Destroyer 7 series 1 200. Stalin series

Project 7 destroyers also known as Gnevny-class destroyers - type destroyers, built for the Soviet Navy in the second half of the 30s of the last century. One of the most popular types of destroyers in history Soviet fleet. The head of the country personally supervised their design and construction. Therefore, the "Sevens" were unofficially called destroyers of the "Stalin series". The lead ship was the "Wrathful". It became part of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet in 1938. A total of 53 units were laid down. Of these, 28 were completed according to the original design. 18 were completed according to project 7U. 6 were dismantled on the slipway. One (“Resolute”) sank while being towed in a storm after launching and was not completed. The main caliber of the Gnevny is four 130 mm guns. Thirty-kilogram one-hundred-thirty shells flew 33 km, literally beyond the horizon. At the same time, the rate of fire of the main battery reached 13 rounds per minute. Torpedoes were also a match for artillery - the main thing heavy weapon"sevens". Two three-tube devices fired the latest Soviet torpedoes of the 53-39 type. They were put into service just before the war. The torpedoes carried 317 kg of powerful explosives over a distance of up to 10 km. “Sea cavalry” - this is what the destroyers were called for their speed and maneuverability. Everything about the design of these ships was about speed. That is why they were not equipped with heavy armor protection, as on cruisers. Project 7 destroyers were created for artillery combat and torpedo attacks. They had powerful artillery weapons, modern systems fire control, reliable power plants. But during the war, the “Seven”, like other ships of the Soviet fleet, were almost not used for their intended purpose. However, today I have 10 cases for you combat use destroyers of the "Stalin series". 1. On March 28, 1942, the destroyer Gremyashchy left Murmansk for Medvezhy Island. The task is to meet and escort convoy PQ-13 to the Kola Bay. On the third day of intense military campaign The signalman saw a vague silhouette through binoculars. A few seconds later he disappeared, as if dissolved among the waves. The submarine is about to dive. The ship's commander, Captain 3rd Rank Gurin, immediately gave the order: - Full speed ahead! Prepare your bombs! "Thundering" rushed to the attack. The Red Navy men took their places at the aft bomb dumpers. - "Reset the first episode! The first one went! The second one went!" The destroyer dropped 6 depth charges, then turned back for a second attack. Debris began to float to the surface in the boiling foam. A large oil stain was spreading on the water. In the depths Barents Sea The German submarine Yu-585 found its grave. This was the first major victory of Soviet destroyers of the famous “Stalin series”. 2. From the first hours of the war, the destroyer "Gnevny", the same one that became the lead of the "Stalin series" received combat mission to lay minefields at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland in order to prevent the enemy from breaking through to Leningrad. Minelayers went out to sea. They were covered by a detachment of light forces of the Baltic Fleet. The cruiser Maxim Gorky, accompanied by the destroyers Gnevny, Gordy and Steregushchiy. It was no coincidence that the “Sevens” became part of the cover detachment. In terms of artillery and torpedo armament, they were superior to any German destroyer. The light force detachment moved forward in full readiness to fight enemy surface ships, but danger came from under the water. The detachment moved directly into a minefield laid by the Germans at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland even before the start of hostilities, on the night of June 22. The destroyer "Gnevny" was the first. Suddenly there was a deafening explosion, the ship was enveloped in clouds of smoke and steam. The destroyer was blown up by a German EMS type anchor mine. The explosion tore off the bow up to the second gun. 20 people died. The destroyer "Proudy" turned back to provide assistance. It turned out to be impossible to take the damaged ship into tow. In order for the destroyer not to fall to the enemy, it had to be sunk. 186 sailors were removed from the Gnevny, and then they opened fire on it from main-caliber artillery. The lead ship of the “Stalin series” turned out to be the first major loss of the Soviet fleet during the Great Patriotic War. But during this difficult time there were also first victories, even small ones. 3. On the third day of the war, gunners from the destroyer Gremyashchiy shot down a German bomber. This would not be surprising if we were talking about anti-aircraft gunners. But Junkers 88 fell apart in the air, receiving a direct hit from a main caliber gun. The same one hundred and thirty in whose passport data it was written - “does not have anti-aircraft firing properties.” 4. On July 18, 41, Baltic Fleet aircraft discovered an enemy convoy. Several transports guarded by torpedo and patrol boats went through the Irbe Strait to Riga captured by the Germans. The destroyer Steregushchy headed to intercept the convoy. High speed speed - 39 knots, allowed the destroyer to catch up with the enemy already at the very entrance to the port. One hundred and thirty high-explosive shells fell on German ships. Two vehicles caught fire. But return fire from enemy coastal batteries and attacks by Luftwaffe aircraft did not allow the success to be developed. The "Guardian" set off on a reverse course. The destroyer's anti-aircraft crews repelled all attacks from German aircraft. There was no combat damage or loss of personnel on Steregushchy. 5. In the second half of August 1941, the Germans ground troops surrounded the main naval base of the Baltic Fleet, Tallinn. The evacuation of warships and auxiliary vessels to the east to Kronstadt began. I had to walk 170 miles through the mine-strewn Gulf of Finland under continuous attacks from German aircraft. The destroyers covered the cruiser Kirov. On board were the Fleet Headquarters, the Estonian government and the gold reserves of Baltic state banks. During the transition, five destroyers were lost. Another one was blown up by a mine, but survived. It was the destroyer "Proudy". The half-sunken ship was taken into tow by another destroyer, the Ferocious. For almost two days they literally crawled to the base. Two ideal targets for Luftwaffe bombers. Reflecting attacks from the air, the Gordoy anti-aircraft gunners shot through all the ammunition - a thousand shells from each barrel. Two and a half hundred bombs were dropped on the destroyer, but none of them hit the target. The ship was able to reach Kronstadt. 6. In August 1941, the destroyer "Bodriy" entered a firing position in the area of ​​besieged Odessa. One hundred and thirty salvoes destroyed the command post and headquarters of the Romanian infantry division. For this, the crew received gratitude from the command of the Odessa defensive region. 7. In October 41, the enemy approached Sevastopol. The Black Sea "seven" stood up to defend the fleet's main naval base. Under fire from German coastal batteries and aircraft, the destroyers broke through into the besieged city. They transported troops, equipment, ammunition and food, and fired at enemy positions from main-caliber guns. In total, 6 destroyers of the “Stalin series” fought in the Black Sea theater of operations. Four of them died under the bombs of German planes. 8. On November 15, 1943, the destroyer "Razumny" was guarding convoy AB55. Acoustics heard the noise of propellers underwater. "Reasonable" immediately turned around and went on a combat course. The destroyer attacked the enemy submarine with ten BB1 type depth charges. The last three explosions turned out to be unusually powerful. The list of losses of the German submarine fleet was supplemented by the submarine Yu387. 9. But victories were not easy. Two "sevens" did not survive until May 1945 Northern Fleet. Already at the beginning of the war, Junkers 87 dive bombers sank the destroyer Stremitelny in the Kola Bay. A hundred-kilogram aerial bomb hit the torpedo tube, the torpedoes detonated, the ship broke in half and sank in a matter of seconds. 10. On January 6, 1945, the destroyer Furious was seriously damaged. It was attacked by an acoustic homing torpedo. The explosion tore off the stern of the Enraged, and a fire started on the ship. Thanks to the dedication of the crew, the destroyer stayed afloat and was towed to the base. Destroyers became universal soldiers seas. Day and night, in rain and snow, these ships went out to lay mines, attacked enemy submarines and transports, landed and supported landing forces with fire from their guns, delivered reinforcements and ammunition to the defenders of besieged cities, transported the wounded and civilians, escorted transport ships, and fought off raids. enemy aircraft. Behind combat distinctions during the Great Patriotic War four Project 7 destroyers were awarded the Order of the Red Banner, and Gremyashchiy received the title of “Guards”.

In the Chinese cities of Qingdao and Rushan, old Soviet project 7 - known to naval historians as the legendary Soviet "sevens", which are now used as museum ships.

Destroyers This type immortalized themselves thanks to their participation in the Great Patriotic War. In 1955, four such ships from the Pacific Fleet The USSR was transferred to friendly China. One was later scrapped, and the last - the fourth - ship was transferred to the city of Dalian as a training ship for the naval institute.

The Chinese Navy received the first two on January 14, 1955 Soviet destroyer project 7. They were renamed in honor of Manchu cities. Destroyers " Zealous" And " Decisive"received new names: " Jilin" And " Changchun" The next two ships are " Record" and " Sharp " were transferred to China on July 6, 1955 and renamed " Anshan" And " Fushun" respectively. All destroyers of this type were carefully preserved by Chinese sailors and survived safely until the end of the 80s. But soon destroyer « Fushun"was scrapped and dismantled at a shipyard in Tseng Su province.

All “Far Eastern” destroyers of Project 7 in August 1945 were part of the 1st division of destroyers of the light forces detachment and took part in hostilities against Japan on Pacific Ocean. In the early 50s, a major overhaul and modernization was carried out with the installation of new radar stations and a three-legged foremast. The destroyers underwent another modernization in China from 1971 to 1974. During the re-equipment, the torpedo tubes were dismantled on the ships, and in their place two twin launchers for the Haiyin-22 anti-ship missiles, which are an analogue of the Soviet P-15 anti-ship missiles. The obsolete anti-aircraft guns were replaced by four twin artillery installations B-11 caliber 37 mm.

Of the three Project 7 destroyers that remain, it is the best preserved destroyer « Zealous", which was withdrawn from the fleet in 1986 and since September 19, 1991 under the name " Taiyuan"(tail number 104) is installed in the city of Dalian as a museum ship on the territory of the local naval institute.

Destroyer « Record"After being expelled from the fleet in 1986, it was relocated to Qingdao and since April 24, 1992, has been on display at the local naval museum.

Destroyer « Decisive"was purchased by the city of Rushan, Shandong Province in August 1990 for use as a ship, but, unfortunately, no work is still being carried out on the Changchun ship, so the legendary destroyer is gradually aging, turning into a pile of iron.

photos of Project 7 destroyers

Project 7 destroyers on the move

destroyer "Anshan" on a combat cruise

destroyer "Taiyuan" as a museum ship

130 mm gun of the destroyer "Taiyuan"

They were chosen as the basis for the creation of new Soviet destroyers.

A total of 53 units were laid down. Of these, 28 were completed according to the original design. 18 were completed according to the 7-U project. 6 were dismantled on the slipway. One (“Resolute”) sank while being towed in a storm after launching (the ship was commanded by the future Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Navy S.G. Gorshkov) and was not completed.

Development history

History of construction

Armament

Main caliber

The main caliber artillery of Project 7 destroyers: four 130-mm B-13-I guns with a barrel length of 50 calibers, manufactured by the Bolshevik plant, vertical guidance angles from −5 to +45°. All types of projectiles (high-explosive fragmentation, semi-armor-piercing and remote grenades) had the same weight - 33.5 kg and were fired from the barrel with an initial speed of 870 m/s to a maximum range of 139 kbt (25.7 km). The ammunition included 150 rounds per barrel; when overloaded (according to the capacity of the magazines), the ship could take up to 185 rounds per barrel - that is, a total of up to 740 shells and charges. The supply of ammunition was carried out manually, the refueling was carried out by a pneumatic rammer.

Anti-aircraft weapons

Anti-aircraft armament consisted of: a pair of 76-mm universal 34-K installations, two 45-mm semi-automatic 21-K, two 12.7-mm DShK machine guns. During the war, anti-aircraft weapons were strengthened by replacing 21-K semi-automatic guns with 70-K automatic guns and installing additional 1-3 (depending on the availability of guns) 70-K machine guns, DShK machine guns or Vickers or Colt anti-aircraft machine guns received under Lend-Lease . The destroyer of the Baltic Fleet "Threatening" also received an additional 76-mm 34-K gun.

Torpedo weapons

Torpedo armament included two 533-mm three-tube 39-Yu propellant torpedo tubes. The torpedo's departure speed was 12 m/s. 533-mm torpedoes 53-38 (53-38U), length 7.4 m, weight 1615 (1725) kg, explosive mass (TNT) 300 (400) kg, range: 4.0 km, speed 44.5 knots, 8 .0 - 34.5, 10.0 - 30.5. According to the project, the destroyers could carry an additional 6 spare torpedoes in racks, but manual reloading of the devices in fresh weather turned out to be impossible. The Northern Fleet command was the first to understand this and in March 1942 ordered the spare torpedoes removed.

Anti-submarine weapons

On the rails located on the upper deck, the ship could take 60 KB-3 mines, or 65 mines of the 1926 model, or 95 mines of the 1912 model (in overload). Standard set of depth charges - 25 pieces (10 large B-1 and 15 small M-1); later it was increased to 40 B-1 and 27 M-1. Large bombs were stored directly in the aft bomb dumpers; small - 12 in the cellar and 8 in the aft rack on the poop.

Power plant

Two main turbo-gear three-hull units of a mixed active-reaction system and three triangular-type water-tube boilers with a capacity of 48,000 liters. With. at 415 rpm, which rotated two propellers with a diameter of 3.18 m and a pitch of 3.65 m.

Assistive devices and systems

Detection, navigation and communication means

Driving performance: overload, stability, seaworthiness

To increase stability, solid ballast (82 - 67 tons) was laid on some of the "sevens" in 1940-1941. The seaworthiness of the "sevens" left much to be desired. Due to the narrowed contours of the bow of the hull, they were strongly buried in the wave; when the sea state was 8 points, the speed dropped to 5-8 knots.

External differences

Crew

Service during the Great Patriotic War

Baltic Fleet

By the beginning of the war, the Baltic Fleet had five “sevens” - the destroyers “Gnevny”, “Proudy”, “Threatening”, “Sharp-witted” and “Steregushchiy”.

The destroyer "Gnevny", the lead ship of this series of destroyers, died at the very beginning of the war, on June 23, 1941, when it exploded on a German minefield. The team managed to keep the ship afloat, however, in the conditions of the discovery of periscopes (which most likely were simply imaginary to observers) and the explosion of the cruiser Maxim Gorky on a mine after the Gnevny, the commander of the detachment of ships, I. G. Svyatov, ordered the evacuation of the destroyer’s crew and the shooting of the damaged one ship.

The destroyer "Gordy" in June-August 1941 acted as part of a detachment of light forces of the Baltic Fleet, participated in mine laying, rescuing crews from the destroyers "Gnevny" and "Angry", provided fire support Soviet troops defending Tallinn. On August 28, 1941, during the evacuation of troops and navy from Tallinn, it was seriously damaged by a mine explosion next to the side; the next day it was attacked by German aircraft, but reached Kronstadt. On September 29, it received additional damage in Kronstadt and was transferred to Leningrad, where it was repaired until October 8. In November, the destroyer was one of the ships that participated in the evacuation of the garrison of the Hanko Peninsula to Leningrad, but on the night of November 13-14, while moving to Hanko, it hit two mines and sank.

The destroyer "Threatening" operated in the Gulf of Riga and in the waters of the Moonsund archipelago in the first months of the war. On July 20, during a mine laying in the Irben Strait, it was damaged by a mine explosion next to the side, after which it went to Kronstadt and was under repair until September. In September, it supported the Soviet troops with fire at Oranienbaum, but on September 18 it again went into repairs in Kronstadt, and on September 21-23, the docked ship received several hits from aerial bombs. In October, the damaged destroyer was transferred to Leningrad, where she was repaired until June 1942. After repairs, “Threatening” was primarily engaged in artillery support for the troops defending Leningrad; in January 1944, it supported Soviet troops with fire during the Krasnoselsko-Ropshin offensive operation.

The destroyer Smetlivy also operated in the Gulf of Riga in June and early July, then moved to Tallinn. In the second half of July, repairs took place in Leningrad, after which it participated in the defense of Tallinn, the Tallinn transition and support for the defenders of Leningrad Soviet troops. On November 3, the ship made the transition to the Hanko naval base, where it took on board 560 soldiers evacuated from the peninsula, but on the way back the destroyer hit two mines and sank; only 80 crew members and 270 passengers were saved.

The destroyer Steregushchiy operated in the Gulf of Riga together with the destroyer Groziashchiy in July-August. On August 11, the destroyer accompanied the hospital ship “Vyacheslav Molotov” on the passage to Kronstadt, and was able to tow the ship that was hit by a mine to its destination. On September 21, the destroyer located near Peterhof was attacked by a group of German bombers, received several direct hits and sank in shallow water. In October, some of the equipment and weapons were removed from the sunken ship, but full-fledged recovery work was not possible due to the proximity of the front line. Only in July 1944, the ship, which had lain at the bottom for almost three years, was raised and returned to the fleet in 1948.

Black Sea Fleet

The Black Sea Fleet had six “sevens” - the destroyers “Bystry”, “Bodriy”, “Boikiy”, “Bditelny”, “Impeccable” and “Besposhchadny”.

In the first days of the war, “Bystry” was engaged in providing air defense for Sevastopol. On July 1, the destroyer was sent to Nikolaev for repairs, but at the exit from the bay it hit a bottom mine and sank. On July 13, the Bystry was raised and docked, but on August 30, the ship was removed from the dock, and in early September, the damaged destroyer was attacked by aircraft and sank again. The bow of the damaged destroyer was already used in the fall of 1941 to repair the same type of Besposhchadny, and the entire hull was raised only after the war for disposal.

“Bodriy” met the beginning of the war in Sevastopol, carried out patrol duty from August to October and participated in supporting and supplying the Soviet troops defending Odessa. On October 31, the ship was attacked by planes and received serious damage from close explosions, which is why it went into repairs for a month and a half. At the end of December, the destroyer, together with the cruisers "Red Caucasus" and "Red Crimea", the leader "Kharkov" and the destroyer "Nezamozhnik", delivered reinforcements and ammunition to Sevastopol, and in January 1942 participated in a tactical landing at Sudak. In February-July 1942, it again went for repairs in Tuapse, in July it was transferred to Poti, but on July 16, the destroyer, which had already completed repairs, was hit by German bombers attacking the port of Poti, received severe damage and was out of action almost until the end of the war - repairs were completed December 31, 1944.

“Boikiy,” like “Bodriy,” was involved in supporting troops in Odessa in August-October, participated in the landing at Grigorievka, then escorted transports going to Sevastopol, and in early November ensured the evacuation of troops and ammunition from Yalta to Sevastopol. On December 28-30, the destroyer took part in the landing in the port of Feodosia. In January, the ship underwent repairs, after which it participated in the supply of Sevastopol and several raiding operations, including raids on the Romanian and Bulgarian coasts. In 1943, until the ban that followed in October on the use of destroyers in combat operations without the sanction of Moscow, Boykiy made several trips to the coast of the Taman Peninsula and Crimea, shelling the coast and laying mines. Since October, the destroyer has gone to sea only sporadically (due to the wear and tear of its mechanisms) and has not taken part in hostilities.

"Vigilant" met the beginning of the war in major repairs in Sevastopol and did not participate in hostilities until October. At the end of October - beginning of November, he took part in the evacuation of troops from Donuzlav and from the Tendrovskaya Spit to Sevastopol, and in February-March he supported the southern flank of the Crimean Front. On April 17, he accompanied the Svaneti ambulance transport on the transition from Sevastopol to Novorossiysk, after the death of the transport, he saved 143 people. He participated in the delivery of reinforcements to Sevastopol, and was one of the last large ships to reach the city (June 25). On July 2, 1942, a destroyer stationed in Novorossiysk was attacked by German bombers; one of the bombs hit the bow torpedo tube and caused the torpedoes to explode, causing the ship to literally be torn into two parts. The destroyer was not subject to restoration.

At the beginning of the war, Bezuprechny was engaged in laying minefields, participated in the defense of Odessa, and was seriously damaged by German aircraft while supporting the landing at Grigoryevka. In November, after repairs, he participated in the evacuation of Soviet troops from Yalta and the Tendra Spit, and the defense of Sevastopol. in January-March 1942 it supported the Soviet landing at Sudak and the southern flank of the Crimean Front. On June 24, the destroyer, together with the leader Tashkent, delivered reinforcements to Sevastopol and removed the wounded. On June 26, the leader and the destroyer set off on their second voyage, but in the evening of the same day the destroyer was attacked by enemy aircraft and sank with the entire crew and soldiers on board.

“Besposhchadny” was also engaged in mine laying in the first days of the war, then participated in the defense of Odessa and the landing of troops at Grigoryevka, during which it received significant damage and was sent for repairs to Sevastopol. In early November, the ship, which was under repair, was again attacked from the air, which is why the hastily repaired ship was evacuated to Poti, where it remained under repair until September 1942. From October 1942 to October 1943, the ship participated in the transportation of troops from Poti and Batumi to Tuapse, escorted transports, and made several trips to the coast of Crimea and to the shores of Bulgaria. October 6, 1943. "Besposhchadny" together with the leader "Kharkov" and the destroyer "Sposobny" made a raid to Yalta and Feodosia. On the way back, the detachment of ships was subjected to four successive attacks by bombers; during the second attack, the destroyer was heavily damaged, and during the next attack, it was finished off.

Northern Fleet

Pacific Fleet

Modernization

Post-war service

“Threatening” became part of the 4th (South-Baltic) Navy in 1946, and from December 1948 - part of the 8th (North-Baltic) Navy. In June 1952, the ship was put under major repairs, but already in August of the following year the repairs were stopped, and the ship was expelled from the Navy and scrapped.

Project 7 destroyers, also known as Gnevny-class destroyers, are a type of destroyers built for the Soviet Navy in the second half of the 30s of the last century. One of the most popular types of destroyers in the history of the Soviet fleet. The head of the country personally supervised their design and construction. Therefore, the "Sevens" were unofficially called destroyers of the "Stalin series". The lead ship was the "Wrathful".

It became part of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet in 1938. A total of 53 units were laid down. Of these, 28 were completed according to the original design. 18 were completed according to project 7U. 6 were dismantled on the slipway. One (“Resolute”) sank while being towed in a storm after launching and was not completed. The main caliber of the Gnevny is four 130 mm guns. Thirty-kilogram one-hundred-thirty shells flew 33 km, literally beyond the horizon. At the same time, the rate of fire of the main battery reached 13 rounds per minute. Torpedoes were also a match for the artillery - the main heavy weapon of the Sevens. Two three-tube devices fired the latest Soviet torpedoes of the 53-39 type. They were put into service just before the war. The torpedoes carried 317 kg of powerful explosives over a distance of up to 10 km.
“Sea cavalry” - this is what the destroyers were called for their speed and maneuverability. Everything about the design of these ships was about speed. That is why they were not equipped with heavy armor protection, as on cruisers. Project 7 destroyers were created for artillery combat and torpedo attacks. They had powerful artillery weapons, modern fire control systems, and reliable power plants. But during the war, the “Seven”, like other ships of the Soviet fleet, were almost not used for their intended purpose. Nevertheless, today I have for you 10 cases of combat use of “Stalin series” destroyers.

1. On March 28, 1942, the destroyer Gremyashchy left Murmansk for Medvezhy Island. The task is to meet and escort convoy PQ-13 to the Kola Bay. On the third day of an intense combat campaign, the signalman saw a vague silhouette through binoculars. A few seconds later he disappeared, as if dissolved among the waves. The submarine is about to dive. The ship's commander, Captain 3rd Rank Gurin, immediately gave the order: - Full speed ahead! Prepare your bombs! "Thundering" rushed to the attack. The Red Navy men took their places at the aft bomb dumpers. - "Reset the first episode! The first one went! The second one went!" The destroyer dropped 6 depth charges, then turned back for a second attack. Debris began to float to the surface in the boiling foam. A large oil stain was spreading on the water. In the depths of the Barents Sea, the German submarine Yu-585 found its grave. This was the first major victory of Soviet destroyers of the famous “Stalin series”.

2. From the first hours of the war, the destroyer "Gnevny", the same one that became the lead of the "Stalin series", received the combat mission of laying minefields at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland in order to prevent the enemy from breaking through to Leningrad. Minelayers went out to sea. They were covered by a detachment of light forces of the Baltic Fleet. The cruiser Maxim Gorky, accompanied by the destroyers Gnevny, Gordy and Steregushchiy. It was no coincidence that the “Sevens” became part of the cover detachment. In terms of artillery and torpedo armament, they were superior to any German destroyer. The light force detachment moved forward in full readiness to fight enemy surface ships, but danger came from under the water. The detachment moved directly into a minefield laid by the Germans at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland even before the start of hostilities, on the night of June 22. The destroyer "Gnevny" was the first. Suddenly there was a deafening explosion, the ship was enveloped in clouds of smoke and steam. The destroyer was blown up by a German EMS type anchor mine. The explosion tore off the bow up to the second gun. 20 people died. The destroyer "Proudy" turned back to provide assistance. It turned out to be impossible to take the damaged ship into tow. In order for the destroyer not to fall to the enemy, it had to be sunk. 186 sailors were removed from the Gnevny, and then they opened fire on it from main-caliber artillery. The lead ship of the “Stalin series” turned out to be the first major loss of the Soviet fleet during the Great Patriotic War. But during this difficult time there were also first victories, even small ones.

3. On the third day of the war, gunners from the destroyer Gremyashchiy shot down a German bomber. This would not be surprising if we were talking about anti-aircraft gunners. But Junkers 88 fell apart in the air, receiving a direct hit from a main caliber gun. The same one hundred and thirty in whose passport data it was written - “does not have anti-aircraft firing properties.”

4. On July 18, 41, Baltic Fleet aircraft discovered an enemy convoy. Several transports guarded by torpedo and patrol boats went through the Irbe Strait to Riga captured by the Germans. The destroyer Steregushchy headed to intercept the convoy. The high speed of 39 knots allowed the destroyer to catch up with the enemy right at the entrance to the port. One hundred and thirty high-explosive shells fell on German ships. Two vehicles caught fire. But return fire from enemy coastal batteries and attacks by Luftwaffe aircraft did not allow the success to be developed. The "Guardian" set off on a reverse course. The destroyer's anti-aircraft crews repelled all attacks from German aircraft. There was no combat damage or loss of personnel on Steregushchy.

5. In the second half of August 1941, German ground forces surrounded the main naval base of the Baltic Fleet, Tallinn. The evacuation of warships and auxiliary vessels to the east to Kronstadt began. I had to walk 170 miles through the mine-strewn Gulf of Finland under continuous attacks from German aircraft. The destroyers covered the cruiser Kirov. On board were the Fleet Headquarters, the Estonian government and the gold reserves of Baltic state banks. During the transition, five destroyers were lost. Another one was blown up by a mine, but survived. It was the destroyer "Proudy". The half-sunken ship was taken into tow by another destroyer, the Ferocious. For almost two days they literally crawled to the base. Two ideal targets for Luftwaffe bombers. Reflecting attacks from the air, the Gordoy anti-aircraft gunners shot through all the ammunition - a thousand shells from each barrel. Two and a half hundred bombs were dropped on the destroyer, but none of them hit the target. The ship was able to reach Kronstadt.

6. In August 1941, the destroyer "Bodriy" entered a firing position in the area of ​​besieged Odessa. One hundred and thirty salvoes destroyed the command post and headquarters of the Romanian infantry division. For this, the crew received gratitude from the command of the Odessa defensive region.

7. In October 41, the enemy approached Sevastopol. The Black Sea "seven" stood up to defend the fleet's main naval base. Under fire from German coastal batteries and aircraft, the destroyers broke through into the besieged city. They transported troops, equipment, ammunition and food, and fired at enemy positions from main-caliber guns. In total, 6 destroyers of the “Stalin series” fought in the Black Sea theater of operations. Four of them died under the bombs of German planes.

8. On November 15, 1943, the destroyer "Razumny" was guarding convoy AB55. Acoustics heard the noise of propellers underwater. "Reasonable" immediately turned around and went on a combat course. The destroyer attacked the enemy submarine with ten BB1 type depth charges. The last three explosions turned out to be unusually powerful. The list of losses of the German submarine fleet was supplemented by the submarine Yu387.

9. But victories were not easy. Two "sevens" of the Northern Fleet did not survive until May 1945. Already at the beginning of the war, Junkers 87 dive bombers sank the destroyer Stremitelny in the Kola Bay. A hundred-kilogram aerial bomb hit the torpedo tube, the torpedoes detonated, the ship broke in half and sank in a matter of seconds.

10. On January 6, 1945, the destroyer Furious was seriously damaged. It was attacked by an acoustic homing torpedo. The explosion tore off the stern of the Enraged, and a fire started on the ship. Thanks to the dedication of the crew, the destroyer stayed afloat and was towed to the base.

Destroyers have become universal soldiers of the sea. Day and night, in rain and snow, these ships went out to lay mines, attacked enemy submarines and transports, landed and supported landing forces with fire from their guns, delivered reinforcements and ammunition to the defenders of besieged cities, transported the wounded and civilians, escorted transport ships, and fought off raids. enemy aircraft. For combat distinctions during the Great Patriotic War, four Project 7 destroyers were awarded the Order of the Red Banner, and Gremyashchiy received the title of “Guards.”

They were developed by the Central Design Bureau of Special Shipbuilding TsKBS-1 according to the program of “naval shipbuilding for 1933-1938”, adopted on July 11, 1933 by the Labor and Defense Council of the USSR. V.A. Nikitin was appointed as the main project manager, and P.O. Trakhtenberg was appointed as the responsible executor. The project was based on theoretical drawings of the Italian company Ansaldo, brought by V.A. Nikitin from Italy, in addition, the model was run in an experimental pool in Rome. Our designers borrowed both the layout of the machine-boiler plant and the general architecture of the ship, but domestic weapons, mechanisms and equipment forced us to deviate largely from the prototype. The ships were intended to launch torpedo attacks on large enemy ships on remote sea lanes, repel mine attacks, guard their own large ships and convoys during long- and short-range passages. maritime zone, as well as laying minefields.

The ship's hull is riveted, with limited use of welding, from sheet low-manganese steel, which had increased strength, but at the same time great fragility. The ship had a forecastle, an upper deck, bow and stern platforms, and a second bottom. Throughout the machine and boiler rooms, a longitudinal hull framing system was used, and at the extremities, a transverse framing system was used. The spacing along the entire length of the hull was 510 mm. At the bow and stern of the engine and boiler rooms there was a living deck covered with linoleum. The main watertight bulkheads reached the upper deck and were 3-4 mm thick. The leader did not have armor protection for the sides and deck; the thickness of the plating sheets was 5-9 mm, and 10 mm in the area of ​​the engine and boiler rooms. The bow and stern bridges were equipped with ship control devices, and also a command and rangefinder post (KDP-4) was located on the bow bridge, and a DM-3 rangefinder on the stern. Under the bow bridge there was a two-tier bow superstructure. In the lower tier of the bow superstructure there were cabins for senior command personnel (the commander and commissar of the ship, the command of the formation), a headquarters cabin, a long-distance radio room, a hydroacoustics station, and an assembly room. In the upper tier there was a control room, a running and navigation room, a short-range communication room, and a encryption post. Under the aft bridge there was a one-tier aft superstructure. In the aft superstructure there was a duty officer's cabin and sanitary facilities for junior officers and crew. From the forecastle and behind the chimney, a chimney casing, an energy and survivability station (PEZ) and rostra for life-saving equipment were located. Above the bulkhead separating the 1st and 2nd MO, on the upper deck, there was another superstructure with a galley, dishwasher and diesel generator room. The officers' quarters were located in the bow, and the sailors lived in cockpits at the bow and stern. The ammunition cellars were equipped with irrigation and flooding systems. Both systems were connected to the fire main. The mast was represented by two masts. The destroyer's silhouette had sharp contours at the bow and one sloping, oval smokestack.

1. Feed water tank, artillery magazine No. 1, crew quarters No. 2, officers' cabins (frame 33-44);
2. Fuel tank, artillery magazines No. 2 and No. 3, crew quarters No. 3, officers' cabins (44-61 frames);
3. Boiler room No. 1 (frame 61-78);
4. Boiler room No. 2 (frame 78-94);
5. Boiler room No. 3 (frame 94-109);
6. Engine room No. 1 (frame 109-133);
7. Auxiliary boiler compartment (frame 133-138);
8. Engine room No. 2 (frame 138-159);
9. Tiller compartment and chemical cabin (frame 205-220);

The anchoring device included two electric capstans, two Hall anchors and one stern stop anchor. The weight of the dead anchor is 1 t, the length of the anchor chains is 184 m. The weight of the stop anchor is 350 kg, the speed of retrieving the anchor chain is 0.2 m/s.

The steering device had an electric drive and one semi-balanced steering wheel located in the center plane. Control was carried out from the main and reserve navigation bridges and from the chart room. Emergency control was carried out manually from the tiller compartment.

Drainage means were represented by 13 water-jet ejectors with water supply from 10 to 100 t/hour and 2 portable ejectors with water supply of 20 t/hour.

Rescue equipment included 1 motor boat, 3 six-oared yawls, lifebuoys and individual lifebelts.

The power plant is mechanical, two-shaft, with two three-case turbo-gear turbines of the Kharkov Turbine Plant model GTZA-24 with a capacity of 25,250 hp each. With. each, located one in the forward engine room and one in the aft engine room. The turbines transmitted rotation through side shafts to two three-bladed fixed pitch propellers (FP). Steam for the turbines was produced by three triangular-type water-tube boilers with oil heating and a symmetrical arrangement of steam superheaters located in the boiler rooms. The steam production of boilers No. 2 and No. 3 was 98.5 t/h each, and the front No. 1 was 83 t/h, since, due to the narrowing of the body, it had 7 nozzles instead of 9, and the heating surface reached 1077 m2, instead of 1264 m2 for the last two. The main engines were controlled manually using speaking pipes and a machine telegraph. To store fuel oil, not only fuel tanks were used, but also double-bottom space, which increased the fuel supply to 500 tons. The ship's full speed was 38 knots. The actual cruising range at an economic speed of 19 knots was 2,500 miles.

The 115 V DC electrical power system was powered by three PST 30/14 dynamos with a power of 50 kW each and one backup diesel generator PN-2F with a power of 30 kW with distribution stations.

The ships' armament consisted of:

1. Of 2 single-barrel 76 mm anti-aircraft guns 34-K with a barrel length of 55 calibers, located on the sides on rostra behind the mainmast. The deck-mounted gun had a shield made of bulletproof armor 13 mm thick. The rate of fire of the installation was 15 rounds/min. The vertical guidance angle is from -5° to +85°, and the horizontal firing angles of both installations are from 20° to 180° on both sides. The initial projectile speed is 800 m/s, the firing range is up to 14.6 km, and the altitude reach is 9 km. The standard ammunition supply was 350 rounds per gun; 846 rounds were taken for overload (according to the capacity of the magazines). The mass of the gun was 4.872 tons.
2. Of 2 single-barrel 45-mm universal semi-automatic 21-K with a barrel length of 46 calibers, located on the side at the forecastle section and providing fire at air targets from the forward heading angles. These installations did not have anti-fragmentation shields or mechanical aiming drives. The crew of the gun consisted of 3 people. The rate of fire of the semi-automatic device was 25 rounds/min. Vertical guidance angle from -10° to +85°. The initial projectile speed is 740 m/s, the firing range is up to 9.2 km, and the altitude reach is 6 km. The mass of the gun reached 507 kg.
3. Of 2 single-barreled 12.7-mm machine guns DK-32, located on the side of the command bridge. The fire mode is automatic only, based on the gas exhaust principle. The rate of fire was 125 rounds/min. followed by a break to cool the barrel. Sighting range The firing range reached 3 km, and the ceiling reached 2 km. The machine guns are powered by a belt, with 50 rounds per belt. The machine gun crew included 2 people. The machine guns had a muzzle brake, a machine-mounted recoil absorber, a shoulder rest and a manual control system with optical sight. Installation weight - no data.
4. Of 2 three-tube 533-mm torpedo tubes (TA) 39-Yu, located in the center plane with the ability to fire salvo torpedoes from the Mina launcher. TA deck rotating with turning angles from 62.5° to 118° on both sides. Powder torpedo tubes were equipped with a manual drive and a mechanical electric drive for remote aiming. For remote control for torpedo firing, the Mina torpedo firing control device was used, which ensured sequential firing of torpedoes. The Mina missile launcher made it possible to solve the torpedo triangle and carry out aiming, both from the hardware and from the ship. The 53-38 torpedo is steam-gas, dual-mode, that is, the base can be set to a range of 4 km and 8 km or 4 km and 10 km. The weight of the torpedo warhead was 300 kg, with the weight of the torpedo itself being 1,615 tons. The torpedo speed reached 44.5 knots (4 km), 34.5 knots (8 km) and 30.5 knots (10 km). The ammunition consisted of 16 torpedoes, 8 of them in the cellar, and the rest in the TA.
5. Of 2 bomb releasers for 16 depth charges BB-1, located at the aft end of the upper deck. The total weight of the large depth charge was 165 kg, and the weight of TNT was 135 kg with a length of 712 mm and a diameter of 430 mm. The immersion speed reached 2.5 m/s, and the damage radius ranged from 8 to 20 meters. The bomb provided an explosion depth setting from 10 to 210 meters.

The ships were equipped with a "Kurs" gyrocompass, a "Poseidon" noise direction finder, 2 sets of DA-1 smoke equipment, a stern set of DA-2 smoke equipment, "Guys-1" radar (on "Gromkoy" SF), "Guys-1M" radar (on " Zeal "Pacific Fleet).

Radar "Guys-1" - the first serial shipborne radar with one antenna (channel), two-dimensional, meter (1.5 meters) wavelength, made it possible to detect and determine the range and azimuth of air and surface targets. The station operated in circular - 360° and sectoral - with an azimuth of 18° modes, with an operating frequency of 200 MHz. The antenna is of the “wave channel” type with a number of revolutions per minute of 3 and a review rate of 20 seconds. The operator observed the detected targets on the CRT screen, which were displayed in the form of vertical pulsating pulses. The radar had a power consumption of 80 kW with a detection range of surface targets such as a battleship of 15 km, a cruiser - 13 km, a destroyer - 9.26 km, a minesweeper - 7.4 km. The accuracy of range determination was 92.6-129.6 meters, and the average error in determining azimuth was no more than 0.55%.

The ships were built at plant No. 190 (7) and at the Baltic plant No. 189 (3) in Leningrad, at the Andre Marti plant No. 198 (4 for the Black Sea Fleet / 12 for the Pacific Fleet) and at plant No. 200 (1 for the Black Sea Fleet / 1 for the Pacific Fleet) in Nikolaev with subsequent assembly of sections at plant No. 199 in Komsomolsk-on-Amur (9) and at Dalzavod No. 202 in Vladivostok (9).

A total of 28 destroyers were built from 1938 to 1940.

Project 7U destroyers

The ship's hull differed from Project 7 in the location of the engine and boiler rooms, as well as the presence of a fourth boiler, which slightly increased the displacement. The forward waterproof bulkhead 1 KO was moved 3 frames forward: from the 61st to the 58th frame. The bow superstructure, along with the KDP-4 and 130 mm guns, was also moved to three spaces. The bow superstructure remained two-tiered with a bow bridge. In the lower tier of the bow superstructure there were cabins for senior command personnel (the commander and commissar of the ship, the command of the formation), a headquarters cabin, a hydroacoustics station, a unit room, batteries and a battery charger. In the upper tier there was a control room, a running and navigation room, a encryption post, a secret communications post and a short-range radio room. The single-tier aft superstructure had a stern bridge. In the aft superstructure there were sanitary rooms for junior command personnel and crew, a battery room, an equipment room, a diesel generator room and a long-distance radio room. From the forecastle and behind the first chimney there was a chimney casing, a galley, a dishwasher and on top a rostra for boats. Near the second chimney there was another superstructure with a workshop and a chemical station, and on top there was a rostra for six-oared yawls, and there was also a DM-3 rangefinder. The officers' quarters were located in the bow, and the sailors lived in cockpits at the bow and stern. The ammunition cellars were equipped with irrigation and flooding systems. Both systems were connected to the fire main. The mast was represented by two masts. The destroyer's silhouette had sharp contours at the bow and two sloping, oval smokestacks.
The ship's unsinkability was ensured by dividing the hull into 15 compartments by waterproof bulkheads:

1. Forepeak, skipper's and painter's storerooms (0-6 frames);
2. Chain box, provision storeroom, capping machine room (6-18 frames);
3. Tank fresh water, refrigerated vehicle room, crew cabin No. 1, wardroom (frame 18-33);
4. Feed water tank, artillery magazine No. 1, crew quarters No. 2, officers' cabins (frames 33-41);
5. Fuel tank, artillery magazines No. 2 and No. 3, crew quarters No. 3, officers' cabins (frames 41-58);
6. Boiler room No. 1 (frame 58-72);
7. Boiler room No. 2 (frame 72-86);
8. Engine room No. 1 (frame 86-109);
9. Boiler room No. 3 (frame 109-123);
10. Boiler room No. 4 (frame 123-137);
11. Engine room No. 2 (frame 137-159);
12. Artillery cellars No. 4 and No. 5, MPUAZO premises, posts (frames 159-175);
13. Chemical storeroom, artillery cellar No. 6, crew quarters No. 4 (frame 175-186);
14. Artillery cellar No. 7, fuel tank, crew quarters No. 5 (frame 186-205);
15. Tiller compartment. (205-220 frame);

The power plant is mechanical, two-shaft, with two three-case turbo-gear turbines of the Kharkov Turbine Plant model GTZA-24 with a capacity of 25,250 hp each. With. each, located one in the forward engine room and one in the aft engine room. The turbines transmitted rotation through side shafts to two three-bladed fixed pitch propellers (FP). Steam for the turbines was produced by four tent-mounted vertical water tube boilers with oil heating, a side screen and a one-way gas flow, equipped with loop superheaters. The steam output of the boilers was 80 t/h, the heating surface of each boiler reached 655 m2, and the pressure was 27.5 kg/cm2 at a temperature of 340°C. The main engines were controlled manually using speaking pipes and a machine telegraph. To store fuel oil, not only fuel tanks were used, but also double-bottom space. The ship's full speed was 37 knots. The actual cruising range at an economic speed of 19 knots was 2380 miles.

The 115 V DC electric power system was powered by two PG-3 turbogenerators with a power of 100 kW each and two backup diesel generators with a power of 50 kW each with distribution stations.

The ships' armament consisted of:

1. Of the 4 single-barrel 130-mm B-13 gun mounts with a barrel length of 50 calibers, two are located on the forecastle and two in the stern. The ammunition load, amounting to 150 rounds per barrel (175 per overload), was located in four artillery magazines. Its supply was carried out by two elevators (one for charges, the other for shells) for each gun; in case of failure, there were pipes for manual feeding, and the guns were loaded manually. The deck-mounted gun had a shield made of bulletproof armor 13 mm thick. The crew of the gun included 11 people. The rate of fire of the installation, depending on the elevation angle, was 6-10 rounds/min. Vertical guidance angle from -5° to +45°. The initial projectile speed is 870 m/s, the firing range is up to 27.5 km. The weight of the gun with the mounting and shield was 12.8 tons. The artillery fire was controlled by the Mina PUAO, which made it possible to determine the full angles of vertical and horizontal guidance of the guns while constantly monitoring the target. Observation of the surface target was carried out using two 4-meter rangefinders located in the bow command and rangefinder post (KDP-4).
2. Of 2 single-barreled 76-mm anti-aircraft guns 34-K with a barrel length of 55 calibers, located on the side of the aft bridge. The deck-mounted gun had a shield made of bulletproof armor 13 mm thick. The rate of fire of the installation was 15 rounds/min. The vertical guidance angle is from -5° to +85°, and the horizontal firing angles of both installations are from 20° to 180° on both sides. The initial projectile speed is 800 m/s, the firing range is up to 14.6 km, and the altitude reach is 9 km. The standard ammunition supply was 350 rounds per gun; 846 rounds were taken for overload (according to the capacity of the magazines). The mass of the gun was 4.872 tons.
3. Of 3 single-barrel 45-mm universal semi-automatic 21-K with a barrel length of 46 calibers, two located on the sides and one in the center plane on the area behind the first chimney. These installations did not have anti-fragmentation shields or mechanical aiming drives. The crew of the gun consisted of 3 people. The rate of fire of the semi-automatic device was 25 rounds/min. Vertical guidance angle from -10° to +85°. The initial projectile speed is 740 m/s, the firing range is up to 9.2 km, and the altitude reach is 6 km. The mass of the gun reached 507 kg.
4. Of 4 single-barrel 12.7-mm DShK machine guns with a barrel length of 84 caliber, two located on the side on the command bridge and two on the side at the forecastle section. The fire mode is automatic only, based on the gas exhaust principle. The rate of fire was 125 rounds/min. followed by a break to cool the barrel. The target firing range reached 3.5 km, and the ceiling reached 2.4 km at initial speed bullets 850 m/s. The machine guns are powered by a belt, with 50 rounds per belt. The machine gun crew included 2 people. The machine guns had a muzzle brake, a machine-mounted recoil absorber, a shoulder rest, and a manual control system with an optical sight. Installation weight - no data.
5. Of 2 three-tube 533-mm torpedo tubes (TA) 1-N, located in the center plane with the ability to fire salvo torpedoes from the Mina launcher. TA deck rotating with rotation angles from 45° to 135° on both sides. Combined torpedo tubes with the ability to fire both gunpowder and pneumatically. They were equipped with a manual drive and a mechanical electric drive for remote aiming. For remote control of torpedo firing, the Mina torpedo firing control device was used, which provided sequential and salvo firing of torpedoes. The Mina missile launcher made it possible to solve the torpedo triangle and carry out aiming, both from the hardware and from the ship. A number of improvements were made to the design of the TA, which doubled the accuracy of its targeting. The 53-38 torpedo is steam-gas, dual-mode, that is, the base can be set to a range of 4 km and 8 km or 4 km and 10 km. The weight of the torpedo warhead was 300 kg, with the weight of the torpedo itself being 1,615 tons. The torpedo speed reached 44.5 knots (4 km), 34.5 knots (8 km) and 30.5 knots (10 km). The ammunition consisted of 16 torpedoes, 8 of them in the cellar, and the rest in the TA.
6. From 65 anchor mines of the 1926 model. The impact-mechanical mine with a sphero-cylindrical body made of galvanized iron sheet had dimensions of 1840x900x1000 mm. The drum with the minrep, located on the body of the mine, had a hydrostatic device that controlled the unwinding of the minrep. After being dropped, the mine sank to the bottom without being separated from the anchor. After a while, the sugar disconnector worked and she began to float. When a given depression was reached, the hydrostatic device stopped the unwinding of the minrep. The warhead contained 254 kg of explosives, the time to reach the combat position was from 15 to 25 minutes. Mine rails were used to lay mines, making it easier to lay mines on the move. The greatest depth of the installation site was 130 meters, the smallest 18 meters. The deepest depth of the mine from the surface is up to 6.1 meters, the smallest is about 1.2 meters. The minimum mine interval reached 41 meters at highest speed travel when setting mines at 24 knots and the highest side height of 4.6 meters. The explosion delay when the mine was triggered was 0.05 seconds.
7. Of 2 bomb releasers for 16 depth charges BB-1, located at the aft end of the upper deck. The total weight of the large depth charge was 165 kg, and the weight of TNT was 135 kg with a length of 712 mm and a diameter of 430 mm. The immersion speed reached 2.5 m/s, and the damage radius ranged from 8 to 20 meters. The bomb provided an explosion depth setting from 10 to 210 meters.

The Mina-7 main caliber fire control system included:

• Main caliber artillery fire control device (MAO) "Mina-7" consisting of:
  • From the central automatic fire control system of the main caliber TsAS-2 (calculating and solving device), which, based on data received from rangefinder posts, generated the coordinates, speed and heading angle of the target, while simultaneously giving out the horizontal and vertical aiming angles of the guns. In addition to controlling the fire of the main caliber, it had a scheme for generating a torpedo aiming angle, that is, it could also be used as a torpedo firing machine.
• Data on the course of their ship was automatically received from the Kurs gyrocompass; unfortunately, in practice its capabilities were severely limited due to low accuracy.
• Information about the target was sent to the fire control system from the rangefinders of the command and rangefinder post KDP-4 and the night sights of the central aiming VMC-2.

The ships of the project were equipped with a Kurs gyrocompass, a Poseidon noise direction finder, 2 sets of DA-1 smoke equipment, a stern set of DA-2 smoke equipment, MDSh smoke bombs, and a Guys-1M radar (on the Strogoy BF).

The Kurs type gyrocompass is a two-rotor with a sensitive element in the form of a floating gyrosphere, the prototype of which was the New Anschutz gyrocompass, created in Germany in 1926. The gyrocompass had a damping switch, which provided a smaller ballistic error; the readiness time after launch was 4-6 hours; in addition, manual inputs were required to take into account the speed correction with each change in speed, as well as with changes in latitude. The disadvantage of the gyrocompass was the lack of an autonomous emergency power source, a tachometer to determine the number of revolutions of the power supply unit, and non-self-synchronizing receiving peripheral devices, which required systematic monitoring of their consistency with the main compass. The gyrocompass readings were sent to repeaters. The latter were located at various combat posts and, after they were turned on and coordinated with the gyrocompass, showed the ship's course.

The Poseidon ShPS was intended for passive detection of targets by recording and classifying their noise. The station provided detection of a target “on the foot” based on the structure of the noise signal at a range from 740 meters to 2.5 km, the direction finding accuracy ranged from 5-10°, and the ShPS itself could not determine the distance to the target.

Smoke equipment DA-1 steam-oil (smoke substance - fuel oil), had an exhaust through a chimney with a productivity of 50 kg/min. The height of the curtain was 40 - 60 meters.

The DA-2 smoke equipment was mounted on the stern and was acidic - they used a C-IV mixture (a solution of sulfur dioxide in chlorosulfonic acid) as a smoke-forming substance, which, using compressed air was supplied to the nozzles and sprayed into the atmosphere.

The MDSh naval smoke bomb, adopted for service in 1935, was intended for ships that did not have stationary smoke equipment. A solid smoke mixture based on ammonia and anthracene is used as a smoke generator in the bomb. With a length of 487 mm and a weight of 40-45 kg, its operating time is eight minutes, and the created smoke screen reaches 350 meters in length and 17 meters in height.

Radar "Guys-1M" - a shipborne radar with two antennas (channels), two-coordinate, meter (1.43 meters) wavelength, made it possible to detect and determine the range and azimuth to air and surface targets and the coastline for ships of the MO, BO, SKR, TSCH and destroyers. The station operated in circular - 360° and sectoral - with an azimuth of 18° modes, with an operating frequency of 209.79 MHz. Two antennas are of the “wave channel” type with a radiation pattern angle in the horizontal plane of 22°, a rotation speed of 3 and a viewing rate of 20 seconds. Radiation and reception could be carried out both on both antennas operating in phase, and on one. The operator observed the detected targets on the CRT screen, which was an oscillographic marker on the LO-709 tube. The CRT introduced a “strobe signal” and a system of strict linear scanning of the electron beam. The use of the “electric magnifying glass” scheme made it possible to increase the distance resolution and, at longer detection ranges, to examine and determine in more detail the number and nature of surface targets. The radar had a power consumption of 80 kW with a detection range of surface targets of the cruiser type - 11 km, destroyer - up to 8 km, minesweeper - up to 6.5 km. Equipment weight – 174 kg. The range determination accuracy was 92.5 meters, and the average azimuth determination error was no more than 0.42%.

The ships were built at plant No. 190 (10) and at the Baltic plant No. 189 (3) in Leningrad and at plant No. 200 (5 for the Black Sea Fleet) in Nikolaev.

The lead "Storozhevoy" entered service with the Baltic Fleet in October 1940.

A total of 18 destroyers were built from 1940 to 1942.