bryansk region is the region most affected by the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in 1986 in Russia. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 18, 1997 No. 1582 established a List of settlements located within the boundaries of radioactive contamination zones due to the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. This list also includes the Klimovsky District, the village of Novy Ropsk.
Novy Ropsk is a village in the Klimovsky district of the Bryansk region of Russia. The village of Novy Ropsk is located 9 km southeast of the urban village of Klimovo in the Snov River basin, 2 km from the border with Ukraine. New Ropsk is a residential area with preferential socio-economic status, and village residents are issued uniform forms as citizens exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl disaster.
This work, a study of background radiation in the village of Novy Ropsk, relevant, since we are talking about human health and life. To reassure ourselves and our loved ones and understand how and where we should continue to live, we undertook this study.
Novelty of this work is that none of the staff and students of the Novoropsk secondary school had previously conducted research of this kind, neither on our streets, especially in the cellars where we store products grown in our gardens and in the forest, where we pick berries and mushrooms .
Goal of the work: to investigate the level of background radiation in residential buildings, cellars, on the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk, in the forest.
Tasks:
1) Study of information sources.
2) Study the operation of instruments for measuring radiation levels.
3) To study the public opinion of village residents on the problem of radiation contamination of the area.
4) Find out the status of the village exposed to radiation as a result of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
5) Find out whether the level of background radiation depends on air temperature, altitude, and if so, how.
6) Investigate the level of background radiation on the streets of the village, in the forest, in houses and cellars.
7) Analyze the results obtained.
8) Conduct a conversation with the head of the Novoropsky settlement, Galina Fedorovna Sivaevskaya.
9) Draw up conclusions and recommendations based on the results of the study.
10)Publish a series of newspapers “Ecological Bulletin”, dedicated to the results of the research.
11) Find out what foods remove radionuclides from the body.
12) Find out how to reduce the intake of radionuclides into the body with agricultural and forestry products.
13) Disseminate information among village residents.
Object of study: residential buildings, cellars, village streets and the surrounding forest.
Subject of study: radiation level in residential buildings, on village streets, in the forest.
Project problem: obtain reliable information about the radiation situation in residential premises and on the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk, give village residents recommendations on how to remove radionuclides from the body.
Methods for solving the problem:
1) Radiation and dosimetry control.
2) Questionnaire.
3) Conversation: with the head of the Novoropsky settlement, Galina Fedorovna Sivaevskaya;
4)Analysis of the information received.
Hypothesis: As a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the environmental situation in our village has worsened, but radiation pollution in the vicinity of the village does not go beyond the permissible norm.
Necessary equipment: dosimeter "RadEx 1503", digital thermometer, camera, computer, scanner, printer.
Research techniques:
1) Consultation with the teacher.
2)Work on the Internet.
3)Working with photographic materials.
Project form:
1)Photo report
2) Presentation.
Project typology: research.
1. Review of sources of information on the research problem.
Everyone knows that there is a natural background radiation (NBR) with which we live from birth. According to scientists, long before life arose on earth, uranium was decaying on the planet, and the products of this decay were constantly released from the earth's crust.
Until the 50s, the main factor in the direct effects of radiation was considered to be direct radiation damage to some particularly radiosensitive organs and tissues - the skin, bone marrow and central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract(so-called radiation sickness). It soon became clear that a huge role in radiation injury is played not only by general external irradiation of the body, but also by internal irradiation associated with the concentration of so-called incorporated radionuclides in individual organs and tissues, which entered the body with food, water, atmospheric air and through the skin and retained in some organs or tissues.
In the 60-70s. Much attention began to be paid not only to direct (acute), but also to indirect and long-term effects of radiation. Among them:
impact on heredity;
the occurrence of leukemia and malignant tumors;
immunosuppression and immunodeficiency;
increasing the body's sensitivity to pathogens infectious diseases;
metabolic and endocrine imbalance;
the occurrence of cataracts;
temporary or permanent sterility;
reduction in average life expectancy;
impaired mental function.
Among other known manifestations of the effect of radiation on the human body: the appearance of cancer in more at a young age(acceleration or rejuvenation of cancer), physiological disorders (dysfunction of the thyroid gland, etc.), cardiovascular diseases, allergies, chronic respiratory diseases. The table shows a general diagram of the effect of medium and low doses of radiation on the human body.
Over time, the list of radiation-induced diseases is not decreasing, but only growing. It turns out that very small doses can cause negative health effects.
Some consequences of mammalian fetal irradiation
*Death of: fetus, newborn or infant;
*Nervous system damage:
- absence (ancephaly) and/or reduction in size
- brain (microcephaly) and cranial nerves;
- mental retardation;
*Lesions of the organ of vision:
- absence of one or both eyes (anophthalmia);
- squint;
- farsightedness;
- congenital glaucoma;
*Disorders of growth and body shape:
- dwarfism;
- growth retardation and weight loss;
- change in the shape of the skull;
- deformation and atrophy of the limbs;
*Impairments in the development of the dental system:
- Disturbances in the development of internal organs (heart, kidneys, ovaries, testes, etc.).
The background radiation level is usually measured in µSv/hour or µR/hour. 1 microR/hour biological effect approximately equal to 0.01 μSv/hour.
The natural average radiation background usually lies in the range of 0.10-0.16 μSv/hour.
The normal background radiation level is considered to be a value not exceeding 0.20 μSv/hour.
A safe level for humans is considered to be a threshold of 0.30 μSv/hour, i.e. irradiation with a dose of 0.30 μSv for an hour. If this level is exceeded, the recommended time spent in the irradiation zone decreases in proportion to the dose. For example, an absolutely safe time spent in an irradiation zone with a level of 0.60 μSv/hour should not exceed 30 minutes, in a zone of 1.2 μSv/hour - 15 minutes, etc.
In life we often fall under the influence ionizing radiation, levels of which often exceed these conditional thresholds. For example, when undergoing fluorography, a person receives approximately 50 to 1000 μSv of a single dose of radiation depending on the device (within a few seconds), so doctors do not recommend performing fluorography more than once every six months. In an airplane, the level of radiation at an altitude of 10 km can reach several units of μSv/hour, i.e. people who fly frequently receive a significant annual dose of radiation (pilots, flight attendants). . Data are presented in accordance with the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) and the World Health Society (WHO). You must understand that artificially created radiation sources (for example, nuclear power plants, X-ray examinations in clinics, airplane travel and much more) constantly increase the level of natural background radiation and therefore require its adjustment.
But few people know about this. You can live in radioactive zone and not know about it. But we are well aware of the consequences of radiation, and we take advantage of this mass media. For example, an excerpt from the news feed of Internet sites:
- The Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare in the Bryansk Region demands that an individual entrepreneur who sold blueberries contaminated with cesium in a Bryansk store be held administratively liable. This was reported by the press service of the Arbitration Court of the Bryansk Region.
- Exceeding the content of man-made radionuclides (Cs 137) was detected in seven batches of blueberries, which were sold by citizens of Belarus in Bryansk. The total weight of the berries is almost 70 kilograms. As reported on the website of the Bryansk Region Veterinary Administration, based on the results of a veterinary and sanitary examination, dangerous blueberries were removed from circulation and sent for disposal.
- In Moscow, over half a ton of berries in which radioactive substances were found were confiscated from free sale. Experts found cesium-137 radionuclide in 350 kg of blueberries and 170 kg of cranberries. It was planned to sell the berry, which is dangerous to human health, at capital markets and fairs. Experts have already found out where radioactive blueberries and cranberries came from in Moscow, Moscow-24 reports.
- Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands are threatened by radiation leakage. The radioisotope thermoelectric generator, which lies at the bottom of the island's coast, can turn into a source of radiation at any moment. In 1987, during transportation, the RTG generator broke off and fell into the sea near Cape Nizhny, on the eastern coast of Sakhalin. Since then, nothing has been known about the fate of the device.
- The body of an adult contains 170 grams of potassium, of which 0.02 grams of radioactive potassium-40. Because of this, about 300 thousand radioactive decays occur in the body every minute. Potassium is concentrated in muscle tissue, so men are slightly more radioactive than women.
- Sometimes an additional dose of radiation is beneficial for the body. For example, radioactive sources (radon springs) help relieve nervous tension, heal wounds, and cure diseases of the musculoskeletal and respiratory systems.
- Insects (especially bees and cockroaches) are several times more resistant to radiation than birds and mammals.
Russia is the only country in the world that operates a nuclear icebreaker fleet.
- To obtain 1 gram of radium, Marie Curie had to manually process several tons of raw materials.
- When some radioactive elements decay, radon gas is released. It forms in rocks, and then penetrates from the ground into houses and accumulates on the lower floors. Natural gas used in everyday life is also a potential source of radon. Even water can increase its content in the air if it is pumped from deep-lying layers saturated with radon. Radon concentrations in the bathroom can be much higher than in the living room or kitchen.
2. Research methodology. ,
Houses in the village of Novy Ropsk are either wooden or brick. The construction of all houses was carried out according to an individual project, so the table would reflect the addresses of the houses in which we live, and in which our classmates live.
To answer this question, we conducted a survey among our students at the Novoropsk secondary school and village residents. And we got a very sad picture: on almost all issues, the guys showed more indifference and a lack of the most minimal knowledge. It immediately became clear that it was extremely important to conduct educational work in this area.
Then we made up research plan:
1) Investigate the level of background radiation in residential buildings (13 in total, both wooden and brick), cellars;
2) Investigate the level of background radiation in the forest.
3) Investigate the level of background radiation on the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk;
4) During the conversation with G.F. Sivaevskaya, find out what the level of radiation is in the village of Novy Ropsk, and also clarify the status of the village, which was assigned after the Chernobyl accident. (Chernobyl Nuclear Electra Station)
5) Conduct a population survey.
Then the research sites themselves were determined. It is known that radon, as a product of the decay of uranium, tends to accumulate in the basements of buildings and on the first floors. Since access to the basements was closed for us everywhere, the locations of the main research (measuring points) were determined as follows: point No. 1, directly the entrance to the building or foyer; point No. 2, platform on the first floor; point No. 3, the very last floor.
According to this scheme, we carried out all measurements in residential and public buildings. All measurements were carried out with a RadEx 1503 dosimeter. See the Certificate of Conformity in Appendix 1.
It is very simple to use, just press one button and wait a few cycles, after which on the liquid crystal display of the device we will see the value of background radiation in the studied area.
All measurement results were reflected on the display in μS/h, the device had a threshold for permissible background radiation levels, and if the background level exceeded the permissible value (0.3 μS/h), the device began to emit a sound signal. All data received on the display was entered into a table.
Each measurement was carried out five times at each point of the study, then the arithmetic mean was calculated. The time of measurements ranged from 10.00 hours to 12.00 hours. All studies took place for a month on Saturdays.
The measurements were carried out according to the above plan. When we carried out measurements in the forest, we first measured the level of background radiation on the outskirts of the forest, and then at a depth of 20 meters, with an interval of 5 meters. When measuring background radiation on the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk, we took measurements at several points on the streets, and then reflected the arithmetic averages in the table.
During the study, we additionally measured the air temperature with a digital thermometer in order to find out whether the level of background radiation depends on the air temperature, and if so, how.
Before carrying out the project, we studied various sources of information on the research topic. Next, in order to successfully complete the planned project, we distributed responsibilities in the group: Irina Sidorenko carried out measurements with a dosimeter, Natalya Sinyukova measured air temperature, Irina Kirichenko recorded the data. After which, we together analyzed the information received and finalized this project.
3. Conversation with the head of the Novoropsky settlement, Galina Fedorovna Sivaevskaya.
Target:
1) Take a passport of the territory of the rural settlement;
2) Find out how many streets are in the study area, their name, location.
We took a passport of the territory of the rural settlement, which helped us navigate the area while studying the background radiation of the streets. We also found out that the village of Novy Ropsk, as a result of the Chernobyl accident, was assigned a preferential socio-economic status on the basis of the RF Government DECREE dated 12/18/97 N 1582 (as amended on 04/07/2005) “ON APPROVAL OF THE LIST OF SETTLEMENTS LOCATED WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES ZONES OF RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION DUE TO THE DISASTER AT THE CHERNOBYL NPP".
4.Population survey.
Target: Find out the population's awareness of this topic and identify village residents whose diet contains a minimum of products that reduce radiation exposure.
Hypothesis: not all village residents know about the proper diet for those who live in the radiation zone and, as a result, do not consume foods that reduce radiation exposure.
Object of study: residents of the village of Novy Ropsk.
Description: 10 closed questions. Of these, 4 are about the nutrition of survey participants.
The survey questions are in Appendix 2.
A total of 30 people were interviewed (15 girls and 15 young men).
Conclusions:
1) Plants in anti-radiation nutrition: rose hips, sea buckthorn, strawberries, lingonberries, blueberries, red bell peppers, beets, carrots
2) According to the research, we can say that girls have more information on this topic.
3) The diet does not contain enough basic foods that reduce radiation exposure.
5. Study of background radiation in residential premises.
Target: to investigate the level of background radiation in residential buildings and cellars in the village of Novy Ropsk, Klimovsky district.
Hypothesis: we believe that the background radiation on the street, in the houses in which we live and in our cellars where we store food does not exceed permissible standards; The level of radiation depends on the depth of the cellar; the deeper it is, the higher the radiation level.
We examined the level of background radiation in our homes. The measurement data is presented in the table in Appendix 3.
Conclusions:
13 houses were examined. The average background radiation in residential buildings at the entrance is 0.15 μSv/h, in the hall 0.13 μSv/h, which corresponds to the norm.
Carrying out research in cellars, we found out that the deeper the cellar, the higher the background radiation. Since the main source of radiation in our cellars is radon, and it is 7.5 times heavier than air. As a result, the concentration of radon in the cellar is much higher than in residential premises. We examined 9 cellars, the maximum value recorded by the dosimeter is 0.23 μSv/h, the deepest cellar, minimum 0.12 μSv/h, a cellar with several steps, average the indicator is 0.17 μSv/h, which corresponds to the norm.
And in conclusion, we found that in houses where there are a large number of fresh flowers, there is often through ventilation, the background radiation is lower than on the street, the average radiation background on the streets, in the house, and in cellars does not exceed permissible standards.
6. Study of background radiation on the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk.
Goals: assess the radiation situation in the village of Novy Ropsk.
Hypothesis: The background radiation on the streets of our village does not exceed permissible standards and is not evenly distributed; it varies depending on the place and time of measurements.
We examined the rural area for radiation. We measured the radiation level on all the streets of our village. The measurement data is presented in the table. Appendix 4.
Conclusions:
The radiation level in the village and its surroundings does not exceed the maximum permissible concentration. It varies depending on the place and time of measurement.
Low radiation levels in open spaces, in windy weather, near bodies of water. Far from natural sources. Above normal in confined spaces. In calm weather, during periods of solar activity.
Thus, the minimum background radiation level was recorded on Kommunisticheskaya Street as 0.09 μSv/h or 9 μR/h, and the maximum value of 0.18 μSv/h or 18 μR/h on the streets: Revuchev, Krasnoarmeyskaya, Kolkhoznaya, Kovalevskogo, Bolnichnaya, 70 years October.
On average for the village: 0.168 μSv/h or 16.8 μR/h. Which corresponds to the norm (not higher than 0.30 μSv/h or 30 μR/h).
When studying the public opinion of villagers, we found out that no one is indifferent to the problem of radiation, many consider it very relevant in modern society, many are interested in the level of radiation in our village. Almost everyone is interested in increasing knowledge on this issue, most are afraid of radiation and are interested in personal safety. It is necessary to carry out educational work among the population, especially among adolescents, in order to avoid panic in emergency situations.
7. Study of background radiation in the forest.
Target: investigate the level of background radiation in the forest.
Hypothesis: The radiation background in the forest is higher than the radiation background on the streets of our village.
Forest products are most often sources of radiation. In Soviet times, it was in forests that waste from the nuclear industry was buried, often spontaneously. Ionizing radiation passing through trees, shrubs, plants, mushrooms and berries accumulates in them, making them also radioactive. In addition, we should not forget about the natural level of radiation: for example, mushrooms and berries growing near deposits of granite and other rocks also become radioactive. It has been proven that the harm from consuming such foods is many times greater than from external radiation. When the source of radiation is inside, it directly affects the stomach, intestines and other human organs, and therefore even the smallest dose can cause the most severe health effects. We are at least slightly protected from external sources of radiation by clothing and the walls of our houses, but we are absolutely defenseless from internal ones.
After the Chernobyl accident, there were no special programs for wood recycling in the area. The infected trees were still standing.
We found out what kind of radiation background is in our forest, in the places where we pick berries and mushrooms. All data is presented in the table in Appendix 5.
Conclusion:background radiation in the forest exceeds background radiation on the streets of the village, and in some places even higher than normal.
Conclusion.
Thus, as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the environmental situation in our village has worsened, but radiation pollution in the vicinity of the village does not exceed the permissible norm.
This is evidenced by the following conclusions obtained as a result of the study:
1) As a result of the Chernobyl accident, the village of Novy Ropsk was given a preferential socio-economic status on the basis of the RF Government DECREE dated 12/18/97 N 1582 (as amended on 04/07/2005) “ON APPROVAL OF THE LIST OF SETTLEMENTS LOCATED WITHIN THE BORDERS OF RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION ZONES CONSEQUENCES DISASTER AT THE CHERNOBYL NPP".
2) Conducting a survey, we found out that both girls and young people in their diet do not have enough basic foods that reduce radiation exposure.
3) When studying the public opinion of villagers, we found out that no one is indifferent to the problem of radiation, many consider it very relevant in modern society, many are interested in the level of radiation in our village.
4) The radiation background in our area, on average, is 0.168 μSv/h or 16.8 μR/h. Which corresponds to the norm (not higher than 0.30 μSv/h or 30 μR/h).
5) When carrying out radiation dosimetric monitoring, we found out that the average radiation background in residential buildings at the entrance is 0.15 μSv/h, in the hall 0.13 μSv/h, which corresponds to the norm.
6) Carrying out research in cellars, we found that the deeper the cellar, the higher the background radiation.
7) Most radiation is in our forest. We, of course, did not examine the entire forest, but the data that we received indicates that radiation in our forest is not evenly distributed, and at some measurement points it reaches large values, which is reflected in the photo illustrations in Appendix 6.
8) The level of radiation naturally increases with increasing temperature and decreases with altitude.
It is impossible to completely remove radionuclides from the body, but there is a set of products and medications to reduce their effect on the body. Therefore, we have developed recommendations for village residents on removing radionuclides from the body. Appendix 7. We have also developed recommendations on how to reduce the intake of radionuclides into the body with agricultural and forestry products in Appendix 8, and in Appendix 9 we have developed special rules that must be followed when preparing food. .
For village residents, we have developed general recommendations for cleaning the yard and house of radioactive substances. Appendix 10.
Radiation has neither color nor smell, it is neither cold nor hot. But this is what makes it the most dangerous. After all, a person cannot imagine where danger awaits him. Therefore, environmental monitoring is necessary for human life and environmental safety.
In order to bring the results of the study to the students of the Novoropsk Secondary School, we developed an “Ecological Bulletin” dedicated to radiation pollution on the streets of our village. In the future, we plan to release several more issues dedicated to radiation pollution in our homes, cellars and in our forest.
The problem of radiation pollution in the village of Novy Ropsk worries us very much, so in the future we want to find out how the level of radiation in the village of Novy Ropsk changes throughout the year, as well as what level of radiation accumulates in food products grown in our gardens.
List of used literature.
1. Federal Law “On Radiation Safety of the Population” No. 3-FZ dated 05.12.96. “Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99).
2. Sanitary rules SP 2.6.1.1292-03.”
8. Ministry of Emergency Situations Forest fires in the Chernobyl zone did not increase the level of radiation in the Bryansk region
9. Household dosimeter Radex 1503+.htm
10. Our Bryansk
12. List of settlements located within the boundaries of radioactive contamination zones _ Administration of the city of Klintsy.htm
13. BASICS OF RADIATION EDUCATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE POPULATION LIVING IN RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATED TERRITORIES _ uspeh-vmeste.ru.htm
14. Recommendations for cleaning the yard and house from radioactive substances - "AVAILABLE ABOUT RADIATION" _ Books _ Library _ Nuclear Safety Movements.htm
Annex 1.
Appendix 2.
Appendix 3.
Study of background radiation in residential premises.
Appendix 4.
Study of background radiation on the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk.
Appendix 5.
Study of background radiation in the forest.
Appendix 6.
Photo illustrations of the conducted research.
In the forest:
Photo No. 1.
Photo No. 2.
Photo No. 3.
In the cellars:
Photo No. 1.
Photo No. 2.
In residential buildings:
Photo No. 1.
Photo No. 2.
On the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk:
Photo No. 1.
Photo No. 2.
Ecological bulletin.
Issue No. 1.
Appendix 7.
Recommendations for removing radionuclides from the body.
1) Change your diet.
The basis of the diet should be foods rich in vitamins:
- Vitamin A is found in fish liver, milk, egg yolk, butter, sour cream, cream and cheeses.
- Vitamin C is found in high concentrations in rose hips, currants, citrus fruits and sauerkraut.
- Vitamin E is found in vegetable oils: corn, sea buckthorn and unrefined sunflower.
- Vitamin P is found in olive oil, parsley, dill, onions, tomatoes and sweet peppers, buckwheat, bananas, walnuts.
- B vitamins are found in bread kvass, wheat, and white bread.
2) Eat foods containing iodine.
The most iodine is found in seaweed, fish, as well as in persimmon and feijoa fruits, but you cannot eat these products at the same time as white cabbage, cauliflower or Brussels sprouts, beans and potatoes, since the latter prevent the entry of iodine into the body.
3) Include more foods containing potassium and calcium in your diet.
Lean on apricots, quinces, cherries, grapes, raspberries, cherries. The fact is that the potassium and calcium salts contained in these fruits are ionic competitors of radionuclides, so there should be as much of them in the body as possible. Onions and garlic help rid the body of infiltrated radionuclides.
4) Drink a lot.
It is best to drink freshly squeezed juices, bread kvass and green tea. When water is boiled, radioactive radon evaporates.
Appendix 8.
Recommendations on how to reduce the intake of radionuclides into the body from agricultural and forestry products.
1) Garden crops, in descending order of their ability to accumulate radionuclides, can be arranged in the following order: sorrel, beans, beans, peas, radishes, carrots, beets, potatoes, garlic, sweet peppers, onions, tomatoes, zucchini, cucumbers, cabbage.
2) Vegetables and fruits are recommended to be completely cleaned of soil and dust, and washed thoroughly. If possible, peel.
3) Make wide use of salting and marinating. Fermentation, pickling, and salting lead to a reduction in the content of radioactive substances in products by 15-20%.
4) Stewing vegetables reduces the cesium content in them by 30-50%. Boiling, for example, peeled potatoes can reduce the cesium content in them by 60-80%.
5) Before cooking, mushrooms must be soaked in a saline solution, and then rinsed and boiled. Do not use the first decoction - up to 40% of radionuclides pass into this solution. When boiling, it is advisable to add a little table vinegar or citric acid to salted water. In mushroom caps, the concentration of radionuclides is 1.5-2 times higher than in the stem.
6) According to the intensity of radionuclide accumulation, in increasing order, wild berries can be placed in the following order: viburnum, rowan, strawberry, blackberry, raspberry, lingonberry, cranberry and blueberry.
7) Ghee does not contain radionuclides at all. Whey should be completely excluded from consumption.
8) During the separation process, the bulk of radioisotopes are removed with skim milk and cream is obtained containing radioactive substances in much smaller quantities. When cream is churned into butter, radioisotopes are further removed. When butter is stored for a long time, the remaining radionuclides decay.
9) The meat of different animals accumulates radionuclides in different ways - there is much less of them in pork than in lamb, beef and poultry. Cesium is deposited mainly in meat, strontium, mainly in bones. The accumulation of cesium in individual organs and tissues of animals decreases in the following order: kidneys, liver, spleen, heart, lungs, muscles, brains, fat.
10) To remove radionuclides from meat, here are several methods: boiling in water, wet salting, soaking. It should be remembered that the more liquid and the smaller the pieces of meat, the higher the effect. It is recommended to change the water several times.
11) It is advisable to catch fish in rivers and flowing reservoirs. The most polluted are the predatory bottom fish - crucian carp, tench, perch, pike, carp, catfish, and the least polluted are the inhabitants of the upper layers of water - roach, pike perch, bream.
Appendix 9.
Special rules that must be followed when preparing food.
When preparing food, you should adhere to the following basic rules:
1) Rinse vegetables, mushrooms and berries thoroughly in running water.
2) Soak the beef in fresh water. Boiling is the preferred method of cooking meat, since during the boiling process, about 80% of cesium radionuclides, as well as heavy metals and nitrates, are transferred to the broth. It is not recommended to use the decoction. You should boil the meat for 5-10 minutes, drain the broth, and then continue cooking in a new portion of water, which can then be consumed.
3) Salting of meat should be carried out with repeated changes of brine.
4) When cooking river fish from polluted water bodies, the head must be cut off, gutted and large bones removed.
5) Potatoes and root vegetables should be washed twice: before peeling and after. You need to remove one or two top leaves from the cabbage.
6) Soak dried or fresh mushrooms in salted water for at least two hours. In this case, cesium migrates into the solution, and the quality of the mushrooms practically does not change.
7) The cesium content in mushrooms decreases significantly during boiling. It is recommended to boil fresh mushrooms once (10-15 minutes) or twice (10 minutes each), followed by draining the broth.
8) At home, you can prepare tops, sour cream, and butter suitable for consumption from contaminated milk. During separation, 10-15% of the original amount of strontium and cesium remains in the tops. The content of radionuclides in fermented milk products is always lower than in fresh milk.
9) After sorting and washing the berries with running water, the pollution activity decreases by 1.1-1.4 times. And after preparing jams and preserves from the berries, the activity in the final product will decrease by 2-5 times. When grinding berries with sugar 0.5-0.8 times due to dilution with sugar. When dried, the activity of the berries increases from 8 to 15 times.
Appendix 10.
Recommendations for cleaning the yard and house from radioactive substances.
Typically, the lower areas of the yard where puddles accumulate are dirtier. When it comes to your home and outbuildings, the dirtiest areas are roofs, gutters and the areas underneath them.
1) In areas of drains, it is necessary to remove 20-30 cm of turf. Then begin cleaning the low-lying areas of the yard. In this case, the soil is removed by 5-10 cm and taken out of the village. After removing the contaminated layer, the yard area is covered with clean soil or sand. This gives a 2-3 fold reduction in radioactive contamination.
2) Ventilation of premises (active ventilation of a room for 3-4 hours reduces the concentration of radon by 3-4 times), installation of ventilation windows for foundations, etc.;
3) Greening rooms reduces radiation levels.
4) Do not smoke, be less likely to be in smoky rooms (during the smoking process, aerosol particles actively settle on smoke particles).
5) Such simple things as whitewashing, painting or wallpapering reduce the emission of radon from indoor walls by 5-20 times.
6)Change your monitor from ray tube to a more modern, liquid crystal one - it has a much lower background radiation.
Loading...
