Cross-country skiing: Regulations and rules. Ski race

Technique

The main styles of skiing are "classic style" and "free style".

Classic style

The original "classic style" includes those types of movement in which the skier passes almost the entire distance along a previously prepared ski track, consisting of two parallel tracks. "Classic" ski moves are divided according to the method of repulsion with sticks into alternating and simultaneous. According to the number of steps in one cycle, one-step, alternately two-step and stepless moves are distinguished simultaneously. The most common are the alternating two-step move (used on uphill sections and gentle slopes, and with very good glide - on moderately steep slopes (up to 5 °)) and simultaneous one-step move (used on flat areas, on gentle ascents with good glide, as well as on slopes with satisfactory sliding).

Free style

"Free style" implies that the skier is free to choose the way to move along the distance, but since the "classic" move is inferior in speed to the "skate", "free style" is, in fact, a synonym for "skating". Skating methods of transportation have been widely used since 1981, when the Finnish skier Pauli Siitonen, who was then already over 40, used it for the first time in competitions (in a 55 km race) and won. The most common are simultaneous two-step skating (used both on flat areas and on slopes of small and medium steepness) and simultaneous one-step skating (used during starting acceleration, on any plains and gentle sections of the distance, as well as on slopes up to 10-12 ° ).

Climbing

Climbs can be overcome either by one of the types of skating, or by the following methods: gliding step (on slopes with a steepness of 5 ° to 10 °), stepping step (from 10 ° to 15 °), running step (15 ° and more), “half-herringbone ”, “herringbone”, “ladder” (not used in competitions), in some cases, when the rise is quite sharp, the “herringbone” is used.

Descent

When descending, athletes use different kinds racks, differing in the angle of bending the knees. In a high stance, this angle is 140-160 °, for a medium stance, the knee bend angle is 120-140 ° (120-130 ° for a variant of this stance, the so-called “rest” stance), both are used on uneven slopes. And on smooth slopes, the fastest, lowest, stance is used, for which the knee bend angle is less than 120 °.

Braking

The most common braking "plow". At the same time, when descending obliquely, stop braking is often used. To prevent injuries in the event of unexpected obstacles on the track, it is sometimes necessary to apply fall braking, but not in a sitting position, but sideways, for which its own, safest, execution technique has also been developed.

Turn

The step turn is very common in competition, while the plow turn is often used for tight turns. Sometimes methods such as turning with an emphasis, turning from an emphasis and turning on parallel skis are used.

The main types of cross-country skiing

• Time trial competition
• Mass start competitions (mass start)
• Pursuit races (skiathlon, Gundersen system)
• Individual sprint
• Team sprint

Time trial competition

With a separate start, athletes start at a certain interval in a certain sequence. As a rule, the interval is 30 s (less often - 15 s or 1 min). The sequence is determined by the draw or the current position of the athlete in the ranking (the strongest start last). Pair separate start is possible. The final result of the athlete is calculated by the formula "finish time" minus "start time".

Mass start competition

In the mass start, all athletes start at the same time. At the same time, athletes best rating occupy the most advantageous places at the start. The final result coincides with the finish time of the athlete.

pursuit racing

Pursuit races (pursuit, eng. pursuit- pursuit) are combined competitions, consisting of several stages. At the same time, the starting position of athletes at all stages (except the first) is determined by the results of the previous stages. As a rule, in cross-country skiing, the pursuit takes place in two stages, one of which the athletes run in the classic style, and the other in the free style.

Break-in pursuit are held in two days, less often - with an interval of several hours. The first race takes place, as a rule, with a separate start. According to its final results, the gap from the leader for each of the participants is determined. The second race is played with a handicap equal to this gap. The winner of the first race starts first. The final result of the pursuit race coincides with the finish time of the second race.

Non-stop pursuit (duathlon; in June 2011, the FIS Ski Committee officially renamed the duathlon to "skiathlon") starts from the general start. After overcoming the first half of the distance with one style, athletes change skis in a specially equipped area and immediately overcome the second half of the distance with another style. The final result of the pursuit without a break coincides with the finish time of the athlete.

relay races

Teams consisting of four athletes compete in relay races (less often - three). Ski relay races consist of four stages (less often - three). Relay races can be run in one style (all participants run their stages in classic or free style) or in two styles (stages 1 and 2, participants run in classic style, and stages 3 and 4 in free style). The relay race starts with a mass start, while the most advantageous places at the start are determined by a draw, or they are received by the teams that took the highest places in previous similar competitions. The transfer of the baton is carried out by touching the palm of any part of the body of the starting athlete of his team, while both athletes are in the transfer zone. The final result of the relay team is calculated by the formula "finish time of the last team member" minus "start time of the first team member" (usually equal to zero).

Individual sprint

Individual sprint competitions begin with a qualification (prologue), which is organized in the individual start format. After qualification, the selected athletes compete in the sprint finals, which take place in the form of races of various formats with a mass start, the mass start consists of four people (varies). The number of athletes selected for the final heats does not exceed 30. Quarter-finals are held first, then semi-finals and finally final A. The table of final results of the individual sprint is formed in the following order: results of the final A, participants in the semi-finals, participants in the quarter-finals, non-qualified participants.

Team sprint

The team sprint is held as a relay race with teams consisting of two athletes who alternately replace each other, running 3-6 laps of the track each. With a sufficiently large number of declared teams, two semi-finals are held, of which an equal number the best teams qualified for the final. The team sprint starts with a mass start. The final result of the team sprint is calculated according to the relay rules.

Distance length

At official competitions, the length of the distance ranges from 800 m to 50 km. In this case, one distance may consist of several circles (for entertainment).

Literature

Skiing: Proc. for in-comrade and tech. physical cult / Ed. V. D. Evstratova, B. I. Sergeeva, G. B. Chukardina. - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1989. - 319 p.

Educational film

• Skiing technique.. Soyuzsportfilm. 1984. 23 minutes.

Links

• International Ski Federation
• Cross-country skiing at Coldsport.net (Russian)

Notes

see also

Ski racing for a certain distance along a specially prepared track among persons of a certain category (age, gender, etc.). Skiing has become one of the most popular sports around the world. winter sports. There is no sport more democratic, accessible, so closely connected with nature and so useful for a person. They belong to cyclic sports.

The first skis appeared among the ancient hunters in northern countries Oh. The appearance of skis was due to the need of a person to get food on the hunt in winter and move around the area covered with snow. Skis appeared everywhere where a person lived in conditions snowy winter. The first skis were walking. One of the latest finds (A.M. Miklyaev, 1982) was found on the territory of the Pskov region. According to experts, this ski is one of the oldest - made about 4300 years ago. The first written documents on the use of sliding skis date back to the 6th-7th centuries. n. e. The Gothic monk Jordanes in 552, the Greek historians Jordanes in the 6th century, Abel the Deacon in 770. describe the use of skis by Laplanders and Finns in everyday life and hunting. At the end of the 7th century The historian Verefrid gave detailed description skis and their use by the peoples of the North in the hunt for the beast. King of Norway Olaf Trugvasson according to the records of 925. represented by a good skier. In 960 skis are mentioned as an accessory for training Norwegian court dignitaries. The first use of the word "ski" in Russia refers to the XII century. Metropolitan Nikifor in a letter to Kyiv prince Vladimir Monomakh uses the word "ski".

The folk epic of the northern countries often represented gods on skis, which was considered one of the main advantages, for example, the Norwegian god of skiing and hunting Ull. The forced need of primitive man to invent and use skis in winter for food production later became the basis for their wide development.

In addition to domestic needs and hunting, skis began to be used as a means of communication and in military affairs. In the Nikon chronicle for 1444. described successful campaign Moscow ski rati to defend Ryazan from the Tatar prince Mustafa from the Golden Horde. Skis were used in the armies of Peter I and Catherine II. The roots of folk fun, fun, games, skiing entertainment, including those with elements of competitions, go back to the hoary antiquity of centuries.

The first ski race was held in Norway in 1767. Then the example of the Norwegians was followed by the Swedes and Finns, and later the passion for racing arose in Central Europe. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. in many countries there were national ski clubs. In 1924, the International Federation skiing(FIS). In 2000 FIS had 98 national federations. in the winter program Olympic Games cross-country skiing has been included since 1924.

Technique

The main styles of skiing are "classic style" and "free style".
Classic style. The original "classic style" includes those types of movement in which the skier passes almost the entire distance along a previously prepared ski track, consisting of two parallel tracks. "Classic" ski moves are divided according to the method of repulsion with sticks into alternating and simultaneous. According to the number of steps in one cycle, one-step, alternately two-step and stepless moves are distinguished at the same time. The most common are the alternating two-step move (used on uphill sections and gentle slopes, and with very good glide - on moderately steep slopes (up to 5 °)) and simultaneous one-step move (used on flat areas, on gentle ascents with good glide, as well as on slopes with satisfactory sliding).
Free style. "Free style" implies that the skier is free to choose the way to move along the distance, but since the "classic" move is inferior in speed to the "skate", "free style" is, in fact, a synonym for "skating". Skating methods of transportation have been widely used since 1981, when the Finnish skier Pauli Siitonen, who was then already over 40, used it for the first time in competitions (in a 55 km race) and won. The most common are simultaneous two-step skating (used both on flat areas and on slopes of small and medium steepness) and simultaneous one-step skating (used during starting acceleration, on any plains and gentle sections of the distance, as well as on slopes up to 10-12 ° ).
Overcoming climbs. Climbs can be overcome either by one of the types of skating, or by the following methods: gliding step (on slopes with a steepness of 5 ° to 10 °), stepping step (from 10 ° to 15 °), running step (15 ° and more), “half herringbone ”, “herringbone”, “ladder” (not used in competitions), in some cases, when the rise is quite sharp, the “herringbone” is used.
Descent. When descending, athletes use different types of stances, which differ in the angle of bending of the knees. In a high stance, this angle is 140-160 °, for a medium stance, the knee bend angle is 120-140 ° (120-130 ° for a variant of this stance, the so-called “rest” stance), both are used on uneven slopes. And on even descents, the fastest, lowest stance is used, for which the knee bend angle is less than 120 °.
Braking. The most common braking "plow". At the same time, when descending obliquely, stop braking is often used. To prevent injuries in the event of unexpected obstacles on the track, it is sometimes necessary to apply braking by falling, but not in a gray position, but sideways, for which its own, safest, execution technique has also been developed.
Turn. The step turn is very common in competition, while the plow turn is often used for tight turns. Sometimes methods such as turning with an emphasis, turning from an emphasis and turning on parallel skis are used.

The main types of cross-country skiing

Competitions with a separate start. With a separate start, athletes start at a certain interval in a certain sequence. As a rule, the interval is 30 s (less often - 15 s or 1 min). The sequence is determined by a draw or the current position of the athlete in the ranking (the strongest start last). Pair separate start is possible. The final result of the athlete is calculated by the formula "finish time" minus "start time".
Competitions with a general start (mass start). In the mass start, all athletes start at the same time. At the same time, athletes with the best rating take the most advantageous places at the start. The final result coincides with the finish time of the athlete.
Pursuit races (pursuit, Gundersen system). Pursuit races (pursuit, English pursuit - pursuit) are combined competitions, consisting of several stages. At the same time, the starting position of athletes at all stages (except the first) is determined by the results of the previous stages. As a rule, in cross-country skiing, the pursuit takes place in two stages, one of which the athletes run in the classic style, and the other in the free style. Pursuit races with a break are held in two days, less often - with an interval of several hours. The first race takes place, as a rule, with a separate start. According to its final results, the gap from the leader for each of the participants is determined. The second race is played with a handicap equal to this gap. The winner of the first race starts first. The final result of the pursuit race coincides with the finish time of the second race. The non-stop pursuit (duathlon) begins with a general start. After overcoming the first half of the distance with one style, athletes change skis in a specially equipped area and immediately overcome the second half of the distance with another style. The final result of the pursuit without a break coincides with the finish time of the athlete.
Relays. Teams consisting of four athletes compete in relay races (less often - three). Ski relay races consist of four stages (rarely - three), of which stages 1 and 2 run in the classical style, and stages 3 and 4 - in the free style. The relay begins with a mass start, with the most advantageous places at the start being determined by a draw, or they are given to the teams that took the highest places in previous similar competitions. The transfer of the baton is carried out by touching the palm of any part of the body of the starting athlete of his team, while both athletes are in the transfer zone. The final result of the relay team is calculated by the formula "finish time of the last team member" minus "start time of the first team member" (usually equal to zero).
Individual sprint. Individual sprint competitions begin with a qualification (prologue), which is organized in the separate start format. After qualification, the selected athletes compete in the sprint finals, which take place in the form of races of various formats with a mass start, the mass start consists of four people (varies). The number of athletes selected for the final heats does not exceed 30. Quarter-finals are held first, then semi-finals and finally final A. The table of final results of the individual sprint is formed in the following order: results of the final A, participants in the semi-finals, participants in the quarter-finals, non-qualified participants.
Team sprint. The team sprint is held as a relay race with teams consisting of two athletes who alternately replace each other, running 3-6 laps of the track each. With a sufficiently large number of declared teams, two semi-finals are held, from which an equal number of the best teams are selected for the final. The team sprint starts with a mass start. The final result of the team sprint is calculated according to the relay rules.

Competition rules approved international association ski racing. Tournament organizers have the right to determine suitable disciplines and make other amendments that do not contradict the basic rules.

Track Requirements

A cross-country skiing track is a specially defined section of the terrain, which is suitably prepared, has a width of three or more meters, which allows the passage of special equipment for compacting snow and laying tracks.

According to the official rules, cross-country skiing is held on tracks that for this sport must be located in such a way that there is an objective possibility of assessing the technical, tactical and speed training of skiers.

The coefficient of complexity of the competition should be selected depending on the level of the competition, the age category and the skill of the participants.

The track provides for turns, descents, ascents, sections passing through the forest, as well as other features to avoid monotony. All natural obstacles must be in harmony on the track and not disrupt the overall rhythm of the race.

Descent zones are arranged so that skiers can overtake, and athletes with different speeds can pass sections without interfering with each other.

starting position

In this sport, several types of starts are used:

• Personal (after 30 seconds interval);
• Group;
• General.

The start notification procedure is as follows:

1. The judge at the start for 10 seconds gives the command "Attention";
2. After 5 seconds, it starts the countdown;
3. At its end, the command "Start" or "March" follows;
4. In the case of electronic timing, a signal sounds synchronously with the start command;
5. The clock counting the starting seconds must be placed in good visibility for the athletes.

The skier at the starting position should be located in this way:

• The skier's feet are in front of the starting line, the participant himself remains motionless until the “March” command;
• Sticks are installed statically in front of the start line.

In the event of a false start and a manual countdown, the offending skier returns to his place, the countdown starts again, the start time is the data specified in the protocol.

Fixing the start time by electronic means allows the athlete to start within three seconds before and after the signal. An earlier move counts as a false start. The skier returns to the starting position, crosses the line behind the electronic gate and tries again. If a late start occurs three seconds after the signal, the time is recorded in a protocol way. A participant who has delayed his own start is not entitled to join in time with other athletes.

If the jury is of the opinion that uncontrollable forces contributed to the violation of the start, the actual start time may be taken into account.

The general start is the position that the highest ranked athlete leaves first. The rest of the participants start in descending order of rating positions.

Finish Features

The front of the skier's foot that crosses the finish line determines the time to complete the course.

The electronic reference system fixes the finish when the contact of the electronic chronometer is interrupted. The photocell should be placed 250 mm above the snow level.

Most cross-country skiing competitions use a photo finish. It is a pair of video cameras, one of which is located at the edge of the finish line, the second is placed at a certain angle in front of the participant. Sometimes an additional camera is used to record the numbers of the finishing athletes. This approach helps to avoid misunderstandings in the event of almost simultaneous completion of the race by several athletes.

If several skiers pass the finish with photo fixation synchronously, the time is determined in the sequence in which the front feet of the participants overcome the vertical of the finish line, the width of which should not be more than 100 mm.

Passing the distance

The rules of cross-country skiing stipulate that when overcoming the distance, the skier is prohibited from using other devices for moving, except for skis and sticks.

The athlete is obliged to adhere to the intended route, pass through all control points. The skier is not allowed to shorten the distance of the race by cutting off. You can not go into the middle of the turning arc, if there is such a marking on the turns of the route.

If ski marking is provided, the entire path must be covered on inventory under one marking (it is forbidden to change skis).

It is forbidden to accompany the athlete in front, behind or to the side when he passes the track.

A skier who has committed a violation of the rules during the course is removed specifically from this track. It is unacceptable for an athlete to receive any assistance that is not provided for by the current rules.

Catcher and shortstop: shadow key players

An important role in the baseball team is played by players in two different positions....

Ski race- a winter Olympic sport in which athletes need to overcome a certain distance on skis in the minimum time. Cross-country skiing is divided into men's and women's.

The International Ski Federation (FIS) was founded in 1924 and unites national federations.

The history of the emergence and development of cross-country skiing (skiing)

Historians and dated 6-7 century BC. written evidence suggests that the first skis appeared among northern hunters. The first skis were very similar to today's snowshoes.

Due to the harsh climate, the Norwegians showed the greatest interest in skiing. In the early 18th century, skiing was part of the compulsory training program for Norwegian troops. And at the end of the same century, the first cross-country skiing competitions were held.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the world's first ski community was established. A little later, the first ski club was opened in Finland, after which such clubs appeared in many countries of Europe, America and Asia. By the end of the century, cross-country skiing competitions began to be held in almost all countries of the world.

Cross-country skiing first appeared at the Olympic winter games 1924 in Chamonix. Women's competition appeared at the 1952 Oslo Olympics.

Ski racing rules

Competition rules approved International Federation skiing (“Rules of international competitions”).

The following types of starts are used in competitions: individual, general, group and pursuit starts. In separate starts, intervals of 30 seconds are usually used.

The starter gives a warning: "Attention" 10 seconds before the start. 5 seconds before the start, the countdown begins: "5 ... 4 ... 3 ... 2 ... 1", followed by the starting signal "March". During the race, athletes are not allowed to use other means of transportation, except for skis and ski poles. Skiers must go only along the track and pass all checkpoints.

On the way, athletes can change one ski or poles. The panel of judges monitors the change of skis, before the start all skis are marked.

The finish time is recorded manually or electrically and is given in full seconds.

Ski track

Cross-country skiing tracks must be located so that they the best way provided an opportunity to assess the technical, tactical and physical training athletes. The level of difficulty must match the level of the competition. The main components of the track for cross-country skiing:

• One third of the course should be climbs with an angle of 9% to 18% with a height difference of more than 10 meters, as well as several short climbs with a steepness of more than 18%.
• One third is hilly rugged terrain, consisting of short ascents and descents (with a height difference of 1 to 9 meters).
• One third are varied descents requiring different descent techniques. Tracks are used only in the direction established for the competition.

It is better if the track consists of several circles, so that the spectators can enjoy watching the competing athletes. At official competitions, the length of the distance ranges from 800 m to 50 km.

Equipment for cross-country skiing

• Skis are the main element of a skier's equipment. Skis are classic, skating and combined. Previously, when choosing skis, it was important skier height, now the length of the skis primarily depends on the weight. Each manufacturer has tables that describe what length of skis corresponds to what weight.
• Boots are special footwear designed to be used with skis.
• Mounts come in two systems - SNS and NNN and ski boots fit only one of them.
• Ski poles are equipment used by skiers to maintain balance and speed up movement when skiing.

Skiing styles

Skating style (free) - implies that the skier can independently choose the method by which he will move along the distance. This style outperforms the classic style in speed.

Classic style - a type of movement in which the skier runs almost the entire distance along the prepared track. "Classic" ski moves are divided according to the method of repulsion with sticks into alternating and simultaneous.

The main types of cross-country skiing

• Timed start competitions are skiing competitions in which athletes start one after another at a certain interval. Usually the interval between starts is 30 seconds.
• Mass start competitions are skiing competitions in which all athletes start at the same time.
• Pursuit or pursuit (eng. pursuit - pursuit) - a competition of several stages. One of the stages, skiers run in classic style, and the other - in skating style. The position of the skiers at all stages is determined by the results of the previous stages.
• Relay is a ski competition in which teams of four competitors compete. The ski relay consists of 4 stages. Relay races can be run in one style (all participants run their stages in classic or free style) or in two styles (stages 1 and 2, participants run in classic style, and stages 3 and 4 in free style). The transfer of the baton is carried out by touching the palm of any part of the body of the starting athlete of his team, while both athletes are in the transfer zone.
• Sprint (individual and team).

Cross-country skiing competitions

• The Olympic Games are the most prestigious cross-country skiing competitions, held every 4 years.
• The World Cross-Country Championship is the second most prestigious cross-country skiing competition, held every odd year.
• The Cross Country Ski World Cup is an annual cross country skiing competition held by the International Ski Federation from October to March.

The guidelines for all international races are the FIS-issued "Rules for International Competitions".

Competitive distances

The entire route is marked with flags of the same color. Distances of 30 and 50 km in most cases run in several circles.

For races over 30 km, two service points must be installed. The height difference between the lowest and highest section of the course for women must be no more than 100 m in the 5 km race and 150 m in the 10 km race.

For men - no more than 200 m in the 10 km race, 250 m in the 15 km race and all longer distances. In case of deep snow, the organizers lay, in addition to the main track, a pole track. At the start of the relay races, the ski tracks are used in the amount in which the teams enter the competition.

After about 200 m, these individual tracks merge into the main track. For each competition, a scheme of the route is prepared, on which the elevation changes and the length of the ascents are indicated.

Competitive disciplines

The Olympic competitive disciplines are 5 km, 10 km, 20 km and 4 x 5 km relay for women and 15 km, 30 km, 50 km and 4 x 10 km relay for men.

Course of the competition

In cross-country skiing, the start is taken one by one with an interval of at least 30 seconds. Starters are divided into 4 groups according to the results. Group 1 with the strongest riders starts at the end of all participants in tactically more favorable conditions.

Starting with the 1976 Olympic Games, the direct order of the numbers of the starting groups, i.e. from 1st to 4th, has been restored, in contrast to the reverse order that existed before. The 4th group is considered the strongest (i.e. the last one, which used to be under No. 1), but often this is not entirely true, because. the distribution of the riders of one team into groups takes place in accordance with the tactical considerations of the coach.

The order within the group is determined by a draw. Only in relay races and mass races is a general start given. If overtaking is not taken into account, the track cannot be left. Only at the request of "Skiing!" The one in front must step aside.