Breeding a fire Theme "Campfire

6th grade

Topic:"Making fire, making a fire"

Lesson Objectives: 1) learn how to choose and prepare a place for a fire.

2) to familiarize students with the types of kindling, various types bonfires and mandatory fire safety regulations.

Lesson type: combined (testing knowledge and explaining new material).

Equipment: a textbook, a notebook, wooden blanks for making incendiary sticks or ready-made incendiary sticks, sticks for making fires.

During the classes

    Organizing time

The teacher names the topic and purpose of the lesson.

    Checking homework

But in order to understand how you learned the material on the topic: "The device of temporary shelters", I will conduct a test.

Before you cards with tests. Let's answer their questions. For each correct answer a token.

1 test.

What is the most important requirement for a place to build a temporary shelter (long-term camp)

A) The presence of water nearby.

B) Picturesque nature.

C) Parking lot security.

D) Absence of mosquitoes and midges.

2 test.

The boys from the 6th "A" class set up a tent on the river bank near the water, so as not to go far for water. At night they woke up from dampness. It turned out that the water in the river rose and flooded the tent. Why did it happen?

A) It was necessary not to sleep, but to monitor the condition of the water in the river.

B) The guys forgot to put piles under the tent.

c) The tent was pitched too close to the water.

D) The tent had to be waterproof.

3 test.

What kind of shelter will you make in the winter in the taiga in the absence of a fire:

A) a hut from spruce branches and poles.

B) I will break the spruce branches and make a bed out of it under the spruce.

B) snow hole

D) Snow cave or lair.

4 test.

During the winter holidays, the guys from the 6th "B" went on a hike. With the onset of dusk, they began to prepare for the night. Knowing that the shelter is best done so that it is protected from the wind, the guys placed it under a rock canopy. In the morning they woke up in a huge snowdrift. Why did this happen?

A) The wind changed direction and they were covered.

B) A bear walked by at night and chose a den in the neighborhood, filling up the tent.

C) A snowball fell on the guys, falling from a rock canopy.

Well done! You have mastered the material well.

Now listen riddle

Tourists will come to their camp,

He will be divorced in the evening

It will burn for a long time

Warm them with your warmth (bonfire)

That's right, fire. And the topic of our lesson is "Making fire, making a fire." Written in front of you on the board plan lesson. (read and write in notebook).

1. Campfire site

2. Making fire

3. Kindling a fire

4. Types of fires. Saving fire.

3. Explanation of new material

introductory word teachers

    After building the shelter, you need to take care of the fire. His meaning extremely large because it is a possibility:

Warm up, dry clothes and shoes;

Prepare food;

Give a signal to the rescuers;

Scare off predators;

Feel more secure, calm down.

Why is it so important to be able to choose a place for a fire?

This is the first point of our plan.

Because in the worst case, with the wrong choice of place, a fire can start.

Where are you not allowed to make fires?

Answer please.

Let's get acquainted with memo.(on the tables of the students). Read out.

You can not make a fire in the field among the dry grass, especially if the wind is blowing. The grass will catch fire, and the flame will be carried by the wind to neighboring areas of the field.

Fires must not be lit in dry pine forests during the dry period.

It is impossible to build a fire on stony placers during a dry period, if twigs, dry grass, and dust have accumulated between the stones. The fire can spread under the stones through these dry layers of fuel, and a fire occurs.

You can not build a fire under the roots of trees, at the roots - all this can catch fire.

Please remember this.

Where can you build a fire? What do you think?

Let's take a look at the memo. Read out.

A place for a fire is prepared away from trees and bushes (no closer than 4-6 meters).

The site is thoroughly cleaned of forest debris.

The top layer of turf is removed.

The place is lined with stones (so that the fire does not spread)

In winter, the place is cleared from snow to the ground, the snow is trampled down, and the flooring is made of damp logs and branches.

So, we have chosen a place for a fire, now we are learning how to make fire.

Lighting a fire is an art. Life often depends on the presence of fire. There are several ways making fire with the help of improvised means:

1. Fire can be made with a magnifying glass, but this method will require two watch glasses, and this may not always be at hand.

2. You can get fire by friction. But for this you need a lot of effort and make a bow from the trunk of a young birch, a drill from a pine stick and a support from a dry pine log.

The easiest way:

3. With the help of two hard rock stones. Stones hit each other and make fire.

So, you can use any of these methods and get fire for kindling a fire.

This is the third question of our plan.

Wood preparation. What is suitable for this?

Gather plenty of dry firewood, brushwood, and enough dry kindling before starting a fire. The best firewood for a solid fire is the wood of pines, spruces, oaks, aspens, stumps of coniferous trees that have dried up on the vine.

Kindling. What is needed for this?

Everyone knows birch bark. Ribbons of dry birch bark light up instantly. If there is no birch bark, look for Christmas trees.

Kindling is folded in the form of a small pyramid in order to make it convenient to kindle a fire.

You should not build a fire under the branches of trees: in summer they can catch fire, and in winter snow can fall from them, extinguishing the fire.

Work with the textbook. Open page 74.

Read the memo“Preparing fuel for a fire” (p. 74.) - (students read aloud).

But you have to remember: When leaving, put out the fire, fill it with water, cover it with earth, cover it with turf.

And now we will get acquainted with the types of fires:

On the board types of fires.

Smoke Flames Flames

(diagram on the board and writing in notebooks)

smoke- in order to drive away mosquitoes and midges, to signal your location.

Zharovoy- for cooking, drying things, for heating.

fiery- for lighting the place, heating food, boiling water.

The board shows the types of fires . Let's consider them.

"Hut"

Short dry firewood is stacked obliquely towards the center, they partially lean against each other. With this design, the firewood burns out mainly from above, and the flame is high and hot. This type of fire is handy when you need to boil water or cook something in one bucket or pot. If you need to use several vessels, it is better to separate the "well".

"Well"

Put two logs parallel to each other at some distance, across them - two more. This design provides good air access to the fire, and the logs will burn evenly along the entire length. This fire is good in wet weather.

"Star"

Lay the logs along the radii from the center. Combustion occurs mainly in the center. And as the firewood burns, they should be moved to the middle. This type of fire requires constant supervision, otherwise it will go out, so it is quite fireproof.

"Taiga"

It consists of several logs laid along or at an acute angle to each other. It does not require frequent laying of firewood.

"Nodya"

This fire bonfire consists of three large logs 2-2.5 meters long. Put two logs (the thicker the better) close together, achieving a minimum gap between them. Kindling is placed on this gap. After the kindling flares up well, put the third log on top. It is desirable that this log be thicker than the lower ones, as it will burn out faster. A node made of thick logs can burn for several hours.

Such types of fires exist. And now we will check how you learned the material.

4. Consolidation of the studied material

Open the tutorial on page 78

1.Test. Where is the best place to make a fire? (Page 78)

2. What methods of making fire do you know? (using a magnifying glass, using friction (bow, drill, support), using two stones.

3. Fun test ( page 80)

5. Practical task"Put down the fire"

From the prepared sticks, add the types of fires you know (p. 77)

6. Summing up the lesson

What did you learn new in the lesson?

And so we must remember that when leaving, the fire must be put out.

Rating with comments. Who got the most tokens? Who was active in the class?

Homework

Paragraph 16, questions to the paragraph.

TEACHER: BELYANSKAYA S.I.

slide 2

PURPOSE OF THE FIRE

  • slide 4

    FIRE SITE

  • slide 5

    • Choose a clearing that is protected from strong winds.
    • Clear the proposed fire site from dry grass, foliage.
    • You can cover the fire with stones.
    • Do not build a fire near dead trees.

  • slide 6

    If the snow is shallow, shovel it and light a fire on the ground. In deep snow, you can make a flooring.

    Slide 7

    PREPARING THE FIRE SITE

  • Slide 8

    If there is sod, take it off, turn it upside down and lay it around the fire.

    Remove leaves, needles, grass around the fire by 1 - 1.5 m.

    Slide 9

    If possible, surround it with stones.

    Make a bedding of damp logs, sand, clay under the fire. (Otherwise, the fire will penetrate into the peat bog and an underground fire will start).

    Slide 10

    TYPES OF FIRE

  • slide 11

    • Flaming - for cooking and lighting.
    • Flame - for cooking, heating, drying things.
    • Smoke - to repel mosquitoes, midges and signaling.

  • slide 12

    FUEL PREPARATION

  • slide 13

    Small dry spruce twigs, birch bark, resin of coniferous trees, dry moss, grass, lichen, shavings, torches, from the middle part of dead wood split with an ax (mainly conifers), lower dry branches.

    Slide 14

    • Birch and alder deadwood is suitable for cooking, which burns evenly and almost without smoke.
    • If you need to spread a large fire, then firewood from pine, cedar and spruce dead wood will be the best.
    • Split logs flare up faster.
    • Small brushwood burns out in the first two or three minutes.
    • Aspen and fir firewood are bad because they shoot sparks too much.

  • slide 15

  • slide 16

    • Use mainly dead wood of conifers for a fire.
    • If it rains in the forest, then small lower branches of coniferous trees, dried on the trunk, remain dry.
    • Damp and rotten wood gives a lot of smoke, but little heat.
    • Save firewood in advance and more, so as not to run around at night in search of fuel.
    • Dry bushes, grass, reeds, and dung can serve as fuel in treeless areas.

  • Slide 17

    WAYS TO MAKE FIRE

  • Slide 18

    Match; candle cinder; lighter.

    Slide 19

    Before the trip, each box of matches must be packed:

    • in a polyethylene film;
    • also put Matchbox into a bottle with a hermetically ground stopper (or a rubber bag, a metal case for matchboxes which protect them from getting wet and mechanical damage).

    Wet matches can be dried in hair under a hat.

    Slide 20

    BASIC METHODS

    1. Flint is a hard stone.
    2. Flint (kresalo) - ax, knife.
    3. Tinder - any dry flammable material (moss, cotton wool, rot, wood dust).

  • slide 21

    WITH THE HELP OF A BOW AND A STICK

  • slide 22

    Insert a pointed stick into the recess of a piece of wood or bark and patiently rotate until a haze appears. Then inflate the smoldering tinder, which must first be placed in and near the recess.

    slide 23

    With a magnifying glass

  • slide 24

    HOW TO IGNITE A FIRE

  • Slide 25

    Before lighting a fire, you must:

    • prepare kindling;
    • lay kindling under a small dry brushwood folded in a hut or well;
    • set fire to;
    • thicker firewood is carefully placed on top as it heats up.

  • slide 26

  • Slide 27

    Thicker firewood is not placed very tightly on top to allow air to enter.

    If the fire does not flare up for a long time, it is necessary to inflate it (increase air access). For this, a hat, a bowl, a windbreaker, a broom made of branches are suitable.

    Slide 28

    AT rainy weather a fire is made under the cover of a cape or cloak held by two tourists.

    The stronger the wind or rain, the denser the kindling and firewood are laid on the fire.

    Slide 29

    In raw cold weather it is possible (if the supply of firewood allows) to lay out two fires. The first is for cooking, the second is for drying clothes and equipment.

    Near it, it is imperative to have a duty officer who will keep the fire going and make sure that things do not burn out.

    slide 30

    TYPES OF FIRE

  • Slide 31

    SHELASH

  • slide 32

    Any wood will do. Logs are placed obliquely; they partly rely on each other.

    The flame is bright, high, hot, with a limited heating band.

    The campfire requires a constant supply of firewood.

    Slide 33

    STAR

  • slide 34

    The logs are placed on the coals along the radii from one point.

    Combustion occurs mainly in the center, firewood as it burns is moved closer to the middle.

    Slide 35

    WELL

  • slide 36

    Two logs are placed parallel to each other, at some distance; across them are two more.

    When entering the forest, one must remember that making fires is not always and everywhere permitted.

    How to properly light a fire:

    Bonfire: Without it, it is difficult to imagine any trip. First of all, they are necessary for a novice traveler. Sometimes even a person's life depends on the ability to make a fire. First you need to know how to choose a place for a fire, how to prepare a site, how to prepare firewood and kindling, and, most importantly, how to start a fire at any weather conditions and at any time of the year

    Location selection: Before making a fire, you need to choose a place for it (preferably sheltered from wind and rain by some kind of natural shelter, for example, a rock). It is desirable that this place be near water. The main condition is compliance with fire safety rules.

    Do not light a fire under crowns or between large roots that come to the surface. It is also impossible to make fires among dead wood and young growth, as well as in areas with dry grass or on placers of stones, between which a lot of hot forest debris accumulates.

    Site preparation: Clear an area with a diameter of a meter and a half from forest debris: grass, dry leaves. It is even better to remove the top words of the turf, exposing the kidney in an area larger than the fire itself will occupy and, if possible, overlay this place with stones. This is done in order to avoid accidental spread of fire to dry vegetation, leading to a forest fire. It is very dangerous to build a fire in the immediate vicinity of dry grass and in dry coniferous forest where flames can spread quickly even with a slight breeze. A fire built on peat soil easily ignites a layer of peat under the turf and it is very difficult to put out such a fire, since the flame can appear from under the ground only after a few days.
    And if there is shallow snow on the ground? Clear the area down to the ground. Trample deep snow tightly, make a floor from damp logs and branches.

    Fuel: its correct selection is very important for a fire. Dry hardwood firewood produces no smoke, while damp or rotten wood produces little heat but produces a lot of smoke. Living birch wood is too wet. Small dry brushwood gives a strong flame, completely burning out in a few minutes. firewood from deciduous trees with heavy dense wood (oak)

    Kindling : these are flammable materials used to quickly start a fire. To do this, they use birch bark, dry chips, rotten wood from a hollow, resinous pieces of bark of coniferous trees and the so-called "incendiary sticks", which are made from resinous chips of coniferous tree stumps.

    Kindling is folded in the form of a small pyramid, at the base of which a small hole is left, where they bring in an incendiary stick lit from a rod.

    After the pyramid flares up, more and more thick pieces of wood are placed on it - dry branches, dry deadwood. So that the fire does not go out from a strong wind or rain, it is kindled under some kind of shelter: an overhanging stone, a rock.

    Damp wood should be stacked around the fire so that it dries out faster.

    Making fire: matches must remain dry for this, matches with a head up to a quarter of the length are dipped in melted wax and packed together with a piece of “grater” in a sealed bag or pencil case. And fire can also be obtained using a magnifying glass, lenses from glasses and other pieces of glass. With the help of the sun, prepared moss, bird fluff, resinous bark, crushed foliage are set on fire.

    In view of the beginning of the fire season, we pay attention to fire safety measures.

    In the forest it is unacceptable:

    - use open fire;

    - burn grass under trees, in forest clearings, clearings, as well as stubble in fields, in the forest;

    - make fires in young coniferous forests, on peat bogs, cutting areas, in places with dry grass, under tree crowns, as well as in areas of damaged forest;

    - use wads made of flammable or smoldering materials while hunting;

    - leave oiled or combustible cleaning material;

    - refuel engine tanks, use defective vehicles, smoke or use open flames near vehicles refueling;

    - leave bottles or glass fragments, as they can work as incendiary lenses.

    Those found guilty of violating these rules will be subject to disciplinary action.

    administrative or

    criminal liability.

    Rules of conduct in case of a forest fire

    Actions of the population in the zone forest fire:

    - take a dip in the nearest body of water or cover yourself with wet clothes;

    - to overcome the lack of oxygen, breathe through a wet handkerchief or wet clothes, bend down to the ground;

    - determine the direction of the wind and the spread of fire;

    - having chosen the route of exit from the forest to a safe place, go only to the windward side and along the front of the fire;

    - having decided to put out a small fire, send for help to locality;

    - in case of a small fire, fill the fire with water from the nearest reservoir, sweep away the flame with a 1.5-2 m bunch of branches of deciduous trees, wet clothes, thick cloth;

    - trample down a small fire on the ground, do not let it spread to the trees, do not leave until you are sure that the fire is extinguished.

    Rescue service telephones: 01, 112 (cellular).

    Fire prevention is the foundation of our safety.

    REMINDER

    campfire

    rules of conduct in case of forest fires.

    Completed by: OBZh teacher Koval A.P.

    2012

    Even a small spark can cause a destructive fire that will destroy not only kilometers of green areas, but also deprive many animals of their usual habitats, and even bring them death.

    What to kindle a fire?

    The rules for making a fire begin with the process of lighting a fire. In cloudy or rainy weather, only the lower branches of trees are taken for this. But only dead and dry. Birch bark is well suited for kindling. But you can not peel it from living trees. There is enough birch bark on the ground. Chips of dry logs, stumps, resinous bark, etc. are used to kindle a fire. Before going into the forest, you can take candles, dry alcohol, or plexiglass trimmings.

    Many shops sell a special liquid for kindling a fire. Matches before going to the forest are packed in waterproof packaging. To quickly start a fire, you can lower the paper-wrapped box into paraffin or melted wax.

    How to build a fire in the forest?

    There are safety rules for making a fire. This should only be done by adults. Bonfires should not be lit in strong winds, next to coniferous trees, on dry grass and peat bogs. To kindle a fire, you must first prepare the place. To do this, a small layer of soil is removed with a shovel, in which there are roots and insects.

    For a fire, you can not break the branches of living trees. Only dry branches lying on the ground are used. Before leaving, the fire is abundantly filled with water until the coals cool completely. Then it is covered with an initially removed layer of earth.

    What to support

    The rules for making a fire begin with the collection of deadwood for it. It is impossible to break and cut. Only dry branches are collected, of which there are many on the ground. For a fire, you can use trees split by lightning. And dry branches break off from the living. Sometimes trees break strong wind, which can also be used for a fire, like rotten stumps. The deadwood of dead coniferous and deciduous trees is also collected. Except standing in swamps or lying on damp ground.

    Raw logs are used when the fire is already fully lit. In this case, the tree will burn for a long time. In the tundra, a bush is used for a fire. Fin is collected from the banks of rivers. These are trees brought by the flood, lying on the ground and already dried up under the sun. In semi-desert and mountainous areas, dried animal manure is used for fires.

    Fire Safety

    Exist certain rules making a fire in the forest and watching the fire. This is an elementary safety technique that protects not only humans, but also animals and vegetable world. Burning fires must not be left unattended overnight. Because a flame with a suddenly rising wind can spread to neighboring vegetation. You need to put out the fire as soon as you start to feel sleepy. Otherwise, a sleeping person may fall into the fire and receive serious burns and injuries. And sparks from a fire can set fire not only to clothes and tents, but also to neighboring vegetation.

    Bonfires should be lit at a distance of 10 meters from the tent. In the direction of the wind. To him, the tent is installed only by the back wall, and to the fire - by the entrance. In the mountains, you need to take into account that in the morning the wind blows from the valley, and in the evening - from the mountains. Therefore, the fire should be located closer to the river.

    Campfire rules prescribe a ban on the use of fir or spruce branches for a fire in order to avoid a large number large sparks. In addition, charcoal is "shot" by fire over long distances. Birch bark is used only for kindling fires. Pine and cedar create an even burn. No sparks, but with soot. It is not present when using alder firewood. And they burn evenly, without smoke. Birch firewood sparks strongly, but gives a great heat.

    If, nevertheless, a fire is kindled in a coniferous forest, then a large fire cannot be made. Sparks, rising up, can lead to a strong one which is considered the most dangerous. Therefore, a fire in coniferous places is bred at least 15 meters from the trees.

    What is prohibited during the fire season?

    The rules for making a fire during a fire hazard period have many prohibitions. It is impossible (even with a strong need) to kindle a fire in forest areas during periods of high fire risk. This situation can occur from May to September. It is strictly forbidden to make fires by the rules:

    • in coniferous and pine young growth;
    • on windblows;
    • in windbreaks;
    • on logging sites where logging residues occur or are present;
    • in the fields with ears of crops;
    • in the steppes with dried grass;
    • in clearings with dry grass;
    • next to reeds, moss and reeds;
    • on or near peatlands;
    • under the crowns of trees;
    • on old burners.

    Bonfires should only be placed on open places, at a decent distance from thickets of vegetation and shrubs. And first of all - away from dry grass. During the fire hazard period, it is forbidden to use barbecue grills or any cooking devices in the forest.

    You can not smoke and throw cigarette butts and burning matches, shake out the ashes from the pipes. It is forbidden to use pyrotechnics and fire from firearms. Do not leave material impregnated and oiled with combustible substances in the forests. It is forbidden to fill tanks with fuel and leave glass bottles, their fragments and other debris in the open space.

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