Collecting lines - "silent hunting" or "Russian roulette"? What they look like, where they grow, and is it possible to eat autumn lines Distribution and fruiting season.

line, a mushroom with a shapeless wrinkled hat, was considered conditionally edible in the USSR and was allowed by GOST to be harvested. The study of toxic substances contained in the line allowed scientists to conclude that the fungus can cause severe poisoning due to the gyromitrin contained in it.

Common stitch, photo from Wikipedia

Description line

(Gyromitra esculenta). This spring mushroom appears at the end of April - in May. It reacts to frost with the appearance of small blackened spots. The thawed morel continues to grow, as if nothing had happened. More common in pine forests(especially on sandy soil and loam). It is found in clearings, clearings, burned areas and along forest roads. Often under old birches and firs.

The lines have a shapeless wrinkled, sinuous-wavy cap, the edges of which are partially fused with the stem. The height of the hat is from 2 to 10 cm. Such a folded hat is yellowish, brown, red-brown or brown. As the fungus matures, it brightens. Sometimes the lines are compared with heavily crumpled pieces of velor or suede, to which they attached a short leg. The body of the line is filled with "convolutions". The leg (2-5 cm long, 1.5-3 cm in diameter) is swollen, uneven, sometimes folded. Its color is white, yellowish, reddish or with a purple tint. The almost white flesh of the line has a slight smell of dampness or mushroom aroma. It is cartilaginous and breaks easily.

Autumn line (Gyromitra infula). This mushroom appears from the end of summer in pine and mixed forests (pine + birch). The time of its main growth falls on September - October. The autumn line grows more often in mountainous areas. In some years, there is a massive appearance of lines in autumn and on flat places. The hat of the autumn line is shaped like a sinuous piece of the brain. It is chestnut, brown or brown, almost black at the edges. The height (and diameter) of the cap is from 6 to 15 cm. The leg is white, cream, reddish or light brown. Its thickness is up to 3 cm.

In addition to these two types, there are line giant (big) with an impressive cap size up to 30 cm in diameter!

How not to get poisoned by a line?

In the USSR, the line was allowed by GOST in the preparation and was considered a conditionally edible mushroom. At that time, gelvellic acid was considered the cause of poisoning with lines. That is why there was a recommendation to pre-boil the mushroom for 10 - 15 minutes, and then drain the water. Unfortunately, such preliminary preparation of lines did not always save people from terrible poisoning. Often they ended tragically. In the process of studying the lines, it turned out that they do not contain gelvellic acid, but there is another toxin - gyromitrin. It is his action that causes poisoning, similar to poisoning with the poison of a pale toadstool. In some lines, the concentration of gyromitrin is high, in other mushrooms this toxin accumulates less. Then poisoning can be avoided. Professor S.G. Musselius, who for many years not only studies the impact poisonous mushrooms on the human body, but also pulls people out of the other world, explains it this way:

The toxic substance contained in the lines is gyromitrin. As part of the mushroom mass, gyromitrin is found not only in the form of a free fraction, but also in the form of various compounds. The most pronounced changes in the body arise from the effects of monomethylhydrazine. In fresh lines, the content of this substance can vary widely. This is determined by seasonality, soil composition, weather conditions, the degree of maturity of the fungus. The concentration can vary from 50 to 300 mg/kg, but in some cases it reaches 1200-1600 mg/kg.
The lethal concentration of gyromitrin for an adult is 20 - 50 mg / kg, for children 10 - 30 mg / kg. When converted to quantity fresh mushrooms lethal concentration is achieved when an adult takes 400-1000 g of mushrooms. The maximum amount of highly toxic compounds is formed in the process of splitting in the intestines and liver 2-2.5 hours after ingestion (S.G. Musselius "Poisonous mushrooms").

German scientists found that fresh lines collected in Germany contained 1676 mg/kg of gyromitrin in many mushroom fruiting bodies. They noted that the results of analyzes of strings found in some other countries turned out to be much better (Plant Life, vol. 2 "Mushrooms").

Most cases of string poisoning occur when people do not boil them first or boil them for 5 to 10 minutes. For lines, the minimum boiling time, according to S.G. Musselius, - 25 - 30 minutes. During this time, part of the gyromitrin compounds passes into a decoction, and part is destroyed. For 1 kg of mushrooms, about 2.5 - 3 liters of water are required. Not less! In most reference books for mushroom pickers, the lines are advised to boil for 10-15 minutes, then drain the broth, do not try. Doctors who have had to save people who have been poisoned by lines more than once advise boiling mushrooms twice, pouring fresh water. Rinse the mushrooms after each use. clean water. Repeated use of the decoction only harms, since the concentration of the toxin in the mushrooms greatly increases. And this threatens the development of acute kidney failure. It may end badly and the use of lines prepared according to all the rules several times in a row. The interval between meals with lines should be at least two days. Often repeated use of lines causes a general malaise, which ends in jaundice. It is worth saying that there are lucky ones with low individual sensitivity to the poison of lines.

Professor S.G. Musselius introduces the clinic of poisoning with lines. It is useful to know for lovers of these spring mushrooms. The first symptoms of poisoning appear 3 to 25 hours after the lines have been eaten. These are abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea. Urine becomes pink. During this period, the breakdown of red blood cells occurs. On the second - third day, the poison begins to affect the kidneys and liver. In severe cases, unconsciousness develops on the third or fourth day. It is accompanied by skin hemorrhages, jaundice, increased heart rate and a decrease in blood pressure. Further, all hope is only on God and on doctors, who often have to connect an “artificial kidney”.

For those daredevils who have not lost the desire to try their luck for a plate of stewed lines, I give a couple of recipes for delicious lines in sour cream. Just in case, in the article you can clarify the numbers of Ambulance and rescue services.

How to prepare stitches

Lines in sour cream. Mushrooms are pre-boiled in a large amount of water (for 25 - 30 minutes), then the broth is drained. It can no longer be used! After that, the lines are washed in cold water and squeeze. Mushrooms are cut into small pieces, add a little water and keep on fire for another 15 minutes. Then the lines are salted, sour cream is added and brought to a boil.

Lines in sour cream(another variant). Lines boiled for 25 - 30 minutes in a large amount of water, washed in cold water and squeezed. Then they are chopped, rolled in flour, salted and fried in oil. After 15 minutes, add sour cream and bring to a boil. Before serving, the lines are sprinkled with herbs.

According to "literary information", lines that are fried without adding liquid become hard, "rubber". They taste better with sauce. And one more piece of advice: in the spring it is better to collect not lines, but morels. They are much safer. You can read about this spring mushroom in the article.

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edible mushroom morel black has brittle fruit bodies 5-12 cm high, 4-7 cm wide. Cellular conical, ovoid or pear-shaped hat, occupying 2/3 of the fungus in height, dark brown or black with light brown cells. The leg is hollow, fragile, white with a granular surface. The pulp is fragile, not bitter and not burning. There is no milky juice.

Look at the edible morel mushrooms in the photo and remember what they look like to distinguish them from poisonous species:

Mushroom morel growing in mixed forest
Edible mushroom morel black

Grows in coniferous and mixed forest. Prefers limestone soil.
Morel black occurs in early spring. AT middle lane In Russia, its fruiting falls on May 10-20, immediately after the wave of fruiting lines. The black morel is quickly damaged by the mushroom mosquito ("worms"), so you need to have time to collect it immediately after the start of fruiting. Fruits abundantly in pine forests after their fires. Grows on fires or close to them.
Morel black toxic doppelgangers does not have.
Does not require pre-boiling. The most delicious after cooking for 10 minutes.

Mushroom lines ordinary (with photo)

Mushroom lines ordinary is conditionally edible, its fragile fruiting bodies are 4-12 cm tall and wide, hollow with a brown, chestnut or yellow-chestnut hat. The cap is brain-folded, like the inside walnut, irregularly shaped with internal cavities in rather thick pulp. The pulp is light without bitterness and odorless. The leg is white, sometimes pink, also with cavities.

Grows in deciduous and mixed forests, often in small ravines and roadside pits.

Look at the photo of the mushroom lines of this species - they show appearance in different periods of development:

Common line in a mixed forest
Mushroom lines ordinary

Occurs from late April to mid-May.

There are no toxic twins.

In Russia they eat it. After pre-boiling for 15 minutes and draining the water, it is boiled in salt water or fried. The smell of boiled mushroom lines. The taste of boiled mushroom is good, the texture is pleasant. In France and Germany, the common line is considered a poisonous mushroom.

Mushroom lines autumn: photo and description

If you read the description, the autumn lines mushroom is considered inedible. Fragile fruiting bodies 6-15 cm tall and 4-8 cm wide, hollow with a light brown, dark brown or purple-brown cap. irregular shape the cap consists of lobes and cavities. The pulp is thin, fragile, light without bitterness and odorless. The leg is light brown with a finely fleecy surface, also with cavities. Autumn lines are not damaged by insects.

Look at this mushroom lines in the photo and in the description, you should remember it and not try to eat it:

Mushroom lines autumn grows on stumps overgrown with moss
Line mushroom grows in deciduous and mixed forest

Grows in deciduous and mixed forests on destroyed stumps and trunks overgrown with moss or on the ground near them. Autumn line - tree fungus.

Occurs from late August until frost.

Has no poisonous twins.

The mushroom is considered inedible. However, in Russia they eat it. After pre-boiling for 15 minutes and draining the water, it is boiled in salt water or fried. The smell of boiled mushroom lines.

Autumn line ( lat. Gyromitra infula).

Other names:

Autumn vane
Infull-like lobe
Gyromitra
Helwella infula
Helwella infull-like
Stitch horned
Gyromitra untouchable
Smarzhok
Helvella infula

The autumn line is directly related to the genus of lobes (or gelwells). In Russia, this species (autumn line), and scientifically, it is an inful-like lobe or an inful-like gelvella, is considered the most common of all this kind of lobe (or gelwell). Therefore, unlike other mushrooms of this family, he found his sonorous Russian name- autumn line. And this mushroom received the pseudonym "autumn" because of its peculiarity to grow in late summer - early autumn, unlike its fellow tribesmen, "spring" lines (ordinary line, giant line), which grow in early spring. And he still has a difference from them - the autumn line contains a much larger amount of poisons and toxins.

The autumn line refers to marsupial mushrooms.

Hat: usually up to 10 cm wide, folded, brown, becoming brownish-blackish with age, with a velvety surface. The shape of the cap is horn-shaped-saddle-shaped (more often found in the form of three fused horns), the edges of the cap grow together with the stem. Hat line autumn folded, irregular and incomprehensible shape. The color of the cap is from light brown in young mushrooms to brown-black in adults, with a velvety surface.

Stem: 3-10 cm long, up to 1.5 cm wide, hollow, often laterally flattened, color can vary from whitish to brownish-grayish.
Its leg is cylindrical, thickened downwards and hollow inside, waxy-white-gray in color.

Flesh: brittle, cartilaginous, thin, whitish, waxy, odorless, very similar to the pulp of related species, such as the common line, which grows in early spring.

Habitat: Solitarily found from July, but active growth starts from the end of August. Often found in small groups of 4-7 specimens in coniferous and deciduous forests on the soil, as well as on the remains of rotting wood.

The autumn line likes to grow either in coniferous or deciduous forests, sometimes singly, sometimes in small families and, preferably, on or near rotting wood. It can be found throughout temperate zone Europe and Russia. Its main fruiting period is at the end of July and lasts until the end of September.

Edibility: Although it is found to be edible, it is worth noting that, like the common weed, it is deadly poisonous when raw. Incorrectly prepared, it can cause very serious poisoning. You can not eat it often, as the toxins contained in it have cumulative properties and can accumulate in the body.
A conditionally edible mushroom, category 4, is used as food after boiling (15-20 minutes, the water drains) or drying. In its raw form, it is deadly poisonous.

Research conducted by mycologists different countries, showed that these lines contain toxic substances of protein composition - gyrometrin and methylhydrazine, which, once in the human body, can cause poisoning and even death. It depends on the age of the fungus. The fact is that the lines grow and ripen very slowly, so that both young mushrooms and overripe ones that have reached the age of several weeks can simultaneously fall into one basket. In them, apparently, the content of toxic substances is higher. The poison gyrometryn does not dissolve in hot water, it can be removed only as a result of 3-4 weeks of drying mushrooms. Remember, stitches can only be eaten after drying.

The line is autumn, some primary sources even consider it a deadly poisonous mushroom. But this is not, at all, and cases of poisoning with a fatal outcome by autumn lines, so far, have not been registered. And the degree of poisoning by them, as well as by all mushrooms of this family, strongly depends on the amount and frequency of their use. Therefore, it is highly undesirable to use the autumn line for food, otherwise you can get serious food poisoning with very, very sad consequences. Because of this, the autumn line is attributed to inedible mushrooms. Science knows that the toxicity of lines is largely due to temperature and climate indicators and directly depends on the places where they grow. And the warmer climatic conditions the more poisonous these mushrooms will become. That is why, in the countries of Western and of Eastern Europe, with their warm climate, absolutely all lines refer to poisonous mushrooms, and in Russia, with its much colder climate, only autumn lines are considered inedible, which, unlike the “spring” lines (ordinary and giant), growing early in spring, begin their active development and maturation after a period warm summer, on warm soil and, therefore, manage to collect enough a large number of dangerous, poisonous substances, so that they can be considered unfit for human consumption.

Written by Nikolai Budnik and Elena Mekk.

The autumn line is also called Lopastnik. Both names reflect the characteristics of the fungus. It grows in autumn in September - October, and its hat looks like the blades of some outlandish fan.

Although this mushroom is conditionally edible (conditionally poisonous), we do not collect it. At this time, many others are growing delicious mushrooms. In this fungus, poison is found - gyrometryn. Mandatory boiling with draining of water and washing in cold water is required, or drying with subsequent exposure for several months. During this time, the gyrometry disappears.

1. An autumn line can sometimes be found on Uloma Zheleznaya.

2. This is a rather strange mushroom.

3. His hat is intricately curved, ...

4. ... forming several blades.

5. Therefore, the mushroom is also called the lobe.

6. It differs from the spring line primarily in the shape of the hat.

7. It is not brain-shaped, but lobed.

8. Yes, and the leg is much longer than that of the spring line.

9. Although the autumn line is a large mushroom, ...

10. ... inside it is completely empty.

11. Therefore, there is very little actual "meat" in the mushroom, ...

12. ... and the mushroom itself is very light.

13. Sometimes autumn lines look like outlandish butterflies.

14. Despite their fragile appearance, mushrooms can tolerate repeated frosts.

15. They grow to persistent frosts.

16. Autumn lines like mixed forests.

17. Usually they are found either on the edges, ...

18. ... or in a sparse forest.

19. Most often, mushrooms can be seen on fallen trunks.

20. They also grow on stumps, ...

21. ...and on the ground near the rotting wood.

22. Even if the autumn line has grown on the soil, there are still remains of rotten wood inside.

23. But most often the mushroom grows on an old aspen trunk ...

24. ... or birches.

25. It can be trunks of other hardwoods.

26. Autumn line - medium-sized mushroom.

27. This is the usual height of the mushroom.

28. Such huge monsters are rare.

29. Here you can compare the size of the mushroom with the size of the box.

30. I want to look at this huge mushroom again.

31. Hat line in autumn brown.

32. Its shape is defined as saddle-lobed.

33. We do not know how to call the shape of this fancy hat.

34. For some reason they write about two or four lobes of a mushroom.

35. But often there are also three-lobed specimens.

36. This is what happens to old mushrooms.

37. They can even get moldy.

38. Inner surface hats are smooth and light.

39. The hat itself is very thin and fragile.

40. Autumn morel has a pronounced leg.

41. The leg may be brownish, ...

42. ...and almost white.

43. Sometimes the leg is stocky, ...

44. ... but more often she is quite thin and tall.

45. The leg is uneven, slightly furrowed.

46. She seems to be a little crumpled.

47. So the legs are attached to the ground.

48. Inside the leg is hollow.

49. This cavity is uneven along the length of the stem.

50. The pulp of the autumn line is very fragile.

51. She is thin and brittle.