What is dshk. DShK machine gun: characteristics

DShK (GRAU Index - 56-P-542)

Characteristics
Weight, kg 33.5 kg (body)
157 kg (on a wheeled machine)
Length, mm 1625 mm
Barrel length, mm 1070 mm
Projectile 12.7 × 108 mm

Shutter locking sliding lugs
rate of fire,
shots / min 600-1200 (anti-aircraft mode)
starting speed
projectile, m/s 840-860
Sighting range, m 3500
Type of ammunition cartridge belt for 50 rounds
Sight open/optical

DShK (GRAU Index - 56-P-542)- easel heavy machine gun chambered for 12.7 × 108 mm. Developed on the basis of the design of the DK heavy machine gun.

In February 1939, the DShK was adopted by the Red Army under the designation "12.7 mm heavy machine gun Degtyarev - Shpagin model 1938".

While maintaining the principle of operation of automation and the scheme for locking the bore of the DK machine gun, the power mechanism was completely changed (it provided the supply of a cartridge belt either from the right side or from the left). Accordingly, the design of the cartridge belt (the so-called "crab" type) has also become different. The muzzle brake had a different design.

Large-caliber machine gun mod. 1938/46 is distinguished by a relatively high firing efficiency. In terms of muzzle energy, which ranged from 18.8 to 19.2 kJ, it surpassed almost all existing systems of machine guns of this caliber. Thanks to this, a large penetrating effect of the bullet on armored targets was achieved: at a distance of 500 m, it penetrates high-hardness steel armor 15 mm thick (20 mm medium-hard armor type RHA).

The machine gun has a fairly high rate of fire, which determines the effectiveness of fire on fast-moving targets. Maintaining a high rate of fire, despite the increase in caliber, was facilitated by the introduction of a buffer device in the butt plate of the machine gun. The elastic buffer also softens the blows of the moving system in the rearmost position, which favorably affects the survivability of parts and accuracy of fire.

Characteristics
Weight, kg 25 (machine gun body)
41 (on machine 6T7)
11 (box with tape for 50 rounds)
Length, mm 1560
Barrel length, mm 1100
Projectile 12.7 × 108 mm
Caliber, mm 12.7
Principles of operation removal of powder gases
Wedge gate
rate of fire,
shots / min 700-800
starting speed
projectile, m / s 845
Sighting range, m 2000 (for ground targets)
1500 (for air targets)
Maximum
range, m 6000 (for cartridge B-32)
Type of ammunition machine-gun belt on the:
50 rounds (infantry)
150 rounds (tank)
Optical sight (SPP), sectoral with the possibility of introducing lateral corrections (also used night sight NSPU-3)

NSV "Cliff"

NSV "Cliff" (GRAU Index - 6P11)- Soviet 12.7-mm heavy machine gun, designed to deal with lightly armored targets and firepower, to destroy enemy manpower and destroy air targets.

The NSV-12.7 Utyos heavy machine gun was developed at the Tula TsKIB SOO in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a replacement for the outdated and heavy DShK (DShKM). It got its name from the initial letters of the names of the authors - G. I. Nikitin, Yu. M. Sokolov and V. I. Volkov. Shortly before that, the same team participated in the competition for a single machine gun of 7.62 mm caliber, but preference was given to the model of M. T. Kalashnikov.

For the production of NSV, it was decided to create a new plant in the city of Uralsk, Kazakh SSR, called Metalist, since production at the Degtyarev plant in Kovrov was overloaded. The labor force was a large number of engineers and workers from Tula, Kovrov, Izhevsk, Samara, Vyatskiye Polyany. In the production of NSV, completely new and original technologies of various allied research institutes were used, some of which are in production small arms have not been used anywhere else. Thus, electrochemical treatment was used to obtain rifling of the barrel bore, a vacuum tempering system was used for thermal tempering, the so-called "thick" chromium plating to increase the barrel survivability was achieved by jet chromium plating technology.

In the process of debugging production and regular testing, factory designers made great amount changes in the design of the machine gun, mainly aimed at increasing the survivability and reliability of work, as well as simplifying the design.

In addition to the USSR, NSV was produced at factories in Poland, Bulgaria, India, and Yugoslavia. Production was transferred to these countries along with a license for the production of T-72 tanks, of which it was part of the armament. In addition to these countries, Iran also received a license, but there is no reliable information about whether the Iranians managed to master the production of Utyos.

First combat use The NSW has been implemented in Afghanistan. At first, on both sides, only DShK modifications(The Mujahideen used Chinese-made DShK). But in the second half of the 80s, the NSV also appeared in the troops. He was quickly appreciated, his main feature was the ability to conduct aimed fire at the enemy, not letting him into the distance of effective firing from a machine gun. There are photos of roadblocks where the 6T7 machine is loaded with stones and sandbags to increase stability. The acquisition of each machine gun with an optical sight, and in the night variant - with a night sight, made the calculation of the NSVS the main "eyes" of the checkpoint.

The machine gun has the strongest acoustic effect on the crew, so the shooters had to change after intense shooting.

The NSV was no less "favorite" in both Chechen campaigns. There were many curious at first glance "modifications" of the tank "Cliff", which was easier to obtain, for use as an infantry.

Servicemen of the Algerian army noted that "Cliff" works flawlessly at a temperature of 50 °, in sand and in mud. The Malaysian military successfully used a machine gun during a tropical downpour.

Characteristics
Weight, kg 25.5 (machine gun body)
16 (machine 6T7)
7 (machine 6T19)
7.7 (tape for 50 rounds)
1,4 (optical sight SPP)
Length, mm 1625 (tank)
1980 (infantry, on the machine)
Barrel length, mm 1070
Width, mm 135 (tank)
500 (infantry)
Height, mm 215 (tank)
450 (infantry)
Projectile 12.7 × 108 mm
Principles of operation removal of powder gases
rotary shutter
rate of fire,
shots/min 600-650
starting speed
projectile, m/s 820-860
Sighting range, m 2000 (on a tripod infantry machine 6T7)
Type of ammunition tape for 50 rounds, 150 rounds (tank)
The sight is open, there is a mount for optical and night

Kord - Russian heavy machine gun with tape feed chambered for 12.7 × 108 mm.

Designed to combat lightly armored targets and firepower, destroy enemy manpower at ranges up to 1500-2000 m and destroy air targets at slant ranges up to 1500 m.

The name is derived from the initial letters of the phrase "Kovrov gunsmiths Degtyarevtsy"

The Kord machine gun was created in the 90s as a replacement for the NSV (Cliff) machine gun, the production of which, after the collapse of the USSR, turned out to be partially outside of Russia. Developed at the Kovrov plant. Degtyarev (ZID).

Serial production has been established since 2001, the machine gun has been officially adopted Armed Forces Russia. In addition to the infantry version, it is installed in an anti-aircraft mount on the tower Russian tank T-90S.

Cord - automatic weapon with tape feed (tape feed can be carried out both on the left and on the right). The machine gun is built on the principle of a gas vent machine, where a gas piston with a long stroke is placed under the barrel. The barrel is quick-change, air-cooled. The barrel is locked by turning the larvae of the bolt and engaging the lugs of the larvae with the lugs of the barrel. The cartridges are fed from a metal tape with an open link, the supply of cartridges from the tape directly into the barrel. The trigger mechanism can be controlled both manually (from the trigger mounted on the machine) and from the electric trigger (for the tank version), it has a fuse against random shots. As the main one, an open adjustable sight is used. It is possible to install optical and night sights.

The barrel is quick-change, air-cooled, created according to the proprietary ZID technology, which ensures uniform heating during firing, and therefore uniform thermal expansion (deformation) of the barrel. Due to this, the accuracy of shooting compared to the NSV is increased by 1.5-2 times when firing from the machine (when firing from a bipod, the accuracy is comparable to the NSV on the machine). As a result, when shooting at a distance of 100 m, the circular probable deviation (CEP) leaves only 0.22 m.

The DShK heavy machine gun was developed 78 years ago. And if in our army at the combat post the "dashka" was long replaced by the "Cliffs" and even more modern ones, then in many "hot spots" of the planet the machine gun continues to fight. What local “left-handers” and “Kulibins” are doing with the DShK is worthy of a separate description.

A bit of history. The easel machine gun chambered for 12.7x108 mm, called DShK (Degtyarev-Shpagin large-caliber) was developed on the basis of the DK machine gun and put into service in February 1939. The weapon was used both on land and at sea: on ships, armored vehicles, the T-40 amphibious tank, the T-60 tank (experimental anti-aircraft gun with two twin DShK in an open turret), on ISU-122, ISU-152 self-propelled guns, IS-2, IS-3 tanks (as an anti-aircraft gun), on armored trains and so on.

In the infantry version on a wheeled mount with an armored shield, the machine gun was intended to fight infantry, light armored vehicles and enemy firing points.

There was a DShK in various anti-aircraft variants. In the photo - a built-in machine-gun anti-aircraft installation near the Metropol restaurant in Moscow.

After the war, "dashki" equipped many soviet tanks(T-54, T-55, T-62, IS-3, T-10), self-propelled units(ASU-85), armored personnel carriers BTR-152, BTR-40. Later, they began to be replaced by the new machine gun NSV "Utes", and in recent times- Kord.

Now DShK in Russia can only be found in museums and mob warehouses. At the same time, his American "classmate" - Browning M2 - is even older than the Soviet "colleague". With various upgrades, he served and continues to serve in the US Army since 1932.

Naturally, the Soviet DShK was widely exported - both together with armored vehicles and separately - to many countries of the socialist camp, Asia and Africa. And its licensed or not-so release was established by China, Iran, Pakistan, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia and even Sudan.

Therefore, you can meet the "dasha" in almost any theater of military operations of the 21st century. Despite the fact that the machine gun is quite heavy, it is simple, reliable, deadly, and it is not difficult to get cartridges for it.

Most often, DShKs are put on all-wheel drive pickups and jeeps by militants of various paramilitary formations. As a result, carts of the latest time are obtained - the so-called "technical". For the first time they began to be used en masse in the war between Libya and Chad in 1987. The conflict was nicknamed "Toyota War" because of the prevalence of this brand among Chadian military vehicles.

Then the units of the army of Chad on several hundred off-road vehicles equipped with heavy machine guns and ATGM Milan, were able to inflict a series of painful blows on the clumsy Libyan group.

AT civil war, which began in Libya in 2011, the "tekhnical" became the main weapon and means of transportation of the "rebels". Often they installed a glorified veteran of the DShK.

Photo: Xinhua / Hamza Turkia / East News

The desert plains of Syria and Iraq also contributed to the fact that "tekhnikals" became a kind of calling card militants of ISIS, Al-Nusra and other groups of "armed opposition".

But government forces also use it. This photo shows an epic combination of 14.5 mm CPV and 12.7 DShK in a twin.

In Ukraine, they did not lag behind the general "fashion".

Often, with the help of DShK, the armament of light armored vehicles is reinforced. Sometimes interesting combinations turn out like this: an American M113 armored personnel carrier with a DShK instead of a regular Browning M2 in Yemen.

And in Syrian Kurdistan, one of the Kurdish units of the YPG installed a DShK on an MTLB armored tractor.

The MTLB is armed in a similar way in the Ukrainian Armed Forces.

The Ukrainian army, in principle, is experiencing a certain need for modern machine guns, including large-caliber ones. Therefore, the old DShKs were withdrawn from the warehouses.

Often a Soviet machine gun is mounted on various, often improvised, armored vehicles. Homemade armored car "Scorpion" based on the UAZ-469 with a DShK on a tripod machine.

Even the armored Hummers donated by the USA to Ukraine are equipped with dashes.

DShK is a heavy machine gun based on the DK machine gun and using a 12.7×108 mm cartridge. The DShK machine gun is one of the most common heavy machine guns. He played a significant role in the Great Patriotic War, as well as in subsequent military conflicts.

It was a formidable means of fighting the enemy on land, at sea and in the air. The DShK had a peculiar nickname "Dushka". Currently in the armed forces Russian DShK and DShKM are completely supplanted by the Utes and Kord machine guns as more modern and advanced.

Story

In 1929, the experienced and well-known gunsmith Degtyarev was instructed to develop the first Soviet heavy machine gun, designed primarily to combat aircraft at altitudes up to 1.5 km. About a year later, the gunsmith presented his 12.7 mm machine gun for testing. Since 1932, this machine gun under the designation DK was launched into small-scale production.

However, the DK machine gun had certain disadvantages:

• low practical rate of fire;
• large weight of stores;
• bulkiness and heavy weight.

Therefore, in 1935, the production of the DK machine gun was discontinued, and the developers began to improve it. By 1938, the designer Shpagin had designed a DC tape power module. As a result, the improved machine gun was adopted by the Red Army on February 26, 1939 under the designation DShK - the Degtyarev-Shpagin heavy machine gun.

Mass production of the DShK began in 1940-1941. DShK machine guns used:

• as an infantry support weapon;
• as anti-aircraft guns;
• installed on armored vehicles (T-40);
• installed on small ships, including torpedo boats.

By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Kovrov Mechanical Plant produced approximately 2,000 DShKs. By 1944, more than 8400 machine guns had already been produced. And by the end of the war - 9 thousand DShK, the production of machine guns of this system continued in the post-war period.

According to the experience of the war, the DShK was modernized, and in 1946 a machine gun called DShKM entered service. DShKM was installed as an anti-aircraft machine gun on T-62, T-54, T-55 tanks. The tank version of the machine gun was called DShKMT.

Design features

Heavy machine gun DShK (caliber 12.7 mm) is an automatic weapon that uses the principle of removal of powder gases. DShK fire mode - only automatic, non-removable barrel is equipped with a muzzle brake and has special ribs for better cooling. The barrel is locked by two combat larvae, which are pivotally mounted on the bolt.

Power is supplied from a metal non-loose tape, the tape is fed from the left side of the DShK. The tape feeder is made in the form of a drum. During rotation, the drum simultaneously fed the tape, and also removed the cartridges from it (the tape had open links). After the chamber of the drum with the cartridge came to the lower position, the bolt fed the cartridge into the chamber.

The feed of the tape was carried out using a lever located on the right side and swinging in a vertical plane during the action of the loading handle, rigidly connected to the bolt frame.

The drum mechanism at the DShKM was replaced by a compact slider, which worked on a similar principle. The cartridge was removed from the tape down, after which it was fed directly into the chamber. In the butt pad receiver spring buffers of the bolt frame and bolt are installed. The fire is conducted from the rear sear. To control the fire, two handles on the butt plate are used, as well as twin triggers. For aiming, a frame sight was installed, and special mounts were installed for the anti-aircraft foreshortening sight.

The machine gun was mounted on a universal machine of the Kolesnikov system, which was equipped with a steel shield and removable wheels. When using a machine gun as anti-aircraft gun the rear support was bred into a tripod, and the wheels and shield were removed. The main disadvantage of this machine was the weight, which limited the mobility of the machine gun. The machine gun was installed:

• on ship pedestal installations;
• in tower installations;
• on remotely controlled anti-aircraft installations.

Specifications DShK model 1938

• Cartridge - 12.7 × 108.
• The total weight of the machine gun (on the machine, with a belt and without a shield) is 181.3 kg.
• The weight of the “body” of the DShK without tape is 33.4 kg.
• Barrel weight - 11.2 kg.
• The length of the "body" DShK - 1626 mm.
• Barrel length - 1070 mm.
• Rifling - 8 right-handed.
• The length of the rifled part of the barrel is 890 mm.
• The initial speed of the bullet is 850-870 m / s.
• The muzzle energy of a bullet is an average of 19,000 J.
• The rate of fire is 600 rounds per minute.
• Combat rate of fire - 125 rounds per minute.
• Sighting line length - 1110 mm.
• Sighting range for ground targets - 3500 m.
• Sighting range for air targets - 2400 m.
• Reach in height - 2500 m.
• Type of machine - wheel-tripod.
• The height of the line of fire in the ground position is 503 mm.
• The height of the line of fire in anti-aircraft position is 1400 mm.
• For anti-aircraft fire, the transition time to combat position from marching is 30 seconds.
• Calculation - 3-4 people.

Modifications

1. DShKT- tank machine gun, was first installed on IS-2 tanks as an anti-aircraft gun
2. DShKM-2B- twin installation for armored boats, where two machine guns were installed in a closed tower, with bulletproof armor
3. MTU-2- a twin turret weighing 160 kg, designed for installation on ships
4. DShKM-4- experimental quad installation
5. P-2K- a mine installation designed for submarines (during the campaign it was removed inside the boat)

Video about the DShK machine gun

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In 1929 designer Vasily Degtyarev received the task of creating the first Soviet heavy machine gun, designed primarily to combat aircraft at altitudes up to 1500 meters.

The large-caliber heavy machine gun DK was put into service in 1931 and was used for installation on armored vehicles and ships of river fleets.

However, military tests showed that this model did not live up to the expectations of the military, and the machine gun was sent for revision. At the same time, he worked on the design Georgy Shpagin, who invented the original tape power module for DC.

The combined forces of Degtyarev and Shpagin created a version of the machine gun, which in December 1938 passed all field tests.

Armor-piercing incendiary power

On February 26, 1939, the improved machine gun was adopted by the Red Army under the designation "12.7 mm Degtyarev-Shpagin heavy machine gun of the 1938 model of the year - DShK." The machine gun was mounted on a universal machine Kolesnikova model 1938, which was equipped with its own charging handle, had a removable shoulder pad for firing at aircraft, a cartridge box bracket, and a rod-type vertical aiming mechanism.

Ground targets were fired from a wheeled course, while the legs were folded. For firing at air targets, the wheel drive was separated, and the machine was laid out in the form of a tripod.

The 12.7 mm DShK cartridge could have an armor-piercing bullet, armor-piercing incendiary, sighting-incendiary, tracer, sighting. Armor-piercing incendiary tracer bullets were used against flying targets.

Serial production of the DShK began in 1940, and the machine gun immediately began to enter the troops. To the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in the Red Army, about 800 DShK machine guns were in service.

Machine gun DShK 12.7 mm model 1938. Photo: RIA Novosti / Khomenko

Nazi aviation nightmare

Almost from the first days of the war, DShKs began to cause serious damage to enemy aircraft, demonstrating their high efficiency. The problem, however, was that with the predominance of the Nazis in the air, several hundred DShK installations on the entire front could not radically change the situation.

Increasing the pace of production made it possible to solve this problem. By the end of the Great Patriotic War, up to 9,000 DShK machine guns were produced, which not only equipped anti-aircraft gunners of the Red Army and the Navy. They began to be installed en masse on the towers of tanks and self-propelled artillery mounts. This allowed tankers not only to fight against air attacks, but to increase their effectiveness in urban combat, when they had to suppress firing points on the upper floors of buildings.

The Wehrmacht did not have a full-time heavy machine gun of this type, which became a serious advantage for the Red Army.

Soldier Syrian army behind the DShK machine gun. Photo: RIA Novosti / Ilya Pitalev

Continuation of the tradition

The modernized model of the DShKM machine gun was in service with the armies of at least 40 countries over several post-war decades. brainchild Soviet designers and is still in service in the countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America and in Ukraine. In Russia, the DShK and DShKM were replaced by the Utes and Kord heavy machine guns. The name of the latter stands for "Kovrov gunsmiths Degtyarevtsy" - the machine gun was developed at the Kovrov plant named after. Degtyarev, where the history of Soviet heavy machine guns once began.