Rivers: characteristics and types. Description of the painting

The end of the 1880s - the beginning of the 1890s - perhaps the most fruitful stage in creative life Levitan. At this time, the artist made several trips to the Volga, where he gained impressions and creative energy to create his greatest works.

One of them is “Summer Evening. River" - was written in 1890-1896. This picture is an artistic generalization of the great artist's feelings from communicating with the great river.

Before us is the calm expanse of the river - wide, full-flowing, majestic. The picture is filled with a sense of the breadth of the river expanse, the cool freshness of the air, a sense of freedom and flight. The sunset sky is calm, full of peace and bliss. The far bank of the river is very beautifully painted - with green hills covered with picturesque groves.

The mirror of the water reflects both the hills of the far shore and the sky, which is just beginning to darken. The sun is still high above the horizon and sunlight, gently spreading, colors everything around with a magical shimmer.

The artist achieves in this picture a three-dimensional image and a special sensitivity to the slightest movement, the pulsation of nature. There is not even a hint of something excessive, flashy. On the contrary, the richness of colors is gentle halftones and shades of varying degrees of intensity. This informs the canvas “Summer Evening. River" special expressiveness and emotionality.

Levitan managed to express on the canvas the harmony, purity inherent in nature. In the picture, one feels a desire to plunge into a pacifying silence and one feels the sadness of the author - sublime and spiritualized.

In addition to describing the painting by I. I. Levitan “Summer Evening. River”, our website contains many other descriptions of paintings by various artists, which can be used both in preparation for writing an essay on a painting, and simply for a more complete acquaintance with the work of famous masters of the past.

INTRODUCTION

Rivers, lakes, seas from time immemorial served as ways of trade, movement of people. The main advantage of water transport is the lower cost of transportation compared to rail, road and air transport. The simplest, minimally necessary travel work consists in indicating the boundaries and direction of the ship's course. special signs and in clearing the ship's passage from random obstacles - stones, karches, etc. But if only these works are carried out, the draft of floating ships will be limited by the natural depths of the river, which even in large flat rivers during the low season can be small. That's why the main task travel works - deepening (and broadening) of the ship's passage. This is achieved through dredging and straightening.

In this course project, we are given a section of the river on which it is necessary to lay a ship's passage, develop slots, draw the boundaries of a channel quarry and draw up a soil alluvium map, as well as calculate the volume of underwater soil sampling, the performance of a suction dredger and multi-bucket shells.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RIVER SECTION

1. This river channel has a secondary type of channel process, the direction of flow is from left to right.

2. The height of the bedrock above the design level is 6.0 meters.

3. The length of the river section in a straight line is 8000m.

4. The width of the section of the river between the edges of the root bank:

Bmax=1650m,

Vmin=670m.

5. Width of the water surface at the design level:

bmin=260m.

6. Maximum and average depth of the flood hollows:

Tg=1.6 m,

Тср=2.9 m,

Tmax=4.0 m.

7. On the section of the river there are two rifts-passes, the first rift medium depth 1.5m per 1500m section of the river, and the second depth from 1 to 1.5m per 5000m section of the river.

8. There is an island in the section of the river. Its dimensions: L = 2800m,

ANALYSIS OF CHANNEL DEFORMATIONS IN THE RIVER SECTION

To perform analysis channel deformations the plans of the difficult area are combined on tracing paper. The plans are combined according to the benchmarks of the same name. This plan displays only the edges of the coasts and islands, as well as zero and design isobaths. At the same time, the lines of the coasts, islands and isobaths of the previous year are drawn in black ink, and the next - in red. According to the combined plans, the zones of alluvium and erosion, their areas are determined, the general direction and reasons for the re-formation of the channel are established. Areas of alluvium are shaded in brown, and areas of washout are shaded in blue.

1 Erosion zones: located from the beginning of the section 1 km 600 m, an erosion of 60 m occurs, at 2 km 200 m an erosion of 40 m occurs, at 4 km 700 m an erosion of 130 m occurs, at 5 km an erosion of 30 m, at 4 km an erosion of 100 m.

2 Alluvium zones: deposit is at 1km 900m deposit 200m, deposit 150m at 3km 200m, deposit 100m at 3km 600m, deposit 250m at 3km 800m, deposit 60m at 4km 100m.

3 middle movement no

4 deformation at the top is 30 m erosion, and at the tail, erosion is 30 m, and sedimentation is 10 m.

In the left branch of the river, a larger amount of sediment accumulates, and in the right branch, more is washed out. It can be concluded that the left sleeve gradually turns into a secondary one.

Today, no one can say for sure how many rivers there are in the world. After all, everything also depends on what can be considered a river, and what can be considered a stream. So, for example, if you add up the length of all the rivers in Russia, you get more than 8 million kilometers. Their total number, if you count large and small, approaches 2.5 million. There are no more than 50 largest rivers on the entire globe, and their total length is about 200,000 km. But what does the source and mouth of the river consist of?

Geographical significance of the river

The river is the stream fresh water, which moves in a fixed channel and is replenished mainly due to precipitation. Before understanding the characteristics of freshwater streams, there are a few key terms to remember:

• A channel is a depression along which the flow of water from a river follows. It is usually fixed, sinuous in shape, with alternating small and deep places. Due to geographic changes or other factors, it may change, leaving behind holes and depressions. So, for example, in India there is the Kosi River, which almost every year makes a new path for itself, washing away everything that comes in its path.

• The source is the beginning of the river. It can be a spring, a melting glacier, any other body of water or a confluence of two water streams.
• The mouth is the place where the river ends, it flows into the sea, ocean or other water stream.
• The river system is not only the river itself, but also its tributaries.
• A river basin is a defined area from which all water is collected. All basins are separated by watersheds, their role is played by hills.

The main parameters of the characteristics of rivers

The main characteristic of rivers is their size, flow rate, runoff, fall and type of feeding.

Fall is the difference between the heights of the source and the mouth. The higher the fall, the greater the speed of the current in the river.

The flow velocity is measured in m/sec. Not everywhere it will be the same, the sites have different terrain and the slope of the channel is different.

The flow of water shows how many cubic meters passed in 1 second through the cross section of the channel.

The river is fed in several ways: rainwater, after the melting of ice, from underground sources and glaciers. Rivers located in the tropics feed on rain. Snow feeding near the rivers temperate zones and located in the northern hemisphere, and glacial have mountain rivers. There are several major rivers:

1. Equatorial - only rains all year round.
2. Subequatorial - the river is fed by rains, but it is uneven, but seasonal.
3. Subtropical - rainy with a rise in the level of the river in winter period and shoaling in summer.
4. Subarctic is a snow supply that provides a rise in the water level in summer and a sharp shallowing in winter, when most of the river freezes over.
5. Ozerny - the river is fully fed all year round and does not depend on other types of food.
6. Mountain - in the high mountains at night, the rivers become shallow, and during the day they are replenished due to the melting of glaciers and snow.

It is also very common to hear about the regime of the river. But not everyone knows what a river regime is. What does it depend on? The answer is very simple, the regime of rivers is the course of long-term, seasonal and daily changes in the flow of the river in the channel. Changes can happen very quickly, it all depends on where and under what conditions the river flows.

Rivers flow among the plains, flow down from the mountains, in their entire life they can change their path several thousand times, become shallow or, conversely, become more full-flowing.

Features of the flow of rivers

And the mouth of the river is already known, but what are the features of the flow of water in each of them? After all, it is known that there are rivers with standing water and a quiet current, and there are those where the water runs at such a speed that it can demolish any, even the largest obstacle, in its path.

The nature of the flow and the speed of the river depend on the relief, slope and fall of the water. On the plains, river flows are wide, calm, and their fall slope is small. These rivers include the Volga, Danube, Dnieper, Neman. But there are also those that flow among the mountain heights. They are distinguished by stormy and strong streams, on their way there are many rapids, and sometimes high waterfalls. Such rivers have a huge fall, which means that their flow pattern is completely different. Such streams include Terek, Rioni, Tigris and Yangtze.

The full flow, regime, and sometimes the feeding of rivers depend on the climate. In humid conditions, the rivers remain full-flowing at any time of the year, and in a dry climate they very often dry up and feed only on precipitation, and there are not very many of them during the year.

Mountain rivers are cold, as they are fed by melting glaciers located on the peaks. But if you walk along the entire course of the river, then at its very end the water can be very warm, because during its journey it heats up under the scorching sun.

What is a mountain and lowland river?

We have already figured out what the regime of a river is, but what type of rivers are there? After all, they can simply run among the plains or go down from the high mountains.

Plain rivers are water streams passing through flat terrain with small slopes and flow rates. Similar rivers flow in developed valleys with a winding channel, where stretches and rifts alternate.

Mountain rivers originate in the mountains or foothills. They have steep slopes and rocky channels cluttered with rubble. rocks. Such rivers are characterized by large slopes and flow rates, shallow depths. Often on the way of these rivers there are waterfalls and rapids, and erosion processes also predominate.

There are also mountain-plain rivers that start far in the mountains, after which they gradually turn into a quiet flat river.

5 biggest rivers in the world

The name of the largest rivers in the world is known to everyone. List of 5 biggest and deep rivers world is headed by the Amazon, which is considered the heart of South America. More recently, it was considered 2 in the list of the largest after the Nile. But after scientists took the small source of the Ucayali as the true beginning of the river, it began to be considered the longest. Its length is more than 7 thousand km.

In second place was the African Nile River. It is considered a sacred river, because only thanks to it can people living in the harsh and very dry climate of Africa survive. During the rainy season, the river overflows, allowing the population of Africa to engage in agriculture, rice is grown on its banks. The length of the second largest river in the world is a little more than 6800 km, and the river basin has an area of ​​​​more than 3 million square meters. km.

The Yangtze is another major river in the world, which is considered the main deep-water stream of Eurasia. This river can be considered a mountain-flat river, since it originates in the Tibetan Plateau, then passes through the Sino-Tibetan Mountains and then flows into the Sichuan Basin. The length of this very deep river is about 6.3 thousand km, and the basin area is about 1.8 million square meters. km.

Huang He, or Yellow River, is another major river in the world, which has its source in the mountains of Tibet. Its length is about 5 thousand km, and the basin area is 700 thousand square meters. km.

The name of the rivers located on the territory of Russia can be found on the map. Among them there is one that is included in the list of the 5 largest - this is the Ob. Its length is slightly more than 5400 km, and the basin area is almost the same as that of the Nile - 3 million square meters. km. This water stream originates in Russia, and then passes through Kazakhstan and ends its journey in China.

The major rivers of the world are great importance for industrial and economic development states in which they operate. Rivers give life-giving moisture to people. In addition, there are a lot of fish in the rivers, which feed not only animals, but also people.

List of the smallest rivers in the world

But not only major rivers is on the planet. There are also the smallest ones, which have their own meaning for the people living on its shores. The smallest rivers:

• Reprua - this river flows in Abkhazia, and its length is only 18 meters. In addition, it is considered the coldest river on the Black Sea coast.
• Kovasselva - this water stream is located on the Norwegian island of Hitra, and its length is no more than 20 meters.

Amazing rivers of the world

The characteristic of rivers is not only information about whether they are large or small in size. Also on the planet there are unusual and amazing water flows that attract attention with their originality.

Cano Cristales is the most colorful river in Colombia. Most often, locals call it the river of five colors. The river acquires such a bright and unusual variety of shades thanks to the algae living in its water. If you look at the water in it, you might think that the rainbow fell into the water.

The Citarum is the dirtiest river on the planet. It is located in Indonesia, and dirty because more than 5 million people live in its basin. All waste is dumped into its waters. If you look at the river from afar, you won’t even immediately understand what it is, you get the feeling that you are looking at a landfill.

Congo is the most deep river on the planet. It flows in Central Africa, in some places its depth reaches 230 meters, and possibly even more.

El Rio Vinegre is the most acidic river. It flows past the Puras volcano in Colombia. Its water contains more than 11 parts of sulfuric acid and 9 parts of hydrochloric acid. No living creature can be in this river.

Life in rivers: plants

The characteristic of rivers is not only food, length and other parameters, but also animals with plants. Indeed, in every water stream, whether it is the largest or the smallest, there is a life of its own. In every fast or quiet river, many plants have found their home, which adapt to life in a particular stream, with its flow characteristics, water temperature and other parameters.

River plants can be divided into 5 main groups:

1. Plants in water and on land. They begin their growth at the bottom of the river, and their upper part rises above the water. These include reeds, reeds, horsetails, cattails and arrowheads.
2. Plants whose roots are attached to the bottom and whose leaves float on the surface of the water. Such plants are floating pondweed.
3. Plants with roots near the bottom, whose leaves remain in the water, are urut and common pondweed.
4. Plants are floating, without roots at the bottom. One of these plants is duckweed.
5. Plants that live in the middle layer of water are hornwort, filamentous algae and elodea.

River life: wildlife

The characteristic of rivers is also animals that cannot exist anywhere except in water. Lives in rivers not only a large number of species of fish, but also other living organisms:

• Plankton are living organisms that live in the water column, they seem to soar in a pond and surrender to the power of the current. Plankton is the main food for many fish.
• Benthos. This group includes benthic organisms.
• Nekton are actively moving animals that can overcome the current. To date, there are more than 20 thousand species of nekton, these include fish, squid, cetaceans, pinnipeds, turtles and others.
• Neuston - animal and plant organisms that live on the surface of the water, bordering the atmosphere.
• Pleistons are animal and plant organisms that are semi-submerged in water, that is, they are able to live simultaneously in both aquatic and air environments.
• Epineuston includes organisms that live on the surface film.
• Hyponeuston - organisms associated with the surface film, but living under it.
• Periphyton - organisms that live on the surface of objects submerged in water.

Mammals also live in the rivers: beavers, otters, muskrats, and reptiles: turtles, snakes, crocodiles.

How are rivers used?

Since ancient times, people believed that water is life. They often built houses on the banks of rivers and reservoirs, so that it would be easier for them to take care of everyday life. Using the river helps not only to do household chores, but also to manage your household. Water from rivers is used for drinking, after cleaning it beforehand, they prepare food for themselves and animals, and use it for watering plants.

Today, water from rivers is purified at special stations and is supplied through pipes to the homes of large cities. Also, rivers are often used for timber rafting, as a way to travel long distances. They swim in the rivers and fish. Rivers are also very beautiful landscapes, because it's nice to sit on the shore and enjoy the fresh moist air admiring the surroundings.

And how much water is needed for industrial enterprises that are also building closer to rivers?! Thanks to this neighborhood, any enterprise will be able to feed on water from the reservoir. In distant countries - Africa or South America- where the climate is very dry and the rivers often dry up, these rivers are the main source of drinking for wild animals, even if they have dried up in some places. But in the rainy season, they again become full-flowing.

Without rivers, our planet would not be so beautiful and real. They, like water sleeves, braid Earth and give life-giving moisture, but the task of humanity is to make every effort to preserve their purity and beauty.

Nobody knows the exact number of rivers. It all depends on what exactly is considered a river, and what is just a stream.

For example, in Russia there are 130 thousand rivers, whose length exceeds 10 km. If we consider rivers and streams of water with a length of less than 10 km, then there are over 3 million of them in Russia!

There are more than 50 large rivers with a channel length of over 1000 km on the entire planet. And their total length is 180 thousand km.

Geographic feature (value)

R eka - a stream of fresh water flowing in a relatively fixed channel and replenished mainly by precipitation.

First, you need to remember a few terms:

.channel- a recess through which the flow of water moves. The channel is usually fixed, has a winding shape with alternating shallow places (rifts) and deeper ones (reaches). Due to geological changes, natural phenomena the river can change its course, leaving pits and hollows - meanders. For example, the Kosi River in India makes a new channel every year, washing away villages and villages on its way.

The meanders of the river are called meanders, and in deep-water rivers, the channel line is called the fairway. By the way, the Piana River is considered the most winding river in the world. It flows through the Nizhny Novgorod region in Russia. The length of the river is 400 km, while the distance from the source to the mouth in a straight line is only 30 km.

. Source- the beginning of the river. The source can be a spring, a melting glacier, another body of water (swamp, sea, lake) or the confluence of two rivers.

. mouth- the end of a river, the place where it flows into the sea, ocean or other river.

. river system a river with all its tributaries.

. river basin The area from which a river and its tributaries collect water. The river basins are separated by watersheds. Most often, the role of watersheds is played by mountains and hills.

River characteristics

The most important characteristics of the river are its size, fall, flow rate, water flow, runoff, type of food.

fall rivers are called the difference in the height of the source and mouth. The higher the fall, the higher the flow velocity, and hence the more opportunity receiving energy.

Current speed rivers are measured in m/sec. In different parts of the river, the speed can be different, it depends on the terrain and the slope of the channel.

Water consumption shows how many cubic meters of water passes through the cross section of the channel in 1 second. Water consumption per long time(half year, year) is called a runoff. The Amazon is considered the most abundant river in the world. In Russia, these are the Yenisei and the Lena.

Food rivers is different. There are 4 groups of rivers on this basis: rain, snow, underground and glacial. Rain food is received by the rivers of the tropics, snow - by the rivers of temperate zones and northern, glacial - by mountain rivers. But most rivers have mixed type food, replenishing water supplies from several sources at once.

Types of river mouths

A mouth is a place where a river flows into another body of water. Depending on the shape of this part of the river, two types of mouths are distinguished: delta and estuary (estuary, lip).

(The image shows a model of the mouth of the river)

Delta formed by a branched system of sleeves and ducts. Rivers flowing into calm bodies of water form deltas. giant size. The largest delta is at the Ganges, it covers an area of ​​105.6 thousand square meters. km.

Estuary- This is the mouth of the river in the form of a funnel, expanding towards the sea. Estuaries are formed. If the part of the sea adjacent to the mouth has a great depth. In Russia, the largest estuaries are the Gulf of Ob (R. Ob) and the Yenisei Bay (R. Yenisei).

The longest rivers in the world

(Amazon river)

Longest river in the world Amazon(6800km). Located in South America. Its origins are in the Andes. The Amazon crosses the entire continent from west to east and flows into the Atlantic Ocean.

Almost the entire channel of the Amazon and its tributaries is located in latitudes where wet tropical jungle, so this river is also the most full-flowing in the world.

The second longest river Nile(6695 km), located in Africa. The sources of the Nile are in the mountains, the river flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is famous for its floods.

largest river North America — Mississippi with a tributary of the Missouri (6400 km). The sources are in the mountains, flows into the Gulf of Mexico.

The longest rivers in Asia Yangtze(5800 km) and Huang He (4845 km). Both flow through China from west to east, flowing into the Pacific Ocean.

The widest rivers in the world

A river is considered wide if the width of its channel is more than 150 meters.

(River La Plata, on the horizon the city of the same name La Plata)

The widest river in the world is La Plata, or the Silver River. It flows on the border of Uruguay and Argentina. The width of the channel is 220 km! But with such a width, La Plata has little depth. There are turtles in this river and one of the rarest species dolphins, which is called so - La Plata.

The widest river in Russia Ob. The width of its channel is 60 km. In second place is Amur (50 km), in third is Lena (30 km). The Volga takes only 4th place (27.5 km).

The longest river in Russia

(Ice drift on the Lena River, Yakutia)

The longest river in Russia Lena(4400km). The source is a swamp located near Lake Baikal. Lena flows through the territory of Siberia and flows into the Laptev Sea. Tributaries: Vitim, Vilyui, Olekma and Aldan.