What is a jet engine? ✒ Jet engine.

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Jet engine

Early jet aircraft: Me.262 and Yak-15

The ideas of creating a heat engine, which also includes a jet engine, have been known to man since ancient times. So, in the treatise of Heron of Alexandria under the title "Pneumatics" there is a description of Eolipil - the ball of "Eol". This design It was nothing more than a steam turbine, in which steam was supplied through pipes into a bronze sphere and, escaping from it, this sphere was spun. Most likely, the device was used for entertainment.

The great Leonardo did not bypass the idea either, intending to rotate the spit for frying with the help of hot air supplied to the blades.

The idea of a gas turbine engine was first proposed in 1791 by the English inventor J. Barber: the design of his gas turbine engine was equipped with a gas generator, a reciprocating compressor, a combustion chamber and a gas turbine.

used as power plant for his aircraft, developed in 1878, a heat engine and A.F. Mozhaisky: two steam-powered engines set the propellers of the machine in motion. Due to the low efficiency, the desired effect could not be achieved.

Another Russian engineer - P.D. Kuzminsky - in 1892 he developed the idea of a gas turbine engine in which fuel burned at a constant pressure. Starting the project in 1900, he decided to install a gas turbine engine with a multi-stage gas turbine on a small boat. However, the death of the designer prevented him from finishing what he started.

More intensively, the creation of a jet engine began only in the twentieth century: first theoretically, and a few years later - already in practice.

In 1903, in the work “Investigation of world spaces with reactive devices”, K.E. Tsiolkovsky developed the theoretical foundations of liquid rocket engines(LRE) with a description of the main elements of a jet engine using liquid fuel.

The idea of creating an air-jet engine (VRD) belongs to R. Lorin, who patented the project in 1908. When trying to create an engine, after the publication of the drawings of the device in 1913, the inventor failed: the speed necessary for the operation of the VRE was never achieved.

Attempts to create gas turbine engines continued further. So, in 1906, the Russian engineer V.V. Karavodin developed and, two years later, built a compressorless gas turbine engine with four intermittent combustion chambers and a gas turbine. However, the power developed by the device, even at 10,000 rpm, did not exceed 1.2 kW (1.6 hp).

Created gas turbine engine intermittent combustion and the German designer H. Holvart. Having built a gas turbine engine in 1908, by 1933, after many years of work on its improvement, he brought Engine efficiency up to 24%. However, the idea has not found wide application.

The idea of a turbojet engine was voiced in 1909 by the Russian engineer N.V. Gerasimov, who received a patent for a gas turbine engine to create jet propulsion. Work on the implementation of this idea did not stop in Russia and subsequently: in 1913 M.N. Nikolskoy is designing a gas turbine engine with a capacity of 120 kW (160 hp) with a three-stage gas turbine; in 1923 V.I. Bazarov offers circuit diagram gas turbine engine, similar in design to modern turboprop engines; in 1930 V.V. Uvarov together with N.R. Briling designs and in 1936 implements a gas turbine engine with a centrifugal compressor.

A huge contribution to the creation of the theory of a jet engine was made by the work of Russian scientists S.S. Nezhdanovsky, I.V. Meshchersky, N.E. Zhukovsky. French scientist R. Eno-Peltri, German scientist G. Oberth. The creation of an air-jet engine was also influenced by the work of the famous Soviet scientist B.S. Stechkin, who published in 1929 his work "Theory of an air-breathing engine".

Work on the creation of a liquid-propellant jet engine did not stop either: in 1926, the American scientist R. Goddard launched a liquid-fueled rocket. Work on this topic also took place in the Soviet Union: in the period from 1929 to 1933, V.P. Glushko developed and tested an electrothermal jet engine in the Gas Dynamics Laboratory. During this period, he also created the first domestic liquid-propellant jet engines - ORM, ORM-1, ORM-2.

The greatest contribution to the practical implementation of the jet engine was made by German designers and scientists. With support and funding from the state, which hoped to achieve technical superiority in the coming war in this way, the engineering corps III Reich with maximum efficiency and short time approached the creation of combat complexes, which were based on the ideas jet propulsion.

Focusing on the aviation component, we can say that already on August 27, 1939, the test pilot of the Heinkel company, the fly-captain E. Warzitz, took off the He.178 - a jet aircraft, the technological developments of which were subsequently used to create the Heinkel He.280 fighters and Messerschmitt Me.262 Schwalbe.

Installed on the Heinkel He.178, the Heinkel Strahltriebwerke HeS 3 engine designed by H.-I. von Ohaina, although not very powerful, managed to open the era of jet flights of military aviation. Achieved He.178 maximum speed at 700 km / h using an engine whose power did not exceed 500 kgf, said a lot. lay ahead endless possibilities, which deprived the future of piston engines.

A whole series of jet engines created in Germany, for example, Jumo-004 manufactured by Junkers, allowed it to have serial jet fighters and bombers already at the end of World War II, ahead of other countries in this direction by several years. After the defeat of the III Reich, it was German technology that gave impetus to the development of jet aircraft construction in many countries of the world.

The only country that managed to answer the German challenge was Great Britain: the Rolls-Royce Derwent 8 turbojet engine created by F. Whittle was installed on the Gloster Meteor fighter.

Trophy Jumo 004

The world's first turboprop engine was the Hungarian Jendrassik Cs-1 engine designed by D. Jendrashik, who built it in 1937 at the Ganz plant in Budapest. Despite the problems that arose during the implementation, the engine was supposed to be installed on the Hungarian twin-engine attack aircraft Varga RMI-1 X / H, specially designed for this aircraft designer L. Vargo. However, the Hungarian specialists failed to complete the work - the enterprise was redirected to the production of German Daimler-Benz DB 605 engines, selected for installation on the Hungarian Messerschmitt Me.210.

Before the start of the war in the USSR, work continued on the creation various types jet engines. So, in 1939, rockets were tested, on which ramjet engines designed by I.A. Merkulov.

In the same year, at the Leningrad Kirov Plant, work began on the construction of the first domestic turbojet engine designed by A.M. Cradles. However, the outbreak of war stopped experimental work on the engine, directing all production capacity to the needs of the front.

The real era of jet engines began after the end of the Second World War, when in a short period of time not only the sound barrier was conquered, but also the earth's gravity, which made it possible to bring humanity into outer space.

Have you ever wondered how an engine works? jet aircraft? The jet thrust that powers it has been known since ancient times. But they were only able to put it into practice at the beginning of the last century, as a result of the arms race between England and Germany.

The principle of operation of a jet aircraft engine is quite simple, but it has some nuances that are strictly observed in their production. In order for the plane to be able to stay in the air reliably, they must work perfectly. After all, the lives and safety of all who are on board the aircraft depend on it.

It is driven by jet thrust. It needs some kind of fluid pushed out from the back of the system and giving it forward motion. Works here Newton's third law which says: "For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction."

At the jet engine air instead of liquid. It creates a force that provides movement.

It uses hot gases and a mixture of air with combustible fuel. This mixture comes out of it at high speed and pushes the plane forward, allowing it to fly.

If we talk about the device of a jet aircraft engine, then it is connection of the four most important details:

compressor;
combustion chambers;
turbines;
exhaust.

The compressor consists from several turbines, which suck in air and compress it as it passes through the angled blades. When compressed, the temperature and pressure of the air increase. Part of the compressed air enters the combustion chamber, where it is mixed with fuel and ignited. It increases thermal energy of the air.

Jet engine.

hot mix on high speed exits the chamber and expands. There she goes through yet one turbine with blades that rotate due to the energy of the gas.

The turbine is connected to the compressor at the front of the engine., and thus sets it in motion. Hot air exits through the exhaust. At this point, the temperature of the mixture is very high. And it keeps growing thanks to throttling effect. After that, the air comes out of it.

Development of jet-powered aircraft has begun in the 30s of the last century. The British and Germans began to develop similar models. This race was won by German scientists. Therefore, the first aircraft with a jet engine was "Swallow" in the Luftwaffe. "Gloucester Meteor" took to the air a little later. The first aircraft with such engines are described in detail

The engine of a supersonic aircraft is also jet, but in a completely different modification.

How does a turbojet engine work?

Jet engines are used everywhere, and turbojet engines are installed large. Their difference is that the first carries with it a supply of fuel and oxidizer, and the design ensures their supply from the tanks.

aircraft turbojet engine carries with it only fuel, and the oxidizing agent - air - is forced by the turbine from the atmosphere. Otherwise, the principle of its operation is the same as that of the reactive one.

One of their most important details is This is the turbine blade. It depends on the power of the engine.

Scheme of a turbojet engine.

It is they who develop the traction forces necessary for the aircraft. Each of the blades produces 10 times more energy than a typical car engine. They are installed behind the combustion chamber, in the part of the engine where the most high pressure, and the temperature reaches up to 1400 degrees Celsius.

During the production of blades, they pass through the process of monocrystallization which gives them strength and durability.

Each engine is tested for full thrust before being installed on an aircraft. He must pass certification by the European Safety Council and the company that produced it. One of the largest companies in their production is Rolls-Royce.

What is a nuclear powered aircraft?

During cold war attempts were made to create a jet engine not on chemical reaction, but on heat, which would produce nuclear reactor. It was put in place of the combustion chamber.

Air passes through the reactor core, lowering its temperature and raising its own. It expands and flows out of the nozzle at a speed greater than the flight speed.

Combined turbo-nuclear engine.

In the USSR, it was tested based on TU-95. In the USA, too, they did not lag behind scientists in the Soviet Union.

In the 60s studies in both sides gradually ceased. The main three problems that hindered the development were:

safety of pilots during the flight;
release of radioactive particles into the atmosphere;
in the event of a plane crash, a radioactive reactor can explode, causing irreparable harm to all living things.

How are jet engines for model airplanes made?

Their production for aircraft models takes about 6 hours. Turned first aluminum base plate to which all other parts are attached. It is the same size as a hockey puck.

Attached to it is a cylinder., so it turns out something like a tin can. This is the future internal combustion engine. Next, the supply system is installed. To fix it, screws are screwed into the main plate, previously lowered into a special sealant.

Aircraft model engine.

Starter channels are mounted on the other side of the chamber to redirect gas emissions to the turbine wheel. Installed in the hole on the side of the combustion chamber incandescent spiral. It ignites the fuel inside the engine.

Then they put the turbine and the central axis of the cylinder. They put on it compressor wheel which forces air into the combustion chamber. It is checked with a computer before the launcher is fixed.

The finished engine is once again checked for power. Its sound is slightly different from the sound of an aircraft engine. He, of course, of lesser strength, but completely resembles him, giving more similarity to the model.

The ideas of creating a heat engine, which also includes a jet engine, have been known to man since ancient times. So, in the treatise of Heron of Alexandria under the title "Pneumatics" there is a description of Aeolipil - the ball of "Eol". This design was nothing more than a steam turbine, in which steam was supplied through tubes into a bronze sphere and, escaping from it, this sphere was spun. Most likely, the device was used for entertainment.

Ball "Eola" A little further advanced the Chinese, who created in the XIII century a kind of "rocket". Initially used as a firework, the novelty was soon adopted and used for combat purposes. The great Leonardo did not bypass the idea either, intending to rotate the spit for frying with the help of hot air supplied to the blades. The idea of a gas turbine engine was first proposed in 1791 by the English inventor J. Barber: the design of his gas turbine engine was equipped with a gas generator, a reciprocating compressor, a combustion chamber and a gas turbine. He used a heat engine and A.F. as a power plant for his aircraft, developed in 1878. Mozhaisky: two steam-powered engines set the propellers of the machine in motion. Due to the low efficiency, the desired effect could not be achieved. Another Russian engineer - P.D. Kuzminsky - in 1892 developed the idea of a gas turbine engine in which fuel burned at a constant pressure. Starting the project in 1900, he decided to install a gas turbine engine with a multi-stage gas turbine on a small boat. However, the death of the designer prevented him from finishing what he started. More intensively, the creation of a jet engine began only in the twentieth century: first theoretically, and a few years later - already in practice. In 1903, in the work “Investigation of world spaces with reactive devices”, K.E. Tsiolkovsky developed the theoretical foundations of liquid-propellant rocket engines (LRE) with a description of the main elements of a jet engine using liquid fuel. The idea of creating an air-jet engine (VRD) belongs to R. Lorin, who patented the project in 1908. When trying to create an engine, after the publication of the drawings of the device in 1913, the inventor failed: the speed necessary for the operation of the VRE was never reached. Attempts to create gas turbine engines continued further. So, in 1906, the Russian engineer V.V. Karavodin developed and, two years later, built a compressorless gas turbine engine with four intermittent combustion chambers and a gas turbine. However, the power developed by the device, even at 10,000 rpm, did not exceed 1.2 kW (1.6 hp). Created a gas turbine intermittent combustion engine and the German designer H. Holvart. Having built a gas turbine engine in 1908, by 1933, after many years of work on its improvement, he brought the engine efficiency to 24%. However, the idea has not found wide application.

V.P. Glushko The idea of a turbojet engine was voiced in 1909 by the Russian engineer N.V. Gerasimov, who received a patent for a gas turbine engine to create jet propulsion. Work on the implementation of this idea did not stop in Russia and subsequently: in 1913 M.N. Nikolskoy is designing a gas turbine engine with a capacity of 120 kW (160 hp) with a three-stage gas turbine; in 1923 V.I. Bazarov proposes a schematic diagram of a gas turbine engine, similar in design to modern turboprop engines; in 1930 V.V. Uvarov together with N.R. Briling designs and in 1936 implements a gas turbine engine with a centrifugal compressor. A huge contribution to the creation of the theory of a jet engine was made by the work of Russian scientists S.S. Nezhdanovsky, I.V. Meshchersky, N.E. Zhukovsky. French scientist R. Eno-Peltri, German scientist G. Oberth. The creation of an air-jet engine was also influenced by the work of the famous Soviet scientist B.S. Stechkin, who published in 1929 his work "Theory of an air-breathing engine". Work on the creation of a liquid-propellant jet engine did not stop either: in 1926, the American scientist R. Goddard launched a liquid-fueled rocket. Work on this topic also took place in the Soviet Union: in the period from 1929 to 1933, V.P. Glushko developed and tested an electrothermal jet engine in the Gas Dynamics Laboratory. During this period, he also created the first domestic liquid-propellant jet engines - ORM, ORM-1, ORM-2. The greatest contribution to the practical implementation of the jet engine was made by German designers and scientists. With support and funding from the state, which hoped to achieve technical superiority in the coming war in this way, the engineering corps of the III Reich, with maximum efficiency and in a short time, approached the creation of combat complexes based on the ideas of jet propulsion. Focusing on the aviation component, we can say that already on August 27, 1939, the test pilot of the Heinkel company, the fly-captain E. Warzitz, took off the He.178, a jet aircraft, the technological developments of which were subsequently used to create the Heinkel He.280 fighters and Messerschmitt Me.262 Schwalbe. Installed on the Heinkel He.178, the Heinkel Strahltriebwerke HeS 3 engine designed by H.-I. von Ohaina, although not very powerful, managed to open the era of jet flights of military aviation. The maximum speed reached by the He.178 at 700 km / h using an engine whose power did not exceed 500 kgf spoke volumes. Ahead lay limitless possibilities that robbed the future of piston engines. A whole series of jet engines created in Germany, for example, Jumo-004 manufactured by Junkers, allowed it to have serial jet fighters and bombers already at the end of World War II, ahead of other countries in this direction by several years. After the defeat of the III Reich, it was German technology that gave impetus to the development of jet aircraft construction in many countries of the world. The only country that managed to answer the German challenge was Great Britain: the Rolls-Royce Derwent 8 turbojet engine created by F. Whittle was installed on the Gloster Meteor fighter.

Trophy Jumo 004 The world's first turboprop engine was the Hungarian Jendrassik Cs-1 engine designed by D. Jendrashik, who built it in 1937 at the Ganz plant in Budapest. Despite the problems that arose during the implementation, the engine was supposed to be installed on the Hungarian twin-engine attack aircraft Varga RMI-1 X / H, specially designed for this aircraft designer L. Vargo. However, the Hungarian specialists failed to complete the work - the enterprise was redirected to the production of German Daimler-Benz DB 605 engines, selected for installation on the Hungarian Messerschmitt Me.210. Before the start of the war in the USSR, work continued on the creation of various types of jet engines. So, in 1939, rockets were tested, on which ramjet engines designed by I.A. Merkulov. In the same year, at the Leningrad Kirov Plant, work began on the construction of the first domestic turbojet engine designed by A.M. Cradles. However, the outbreak of war stopped experimental work on the engine, directing all production capacity to the needs of the front. The real era of jet engines began after the end of the Second World War, when in a short period of time not only the sound barrier was conquered, but also the earth's gravity, which made it possible to bring humanity into outer space.

Jet engines. History of jet engines.

Jet engines.

A jet engine is a device whose design allows you to get jet thrust, by converting the internal energy of the fuel supply into kinetic energy jet stream of the working fluid.

The working body of the object with high speed flows out of the jet engine, and, in accordance with the law of conservation of momentum, a reactive force is formed that pushes the engine in the opposite direction. To accelerate the working fluid, it can be used as an expansion of a gas heated in one way or another to high temperature(thermal jet engines), and others physical principles, for example, the acceleration of charged particles in an electrostatic field (ion engine).

A jet engine allows you to create a traction force only due to the interaction of the jet stream with the working fluid, without support or contact with other bodies. In this regard, the jet engine found wide application in aviation and astronautics.

History of jet engines.

The Chinese were the first to learn how to use jet propulsion; solid-fuel rockets appeared in China in the 10th century AD. e. Such rockets were used in the East, and then in Europe for fireworks, signaling, and as combat ones.

Rockets of ancient China.

An important stage in the development of the idea of jet propulsion was the idea of using a rocket as an engine for aircraft. It was first formulated by the Russian revolutionary Narodnaya Volya N. I. Kibalchich, who in March 1881, shortly before his execution, proposed a scheme for an aircraft (rocket plane) using jet propulsion from explosive powder gases.

N. E. Zhukovsky in his works "On the reaction of outflowing and inflowing fluid" (1880s) and "On the theory of ships set in motion by the reaction force of outflowing water" (1908) first developed the main issues of the theory of a jet engine.

Interesting works on the study of rocket flight also belong to the famous Russian scientist I. V. Meshchersky, in particular in the field general theory motion of bodies of variable mass.

In 1903, K. E. Tsiolkovsky, in his work "Investigation of the World Spaces with Reactive Devices", gave a theoretical justification for the flight of a rocket, as well as a schematic diagram of a rocket engine, which anticipated many fundamental and design features modern liquid rocket engines (LRE). So, Tsiolkovsky provided for the use of liquid fuel for a jet engine and its supply to the engine with special pumps. He proposed to control the flight of the rocket by means of gas rudders - special plates placed in a jet of gases emitted from the nozzle.

A feature of a liquid-propellant engine is that, unlike other jet engines, it carries with it the entire supply of oxidizer along with the fuel, and does not take the oxygen-containing air necessary for burning fuel from the atmosphere. This is the only engine that can be used for ultra-high-altitude flight outside the earth's atmosphere.

The world's first rocket with a liquid-propellant rocket engine was created and launched on March 16, 1926 by the American R. Goddard. It weighed about 5 kilograms, and its length reached 3 m. Goddard's rocket was fueled by gasoline and liquid oxygen. The flight of this rocket lasted 2.5 seconds, during which it flew 56 m.

Systematic experimental work on these engines began in the 1930s.

The first Soviet liquid-propellant rocket engines were developed and created in 1930-1931 at the Leningrad Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL) under the guidance of the future academician V.P. Glushko. This series was called ORM - an experienced rocket motor. Glushko applied some novelties, for example, cooling the engine with one of the fuel components.

In parallel, the development of rocket engines was carried out in Moscow by the Jet Propulsion Study Group (GIRD). Its ideological inspirer was F. A. Zander, and the organizer was the young S. P. Korolev. Korolev's goal was to build a new rocket apparatus - a rocket plane.

In 1933, F. A. Zander built and successfully tested the OR1 rocket engine, powered by gasoline and compressed air, and in 1932-1933, the OP2 engine, powered by gasoline and liquid oxygen. This engine was designed to be installed on a glider that was supposed to fly as a rocket plane.

Developing the work begun, Soviet engineers subsequently continued to work on the creation of liquid-propellant jet engines. In total, from 1932 to 1941, 118 designs of liquid-propellant jet engines were developed in the USSR.

In Germany, in 1931, rockets were tested by I. Winkler, Riedel, and others.

The first flight on a rocket-propelled aircraft with a liquid-propellant engine was made in the Soviet Union in February 1940. LRE was used as the power plant of the aircraft. In 1941, under the leadership Soviet designer V. F. Bolkhovitinov, the first jet fighter aircraft with a liquid-propellant engine was built. His tests were carried out in May 1942 by the pilot G. Ya. Bakhchivadzhi. At the same time, the first flight of a German fighter with such an engine took place.

In 1943, the United States tested the first American jet aircraft, which was equipped with a liquid-jet engine. In Germany, in 1944, several fighters were built with these Messerschmitt-designed engines.

In addition, liquid propellant rocket engines were used on German V2 rockets, created under the direction of W. von Braun.

In the 1950s, liquid rocket engines were installed on ballistic missiles and then on space rockets, artificial satellites, automatic interplanetary stations.

The rocket engine consists of a combustion chamber with a nozzle, a turbopump unit, a gas generator or a steam-gas generator, an automation system, control elements, an ignition system and auxiliary units (heat exchangers, mixers, drives).

The idea of air jet engines (VRD) has been put forward more than once in different countries. The most important and original works in this regard are the studies carried out in 1908-1913 by the French scientist Renault Laurent, who proposed a number of schemes for ramjet engines (ramjet engines). These engines use as an oxidizer atmospheric air, and the compression of the air in the combustion chamber is provided by the dynamic pressure of the air.

In May 1939, for the first time in the USSR, a rocket with a ramjet engine designed by P. A. Merkulov was tested. It was a two-stage rocket (the first stage was a powder rocket) with a take-off weight of 7.07 kg, and the fuel weight for the second stage of the ramjet was only 2 kg. During the test, the rocket reached a height of 2 km.

In 1939-1940, for the first time in the world, the Soviet Union carried out summer tests of jet engines installed as additional engines on an aircraft designed by N.P. Polikarpov. In 1942, ramjet engines designed by E. Senger were tested in Germany.

The jet engine consists of a diffuser in which air is compressed due to the kinetic energy of the oncoming air flow. Fuel is injected into the combustion chamber through the nozzle and the mixture ignites. The jet stream exits through the nozzle.

The operation of the WFD is continuous, so there is no starting thrust in them. In this regard, at flight speeds less than half the speed of sound, jet engines are not used. The use of WFD is most effective at supersonic speeds and high altitudes. The takeoff of an aircraft with a jet engine is carried out using solid or liquid propellant rocket engines.

Another group of jet engines, turbocompressor engines, received more development. They are divided into turbojet, in which thrust is created by a jet of gases flowing from a jet nozzle, and turboprop, in which the main thrust is created by a propeller.

In 1909, the design of a turbojet engine was developed by engineer N. Gerasimov. In 1914, a Russian lieutenant navy M. N. Nikolskoy designed and built a model of a turboprop aircraft engine. The gaseous combustion products of a mixture of turpentine and nitric acid served as the working fluid for driving the three-stage turbine. The turbine worked not only on the propeller: the exhaust gaseous products of combustion, directed to the tail (jet) nozzle, created jet thrust in addition to the thrust force of the propeller.

In 1924, V.I. Bazarov developed the design of an aircraft turbocompressor jet engine, which consisted of three elements: a combustion chamber, a gas turbine, and a compressor. For the first time, the compressed air flow here was divided into two branches: the smaller part went into the combustion chamber (to the burner), and the larger part was mixed with the working gases to lower their temperature in front of the turbine. This ensured the safety of the turbine blades. The power of the multistage turbine was used to drive the centrifugal compressor of the engine itself and partly to rotate the propeller. In addition to the propeller, thrust was created by the reaction of a jet of gases passed through the tail nozzle.

In 1939, the construction of turbojet engines designed by A. M. Lyulka began at the Kirov Plant in Leningrad. His trials were interrupted by the war.

In 1941, in England, the first flight was made on an experimental fighter aircraft equipped with a turbojet engine designed by F. Whittle. It was equipped with a gas turbine engine that drove a centrifugal compressor that supplied air to the combustion chamber. Combustion products were used to create jet thrust.

By the end of the Second World War, it became clear that the further effective development of aviation is possible only with the introduction of engines that use the principles of jet propulsion in whole or in part.

The first aircraft with jet engines were created in Nazi Germany, Great Britain, the USA and the USSR.

In the USSR, the first fighter project, with a WFD developed by A. M. Lyulka, was proposed in March 1943 by the head of OKB-301 M. I. Gudkov. The aircraft was called Gu-VRD. The project was rejected by experts, due to lack of confidence in the relevance and advantages of the WFD in comparison with piston aircraft engines.

German designers and scientists working in this and related fields (rocket science) found themselves in more advantageous position. The Third Reich planned the war, and counted on winning it due to technical superiority in weapons. Therefore, in Germany, new developments that could strengthen the army in the field of aviation and rocketry were subsidized more generously than in other countries.

The first aircraft equipped with a HeS 3 turbojet engine (TRD) designed by von Ohain was the He 178 aircraft (Heinkel Germany). It happened on August 27, 1939. This aircraft exceeded in speed (700 km/h) the piston fighters of its time, the maximum speed of which did not exceed 650 km/h, but it was less economical, and therefore had a shorter range. In addition, it had higher takeoff and landing speeds than piston aircraft, which required a longer, better-surfaced runway.

Work on this topic continued almost until the end of the war, when the Third Reich, having lost its former advantage in the air, made an unsuccessful attempt to restore it by supplying for military aviation jet aircraft.

Since August 1944, the Messerschmitt Me.262 jet fighter-bomber equipped with two turbojet engines Jumo-004 manufactured by Junkers. The Messerschmitt Me.262 aircraft significantly outperformed all of its "contemporaries" in terms of speed and rate of climb.

From November 1944, the first jet bomber Arado Ar 234 Blitz began to be produced with the same engines.

The only jet aircraft of the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition that formally took part in World War II was the Gloucester Meteor (Great Britain) with a Rolls-Royce Derwent 8 turbojet engine designed by F. Whittle.

After the war, in all countries that had aviation industry, intensive developments in the field of air-breathing engines begin. Jet engine building opened up new opportunities in aviation: flights at speeds exceeding the speed of sound, and the creation of aircraft with a carrying capacity many times greater than the carrying capacity of piston aircraft, as a result of the higher specific power of gas turbine engines in comparison with piston ones.

The first domestic serial jet aircraft was the Yak-15 fighter (1946), developed in record time on the basis of the Yak-3 airframe and the adaptation of the captured Jumo-004 engine, made in the engine-building design bureau of V. Ya. Klimov.

A year later, the first, completely original, domestic turbojet engine TR-1, developed in the Design Bureau of A. M. Lyulka, passed state tests. Such fast pace The development of a completely new sphere of engine building has an explanation: the group of A. M. Lyulka has been dealing with this issue since pre-war times, but the green light was given to these developments only when the country's leadership suddenly discovered the backlog of the USSR in this area.

The first domestic jet passenger airliner was the Tu-104 (1955), equipped with two turbojet engines RD-3M-500 (AM-3M-500), developed in the Design Bureau of A. A. Mikulin. By this time, the USSR was already among the world leaders in the field of aircraft engine building.

Invented in 1913, the ramjet engine (ramjet) also began to be actively improved. Since the 1950s, a number of experimental aircraft and production aircraft have been created in the United States. cruise missiles for different purposes with this type of engine.

Having a number of disadvantages for use on manned aircraft (zero thrust in place, low efficiency at low flight speeds), ramjet engines have become the preferred type of ramjet for unmanned expendable projectiles and cruise missiles, due to its simplicity, and, therefore, cheapness and reliability.

In a turbojet engine (TRD), the air entering during flight is compressed first in the air intake, and then in the turbocharger. Compressed air is fed into the combustion chamber, where liquid fuel (most often aviation kerosene) is injected. Partial expansion of the gases formed during combustion occurs in the turbine that rotates the compressor, and the final expansion occurs in the jet nozzle. An afterburner can be installed between the turbine and the jet engine, designed for additional combustion of fuel.

Now turbojet engines (TRD) are equipped with most military and civil aircraft, as well as some helicopters.

In a turboprop engine, the main thrust is created by a propeller, and additional (about 10%) - by a jet of gases flowing from a jet nozzle. The principle of operation of a turboprop engine is similar to a turbojet (TR), with the difference that the turbine rotates not only the compressor, but also the propeller. These engines are used in subsonic aircraft and helicopters, as well as for the movement of high-speed ships and cars.

The earliest solid propellant jet engines (RTTD) were used in combat missiles. Their widespread use began in the 19th century, when missile units appeared in many armies. AT late XIX century, the first smokeless powders were created, with more stable combustion and greater efficiency.

In 1920-1930, work was underway to create jet weapons. This led to the appearance of rocket launchers - "Katyusha" in the Soviet Union, six-barreled rocket mortars in Germany.

Obtaining new types of gunpowder made it possible to use solid-propellant jet engines in combat missiles, including ballistic ones. In addition, they are used in aviation and astronautics as engines of the first stages of launch vehicles, starting engines for aircraft with ramjet engines and brake engines. spacecraft.

A jet solid propellant engine (RTTZ) consists of a housing (combustion chamber), which contains the entire supply of fuel and a jet nozzle. The body is made of steel or fiberglass. The nozzle is made of graphite or refractory alloys. The fuel is ignited by an igniter. Thrust can be controlled by changing the combustion surface of the charge or the area of the critical section of the nozzle, as well as by injecting liquid into the combustion chamber. The direction of thrust can be changed by gas rudders, a deflecting nozzle (deflector), auxiliary control engines, etc.

Jet solid propellant engines are very reliable, do not require complex maintenance, can be stored for a long time, and are always ready to start.

Types of jet engines.

Nowadays, jet engines of various designs are used quite widely.

Jet engines can be divided into two categories: rocket jet engines and air-jet engines.

Solid propellant rocket engine (RDTT) - a solid fuel rocket engine - an engine that runs on solid fuel, is most often used in rocket artillery and much less frequently in astronautics. It is the oldest of the heat engines.

Liquid propellant rocket engine (LRE) is a chemical rocket engine that uses liquids, including liquefied gases, as rocket fuel. By the number of components used, one-, two- and three-component rocket engines are distinguished.

Direct-flow air-jet;

Pulsating air-jet;

Turbojet;

Turboprop.

Modern jet engines.

The photo shows an aircraft jet engine during testing.

The photo shows the process of assembling rocket engines.

Jet engines. History of jet engines. Types of jet engines.

Pushing the engine in the opposite direction. To accelerate the working fluid, it can be used as an expansion of gas, heated in one way or another to a high temperature (the so-called. thermal jet engines), as well as other physical principles, for example, the acceleration of charged particles in an electrostatic field (see ion engine).

A jet engine combines the actual engine with the propeller, that is, it creates traction only through interaction with the working fluid, without support or contact with other bodies. For this reason, it is most commonly used to propel aircraft, rockets, and spacecraft.

Jet engine classes

There are two main classes of jet engines:

Air jet engines- heat engines, which use the energy of oxidation of combustible oxygen air taken from the atmosphere. The working fluid of these engines is a mixture of combustion products with the remaining components of the intake air.
rocket engines- contain all the components of the working fluid on board and are able to work in any environment, including in a vacuum.

Components of a jet engine

Any jet engine must have at least two components:

Combustion chamber ("chemical reactor") - it releases chemical energy fuel and its conversion into thermal energy of gases.
Jet nozzle ("gas tunnel") - in which thermal energy gases is converted into their kinetic energy, when gases flow out of the nozzle at high speed, thereby creating jet thrust.

The main technical parameters of the jet engine

Main technical parameter characterizing the jet engine is thrust(otherwise - traction force) - the force that develops the engine in the direction of movement of the apparatus.

Rocket engines, in addition to thrust, are characterized by specific impulse, which is an indicator of the degree of perfection or quality of the engine. This indicator is also a measure of the efficiency of the engine. The diagram below graphically presents the upper values of this indicator for different types of jet engines, depending on the airspeed, expressed in the form of Mach number, which allows you to see the scope of each type of engine.

Story

The jet engine was invented by Dr. Hans von Ohain, an eminent German design engineer, and Sir Frank Whittle. The first patent for a working gas turbine engine was obtained in 1930 by Frank Whittle. However, the first working model collected precisely Ohain.

August 2, 1939 in Germany, the first jet aircraft took to the skies - Heinkel He 178, equipped with an engine HeS 3, designed by Ohain.