Obvious facts that can amaze. Are fingerprints unique?

Then he will jump down and up the glass without stopping.

Regular sex three times a week helps people look 7-12 years younger.

Eating a pack of chips every day is the same as drinking 5 liters of sunflower oil a year.

In Tibet, people drink tea with salt, not with sugar, as is customary in our country.

AT East Africa you can buy banana beer.

The oldest letter is O, it has not changed its appearance since 1300 BC.

Tuatars (beakheads) are lizard-like animals that are found in New Zealand and have existed on Earth for at least 200 million years. But it is not their age that is surprising, but the fact that tuatars have a third eye - with a lens, cornea, retina and optic nerve connected to the brain. This is a real full-fledged third eye, which by the age of six months is completely covered with scales, and the animal becomes like everyone else, with two eyes.

Lefties live about 9 years longer than righties.

Men, on average, a third stronger than women, especially for the muscle group above the waist, and the weight of their brain is more than the female.

Many lipsticks contain fish scales.

The density of ice is approximately equal to the density of concrete. That is why it is so difficult to excavate in permafrost regions. It is impossible, for example, to dig the foundation of a house into the ground there. Therefore, often in northern cities houses are built on piles.

When inhaling, there is more air in the right lung than in the left.

People who drink coffee regularly are much less likely to get asthma than others.

A soap bubble bursts in 0.001 seconds. nuclear reaction lasts 0.000000000000000 001 seconds (ten to the minus eighteenth power of a second). By the way, film soap bubble is one of the thinnest things that are available to the naked eye. “Thin as hair” or “thin as tissue paper” means a huge thickness next to the thickness of the wall of a soap bubble, which is 5000 times thinner than hair and tissue paper.

In the seventeenth century, when anti-Catholic and anti-papal sentiments began to spread among the Puritans, they stuffed wicker effigies of the Pope with live cats as a protest and burned them. Kind people...

Chewing gum helps keep you from crying while cutting onions.

If you pour alcohol on a scorpion's back, it will stab itself to death.

To cleanse the stomach, some species of frogs practically turn their stomach outward, “squeeze” it with their right paw and put it back.

The book "Guinness World Records" has one record - this book was most often stolen from the library.

The only product that does not spoil is honey.

If the statue of the “rider on horseback” has both legs raised, then the person died in battle. If the horse has one leg raised, it died from wounds acquired in battle. If both feet are on the ground, he died of natural causes.

At starfish no brains.

In manatees, the mammary glands are located slightly below the forelimbs, and it is these animals that probably served as the prototype for stories about mermaids as presented by sailors.

The average person spends a week waiting for traffic lights to change.

With a simple pencil, you can draw a line about 56 km long.

Fluff, contrary to popular belief, is not only not lighter than air, but hundreds of times heavier than it. It soars in the air only because it has a very large surface, so that the air resistance to its movement is great compared to its weight.

Grapes explode in the microwave.

Gaseous hydrogen is the thinnest substance on Earth, while liquid hydrogen is the densest.

Bats in the upside down position "snap" their claws, so that after that it is not necessary to exert force to hold. Sometimes they even die in this position and remain hanging.

Granite conducts sound ten times better than air. That is, what we usually hear well at a distance of a hundred meters would be heard a kilometer away if there was a solid granite wall between us and the sound source. (which is impossible, because in our ears we still don’t have granite, but air).

Champagne cools faster in boiled water than in raw water. The problem at parties is usually that there is no cold boiled water on hand. By the way, hot water weighs more than cold.

Over the past 500 years, the mass of the Earth has increased by a billion tons due to cosmic matter.

Fingernails grow four times faster than toenails.

If you cut an onion and rub the top of the foot with a cut, then in half an hour you will feel the taste of the onion - volatile substances will spread with the bloodstream throughout the body.

The smallest powder on Earth is solid helium.

You can't kill yourself by holding your breath. With such suffocation, a person will simply lose consciousness and begin to breathe again.

We are a walking zoo for bacteria, about three million tiny microorganisms live on every square centimeter of the surface of our body.

The Sun produces more energy in one minute than the entire Earth uses in a year. Moreover, we do not consume all the energy coming from the Sun. The energy that reaches the Earth is distributed as follows: 19% solar energy absorbed by the atmosphere, 47% falls to Earth, and 34% returns to space.

Leprosy is a purely human disease, except for humans, only armadillos suffer from it. There are known cases of human infection with an armadillo and vice versa.

718 degrees Celsius: The temperature of hell, calculated by scientists based on a comparison of Bible quotations on the subject.

Contrary to popular belief, camels are not the hardiest animals in terms of water consumption. Giraffes can go without water longer than camels.

In order to lift a foot out of quicksand at a speed of one centimeter per second, it is necessary to apply a force similar to that required to lift an average car off the ground. By the way, quicksand itself is not dangerous, since the depth of such dangerous zones is usually small. A person dies mainly not due to suffocation, but due to the great pressure of the surrounding layers of sand.

If you thought that iron is something durable and reliable, you are mistaken. Iron heated to 5000 degrees Celsius becomes gaseous.

To check the naturalness of pearls, throw them in vinegar. Natural pearls will begin to emit gas bubbles.

Unlike ordinary bees, the queen bee can sting repeatedly, while her sting does not remain in the body of the victim.

There are a lot of interesting things going on all the time. We bring to your attention some interesting facts from different areas.

Scientists blindfolded people for 4 days, and the hallucinations were incredible

Sometimes our brain can do funny things. Take, for example, a study in which scientists took 13 people, blindfolded them for 96 hours (that is, 4 days), and recorded everything that these people “saw”. Ten participants in the experiment began visual hallucinations, some of them very intense and vivid. Many of the hallucinations consisted of simple lights, some were more complex. But in each case, the participants knew that it was all just a figment of their imagination.
Here is what one of them says: "Hallucinations began about 12 hours after the blindfold, and turned into a series of different pictures, as if in a dream." Another participant reported that she saw a butterfly turned into a sunset, saw an otter and a flower. She also saw cities, the sky, lions. All of these visions were so vivid that she "could hardly look at them." “If it was sunset or sunrise, then it was impossible to look at the sun because it was incredibly bright.”
Here is the opinion of the authors of the experiment:
“All 13 subjects who voluntarily agreed to long-term visual deprivation were completely healthy people who had no cases of cognitive dysfunction or psychosis. They also did not have any ocular pathologies. They wore specially designed bandages, and during the experiment, experts recorded their sensations on a voice recorder. Ten subjects (77%) reported visual hallucinations that were both simple (in the form of bright spots of light) and complex (decorative objects, landscapes). In most cases, hallucinations began after the first day of visual deprivation. The subjects were aware that their visions were not real. This experiment clearly proves that rapid and complete visual deprivation is quite enough to cause visual hallucinations in absolutely healthy subjects.
One subject, a 29-year-old woman, experienced a hallucination after 12 hours of deprivation. It happened while she was standing in front of the mirror. It was at this moment that she dreamed of a green face with huge eyes, which frightened her very much. Another 24-year-old woman reported that her hallucination was the same event. It seemed to her that she was dozing, waiting for her sister to come to her. When the sister finally entered the room, the woman noticed that instead of eyes she had spots of light.

Eight-year-old millionaire YouTube star

Meet Evan, a cute 8 year old who has best job in the world. He earns hundreds of thousands of dollars, and he does what all children do - plays with toys. He is the face of EvanTubeHD and runs a family YouTube channel that reviews new toys and video games. Evan's videos regularly get over a million views and the channel earns $1.3 million a year.
This is one of those success stories that makes people ask themselves, "Why didn't I think of this"? It all started as a small game project created by Evan and his father Jared. They wanted to do funny video using clay models from Angry games birds. The video came out so cute that they decided to make it really popular, and when the number of views of the video exceeded one million, Jared realized how big the popularity had become. It happened shortly before their channel turned into a serious business project. “By reviewing toys that are more recent, we try to provide people with up-to-date product information,” he said.
If you go to this channel and watch some of the videos, then you will see that they are adorable. Evan fits the frame perfectly, and his reviews are so compelling that you'll want to go out and buy a toy yourself, no matter how old you are. His 6-year-old sister, Gillian, is also on the set, and gives little explanations that make the videos a million times more attractive. Take that video of two kids playing in the park with Softee Dough toys. They tie their mother to a tree and throw these toys at her. Immediately, a warning appears on the screen: “For your safety, we strongly advise against tying your own mother to a tree and throwing toys at her. This will lead to severe punishment." Believe it or not, this video has already received over 50 million views.
So how do wealth and fame affect little Evan? It turns out that he is completely normal, like any other child. "He goes to school, does homework, chats with friends, visits the karate section, and of course, he still has time for a computer. I don't think he understands how popular the channel is." Jared, who works for a video production company, says he and his wife would love to keep Evan's life as normal as possible. That is why there is no information about the boy's surname on the channel, and there is no other information that allows him to be identified.

Spermatozoa are attracted to the smell of flowers

A few years ago, scientists made a strange discovery: semen seems to gravitate toward the scent of lily of the valley. Could this discovery mean the beginning new era scent-based conception and discrediting flower shops?
lily of the valley is White flower emitting a very sweet fragrance. Due to the fact that it was very popular in a certain era, it now seems old-fashioned and is associated with the bath soap of very old ladies. The composition of this soap includes bourgenal, the main component of the aroma of real lily of the valley.
In the laboratory, it turned out that bourgenal is a kind of attractant for human sperm. The human egg releases chemical attractants to attract sperm to itself. Scientists were confused because they could not find anything like the bourgeois in the women's reproductive system- spermatozoa just went crazy with the aroma of lily of the valley.
Obviously, "aroma" is more of a metaphor. Sperm don't have a nose, they can't appreciate nice smell. Bourgenal has a physical effect on sperm, and after some research, scientists understood why. There are cation channels for sperm. Cations are positively charged ions, in this case calcium ions with two additional positive charges. When the sperm enters a certain chemical environment, the ion channels open and the tails of the sperm begin to wriggle, giving them extra speed to fertilize the egg.
Bourgenal for some reason opens these channels. Unfortunately, this only happens at very high concentrations of bourgenal. So high that it can't be used for conception or benefits outside of the lab. So don't worry, it's impossible to get pregnant from perfume.

Antarctic notothenoid fish bleed from ice

To survive in the coldest climate on Earth, Antarctic notothenoid fish have a special non-freezing protein in their blood that binds ice crystals and interferes with their growth to keep the fish from freezing. Paradoxically, a new study has found that the same protein prevents ice crystals from melting, which leads to the accumulation of ice in the veins of fish throughout the year, damaging their health.
The fact that many Antarctic fish have ice in their veins has been known for a long time, but scientists did not know how ice is excreted from the body of fish. During the winter, ice accumulates in the spleen, and the researchers hypothesized that it melts in the warm summer waters.
To test their theory, the researchers took representatives of several fish species in the waters of McMurdo Bay in southern Antarctica during the winter and tested them in the laboratory. They heated the bodies of the fish to temperatures that exceeded the expected melting point of ice, but some of the crystals never melted. That is, even when the ice was overheated, it remained in a solid state.
The scientists then caught fish in the summer in McMurdo Sound, and 90% of the fish they caught had ice crystals in their blood, despite the temperature of the water. After examining ten years of water temperature data in the strait, scientists found that it rarely reaches the level of melting ice crystals in the blood of Antarctic fish. However, the researchers concluded that the ice remains in the blood of fish for almost their entire lives.
Ice crystals trapped in the tissues and organs of fish can cause harmful inflammatory reactions and block narrow capillaries, similar to how asbestos destroys the lungs of humans. At this stage, the researchers are not sure if the adverse health effects of the fish are due to ice in the blood. However, they do believe that these fish must have evolved defense mechanisms against ice accumulation.

The Anthropocebo Effect Explains How Our Minds Can Destroy the World

The placebo effect and the nocebo effect clearly demonstrate that our minds have a special kind of control over our bodies. And they can also take control of the world. And that's something to worry about. The placebo effect is so widespread that it is taken into account in every trial of a new drug. People who take completely useless sugar pills report that their condition has begun to improve. They do it in a very dramatic and consistent way, which is why companies have to constantly make sure that their newest drug is more effective than sugar pills.
The other side of the coin is the nocebo effect. If people are convinced that they will experience negative consequences after taking a drug, there is a high probability that this is exactly what will happen. If a group of women believes that they can all die of heart disease (although there is no real reason for this), their chances of dying from cardiovascular disease are much higher than those of a group that does not share their unfortunate faith.
Jennifer Jacquet, assistant professor of environmental studies at New York University, believes that the above effects may extend beyond the body. She coined the term "anthropocebo effect". People who believe that humanity can only destroy the planet and nothing else, at some point can cause the destruction of the planet. We can't put in the effort to save something because we believe it won't work. We are not looking for solutions, we believe that there are no solutions. And if destruction environment inevitable anyway, we could make money off of it. In other words, people who believe that humanity can only destroy everything around, and that nothing can be done about it, can themselves cause their own death.

claws of archimedes

The device works on the principle of a crane: it grabs an enemy ram, lifts it into the air and throws it down. Let us give the floor to the Greek historian Plutarch, who wrote the biography of Marcellus: “During the double attack of the Romans (that is, from land and from the sea.), the Syracusans were dumbfounded, stricken with horror. What could they oppose to such forces, such a powerful army? Archimedes launched his machines. The land army was hit by a hail of projectiles and huge stones thrown with great swiftness. Nothing could resist their blow, they threw everything before them and brought confusion to the ranks. As for the fleet, suddenly, from the height of the walls, logs fell, due to their weight and given speed, onto the ships and drowned them. Either iron claws and beaks seized ships, lifted them into the air nose up, stern down and then immersed in water. Or ships were set in rotation and, circling, fell on pitfalls and cliffs at the foot of the walls. Most of those on the ships died under attack. Every minute they saw some ship raised in the air over the sea. Terrible sight!…”

Water on earth is older than the sun

New chemical model of early solar system discovered that almost half of all water on Earth came from interstellar ice when the sun formed. This means that moisture in our solar system is not due to local conditions in the protoplanetary disk, but rather is a regular feature of planetary formation. This gives rise to the hope that life can exist in the Universe besides us.
To determine the age of water in the solar system, the researchers focused on studying the hydrogen in deuterium, known as "heavy hydrogen" because it has an extra neutron. Interstellar ice has a very high ratio of deuterium to hydrogen because it formed in a very low temperatures. Scientists already know this from studying the composition of comets and asteroids.
The level of deuterium in the water of the solar system has been rising since the formation of the sun. So to determine whether the Sun can independently produce today's isotope levels, the researchers created computer model, which takes us back to the beginning of the solar system and does not take into account the legacy deuterium.
However, this model was not able to produce the same amount of deuterium that is now being found. Therefore, researchers estimate that between 30 and 50% of our solar system's water was part of the ancient molecular cloud that gave rise to the sun and planets. The scientists published their discovery in the journal Science.
If the formation of our solar system was typical by cosmic standards, then the discovery proves that interstellar ice takes part in the formation of everything from and to the nearest planetary systems. And since all life we ​​know depends on water, this news increases the chance that others planetary systems there is everything to sustain life.
To paraphrase Samuel Coleridge's "Old Mariner's Poem": "Water, water everywhere, there's something to drink on every planet."

Spies-saboteurs of Leningrad

During the Second World War, the German command sent crowds of spies-saboteurs to the besieged city of Leningrad. Spies were equipped first class! They were given clothes like locals, documents, passwords, appearances and addresses of safe houses.
But, here's the problem. It soon became clear that all this was in vain - super trained spies were caught by any patrol that stopped them for a banal document check ... Brilliant fakes of the best criminologists in Germany, with enviable regularity, became a kind of pass to the wall.
Throughout the war, the Germans tried to forge Soviet documents. This task was assigned the best minds! Entire groups of specialists selected the texture of paper, the smallest shades of paint and in every possible way revealed secret conventional signs- the result is zero! Ordinary Soviet patrols, consisting of semi-literate Asian peasants, revealed the linden at first sight!
It was only after the war that the secret of making "unforgeable" Soviet documents was revealed.
It turned out that everything is simple to disgrace. The Germans are a very cultured nation and they made paper clips from stainless steel. While real Soviet paperclips were rusty.

Incredibly Strange "Lady Macbeth Effect"

One of William Shakespeare's most famous plays, Macbeth, tells the story of a power-hungry general who rises to power by assassinating the King of Scotland. Of course, he would never have done it if his wife, Lady Macbeth, had not pushed him to it. However, the femme fatale soon discovers that killing in cold blood is not so easy at all, and begins to suffer from remorse. Wracked with guilt, Lady Macbeth thinks her hands are covered in blood, and she washes her fingers furiously, trying to get rid of the supposed gore.
Of course it's not the only case. In the Gospel, for example, Pontius Pilate famously “washed his hands” by handing Jesus over to the crowd for execution. In fact, so many guilty boys and girls try to get their hands wet, and researchers have even come up with a catchy name for this phenomenon: The Lady Macbeth Effect. And this effect is incredibly powerful.
In 2006, University of Toronto researcher Chen-Bo Zhong and colleagues conducted a series of tests on a group of guilty subjects. First, the researchers asked subjects to recall their past. Some were asked to remember their good deeds, while others were asked to remember their not-so-ethical deeds. The subjects were then given slips of paper and asked to complete unfinished words such as "W _ _ H" and "SH _ _ ER". As it turned out, people who talked about their sinful deeds wrote "WASH" ​​(Eng. "Wash") and "SHOWER" (Eng. "Shower"), and people who remembered their good deeds were more likely to write words such as "WISH" (Eng. "Wish") and "SHAKER" (Eng. "Pepper").
In the second test, the subjects were again asked to remember their ethical and unethical actions, and then offered a choice of either pencils or antiseptic wipes. You probably won't be surprised to learn that three-quarters of those who contemplate their misdeeds choose napkins.
And what does all this mean? According to Zhong, "the cleanliness of the environment surrounding the subjects may have an impact on their moral behavior." Unfortunately, this influence is not always positive. Zhong fears that people who have symbolically washed their hands may begin to feel better despite all their wrongdoings and may refuse to take responsibility for their unethical actions. In other words, the act of washing gives them something like a sense of forgiveness. Perhaps that is why many say that cleanliness is next to godliness.

Your decisions are a lot more random than you think.

For the most part, we make decisions based on our previous experience. But what to do in completely new and unpredictable situations for us? A new study suggests that when we are faced with an unexpected scenario, the brain acts as best strategy chooses randomness.
When it comes to decision making, the brain is very dependent on past experiences. Some experts believe that the brain has a built-in mechanism for evaluating the effectiveness of a decision based on past precedents. It is also something that we can be aware of. And to improve the rationality of decision-making, it is very important that we use new information to change our confidence in the faith.
But a recent one by Alla Karpova shows that randomness can be the brain's preferred policy when things are especially difficult, or when the situation has no precedent in the past. And this is not very good, as it leads to risk.
Karpova's experiments showed that rats, when faced with a hard-to-beat competitor, abandon their usual tactic of using past experience to make decisions and make random choices instead. This “strategy switch,” according to Karpova, is under the control of a specific area of ​​the brain, and it is a sign that the brain may be “disconnecting” from its past experiences and entering “random decision mode” in a desperate attempt to overcome competitive advantage. From an evolutionary point of view, this makes no sense. When animals are faced with a new and unpredictable situation, such as a predator that moves completely erratically, it is often useful to change behavior randomly. This can lead to very risky decisions that would otherwise not be made, but it can also be life-saving. The trouble is that it can be very difficult for some animals to get out of this regime.
As always, studies in rats in scientific world are perceived with skepticism. But Karpova points out in her article that primates, when faced with a new situation, also tend to resort to random rather than stochastic choice. So there is a high probability that people are prone to similar cognitive processes. Of course, Karpova's data can be useful in some related research areas. For example, they could potentially be used to treat diseases such as depression.

Some facts do not seem so obvious, although you always knew about them. For example, you know you can see your nose, but you didn't think about it until someone pointed out this strange fact to you. Here are a few more obvious ones, but amazing facts that might surprise you.

1. You have never seen your real face - only photographs and reflections.

2. You always see your nose, but your brain ignores it.

3. You can't imagine a new color.

4. You cannot breathe and swallow at the same time.

5. Your tongue never rests in your mouth.

6. At this very moment, you are older than you have ever been and younger than you will ever be.

7. You can't hum while holding your nose.

8. Your right hand has never touched your right elbow.

9. Something touches you all the time.

10. Except that nothing touches you, since the atoms act on each other with force, and, in fact, do not touch.

11. If a child was born at 23:00 in Moscow and another child was born in Novosibirsk at 3:00, they will have different birthdays even though they were born at the same time.

12. "() ()" is not a palindrome, but "()) (" is a palindrome.

13. If you buy a bottle of 12 year old whiskey, it was only produced in 2005.

14. You may only be disgusted by other people's hair and nails when they are separated from the person's body.

15. Money only has value because we choose to.

Unlike civil proceedings, in which, as a rule, certain kinds of circumstances referred to by the party are confirmed by a certain set of types of evidence, in criminal proceedings all circumstances of the subject of proof must be clarified by all means of proof permitted by the procedural law. Therefore, in particular, "evidence" is a term applied to criminal but not civil cases.

In proving with the help of circumstantial evidence, it is important that the correct logical distribution in the evidentiary system of all the required, intermediate and evidentiary facts is important so that it reflects the event under study.

The structure of judicial evidence includes two stages:

on the first (informational) one achieves reliable knowledge about intermediate facts by collecting and verifying evidence, evaluating them within private systems (that is, systems crowned with a conclusion about an intermediate fact);

on the second (logical) - from these facts, logical conclusions are made about the presence or absence of the desired facts.

It is clear that at the logical stage, abstraction from the sources of evidence is necessary. From the knowledge about the presence of a number of facts and objective connections between them, a conclusion is made about the presence of other facts. All this is not reflected directly in the sources of evidence, but is presented in the commentary of the evidence system given in the indictment, the speeches of the parties in the debate, and finally, in the court verdict. one

The word "evidence" denotes intermediate facts established by accusatory circumstantial evidence. See: Khmyrov A.A. Problems of the theory of proof. Krasnodar, 1996. S. 75. 2

See: Khmyrov A.A. Problems of the theory of proof. Krasnodar, 1996. S. 18-19.

Paradoxically, but information stage When an investigator works with sources of evidence, he sometimes encounters facts that obviously follow from one or more “adjacent” facts in the evidence system. It seems that such facts should be called obvious. This is not about the obviousness of logical chains, but about those cases when the obviousness is manifested in the contact of the researcher with nature, the surrounding world. For example, it is obvious, judging by the relevant data from the investigative examinations, that the parts of the comb found at the scene and on the accused had previously formed a single whole.

As stated in the explanatory dictionary of V. Dahl, obvious - conveniently, clearly or clearly visible to the eyes1. Following this explanation, everything that is revealed during the inspection, it is correct to consider obvious facts. Indeed, scientists distinguish the subject of examination from the subject of examination by a sign of the obviousness of the conclusion obtained. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedov interprets “obvious” as “obvious, indisputable”, and “obvious” as “not hidden, open, visible, completely obvious”2.

From an epistemological standpoint, therefore, in proving in a criminal case, much exhibits the properties of evidence: and the signs that are revealed during the examination (both as a separate investigative action, and during the examination during a search and other investigative actions), as well as in the course of an investigative experiment , and the conclusions that the investigator has the right to draw as a result of the inspection precisely because they are obvious to all its participants.

From the point of view of procedural consolidation, we are only interested in the latter. Indeed, the facts of the first group are enshrined in the protocols of inspections, and the facts of the second group, as the analysis of the norms of the current Code of Criminal Procedure shows, have no place in the procedural registration. In some cases, using methods available to the investigator, he can solve a number of research questions.

V.Dal. Dictionary living Great Russian language. T. 2. M., 1994. S. 2016. 2

Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language / Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Cultural Foundation. M, 1994. S. 477, 904.

owls, including identification character. But the inspection protocol is not designed to draw conclusions. To eliminate the gap, I have proposed a form of comparative inspection1, but it is suitable for those cases where the compared features of the compared objects are identified simultaneously during their general inspection. It is possible, however, that the signs of the first object were identified and recorded earlier, the second - later, or the conclusion as a result of the inspection was not made based on the examination, which, as the consultation revealed, is not required here, etc.

It is pointless to conduct another inspection in order to draw an obvious conclusion. Therefore, an alternative to recording in the record of a comparative examination for such an obvious conclusion could effectively be the rules for exemption from proof by recognizing certain facts as obvious by the court. A striking example obvious fact (even using this word in procedural documents - “obvious”) is described by S.M. Kulchitsky in a dissertation devoted directly to forensic examination2.

On the expert study two scraps of the newspaper "Selskaya Zhizn" came in with the question: did they previously form one whole? The break line was quite characteristic, the coincidence of the text was indisputable. In the examination protocol, the investigator recorded all the signs indicating that the scraps of paper had previously formed a single whole.

The investigator photographed these shreds. The expert, considering the fact obvious, returned the materials of the examination without starting its production. However, the investigator again sent them with a request for an investigation.

To continue the illustrations, examples are suitable with the identification of obvious (when comparing objects visually or comparing their inspection data) forgeries of various labels, tickets, special stamps, etc.

Cm.; Selina EV. Application of special knowledge in criminal proceedings. M: Publishing house "Yurlitinform", 2002. S. 17-18. 2

See: Kulchitsky S.A./. Issues of theory and practice of expert initiative in the production of forensic examinations. Diss. ... cand. legal Sciences. Minsk, 1980. S. 129.

The expert often does not answer the question about their difference from the real ones, replacing it with a question about the method of manufacture, that, for example, the method of manufacturing the first is such and such, and the second is such and such. But the investigator is often interested in the question of identity or difference, since the method of manufacture does not matter for the correct resolution of this case, only the identity or difference between the original and seized labels matters.

Although as many as two of the sources of evidence provided for by the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation (the expert's opinion and the protocol of the investigative experiment) contain conclusions, the issue of scientific-research allocation of initial data and conclusions in the evidence has not been considered much. Much attention was paid to this by A.A. Eisman. He owns the authorship of the term “potential factual basis of evidence”, however, and clarifications that the complete legal uselessness of this concept is obvious, because without an expert interpretation, the signs requiring such an interpretation are not evidence1.

“Only in the case when the “intermediate data” identified during the study - individual properties, signs, etc. can be used as evidence without the need for their scientific (special) interpretation and evaluation, they can appear outside the conclusion and independently of it . But this situation is the exception, not the rule. Yu.K. Orlov, defending the probative value of a probable expert opinion. This is the point of view of many authors who support the conclusion about the probative value of a probable expert opinion.

The concept of "factual basis of evidence" explains a lot. If the signs require a special interpretation, then the conclusion about them is made at the informational level, and they themselves are not proof, but only its “basis”. If the signs require not a special interpretation, but an elementary comparison, then these signs themselves constitute the content of the evidence, and the conclusion seems to be moved to the logical level of proof. one

See: Eisman A.A. Expert opinion (structure and scientific rationale). M .: Publishing house "Legal Literature", 1967. S. 97. 2

There. However, this, albeit elementary, conclusion is still clearly informational. It seems that the very need for the help of a knowledgeable person should not separate the informational proof from the logical one.

Information level - work within the framework of a "private system", crowned with an intermediate fact1. Logical proof - work with intermediate facts.

For obvious details that are revealed at the level of informational evidence, it is advisable to establish rules for recognizing facts as obvious.

Of course, it is possible to attribute the identification of evidence to the merits logical thinking of a person and simply give an orientation towards the general growth of a culture of relationships for an ever easier finding of mutual understanding during the investigation and judicial consideration of a criminal case. But we should not forget that in criminal proceedings the competitiveness is not due to the competition of the ability to think logically, but the opposition of interests. An analysis of the norms of the current Code of Criminal Procedure shows that the legislator strives for the utmost certainty in the process of proving and even introduced the forensic term "alibi" into the text of the procedural law. Therefore, rules on the recognition of facts seem necessary.

In addition, sometimes it is important not only to establish a fact, but precisely to emphasize its evidence and even demonstrate this evidence to the accused. In this case, at the logical stage of proof, the subject of proof will be able to operate with three arguments at once: the fact is established, this fact is obvious, this fact is obvious to the accused.

It is advisable to formulate the rules on recognizing facts as obvious in one norm with the rules for recognizing facts as well-known in Art. 90 Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. The following wording seems acceptable.

"St. 90 Grounds for exemption from proof

Circumstances recognized by the court as generally known do not need to be proven. In order to recognize the well-known circumstances

1 On private systems of evidence, levels of proof, see: Khmyrov A.A. circumstantial evidence. M .: Publishing house "Legal Literature", 1979.

evidence that is such among specialists, it is enough to attract background information that there are generally accepted scientific and practical data about these circumstances. Reference information can be obtained by interrogation of a specialist, a written certificate, the appeal of the court and the parties to scientific and reference sources.

Circumstances, the conclusion about the existence or non-existence of which obviously follows from the received factual data, are recognized as obvious. Circumstances recognized by the court as obvious do not need to be proven.

The provision on prejudice should be placed in part 3.

Data on the basis of which an obvious conclusion is drawn must be carefully recorded in accordance with all the rules for collecting evidence.

In order to appeal to an obvious conclusion, the prosecutor (investigator, inquirer) must have data recorded in accordance with the requirements of the law of evidence, on which this conclusion is based.

Incredible Facts

Some facts don't seem so obvious though you always knew about them.

For example, you know you can see your nose, but you didn't think about it until someone pointed out this strange fact to you.

Here are a few more obvious but surprising facts that may blow your mind.

1. You have never seen your real face - only photographs and reflections.

2. You always see your nose, but your brain ignores it.

3. You can't imagine a new color.

Any color of the spectrum visible to man already exists.

4. You cannot breathe and swallow at the same time.

Admit that you just tried it.

5. Your tongue never rests in your mouth.

How is your tongue resting at the moment? Most likely, it is pressed against the upper palate most of the time, which means that the muscles of the tongue are working all the time. Now this thought will not give you rest.

6. At this very moment, you are older than you have ever been and younger than you will ever be.

7. You can't hum while holding your nose.

8. Yours right palm never touched the right elbow.

9. Something touches you all the time.

Even if you jump naked in the air, since air has mass.

10. Except that nothing concerns you, since atoms act Each other with force, and, in fact, do not touch.

Atoms are always repelling other atoms, so when you put your hand on the table, it actually floats slightly above the table.

11. If a child was born at 23:00 in Moscow and another child was born in Novosibirsk at 3:00, they will have different days birth even though they were born at the same time.

12. "() ()" is not a palindrome, but "()) (" is a palindrome.

A palindrome is a word or phrase that reads the same in both directions. And while "() ()" looks more symmetrical, it's not a palindrome.

13. If you buy a bottle of 12 year old whiskey, it was only produced in 2005.

14. You may only be disgusted by other people's hair and nails when they are separated from the person's body.

Especially if you find them in food.

15. Money only has value because we choose to.

16. When you think about your brain, your brain thinks about itself.