The nature of the Krasnoyarsk region - features, description and interesting facts. General characteristics of forests Forests of the Krasnoyarsk Territory description

Extraordinarily varied. Here you can see almost everything: classic dry steppes, deep taiga, and lifeless arctic deserts... No other region of the country has such a set of natural and climatic zones.

Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The Krasnoyarsk Territory occupies about 13% of the territory of Russia. It is bordered on both edges by mountain systems: the Byrranga Mountains in the north, the Sayan Mountains in the south. The region is unusually rich in various minerals. In particular, over 90% of the country's nickel and platinum reserves, about 40% of Russian lead reserves and about 20% of gold are concentrated here.

The territory is very different continental climate. Temperature very different, since the Krasnoyarsk Territory is very elongated in the meridional direction. In the far north, winter temperatures often reach -30...-35 degrees.

The flora, nature and animals of the Krasnoyarsk Territory simply amaze with their diversity and exceptional richness. 340 species of birds and 89 species of mammals live here, including sable, arctic fox, stoat and reindeer. There are over 60 species of fish in rivers and lakes, many of which are of industrial importance (sterlet, sturgeon and others).

Nature conservation of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

They try to preserve the riches of nature in the region by creating a large number of environmental areas and objects. To date, 30 reserves have already been created here, as well as 7 nature reserves, the most famous of which are the Tunguska, Putorana, and Great Arctic “Pillars”. In addition, 39 reserves are planned to be created in the near future.

They are also quite widely represented in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Today there are 51 such objects in the region. These are lakes, rocks, sections of rivers, waterfalls and much more. Let's consider the most famous and visited natural monuments of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Stone town

The nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory will amaze any tourist with its grandeur and beauty. A clear proof of this is the natural monument Stone Town, located on one of the ridges of the Western Sayan. These are columnar rocks up to 40 meters high, impressive with their unusual shapes.

There are about a hundred pillars here. On one of them, nicknamed the Watchtower, there is an observation deck from which you can admire the general panorama of the entire Stone Town. An amazing sight: bizarre turrets, as if built by man, emerging from the depths of the forest.

Stone Town is a real paradise for rock climbers. More than 60 routes of varying difficulty are organized for them. After all, rocks of such a columnar shape are ideal for practicing this extreme sport.

Lake Oyskoye

“Water is life itself,” as A. de Saint Exupéry once said. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory there is a whole “sea” of unique and beautiful water bodies. One of these is Lake Oiskoe, a hydrological natural monument. It is very loved by tourists because of its geographical accessibility - it is located right next to the road.

The lake gives rise to the Oya River, one of the tributaries of the Yenisei. The water in it is very cold, even in summer its temperature does not rise above +10 degrees. This is explained by the fact that Lake Oiskoe is located in the mountains - at an altitude of 1500 meters.

Shindinsky waterfall

Shindinsky (aka Chinzhebsky) waterfall received the status of a natural monument in 1987. The peak of high water here occurs in May-June. The waterfall is extremely beautiful: it falls in a powerful stream from a 30-meter steep ledge. The object is very accessible: you can drive directly to it by car. However, walking to it will bring much more impressions.

The width of the Shindinsky waterfall does not exceed ten meters. It is located at the foot of the picturesque Moscow Mountain, which you can also conquer if you wish.

In conclusion...

The nature of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is very diverse and varied. Here you can see virgin forests, cold arctic plains, high mountain ranges, cliffs and lakes, wild rivers and waterfalls. Without a doubt, and even despite the acute ecological problems in the region, this wonderful land of Russia deserves to be visited.

The Great Yenisei and the taiga, the Arctic Circle and the Permafrost Museum, Tunguska and Taimyr - all this is the Krasnoyarsk region, one of the most unique corners of our planet. It is here that the geographical center of Russia is located (Lake Vivi) and the extreme northern tip of Eurasia is located. It has its own Moscow (that’s the name of one of the mountains in the Sayan Mountains), and 99% of our country’s platinum reserves are concentrated here.

The Krasnoyarsk Territory occupies an area 10 times larger than the territory of Great Britain, with a fifth of the region located outside the Arctic Circle. The flora and fauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are unique. There are 30 natural reserves, more than 300 thousand lakes, Bolshaya Oreshnaya is considered the longest cave in Russia, Yenisei is the longest full-flowing river, and Kinzelyuksky waterfall is the largest in our country.

Flora of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The Krasnoyarsk region stretches along the Yenisei in the center of the Eurasian continent. In the north of the region, arctic deserts with sparse vegetation predominate. A little to the south begins the tundra zone, where lichens, mosses and dwarf shrubs reign. Cereals, cabbages, cloves grow here, poppies are often found among flowers, 15 species of mushrooms, over 70 species of mosses and as many as 89 species of lichens have been found.

There are even more mosses and lichens in Tamyr - over 200 species. But the most common trees are Daurian larches.

The tundra gives way to forest-tundra, in the space of which there are rare thickets of deciduous trees.

But more than 70% of the territory of the region is occupied by taiga. The majestic taiga zone, rich in resources, stretches for almost 1300 km along the Yenisei. Larch, spruce, fir, tall taiga pines and unique Siberian cedars grow here. Actually, over 80% of the forests of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are coniferous plants.

The southern part of the region is famous for its black soil forest-steppes. This territory is the most developed by man, and most of the forest-steppe zone is plowed under fields.

The forest-steppe is bordered by the edges of the steppe, most of which are concentrated in the Minusinsk Basin. And in the very south rise the peaks of the Sayan Mountains, a mountain system where nature has been preserved in its original form. This is a real oasis of virgin nature, carefully wrapped in taiga cover and permeated through and through with the crystal waters of rivers and lakes.

The most famous nature reserve in this area is Stolby. Many plants in this area are listed in the Red Book: slippers, orchis, feather grass, May fingerroot.

Fauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The fauna of this part of Siberia is incredibly rich. Species diversity gradually changes depending on the climate zone. If we group by type, we get the following picture:

Mammals. There are over 90 species of mammals in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In the mountains there are argali, sheep, snow leopards, in the north - polar bears and reindeer, in the steppe - shrews, wolves, hares, lynxes, gophers and wolverines. But, of course, the most mammals in the taiga are sable, arctic fox, ermine, squirrel, foxes, which have commercial value. On Stolby you can meet truly taiga animals - deer and elk, musk deer and martens live here, and white hares and brown bears are found.

There are over 400 species of birds in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. These are storks and petrels, loons and geese, woodpeckers and cranes, swifts and flamingos. Galliformes are of commercial importance, different kinds geese, plovers, pigeons and pelicans.

But there are few reptiles in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Only 4 species of snakes are known (vipers, snakes, snakes and copperheads) and 2 species of lizards (viviparous and quick).

Amphibians are also sparsely represented. The most common species found are newts, frogs, toads and Siberian salamanders.

But the ichthyofauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory includes more than 50 species of fish, of which 22 are of commercial importance. The region is especially famous for salmon, smelt, carp, catfish, cod and pike. Sturgeon, lampreys and catfish are caught here, and omul, bream, carp and ide are caught on Baikal.

Unfortunately, the deterioration environmental situation led to the fact that more than 140 species of fauna of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are currently listed in the Red Book. The rarest animals of the region, which once were its pride, now live only in nature reserves. These are red wolves, ibex, snow leopards, herring whales, fin whales, and Siberian roe deer. The deer and Siberian sturgeon are also at risk of extinction.

Climate in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

The climate in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is sharply continental, since most of the territory is located far from the seas and oceans. The region has three climatic zones: temperate, arctic and subarctic. Therefore, the change of seasons occurs differently, depending on the climate zone, proximity to the Arctic Circle and proximity to the mountains.

In the north of the region, winter lasts a long time, and there are no more than 40 days a year when the air temperature warms up to +10 °C. short summer. And the cities of Igarka, Norilsk and Dudinka are generally classified as points of the Far North.

Spring can be short, but very stormy, filled with sunlight and the intoxicating aroma of flowering plants.

In the central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, summer also does not last long, but in this region it is characterized by heat. In general, this part of the region is characterized by sharp temperature changes.

In the south of the region, summers are hot, and winters, although long, have little snow and are not so severe.

The total area of ​​land on which forests grow in the Krasnoyarsk Territory as of 01/01/2015 is 164.0 million hectares. The forests of the region are located on the lands of the forest fund, lands of defense and security, lands of specially protected areas, lands settlements and lands of other categories. The area of ​​forest fund lands as of January 1, 2015 amounted to 158.7 million hectares.

The forest fund lands include forest and non-forest lands. Forest lands are represented by areas covered with forest vegetation, and areas not covered by forest vegetation, but intended for its restoration (clearings, burnt areas, areas occupied by nurseries, etc.). Non-forest lands include lands intended for forestry (clearings, roads, etc.).

According to Rosreestr), as of January 1, 2015, the area of ​​forest land amounted to 120.9 million hectares, including 110.9 million hectares covered with forest vegetation, and 10.0 million hectares not covered with forest vegetation (Table 7.2).

Table 7.2

The total area of ​​the forest fund of the region, according to Rosreestr, is 155.6 million hectares (Table 3.1 in Section 3 of this Report), according to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Region - 158.7 million hectares (see Table 7.3). This discrepancy is explained by the fact that not all forest lands located in given time in the category of agricultural land (as of 01/01/2015 - 3.55 million hectares) and in other categories of land, put on state cadastral registration with the category of land “forest fund lands”. IN municipal areas forest management and land surveying work is being systematically carried out in all forest areas with subsequent registration of forest areas for cadastral registration in the Office of Rosreestr for the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 2014, due to similar work in the Abansky district, the area of ​​forest land increased by 7.0 thousand hectares.

Forest zoning of the Krasnoyarsk Territory ) . The forest vegetation of the region is rich and varied. It is characterized by obvious meridional and altitudinal zoning. The vegetation cover of the northern regions is dominated by pine and larch forests, in the southern regions - dark coniferous forests with spruce, fir, and cedar in the tree stand.

For the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (within the framework of the Forest Plan of the Krasnoyarsk Territory), forest zoning of the forest fund was carried out: 4 forest growth zones and 7 forest areas with relatively similar conditions of use, protection, protection, and reproduction of forests were identified (the “Forest zoning” map is given in the Forest Plan of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the forest fund).

Zone of tundra forests and sparse taiga occupies 25,413.7 thousand hectares or 15.5% of the total area of ​​all forests in the region. The zone of tundra forests and sparse taiga includes one forest region - the Central Siberian region of tundra forests - forest-tundra and sparse taiga, represented by larch open forests alternating with shrub tundras and hilly peat bogs. The predominant tree species is Dahurian larch of quality classes V-Va. The forest cover of the area is about 4%.

A characteristic feature of the vegetation cover of the tundra forest region is its mosaic and complexity, due to the widespread development of micro- and mesorelief forms, as well as the rapid change of soil and hydrological conditions. All forests of the Central Siberian region of tundra forests belong to protective forests.

Taiga zone occupies the largest territory, over 120 million hectares or 73.2% of the region’s forests. The average forest cover of the taiga zone is 70.6%. According to the nature of the vegetation cover, it is divided into 3 forest regions: West Siberian lowland taiga, Central Siberian plateau taiga and Priangarsky forest.

West Siberian lowland taiga region covers the basins of tributaries of the Yenisei - river. Kas, Sym, Kolchum and the upper reaches of the rivers of the Ob basin - Sochur, Bolshaya Elovaya. This is a drained section of the eastern edge of the West Siberian Plain. The total forest cover of the region is 73%; The area's swampiness is 27%.

The most valuable are pine forests of the green moss group of forest types (lingonberry, blueberry, wild rosemary), growing on sandy ridges with podzolic soils. Tree stands of III–IV quality, for the most part same age. Regeneration, both under the forest canopy and after logging or fires, occurs successfully without changing species.

Also characteristic of the region are lichen pine forests with highly podzolic soils of IV, less often V quality. Larch forests are quite rare, birch forests derivatives.

Central Siberian plateau taiga region occupies the largest territory. The southern border runs along the watershed of the Angara and Podkamennaya Tunguska rivers and in the southwestern part along the watershed of the Dubches and Sym rivers. Northern - from Igarka through the Putorana plateau to the administrative border of the Republic of Sakha.

In the northern part of this forest area there are sparse forests with small reserves of wood, about 100 m³ per 1 hectare. The forests here are represented mainly by Daurian and Siberian larch, downy birch, and spruce. Productivity of larch stands of V-III quality classes. Pine and spruce forests are always V-Va in quality. Mature and overmature forest stands predominate here, accounting for almost 70% of wood reserves. There is no industrial exploitation of forests; a small amount is harvested for local needs. The forests are used for grazing deer and as hunting grounds.

In the middle part of the forest area, the tree stand becomes more dense, the average wood supply increases to 150 m³ per 1 hectare, the average growth also increases, and the grass and shrub undergrowth becomes richer. The vegetation cover is dominated by low-productivity sparse dark coniferous forests of spruce, cedar with Siberian larch in the 1st layer and birch forests derived from them from warty and downy birch. Significant areas are occupied by larch forests of Siberian larch and a hybrid form between Siberian and Daurian larch - Chekanovsky larch. Small areas are occupied by aspen and birch forests. The predominant groups of forest types: shrub-moss, lichen, sphagnum, green moss. Reed forests occur in small areas. Elf fir is widespread in the undergrowth. Dark coniferous species are more often of class V. Green moss larch forests can be of class III.

In the southern part of the Central Siberian plateau taiga region, the dominant position in vegetation is occupied by pine and spruce forests. Often cedar and spruce form mixed stands. Forests with a predominance of fir are very rare, but mixed with cedar and spruce they are widespread. Larch and pine forests (forb and green moss groups of forest types) are noted in small areas in river valleys and watersheds. Birch forests are widespread on the site of burnt dark-coniferous taiga, where a layer of dark-coniferous species is formed everywhere under the canopy. The most widely represented are green-moss and long-moss pine forests. Tree stands of IV less than V quality, mature and overmature with a density of 0.5-0.6. Ledum-dolgomoss and sedge-lededum-dolgomoss pine forests are more common.

Forests are developed only for the purpose of harvesting furs, fish, berries, mushrooms, etc.

Priangarsky forest region occupies a vast territory. The forest cover is dominated by light coniferous forests of Scots pine and Siberian larch with an admixture of birch. Three types of soils predominate: sod-podzolic, sod-carbonate and gleyed gray forest, long-seasonally frozen.

The pine forests of the Angara region of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are distinguished by relatively high productivity (III-IV, less often II class) and high quality wood. In the last two decades, a significant part of the territory has been covered by clear cuttings, as well as large forest fires. Natural regeneration with light coniferous species is proceeding quite satisfactorily.

Within the boundaries of the forest area, 8 economic groups of forest types have been identified: lichen, green moss, forb, tall grass, fern-tail, long-moss, sphagnum and grass-swamp. The predominant (about 67%) are forb and green moss groups of forest types.

Forest-steppe zone is located in the central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and has a forest area equal to 7465.7 thousand hectares, which is 4.6% of the total area of ​​forest lands in the region. The forest-steppe zone includes the Central Siberian subtaiga-forest-steppe region.

The forests of the region are most economically developed and at present, in almost the entire territory of this forest region, no indigenous (“virgin”) vegetation of pine, larch and spruce-fir forests has been preserved. The average forest cover of the region (forest-steppe forest vegetation zone) is 56.6%. All modern vegetation cover is represented to one degree or another by derivative (secondary) groups of birch and aspen forests that arose under the direct influence of human activity or experienced its indirect transformative influence. Very few pine and dark coniferous forests have been preserved.

Favorable geographical position: proximity to the Trans-Siberian railway, convenient rafting rivers (Yenisei, Chulym, Kan) contributed to the development of forests in this forest area. Climatic and soil conditions contributed to the development Agriculture and reduction of forest lands.

South Siberian mountain zone covers most of the Western Sayan and to a small extent the northwestern part of the Eastern Sayan. The total forest area is 9207.5 thousand hectares or 5.6% of the total forest area of ​​the region. The average forest cover is 74.4%. Two forest regions are identified in the zone, Altai-Sayan mountain taiga and Altai-Sayan mountain forest-steppe.

Altai-Sayan mountain taiga region stretched out in the form of a mountain bridge 100-200 km wide at a distance of more than 700 km, and occupies southern part region, including mainly the northern slope of the Western Sayan and the Krasnoyarsk part of the Eastern Sayan with the headwaters of the Mana, Kizir and Kan rivers. It consists of a series of ridges composed of ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks. The relief is predominantly mid-mountain and high-mountain, strongly and deeply dissected. Significant fluctuations in absolute heights determined the altitudinal distribution of climate, soils and vegetation. Forests cover about 70% of the territory of the Western Sayan, giving way to chars, rocky placers and subalpine meadows in the highlands, and to steppes and forest-steppes in the intermountain basins.

Belt of light conifers and deciduous forests associated with conditions of sufficient moisture and relatively high heat supply. It occupies a narrow strip along the northern periphery of the Western Sayan. The dominant groups of forest types are pine and birch forests of low-mountain herbs II and III, largely modified by logging, grazing and periodic fires.

At the contact with the dark coniferous belt, a strip of low-mountain black aspen forests of large-grass-fern group of quality II-III can be traced on thick, well-moistened gray forest soils. The dark coniferous belt dominates the area and covers the entire mid-mountain, partly low-mountain and high mountain region. The main forest-forming species are cedar and fir; spruce forests occupy about 1%.

Altai-Sayan mountain forest-steppe region covers a small part of the Western Sayan, located on the periphery of the Minusinsk Basin and having a range of zones: steppe, forest-steppe, light coniferous forests, dark coniferous forests and in some places mountain tundra.

The region is mid-mountain, with a slope steepness of 15-30 degrees and heights from 500 to 1000-1300 m. Larch and pine forests of a mixed herb group are widespread here, with the participation of cedar in the upper boundary of the belt. Their productivity is quite high, II-III quality in pine forests and I-III in larch forests. The composition contains a noticeable admixture of birch.

In the transition zone to the Minusinsk Basin, xerophytic forests with reduced productivity are formed, often with an undergrowth of caragana, honeysuckle, spirea and rose hips.

Of particular note are the ribbon forests located within the Minusinsk depression in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. They are an intrazonal formation and occupy sandy massifs on the right bank of the Yenisei; they owe their origin to the activities of the ancient river systems of the Yenisei and Tuba.

Characteristics of the forest fund. The area of ​​forest land as of January 1, 2015 was 158.7 million hectares. The total forested area within the forest fund lands amounted to 105.1 million hectares.

Federal agency forestry in accordance with orders dated July 18, 2008 No. 207 “On determining the number of forest districts and establishing their boundaries”, in order to form territorial management units on the lands of the forest fund of the region in the field of use, conservation, defense, and reproduction of forests, 61 forest districts were created. The boundaries of 32 forestries included both state and former rural forestry enterprises.

The age structure of forest stands is characterized by the predominance of mature and overmature plantings, constituting about 59% of the area of ​​land covered with forest vegetation. Included coniferous forests their share exceeds 65.5% of the recorded areas.

According to the state forest register, the total timber reserve in the region is estimated at 11.5 billion m 3. The volume of coniferous wood is 9.6 billion m3, of which 6.8 billion m3 is represented by mature and overmature plantings. The supply of soft-leaved wood in general does not exceed 1.9 billion m 3 , including 1.2 billion m 3 in mature and overmature forests.

The main forest-forming species of the forest fund are larch (43.7 million hectares), birch (15.5 million hectares), pine (13.4 million hectares), and cedar (9.7 million hectares). Coniferous plantations occupy more than 76% of forested areas.

Forests located on forest fund lands are divided according to their intended purpose into protective, operational and reserve. Distribution of forests by intended purpose in the context administrative territories presented in table 7.3.

Table 7.3

Distribution of forests by intended purpose in the context of administrative

territories as of 01/01/2015

TO protective Forests include forests that perform useful functions such as water protection, soil protection, sanitary and hygienic, general cultural, fruit production and others and at the same time being sources of reserves of mature and overmature wood. The use of forests in protective forests is aimed primarily at strengthening their target functions. total area protective forests as of 01/01/2015 it is 51880.2 thousand hectares or 32.7% of the total forest area. The most significant part of the protective forests is located in the forest-tundra zone in the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets, Evenki, and Turukhansk regions. Protective forests of the forest fund of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are categorized into main groups (Table 7.4).

Table 7.4

TO operational forests are forests that are subject to development for the purposes of sustainable and effective use forest resources, obtaining high-quality commercial timber and other forest resources while preserving the beneficial functions of forests. Exploitation forests in the region occupy an area of ​​62,352.2 thousand hectares or 39.3% of the forest fund lands. More than 5.1 billion m3 of mature and overmature wood are concentrated in production forests.

TO reserve forests on the territory of the region include forests mainly in the northern regions of the region, sparse, unproductive and remote from transport routes, where timber harvesting for economic reasons is not feasible over the next 20 years; their area is 44503.6 thousand hectares, which is 28.0%.

In 2014, compared to 2013, the area of ​​protective and operational forests increased by 22.7 thousand hectares and 394.1 thousand hectares, respectively, and the area of ​​reserve forests decreased by 415.6 thousand hectares. The total forest area increased by 1.2 thousand hectares compared to 2013.

Compared to 2013, in 2014 the total forest area increased in Nizhneingashsky (by 0.6 thousand hectares), Kuraginsky (by 0.5 thousand hectares), Irbeysky (by 0.2 thousand hectares), Idrinsky and Kansky (0.1 thousand hectares) areas (Table 7.3). The area of ​​protective forests increased in Ilansky (by 19.3 thousand hectares), Idrinsky (by 2.6 thousand hectares), Kuraginsky (by 0.8 thousand hectares), Irbeysky (by 0.1 thousand hectares), districts . The area of ​​exploitation forests increased in Turukhansky (by 415.6 thousand hectares), Nizhneingashsky (by 0.6 thousand hectares), Irbeysky and Kansky (by 0.1 thousand hectares) regions.

A decrease in the total forest area occurred in the Ilansky district (by 0.4 thousand hectares). The area of ​​exploitation forests decreased in the Idrinsky (by 2.5 thousand hectares), Ilansky (by 19.7 thousand hectares), and Kuraginsky (by 0.3 thousand hectares) districts. The area of ​​reserve forests in the Turukhansky district decreased (by 415.6 thousand hectares).

Krasnoyarsk region is located in Eastern Siberia, in the Yenisei River basin. Includes archipelagos and islands of the Arctic Ocean ( Severnaya Zemlya, Nordenskiöld, Sibiryakov, etc.). Stretching from the Arctic Ocean to the mountainous regions of Southern Siberia for almost 3000 km, it is distinguished by its exceptional diversity and richness of natural conditions and resources. The region's topography is varied: lowlands, plains, plateaus and mountains. In the south rise the Sayan mountain ranges, in the center - on the right bank of the Yenisei, there is a vast Central Siberian Plateau, on the Taimyr Peninsula and along the left bank of the Yenisei there is a strip of lowland. In the north, the region is washed by the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. In the east, the region borders on the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Irkutsk region, in the south – on the Republic of Tuva and the Republic of Khakassia, in the west – on the Altai Republic, Kemerovo and Tomsk regions, as well as on the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. On the territory of the region in the vicinity of Lake Vivi (Evenkia) the geographical center of Russia is located. The main river is the Yenisei. The territory of the region together with the former autonomous okrugs is 2339.7 thousand sq. km, National composition: Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Khakass, Tatars, Evenks, Dolgans, Nenets, Yakuts, Nganasans, Kets, etc.; urban residents - 73.9%. The Krasnoyarsk Territory includes 42 districts (including 2 administrative-territorial units with a special status: the former Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenki Autonomous Okrugs), 15 cities and 4 ZATOs (closed administrative territorial entities). Big cities- Krasnoyarsk, Achinsk, Kansk, Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk-26. The administrative center is Krasnoyarsk. Located 3955 km east of Moscow, on the banks of the Yenisei, at the intersection of the river with the Trans-Siberian railway.

Most of the territory of the region is covered with taiga forests. The total area of ​​forest land, total, thousand hectares - 164072.4, forest cover in% - 72.1. At the northern border of forest distribution it dominates Siberian larch, forming sparse lichen, long-moss and dwarf birch plantations. Pine, spruce and other species are found only as admixtures and play an insignificant role in the formation of landscapes. The middle taiga subzone includes the forests of the Yenisei Ridge and the southern part of the Turukhansk region. The main forest-forming species are pine and larch. Dark coniferous plantations with a predominance of fir appear on slopes above 600 m above sea level. Spruce forests are confined to river valleys; cedar is found sporadically. The most common are green moss pine and larch-pine forests. The undergrowth includes alder, honeysuckle, rowan and juniper. Southern taiga forests occupy most of the Angara, Yenisei and some other regions of the region. The main tracts of pine plantations of national importance are concentrated here. Southern taiga forests occupy most of the Angara, Yenisei and some other regions of the region. The main tracts of pine plantations of national importance are concentrated here. Spruce and spruce-fir forest stands with the participation of cedar cover less than 30% of the subzone and are confined to the lower reaches of the Angara and the left bank of the Yenisei.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Siberian State Technological University

Chemical-technological faculty of distance learning

Essay

"Forest industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory"

Completed by: specialty student

form of study correspondence grade book code

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic . Interest in the activities of forest industry enterprises, especially in modern economic conditions, is due, firstly, to the role played by forest industry enterprises in the management system of local territories. Secondly, the significance further development foreign trade activities for our country, as it has transitioned to a market from a system of economic relations with the dominant state form ownership and unified forms of economic organization. Thirdly, the opportunities for the formation of diverse economic and social relations in the process of development of the forest industry, allowing for more complete use of management potential. Fourthly, because the forest domestic industry is an important branch of international specialization. Russia was and remains the first country in the world in terms of forest reserves. At the same time, both in terms of export revenue and a number of other industry indicators, Russia lags behind the leading countries in the global forest products market. One of the reasons for such a lag is the historically ineffective orientation of exports to the country's raw materials, which continues to negatively affect the state of the forest industry, undermines the basis for the development of forest industries, and makes the prospects for their development unclear.

In addition, the importance of studying the timber industry is also related to the social problems of society. This is due to the city-forming role of enterprises in this industry, and the fact that forestry enterprises employ a very large number of people.

Characteristics of the forest industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Krasnoyarsk Territory is one of the most “forested” regions

Russian Federation, which accounts for 14.5% of forested areas. The area of ​​forest land - 160 million hectares - accounts for 15% of the territory of Russia covered by forests.

However, the region's share in the production of timber products

Russia is only 2.48%. This is due to the underdevelopment of deep wood processing and the pulp and paper industry. For example, the neighboring Irkutsk region, with a logging volume of 23 million m3, produces 1.2 million tons of pulp and paper, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory, with a harvest of 9.5 million m3, produces only 0.084 million tons of pulp and paper. More than 5 million m3 of roundwood is exported from region annually.

The total volume of forest reserves in the region (including Taimyr and Evenkia) is approximately 6% of the world's forest reserves. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the timber industry complex ranks fifth in the structure of industrial production in the region.

The total volume of timber products produced in the region is estimated at $0.25 billion. The share of the forest industry in the structure of industrial production of the region is 3.8%.

The average net profit margin of the region's 12 profitable largest enterprises is 7%. Over 3 thousand enterprises of the timber industry complex are registered in the region. Forest users are about 1,800 commercial enterprises, 1,500 of which are small businesses.

About 50 thousand people work at timber industry enterprises, which provides 15% of employment in the region. But, according to our estimates, this figure is underestimated by 1.5 times, since it does not take into account data on small enterprises, illegal workers, and also, as a rule, does not take into account migrants from foreign countries (Ukraine, China) employed in production.

The majority of forestry companies are privately owned (91%).

Table 1: Form of ownership of forestry companies in the region

Source: Regional Statistics

Timber resource base

The region accounts for 14.5% of forested areas. The total forest stock along the edge, taking into account autonomous okrugs is 11.9 billion m3. The total estimated cutting area is 59.7 million cubic meters. m3.

The estimated cutting area is used in the Krasnoyarsk Territory by only 15.3%, including 24.1% in coniferous farming. This is primarily the result of the lack of logging roads and the concentration of logging in areas located along the main transport routes. Low rates of utilization of logging areas are also associated with an insignificant degree of consolidation of logging and wood processing enterprises and low quality equipment and technology.

The total forest stock is dominated by mature and overmature plantings. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory they account for 70.6%. The predominant place is occupied by coniferous plantations.

Table 2: Characteristics of regional forest resources.

Source: OJSC "NIPIEIlesprom"

The most economically valuable species is pine. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory this is the main logging site. The main area of ​​pine forests is concentrated in the Angara River basin along its entire length, in the southern part of the Central Siberian Plateau; a special variety of pine called Angara pine (pine Siberian stone) also grows there. Larch wood ranks second in terms of economic value. Larch forests predominate in the northern regions in the basins of the Podkamennaya and Nizhnyaya Tunguska and Vitim rivers.

Table 3: Forest species composition, thousand m3

Structure

The timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 can be represented as follows:

· Logging – 9.5 million m 3

· Lumber production – 1.8 million m3

· Fiberboard production – 52.6 million m 3

· Chipboard production – 37.8 thousand m 3

· Pulp and paper industry: 1.12 thousand tons of commercial pulp, 43.4 thousand tons of paper, 58.2 thousand tons of cardboard

The main types of products manufactured in the region are:

· logging products (industrial timber, round timber);

· wood processing products (lumber, railway sleepers, fiber boards);

· pulp and paper products (cellulose, cardboard).

Figure 1. Structure of main types of products

Logging

Based on the results of 2004, the volume of timber harvesting in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is approximately 9.5 million m3. The total volume of logging has increased over the past 6 years by 28%. However, if you compare logging with Soviet period, then the volume of logging at that time was about 25 million m3. At the end of 2004, only 15.9% of the estimated logging area was used in the region. The main reasons for not developing the full volume of the estimated logging area, according to Russian Investors - Siberia LLC, are:

1) Transport inaccessibility of a number of areas (Right Bank of the Angara River, Evenkia).

3) The inability of a number of companies to develop their logging area in full (as a rule, many logging enterprises develop no more than 70% of the logging area).

According to various estimates, the volume of illegal logging annually ranges from 0.5% (FALH for the Asnoyarsk Territory, Taimyr and Evenkia). The average price of one cubic meter of standing timber (rent) is about $1-3 (depending on forest management conditions) per m3. The cost of harvesting and hauling is $12-17 per m3 (with the whip harvesting method). Costs are constantly increasing due to rising prices for fuels and lubricants wages in the region. Currently, several main technological types of logging prevail in the region:

1) Using chainsaws.

2) Using feller bunchers.

3) Using automated systems.

Logging with automated systems is just beginning to gain its position in the region. From open sources of information it is known that so far only two enterprises in the region have mastered this harvesting method (Shiversky LPH, Angarsky LPH). But, as the practice of Finland, Canada and the European part of Russia shows, this is one of the most effective ways. LLC “Russian Investors - Siberia” April 9, 2005

In addition, when using this procurement method, the share of fuel and lubricants and wages in the cost price is reduced, and these are the two main categories that cause an increase in the cost of production.

A number of enterprises in the region use the labor of foreign workers (mainly from Ukraine) in their activities. According to information from unofficial sources, teams of Ukrainian workers are equipped with logging equipment (chainsaws) and tools and receive remuneration according to a piece-rate system for a certain volume of logging.

The main logging companies in the region are: Maltat Group of Companies (harvesting about 700 thousand m3), LLC Shiverales (harvesting about 120 thousand m3), CJSC Pashutinskoye (harvesting about 250 thousand m3), CJSC Angarsk LPH "(harvesting about 200 thousand m3), Sibartles LLC (harvesting about 200 thousand m3) and a number of other companies.

Currently, roundwood prices are rising in the markets of Japan and China. The rate of price growth for the period January 2003 – January 2004 amounted to 15-20%.

More than 5 million m3 of roundwood is exported from the region annually.

Lumber production

The Krasnoyarsk Territory ranks third in Russia in the production of lumber after the Arkhangelsk and Irkutsk regions. The total volume of lumber production in 2004 in the Krasnoyarsk Territory was about 1,821 thousand m3.

Figure 2: Lumber by region of the Russian Federation, 2004, thousand m3

Source: Goskomstat of the Russian Federation

The share of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is 15% in the all-Russian production of lumber. On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory there are two largest producers of lumber in Russia with production volumes of over 400 thousand m3 - these are CJSC Novoeniseisky LHK (production volume in 2003 amounted to 505 thousand m3 of lumber) and OJSC Lesosibirsk LDK-1 (production volume in 2003 amounted to 430 thousand m3 of lumber), which are located in Lesosibirsk.

In addition, Maklakovsky LDK OJSC is located in Lesosibirsk (production volume in 2003 amounted to 160 thousand m3 of lumber).

Figure 3: Dynamics of lumber production, thousand m3

Pulp and paper production

According to statistics, the pulp and paper industry produced: 1.12 thousand tons of commercial pulp, 43.4 thousand tons of paper, 58.2 thousand tons of cardboard. The only manufacturer of pulp and paper products in the region is Yenisei Pulp and Paper Mill LLC, part of the Continental Management group.

Figure 4: Dynamics of paper production, thousand tons

The pulp and paper mill includes: lumber production, wood pulp shop, cooking shops (production of cellulose and semi-cellulose), paper mill, container board factory, cardboard drying shop, paper processing shop, acid shop, bleaching shop, chemical shop , treatment facilities, auxiliary production workshops.

Currently, the administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory has announced plans to build two pulp and paper mills in the region: in the city of Lesosibirsk and in the Boguchansky district (based on the Boguchanskaya HPP).

Figure 5: Dynamics of cardboard production, thousand tons

Source: ULK Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Fibreboard production

Krasnoyarsk region is the leader in the production of fiberboard in Russia. The region's share is 24% in the all-Russian production of DPV. Fiberboard production in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 amounted to 59.2 million m 3.

Figure 6: Dynamics of fiberboard production, thousand m 3 Source: ULK Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory there are two largest manufacturers of fiberboard - these are CJSC Novoeniseisky LHK (production volume in 2003 amounted to 25 thousand m2) and OJSC Lesosibirsky LDK-1 (production volume in 2003 amounted to 24 thousand m2), which are located in Lesosibirsk. The volume of fiberboard production in 2004 increased by 10.8%.

Chipboard production

The volume of chipboard production in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 amounted to 72.8 thousand m 3

Figure 7: Dynamics of chipboard production, thousand m3 Source: ULK Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

In 2004, the volume of production of particle boards decreased by 7.5%.

CJSC Krasnoyarsk DOK is the main manufacturer of chipboards in the region. The decrease in particle board production was due to the shutdown of DOK production at the beginning of 2004 to carry out a major overhaul of equipment.

CJSC Krasnoyarsk DOK does not produce laminated chipboard, which is in demand among furniture manufacturers; furniture makers in the region are forced to import this type of raw material from neighboring regions. The company's products are consumed mainly by the construction industry.

Sales markets

The main component of the forest industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in foreign economic activity is the export orientation of the industry. In terms of export volume, it ranks 3rd after non-ferrous metallurgy and petrochemical complex. The main shippers of wood in 2000 were JSC Novoeniseisky Timber Chemical Complex, JSC Lesosibirsk LDK No. 1, JSC Igarsky Sea Port, LLC Taiga-Ex, JSC First Siberian Forestry Company, JSC Dilen, JSC AK "Yeniseiles"

Exports of wood products and wood products can be divided into two relatively separate groups:

- unprocessed timber- exports for 2000 amounted to 25.1 million US dollars, an increase of 14.6%. Over the past few years, the first position in the geographical structure has been occupied by China (90.5%). However, it is worth noting the fact that unprocessed wood is exported to China at a price of about 60 US dollars per 1 cubic meter, mainly to Manchuria, where the so-called “Forest Base” has been created. This is a huge center from which Siberian products are sold in Central and Southern China at a price of 120 US dollars. The creation of this base was initiated not by Russia, but by the Chinese side, so the main efforts must be directed to developing relations with the southern provinces of China, which have benefits for conducting foreign economic activity.

- processed timber- exports for 2000 amounted to 101.3 million dollars, decreasing by 5.8% compared to 1999. The price for exported products varies from 80 dollars per 1 cubic meter. m. up to 295 per 1 ton. This group accounts for the main share in the commodity structure of exports - more than 60%.

The main positions in this group are still occupied by the two largest sawmills in the region, CJSC Novoeniseisky Timber Chemical Complex and CJSC Lesosibirsk LDK No. 1, located in Lesosibirsk. In total, these enterprises produce about 900 thousand cubic meters of export lumber per year, for which the coefficient of integrated use of wood reaches 95%.

At the highest prices (per 1 ton of timber), products were exported to Syria ($295), Tunisia ($268), Great Britain ($248) and Spain ($203.7), and the lowest in Turkey ($174.5), Egypt ($178) and neighboring countries (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan). However, if in the early 90s countries Central Asia were the main consumer of these products, today their share in consumption is very low.

One of the most important reasons for this situation was the existing policy of the Russian Ministry of Railways regarding export tariffs for goods to the CIS countries. Today, it is more profitable for enterprises in the region to supply their products to foreign countries, for example, to China, than to the Republic of Uzbekistan. As a result, the delivery of products from the Republic of Uzbekistan to the Krasnoyarsk Territory is carried out mainly with the help of vehicles, which does not allow the volumes of product supplies necessary for the enterprises of the region to be met and the demand to be fully met.

Another reason that many enterprises are targeting Western foreign partners is the prevailing price level for forest products in the region, which is inaccessible to the Central Asian market and the introduction by the Republic of Kazakhstan of duties on the transit transportation of products to Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.

Sleepers for railway and tram tracks, chipboard, fiberboard, and plywood are also exported from the Krasnoyarsk Territory. These are mainly the countries of Central Asia, Egypt and Syria, however, here too, the tariff policy of the Russian Ministry of Railways has led to a reduction in the number of contracts concluded for the supply of products from small and medium-sized enterprises of the region's timber industry. D

It is enough to note that to send one car of chipboard to Tashkent, you need to pay a railway tariff in the amount of about $2,600, which is more than 60% of the price of the goods in the car. In general, the share of these product groups in the total export volume according to 2000 data was 5.6%.

- pulp, paper and cardboard- exports for 2000 amounted to 3.99 million US dollars, which is 30% higher than the 1999 level. It should be noted that in 2000, the export of wood pulp began - to Greece (448.5 thousand US dollars) and China (50.2 thousand US dollars), when, as in 1999, this product was not exported.

In 2000, exports of paper and cardboard amounted to $3.49 million, an increase of 29%. Unlike 1999, supplies to the countries of Central Asia increased - Uzbekistan (+40.4%), Tajikistan (+58.9%), Kyrgyzstan (+50.9%). Supplies to Kazakhstan decreased (-7.4%), which is the main importer of paper and kraton.

Export to other regions

The main timber and paper products, which play a significant role in the markets of other regions of Russia and are exported by the Krasnoyarsk Territory, are commercial timber and lumber.

Export to foreign markets

The main flows of timber products are directed along the Trans-Siberian and Lesosibirsk railways, as well as along the Yenisei and Angara rivers.

Huge forest areas in the north cannot be developed due to their distance from roads. and the share of the Krasnoyarsk Territory accounts for 5% of all-Russian timber exports. In the total volume of forest exports of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the main share falls on round timber and lumber.

Export of timber and paper products from the Krasnoyarsk Territory is mainly focused on non-CIS countries. The share of CIS countries is insignificant. The main roundwood importing countries are China and Japan, which account for more than 90% of total roundwood exports from the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Lumber is exported to many countries in Asia, Europe, North Africa: Japan, China, Egypt, Austria, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Turkey, Tunisia, Lebanon, Greece, Italy, France. Pulp is exported to China, Ireland, Italy, the Republic of Korea, Poland, and Slovakia.

Currently, the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region are exporters of softwood lumber on the Western European market. The largest importers in this market are France, Great Britain, Spain, Italy and Germany.

Main timber production areas of the region

Conventionally, the territory of the region can be divided into several timber industry regions: Esosibirsk (sawmill center), Boguchansky district (logging center), Kezhemsky district (logging and sawmilling), Krasnoyarsk (sawmilling and pulp and paper mill), Kansk (sawmilling).

Timber industry district of Lesosibirsk

Lesosibirsk is the largest timber industry center in the region and the largest city in the Nizhneangarsk region, which is located on the Yenisei highway 260 - 280 km north of Krasnoyarsk. The city is located 27 km south of the mouth of the river. Hangars. All right-bank logging enterprises on the Angara River have an inconvenient transport location and the city of Lesosibirsk will remain the only place through which forest streams will pass (rafting downstream of the Angara River). In addition, in Lesosibirsk there is Railway Achinsk-Lesosibirsk (274 km). Sawmilling and wood processing are carried out by CJSC Novoyeniseisky LHK, CJSC Lesosibirsky LDK-1, OJSC Maklakovsky LDK. In addition, there are about twenty small enterprises in the city that are engaged in sawmilling, mainly on the basis of P-63 frames, or in the resale of sawlogs to China.

Boguchansky district

Boguchansky district is a leader in logging in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. According to the results of 2004, procurement volumes in the Boguchansky district amount to 3.1 million m3. Sawmilling is not developed in the area. Several small enterprises carry out sawmilling in the area on the basis of the R-63 sawmill, as well as a number of other small lines (machines). The average production volume of sawmills does not exceed 10-20 thousand m3 of lumber annually. The region has a poorly developed transport infrastructure; the main routes for exporting raw materials from the region are: the railway (single-track line from Karabula station) and the Angara River.

Most of the logging enterprises in the region are located on the left bank of the river. Angara send their products for export to China and Japan, due to high product prices in 2004. Right-bank enterprises cannot transport the harvested volumes to railway sidings, and are forced to float them to the city of Lesosibirsk along the Angara River.

The largest logging enterprise in the region is the Maltat group of companies (harvesting about 700 thousand m3), part of the MS Management group. In addition, the following companies produce harvesting in the region: Shiverales LLC (harvesting about 120 thousand m3), Pashutinskoye CJSC (harvesting about 250 thousand m3), Angarsky LPH CJSC (harvesting about 200 thousand m3), LLC Sibartles" (procurement of about 200 thousand m3) and a number of other enterprises. Currently, the main harvesting is shifting to the right bank of the Angara River due to the depletion of forest reserves on the left bank.

Kezhemsky district.

Timber industry district of Krasnoyarsk

In Krasnoyarsk there are a number of industries aimed at processing timber. Among these productions: OJSC Yenisei Pulp and Paper Mill, OJSC AK Eniseiles, CJSC KLM Co, CJSC Krasnoyarsk Wood Processing Plant, OJSC Krasnoyarsk BCP. In addition, in 2004, the Yenisei woodworking plant was built in the village of Berezovka.

The advantages of Krasnoyarsk as a site for processing raw materials are:

Availability of qualified personnel.

Developed infrastructure.

Availability of a pulp and paper mill where some of the waste can be delivered

production.

The disadvantages of Krasnoyarsk as a site for processing raw materials are:

Lack of raw materials in the city's vicinity leads to growth

transport logistics at least $9-20 per m3 of lumber.

Increasing environmental requirements for city enterprises.

High price for land.

According to Russian Investors - Siberia LLC, projects related to advanced wood processing will be developed in the city. Timber industry district of Kansk There are two main sawmills in Kansk: ZAO LDK Kansky and LLC Kanskwood. In addition, in the city there is OJSC Kansky BHZ, which accepts sawmill waste - chips and sawdust, etc. According to information obtained from open sources, JSC LDK Kansky produces about 46 thousand m3 of lumber annually. In December 2004, a new lumber drying workshop was opened in Kansk. According to public statements by management, already in 2005 the enterprise will process 100 thousand m3. Kanskwood LLC is part of the MS Management group and produces about 15-20 thousand m3 of lumber annually. The company is focused on the production of high-quality larch lumber.

Conclusion

Concept for the development of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

In 2004, the administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory adopted the “Concept for the development of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the period 2004-2015”

Implementation of the Concept and main directions of development of the forestry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the period 2004-2015. will make it possible to involve more currently unclaimed resources of low-quality raw materials into industrial production (due to the introduction of new capacities for advanced wood processing), while ensuring an increase in marketable products per 1 m3 of harvested wood from $25.2 to $70-80 in 2010 and $140-160 in 2015

If the concept is implemented (see Table 4)

The volume of procurement will increase by 1.8 times – from 9.5 to 18 thousand m3

Lumber production will increase 2.5 times – 1.8 to 4.5 thousand m3

Conditions are being created to increase profitability in forestry activities (by an average of 3 times).

The industry's annual profit will be 16.6 billion rubles, while budget income will be about 13.0 billion rubles.

The number of timber industry workers will increase by 15-16 thousand people.

The average salary will be about 16 thousand rubles.

In terms of profitability, the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory can reach the level of investment self-sufficiency for reconstruction and technical re-equipment of production, as well as accumulate funds for equity participation (in the amount of 50-60%) in investing in the new construction of forestry complex facilities, including the development of forest raw materials resources that were previously inaccessible .

Table 4: Calculation of marketable products in 2015 (“Concept for the development of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for 2004-2015”)

References

1. Granberg A. G. Fundamentals of regional economics - M.: State University Higher School of Economics, 2000

2. Regional economics: Textbook for universities/T. G. Morozova M.P. Pobedeeva et al., 2001

3. Economy of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2001. Statistical Yearbook

4. Review of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory LLC “Russian Investors-Siberia”. Statistical Review 2004

5. Magazine “Expert-Siberia” (“Top-200” Krasnoyarsk Territory)