Paraphasia in speech therapy. Pathopsycholinguistic speech disorders

Impaired expressive speech (motor aphasia). Fluency of speech is determined by the speed, quality and ease of speech production.

In the case of impaired fluency, verbal performance is limited (> 50 wpm), phrase length is reduced (from one to four words in one phrase), speech production is difficult, articulation is often poor, and the melodiousness of speech (prosody) is impaired. When fluency is impaired, the speaker often prefers to use nouns and verbs, omitting small connecting words (“telegraphic” style of speech).

On the contrary, in fluent speech, verbal productivity is significant (and sometimes even more abundant than usual), the length of phrases is normal, speech production is not difficult, and the melodiousness of speech is not disturbed.

Anatomical ratios. Violation of fluency of speech indicates a lesion of the speech center in the frontal lobe anterior to the Roland sulcus. Fluent speech indicates the intactness of this center. B. Impaired understanding of speech (sensory aphasia).

Impairment of the ability to understand spoken language ranges from complete incomprehension of simple one-word expressions to a covert impairment of the ability to perceive the full meaning of complex expressions. In an informal conversation, a patient with aphasia often uses gestures, intonation of speech and environment to complement the understanding of the content of their expressions. The clinician may underestimate the degree of speech comprehension impairment if he fails to determine the extent of the patient's speech comprehension impairment without non-verbal cues.

Anatomical ratios. Impaired comprehension reflects damage to the temporo-parietal speech areas behind the Roland sulcus. The preservation of understanding indicates the intactness of these zones. (Understanding grammatical constructions is an important exception to this rule. Agrammatism is associated with damage to the speech zones in the inferior frontal gyrus).

Repetition disorder.

Repetition in oral speech linguistically and anatomically, it is a special function. In most patients, the violation of repetition occurs in parallel with the disorder of other speech functions. However, a relatively isolated repetition disorder can sometimes be the dominant clinical symptom (conductive aphasia). In other patients, repetition may be preserved despite a marked impairment of spontaneous speech (transcortical aphasia). Sometimes in such patients echolalia is found - a distinct tendency to repeat all the phrases heard.

Anatomical ratios. Repetition disorder indicates damage to the speech area around the Sylvian sulcus. The preservation of the repetition testifies to the intactness of this zone.

Paraphasia.

substitution the right word called wrong paraphasia.
Literal or phonemic paraphasia is characterized by the distortion of only part of the word, for example, when instead of "handle" the patient says "cloud" or "heap".

With verbal or global paraphasia, the word that is necessary in meaning is completely replaced by an incorrect one, for example, when “apple” becomes “orange” or “bicycle”. In semantic paraphasia, the word necessary in meaning and its substitute belong to the same semantic group (“orange” and “apple”). Fluent speech littered with a large amount of verbal paraphasia is called "slang".

Paraphasia-neologism is observed when a completely new word, not included in the speaker's vocabulary, replaces the necessary one in meaning.

Anatomical ratios. Paraphasias can appear when lesions are localized in any parts of the speech zone and do not have an important topical diagnostic value. Phonemic paraphasias are most typical for the defeat of the frontal speech zones, while global paraphasias are for the temporo-parietal ones.

Difficulties in choosing words (anomia).

Choosing the right word from vocabulary almost always suffers from aphasia. Patients may often experience stuttering during spontaneous speech during word selection.

Loquacity is found when patients speak "around the bush" of words that they cannot find, giving these words long definitions or descriptions.

Anatomical ratios. Difficulties in the selection of words appear when the foci of damage are localized in all speech zones of the dominant hemisphere and have little topical and diagnostic value.

Reading and writing.

In most cases of aphasia, impaired reading (alexia) and writing (agraphia) are observed in parallel with a disorder in the perception and production of speech. Occasionally, an isolated disorder of reading, writing, or both may occur with preserved speech.

Anatomical ratios. The cortical centers of reading and writing are located both in the speech zones around the Sylvian sulcus and in additional functionally specialized zones. To implement the reading function, you need high level processes visual perception in the occipital and inferior parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex. Writing depends on the visual support of the lower parietal lobe and the motor performance of the frontal lobe.

Paraphasia is a feature (loss of existing speech), characteristic features which is a violation of the statement, the replacement of the correct letters, syllables and words with incorrect ones.

The patient replaces the correct words in the sentence with completely incomprehensible and unnatural ones in this usage and in a particular situation. There is a significant acceleration of speech, which greatly complicates the understanding of the conversation.

Neurological aspect of the problem

The occurrence of paraphasia can be due to a number of reasons and occur in people absolutely different ages. The causes of the manifestation of the disorder in adults include a variety of damage to the cerebral cortex:

AT childhood to the above factors, it is worth adding damage to the speech centers of the brain as a result of:

• fetal hypoxia;
• trauma to the mother during pregnancy;
• spontaneous abortion;
• asphyxia of the newborn;
• trauma received during childbirth;
• somatic diseases of the mother during gestation;
• intrauterine infection.

Paraphasia is based on a violation of the neurophysiological or neuropsychological prerequisites - this may be a violation of praxis, articulatory apparatus, phonemic hearing, which, in turn, leads to a violation of speech, perception, reading, writing, counting.

Varieties of violation

Paraphasia is divided into three types of species:

• verbal;
• literal;
• mirror.

And without noticing the change

Verbal paraphasia is a phenomenon in which one word in speech is replaced by another, and these words will be in the same associative field. For example, instead of the word "elbow", it says "knee". Instead of the word "chair" - "table", etc.

This phenomenon is characteristic of acoustic-mnestic aphasia and is characterized by the ability to reproduce individual words and the inability to repeat a series of three or four words related in meaning.

Patients may experience increased speech activity, or vice versa, its inhibition. So, in a conversation with two or three people, a person with paraphasia will get lost in the polysyllabic sentences of the interlocutors, while in response giving out information either off topic or naming completely different words instead of the necessary ones.

Difficulties associated with the semantic blurring of words, complete or partial misunderstanding of their meaning, leads to the repeated use of paraphasias: replacing words in a sentence, replacing letters, or combining several words together (for example, “knife” - knife and fork).

Misuse of pronouns, confusion of nouns in gender and number, and inflections of verbs can often occur.

Close in appearance, far from reality

Literal paraphasia is characterized by the replacement of a letter or sound in a word with another. It occurs both in speech and in writing. Depending on the area and degree of damage, the phenomenon may acquire various features.

So, in the case of s, there is a replacement of sounds with phonemically close ones (“s” to “h”, “b” to “p”). In the case of c, sounds are replaced with similar ones (“m” to “b”, “l” to “n”).

A patient with this phenomenon can not only confuse some sounds, but also rearrange letters within a single word. Often it is difficult for him to build a sentence due to the selection of appropriate words. Thus, speech itself slows down, repetition of words, fragments of phrases are characteristic. When writing, deviations are also visible: the correctness of the letter and the movement of the hand are violated.

Paraphasia arising on the basis (deep unformed speech as a result of damage to the cerebral cortex) is characterized by the loss of previously present speech, there is also damage to the centers of the brain that are responsible for speech during fetal development.

I look at you like in a mirror

Mirror paraphasia - in this case, the patient pronounces the beginning and end of the word correctly, but the middle - from right to left.

Tellingly, people who are inherent in this disease surprisingly quickly read words written in a mirror. And read them correctly.

In some cases, besides the fact that the word is read as if it is divided into several parts, where the first and last parts are pronounced correctly, and the middle part is not only reversed, but also doubled.

Real life examples

When considering examples of paraphasia, the following deviations may occur:

• if in the original the word will sound - " rook", then with verbal paraphasia the patient will be designated as “swift”, “raven”, “woodpecker”, and with literal paraphasia - “doctor”, “grak”, “good luck”, “grap”, with mirror paraphasia - “garch”, “garach »;
• "wolf" with verbal - "hare", "bear", "tiger", "fox", with literal - "ox", "work", with mirror - "vlok", "vlolk";
• "boa" with a verbal one - “snake”, “python”, “already”, with a literal one - “hit”, “dared”, “dared”, with a mirror one - “uadv”, “udadv”.

Correction and restoration of speech functions

Treatment of paraphasia, like any other type of aphasia, consists in the use of neurorehabilitation (restoration and compensation of higher mental functions, including speech). The event system includes:

• physiotherapy;
• drug treatment;
• occupational therapy;
• psychotherapy;
• rehabilitation classes with a speech therapist;
• methods of social and psychological adaptation.

At the moment, specialists prescribe a special scan to patients, according to the results of which it is possible to determine the areas of damage and their degree, and then proceed to treatment, during which it is possible not only to eliminate the causes of occurrence, but also to prevent the development of the disease.

Restoring speech to this moment carried out by a speech therapist, aphasiologist or neuropsychologist. The greatest effect is given by classes to which the use of nootropic drugs is connected: Neotropil, Phenotropil, Cerebrolysin, Encephabol.

But the therapy does not end there either: family members must undergo special training from a speech therapist aphasiologist, to receive special instructions on the features of therapy and rehabilitation of the patient. Only such comprehensive measures can lead to significant results.

The treatment time can be quite long in time - up to five years, but, despite modern technology, methods, no doctor can give a 100% result. Even the most high tech in some cases, they cannot return speech to its ideal state.

Thus, a fairly common phenomenon, paraphasia, when a person confuses letters in words, incorrectly uses the meaning of words and phrases - this is a bell in order to seek the help of a qualified doctor who, after a special examination, will be able to determine the specific cause of damage to the cerebral cortex and prescribe treatment and rehabilitation.

Paraphasia

(from Greek para - near, around, phasis - speech) - replacement of the required sounds (letters) of speech or words with others; incorrect use of individual sounds (letters) or words of oral and writing. There are two types of P.: literal and verbal. With local lesions of the speech zones of the cortex of the left hemisphere of the brain (in right-handed people), P. is a manifestation various forms aphasia. Literal spelling is expressed as an erroneous substitution of individual sounds (or syllables) in words that are based on sensory or motor speech disorders. Verbal P. is characterized by the replacement of some words with others that are close in meaning (see). Literal and verbal P. in children are observed with alalia and are a manifestation of general speech underdevelopment.

Brief psychological dictionary. - Rostov-on-Don: PHOENIX. L.A. Karpenko, A.V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. 1998 .

Paraphasia

Violation of speech utterance, manifested in the replacement of the required sounds (letters) of speech or words with others or in the incorrect use of individual sounds (letters) or words in oral and written speech.

There are two types of paraphasia:

1 ) literal paraphasia - an erroneous replacement of individual sounds or syllables in words; it is based on sensory or motor speech disorders;

2 ) verbal paraphasia - the replacement of some words with others that are close in meaning, which is due to mnemonic or semantic speech disorders; can also appear as a combination of individual elements different words in one ( cm. ).

Dictionary of practical psychologist. - M.: AST, Harvest. S. Yu. Golovin. 1998 .

Paraphasia Etymology.

Comes from the Greek. para - near, around + phasis - speech.

clinical disorder.

Violation of oral and written speech, manifested in the replacement of the required sounds (letters) of speech or words with others, in the incorrect use of individual sounds (letters) or words of speech.

literal paraphasia,

Verbal paraphasia.

Psychological Dictionary. THEM. Kondakov. 2000 .

paraphasia

(from Greek. para- near, about + phase- speech) - replacement of the required sounds (letters) speeches or words for others; incorrect use of individual sounds (letters) or words in oral and written speech. There are 2 types of P.: literal and verbal. With local lesions of the speech zones of the cortex of the left hemisphere (in right-handers), P. are manifestations of various forms aphasia. Literal P. is expressed as an erroneous replacement of individual sounds (or syllables) in words, which is based on sensory or motor speech disorders (see. ). Verbal P. is characterized by the replacement of some words by others, close in meaning (see. ), caused by mnestic or semantic speech disorders. This form of P. can also manifest itself as a combination of individual elements of different words into one (see. ).

Literal and verbal P. in children are observed with alalia and represent a manifestation of general speech underdevelopment. Cm. . (T.V. Akhutina.)

Big psychological dictionary. - M.: Prime-EVROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 .

See what "paraphasia" is in other dictionaries:

paraphasia- paraphasia... Spelling Dictionary

paraphasia- [it. Paraphasie Dictionary foreign words Russian language

Verbal paraphasia is a painful phenomenon most often found in acoustic-mnestic aphasia. It is characterized by the replacement of the desired word with another, included with it in the same associative field (for example, instead of the word table, the word chair is used).

• - Etymology. Comes from lat. littera - letter and Greek. para - near, around + phasis - speech. Category. neuropsychological disorder. Specific...
• - Verbal paraphasia - a painful phenomenon, most often found in acoustic-mnestic aphasia -. It is characterized by the replacement of the desired word with another, included with it in the same associative field ...

  Psychological Dictionary

• - Literal paraphasia - the replacement of a sound or letter in a word with others that occurs during aphasia - and manifests itself both in oral speech and in writing ...

  Psychological Dictionary

• - a violation of oral and written speech, manifested in the replacement of the required speech sounds or words with others, in the incorrect use of individual sounds or words of speech. Allocate literal, verbal paraphasia ...

  Psychological Dictionary

• - Distortion of individual elements of speech - replacement of words in oral speech with others that are close in meaning or sound and omissions, substitutions, rearrangement of individual sounds in words, leading to their distortion ...

  Explanatory Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms

• - distortion of individual elements of speech in aphasia ...

  Big medical dictionary

• - P., manifested by the replacement of words with others, usually close in sound characteristics ...

  Big Medical Dictionary

• - replacement of the required sounds of speech or words with others; incorrect use of individual sounds or words of oral and written speech. There are two types of P.: literal and verbal ...

  Great Psychological Encyclopedia

• - a painful phenomenon, most often found in acoustic-mnestic aphasia. Characteristically, the replacement of the desired word with another, included with it in the same associative field ...

  Great Psychological Encyclopedia

• - see Disorder...

  encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron

• - ...

  Spelling Dictionary

• - paraphase "...

  Russian spelling dictionary

• - one of the forms of speech disorders - confusion of words, syllables, letters in a word, words in a sentence ...

  Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

• - ...

  Word forms

• - noun, number of synonyms: 1 violation ...

  Synonym dictionary

• - Form of aphasia: permutation or replacement in oral speech of letters or syllables of a word, words in a sentence, and so on. slipping towards related designations; develops with damage to the speech areas of the brain ...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

"Verbal Paraphasia" in books

10.4. Verbal communication

10.4. Verbal communication